Coordinated Science Laboratory

Coordinated Science Laboratory •Designing pervasive and embedded technologies, from William H. Sanders, Acting Director* hand-held devises to large-scale systems. 202 Coordinated Science Laboratory •Creating telecommunications networks that are secure, 1308 W. Main St. available, safe, private, and survivable in the face of attacks MC-228 and other disruptions. Urbana, IL 61801-2307 •Building new parallel technologies for high-end 217-333-2511 computing applications. http://www.csl.uiuc.edu •Constructing new wireless technologies for seamless, high-speed communications. Advances in information technology are enabling •Designing new architectures for the future power grid. scientists to study previously inaccessible phenomena and Underlying all advances in information technology environments. The payoff of IT research in scientific and must be a powerful and dynamic infrastructure—one that human terms may well be enormous, and it is just is fast, adaptive, responsive, highly reliable, and secure. beginning. CSL is building this infrastructure today. The Coordinated Science Laboratory, one of the nation’s premier, multidisciplinary research laboratories, *R. K. Iyer served as director during the reporting focuses on information technology at the crossroads of period. computing, control, and communications. With a rich history of nearly 60 years of innovation, CSL has CSL's major research areas include: developed and deployed new technologies that have •Computing and Networks achieved international scientific recognition and •Decision and Control transformed society. At the laboratory, design, •Communications and Signal Processing implementation, interaction, and evaluation take place at •Circuits, and Surface Science every level, from circuits to systems and networks, and from algorithms to complex, new-generation architectures, Faculty associated with CSL are listed below: design tools and software. CSL uses these innovations to explore critical issues in Department of Aerospace Engineering defense, medicine, environmental sciences, robotics, life- C. Langbort enhancement for the disabled, and aeronautics. The N. Neogi laboratory has made many important contributions to P. Voulgaris NASA, the Department of Defense and major manufacturers including Motorola, HP, IBM, Microsoft, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and many others. L. Liu The laboratory is led by a faculty of about 100 world- renowned experts and researchers from 10 departments, Department of Science and assisted by 50 senior professional researchers, post- V. Adve docs, and adjunct faculty members. CSL also is home to G. Agha about 330 graduate students and 60 undergraduate R. Campbell students. CSL is located primarily in its own building, with G. Dejong additional facilities in the Engineering Science Building, C. Gunter Beckman Institute, and the Frederick Seitz Materials S. LaValle Research Laboratory. K. Nahrstedt A selection of current efforts illustrates the laboratory’s L. Sha breadth, including: •Building next-generation air transportation systems. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering •Enhancing multi-modal imaging and visualization for I. Adesida health care, animation, security, and surveillance. N. Ahuja

1 J. Allen S. Patel T. Basar C. Polychronopoulos J. Bernhard A. Poon S. Bishop U. Ravaioli R. Blahut E. Rosenbaum N. Borisov W. Sanders Y. Bresler D. Sarwate D. Brown P. Sauer A. Cangellaris J. Schutt-Aine S. Carney N. Shanbhag N. Carter A. Singer D. Chen M. Spong K. Y. Cheng R. Srikant Y. Chiu G. R. Swenson J. Coleman G. W. Swenson T. Coleman J. Tucker M. Do N. Vaidya G. Eden V. Veeravalli M. Feng P. Viswanath M. Frank B. Wah S. Franke M. Wong C. Gardner C. Hadjicostis Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems B. Hajek Engineering M. Hasegawa-Johnson C. Beck Y. C. Hu R. Sreenivas T. Huang D. Stipanovic S. Hutchinson W. M. Hwu Department of Law R. Iyer J. Kesan D. Jones F. Kamalabadi Department of Library and Information Science R. Koetter L. Smith P. Krein E. Kudeki Department of Materials Science and Engineering P. Kumar J. Abelson R. Kumar L. Allen J. P. Leburton A. Rockett S. Levinson Z. P. Liang Department of Mathematics D. Liberzon I. Duursma M. Loui R. Ghrist S. Lumetta J. Lyding Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Y. Ma A. Alleyne J. Makela G. Dullerud S. Meyn P. Mehta O. Milenkovic I. Petiov P. Moulin D. Nicol M. Oelze J. Patel

2 Tamer Basar Faculty and Their Interests Information technology research; control over wired and wireless networks; usage-limited sensing, estimation, and John R. Abelson control; robust identification and control; dynamic games Plasma-assisted deposition of semiconductor, dielectric, and stochastic teams; nonlinear and adaptive robust and conductive thin-films for electronic applications; the control; decentralized and distributed detection and physics and chemistry of film growth; fabrication of estimation; routing, pricing, and congestion control; photovoltaic cells and thin-film transistors for modeling and control of communication networks; mobile macroelectronics and distributed computing; information security and intrusion detection; incentive mechanisms through pricing; Ilesanmi Adesida neural networks-based identification and control; Electronic and transport properties of ultra-low applications of control and game theory in economics dimensional semiconductor structures, advanced processing methods for electronic devices, high-speed Carolyn L. Beck optoelectronic devices and integrated circuits, radiation Control systems, modeling and model reduction for the effects purposes of control, systems theory Vikram Adve Jennifer Bernhard Compilers, software reliability, performance analysis, Reconfigurable active and passive antennas, phased array antennas, wireless sensor systems Gul A. Agha Stephen G. Bishop Developing new abstractions for building open distributed Optical and electrical characterization of crystalline and systems and reasoning about their behavior, parallelism, amorphous semiconductors and semiconductor coordination, real-time behavior nanostructures, compound semiconductors (GaAs, InP, AlGaAs, ZnSe, SiC), defects in semiconductors, Narendra Ahuja isoelectronic defects, rare earth-doped chalcogenide Computer vision, robotics, image processing, sensors, glasses and GaN. Experimental techniques, including pattern recognition, virtual environments, intelligent photoluminescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron interfaces spin resonance, magneto-optics, photoemission, infrared spectroscopy Jont Allen Speech recognition based on the articulation index and Richard Blahut aspects of information theory, bioacoustics, circuits, Communications, signal processing, information theory, communications, electromagnetics, signal and image optical recording processing Yoram Bresler Leslie H. Allen Biomedical imaging systems; statistical signal and image Thin-film physics, microelectronic processing, interfaces, processing; inverse problems; statistical pattern nanoscale, size-dependent material properties, recognition; sensor-array processing nanocalorimetry Donna J. Brown Andrew G. Alleyne Asynchronous learning technologies and environments; Automotive systems, control systems WWW-based education; VLSI placement and routing; parallel and distributed algorithms and architectures; analysis and design of algorithms, with a particular interest in approximation algorithms; graph theory

David Cahill Epitaxial growth, scanning tunneling microscopy, ion- surface interactions, thermal properties of thin films, strained layer heterostructures

3 Roy H. Campbell Gerald DeJong Security, distributed operating systems, ubiquitous Artificial intelligence computing Minh Do Andreas Cangellaris Image and multidimensional signal processing, wavelets, Numerical techniques for electromagnetic modeling and imaging, multiscale geometric analysis, visual information simulation, microwave circuit design, speed VLSI representation interconnects, electronic packaging, electromagnetic computer-aided design for high-speed digital and Geir E. Dullerud RF/microwave electronics, antenna modeling, Control systems, dynamic systems optoelectronic interconnects, electromagnetic modeling for nonlinear optics J. Gary Eden Ultraviolet and visible lasers and laser spectroscopy, Scott Carney microcavity plasma devices and arrays, micro- and Optical physics, including imaging, near-field microscopy, nanophotonic resonators; optical physics, including classical and quantum coherence theory, beam femtosecond laser spectroscopy and technology, and the propagation, fundamental issues of energy conservation, interaction of intense optical fields with matter, laser mathematical methods in inverse scattering and the magnetometry propagation of light Milton Feng Nicholas Carter High-speed devices and ICs for wireless and light emitting Architectures that combine programmable processors and transistors for optoelectronics (optoelectronic IC), reconfigurable logic, computing using nanotech devices, monolithic microwave and millimeter-wave IC, digital IC, design techniques to integrate computation and sensing high field transport properties, RF-MEMS for wireless communications, advanced Si-CMOS device physics Deming Chen Synthesis and architecture exploration for programmable Matthew Frank logic devices; CAD for multicore and SoC under process Computer system architecture, parallel computing, variation; reconfigurable computing; nanoscale IC design program analysis, concurrency control, online algorithms and CAD; high-level synthesis with physical planning; design space exploration for SoC; algorithmic design and Steven J. Franke applications Development and application of radar and signal processing techniques for remote sensing in the middle and Keh-Yung Cheng upper atmosphere; application of tomographic imaging to Molecular beam epitaxy technology, optoelectronic the middle and upper atmosphere using arrays of ground- integrated circuits, high speed devices, in situ fabrication based sensors and low-earth orbit satellites; low-power of nanostructures, quantum wire lasers, vertical cavity wireless RF communications; high efficiency linear power surface emitting lasers, Sb-based IR detectors and amplifiers for RF communications and radar applications electronic devices Chester S. Gardner Yun Chiu Optical communication, laser altimetry, laser remote Integrated circuits, VLSI signal processing, device sensing and ranging, laser guide stars, adaptive optics modeling and CAD, wire-line and wireless communications Carl A. Gunter Security, networks, software engineering, programming Todd P. Coleman languages Wireless networks, information theory, operations, research, computational neuroscience Christoforos Hadjicostis Systems and control, error control coding, fault diagnosis James J. Coleman and tolerance in dynamic systems, testing and verification, Semiconductor lasers, optoelectronics, epitaxial growth discrete event systems, algebraic systems, coding and graph theory

4 Bruce Hajek P. R. Kumar Communication networks information theory, computer Wireless networks, sensor networks, convergence of networks stochastic analysis, optimization wireless control, communication and computation, semiconductor communication manufacturing, manufacturing systems, machine learning, adaptive systems, control, stochastic systems Mark Hasegawa-Johnson Acoustic phonetics, audio signal processing and speech Jean-Pierre Leburton recognition, speech and auditory physiology Theory of semiconductor devices, modeling and simulation of nanostructures, electronic and optical Thomas S. Huang properties of heterostructures and low dimensional Image processing, image compression, computer vision, systems, transport in quantum structures, electronic human computer interaction, image and video databases properties, charging effects in quantum dots and nanocrystals, spin effects in nanostructures, quantum Seth Hutchinson computation and quantum information processing, nano- Robotics, computer vision, artificial intelligence bio-electronics

Wen-Mei Hwu Stephen Levinson Architecture, compilation, and of high Speech processing, language acquisition, natural language performance parallel computer systems understanding, speech synthesis

Ravishankar K. Iyer Zhi-Pei Liang Design and evaluation of reliable and secure networks and Magnetic resonance imaging, pattern recognition, systems, computer measurement and modeling, statistical learning, bioinformatics dependability and security validation and benchmarking Daniel Liberzon Douglas L. Jones Nonlinear control theory, analysis and synthesis of hybrid Digital signal processing, time-varying and time- dynamical systems, systems with imprecise measurements frequency analysis, signal processing for communications, and/or modeling uncertainty, stochastic differential binaural hearing aids, signal processing for MEMS equations and control

Farzad Kamalabadi Liang Y. Liu Remote sensing and imaging, multidimensional signal and Construction project controls, productivity analysis and image processing, signal reconstruction and tomography, improvements, information technology, sensors and field ionospheric and space physics data collection, construction modeling and simulation

Ralf Koetter Michael C. Loui Practical and theoretical aspects of coding theory, Computational complexity theory, ethics in engineering complexity, algorithms, communication systems, and computing, scholarship of teaching and learning networks Steven Lumetta Philip T. Krein Optical network architecture, computer architecture, Power electronics, electric machinery and cluster computing, parallel computing, user-level electromechanics, electric and hybrid vehicle systems communication, validation and reliability

Erhan Kudeki Radar remote sensing; atmospheric winds, waves, and turbulence; ionospheric plasma instabilities; incoherent scatter electric field measurements; midlatitude field aligned irregularities and meteor trails

5 Joseph W. Lyding Michael L. Oelze Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, STM- Ultrasound, including backscatter microscopy, based nanolithography and nanofabrication, silicon-based quantitative imaging, computed tomography; use of molecular electronics, carbon nanotubes and carbon-based ultrasound for cancer diagnosis and therapy; bioeffects of nanotechnology merged with silicon, growth of 3-D silicon ultrasound; sonoporation; coded excitation and ultrasound nanostructures, deuterium processing and hot electron degradation in semiconductor devices, atomically precise Sanjay Patel dopant mapping, cross-sectional STM of semiconductor Computer architecture, microarchitecture, high- heterostructures, oxide silicon interface mapping, carbon performance and reliable computer systems, the nanotube purification implications of future generation applications and implementation technologies on systems design Yi Ma Computer vision, including multiple view geometry, Janak H. Patel structure from motion, dynamic vision, real-time tracking, VLSI testing and testability, VLSI design automation and active vision; systems theory, including geometric nonlinear control, hybrid systems, vision-based robotic Constantine D. Polychronopoulos control and navigation Parallelizing/optimizing compilers for multithreaded architectures, program restructuring and optimization; Jonathan Makela code generation and optimization for superscalar Ionospheric physics, especially irregularities at low- and processors; parallel programming languages; mid-latitudes and their effects on trans-ionospheric environments for parallel programming; partitioning, satellite signals, response of the Earth's ionosphere to scheduling, and run-time environments for parallel geomagnetic storms; optical and radio remote sensing ; multiprocessor operating systems with techniques from ground- and satellite-based platforms multithreading support; parallel computer architectures; performance evaluation of parallel architectures Sean Meyn Optimal control, Markov processes (with or without Umberto Ravaioli control), stochastic approximation and adaptive control, Monte Carlo simulation of high speed electronic devices; reinforcement learning and simulation, spectral theory and numerical methods for semiconductor device simulation; large deviations, information theory, stochastic networks quantum devices; supercomputation and visualization; reliability of MOS devices; micro- and nano-electro- Pierre Moulin mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS); charge transport Image and video processing, compression, statistical signal in biological systems (ionic channels); properties of carbon processing, information hiding, information theory nanotubes

Klara Nahrstedt Angus A. Rockett Quality-of-Service (QoS) management, integration of IV, III–V, and chalcogenide semiconductors, materials for guaranteed and best effort services for audio/video/DATA solar cells, theory of crystal growth, defects in traffic, QoS-aware resource management, QoS routing, semiconductors, contact metallurgies, solid phase reaction multimedia security, soft real-time scheduling, kinetics, surface science, microelectromechanical systems middleware support for distributed multimedia applications Elyse Rosenbaum Design of ESD-protected RFICs, modeling and simulation Natasha Neogi of ESD protection circuits, latch-up, design of very high Aerospace software, hazard elimination using backwards speed I/Os, gate oxide reliability reachability techniques in discrete and hybrid models William Sanders David Nicol Dependability, security, and performance evaluation; Cyber-security, modeling and analysis of computer and intrusion- and fault-tolerant systems; reliable and secure communications systems, high performance simulation, distributed systems parallel processing Dilip V. Sarwate Communications

6 Peter W. Sauer John Tucker Electric machinery modeling, analysis and control, power Metal silicide source/drain MOS transistors at ~10nm gate system dynamic modeling and simulation, power system length, atom-scale electron devices made by STM stability patterning of donors in silicon, nanoscale architectures

Jose Schutt-Aine Nitin Vaidya Electronic packaging, microwave theory and Wireless networking, , fault-tolerant measurements, and digital circuit modeling, including computing integration of modeling and simulation tools, high- performance computation for simulation of packages, Venu Veeravalli applications of V-shaped transmission lines Sensor networks, wireless communication, detection and estimation theory, information theory Lui Sha Distributed real-time computing systems, dynamic real- Pramod Viswanath time architecture, Quality-of-Service (QoS) driven Communication theory, wireless communication, resource management, security and fault tolerance in information theory, communication networks networked embedded systems Petros G. Voulgaris Naresh Shanbhag Robust control, time-varying and nonlinear systems, Design and VLSI implementation of low-power, high- general systems theory, estimation and identification, performance multimedia digital signal processing and distributed control of complex systems and networks, communications systems, noise-tolerant deep submicron emphases on aerospace applications VLSI systems, fundamental bounds on efficiency of VLSI information processing systems, power-aware Benjamin W. Wah reconfigurable DSP systems, low-power DSP and circuits, Nonlinear optimization, parallel processing, distributed DSP and communication system design, digital ASIC processing, artificial intelligence, computer networks, design multimedia signal processing

Andrew Singer Martin Wong Statistical signal processing, communications, machine Computer-aided design of VLSI, design for learning, data compression, sonar/lidar/optical signal manufacturing, routing for high-speed packaging, field- processing programmable systems, design and analysis of algorithms, combinatorial optimization Mark W. Spong Nonlinear control theory, robotics, mechatronics, Advanced Automation networked control systems, teleoperation, bipedal locomotion Acquisition, Compression and Interpolation of Panoramic Stereo Images of a Scene for Remote R. S. Sreenivas Walkthroughs Discrete-state/discrete-event systems, approximate N. Ahuja,* Y. Shinagawa,* M. Maitre, A. Jagmohan algorithms, on-line algorithms [email protected] National Science Foundation, ECS 02-25523 Rayadurgam Srikant Internet, wireless networks, sensor networks, game theory, Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory queueing theory, information theory This project is aimed at producing novel images of a scene from arbitrary new viewpoints using a sparse set of Gary Swenson panoramic snapshots or sample images of the scene. The Remote sensing of the atmosphere from ground-based, samples are taken from a relatively small number of aircraft, and spacecraft using optical methods; space strategically placed cameras. A major application and environment issues with a particular emphasis on evaluation testbed of the proposed work is to enable spacecraft glows walkthroughs of a 3-D scene by generating the images of

* Denotes principal investigator.

7 the scene along a trajectory chosen by a remote user algorithms to analyze these images for detecting worn or dynamically. defective components. Automated Visual Learning of Safety Appliances on Machine-Vision Based Assessment of Intermodal Railcars Railroad Loading Patterns N. Ahuja,* C. Barkan,* J. M. Hart, C. B. Liu N. Ahuja,* C. Barkan,* J. M. Hart, S. Todorovic, [email protected] P. Vemuru American Association for Railroads [email protected] Burlington Northern Santa Fe This project is aimed at the development of visual learning techniques and their implementation for automatic This project is the design and implementation of a checking of the state of safety appliances on a moving train. computer vision system for automatic assessment of the This consists of the following stages: acquisition of images loading pattern of trains passing by a wayside monitoring of railcars for inspection of the safety appliances located station. The research is concerned with the following major on the railcar sides; identification of image characteristics areas: development of algorithms for automatic inspection associated with the health of the safety appliances; of double stack railcars, identification of advanced imaging identification of types of models useful to represent the sensors to enhance algorithm performance, field testing of railcar appearance when the safety appliances are in the algorithms and sensors, and the development of a field satisfactory condition, and if necessary, to represent deployable wayside system to demonstrate a proof of unsatisfactory condition as well; application of models to concept. The system needs to have the following learn the descriptions of safe and unsafe appliances; and capabilities: to image parts of a moving train, to identify application of the results of learning to railcar specific double stack cards in the train, to analyze key classification. portions of these images to detect the presence or absence of loaded containers, and to detect occurrences of double Globally Coordinated Locally Linear Models stack loading. N. Ahuja,* H. Arora, A. Briassouli [email protected] Next-Generation RFID Systems: People and Object Office of Naval Research Tracking for Homeland Security Applications N. Ahuja,* J. Bernard,* G. Horn, R. Jaehne,* This project is aimed at modeling spatiotemporal V. Kindratenko,* S. Patel,* N. Vaidya,* T. Yu, variations in video sequences such as variations in raw B. Ghanem color values, as well as certain functions computed on these [email protected] values. Since an arbitrary scene consists of distinct objects University of Illinois occupying different parts at different times, making video sequences nonstationary, the goal is local rather than global This project is aimed at developing methods for tracking spatiotemporal modeling. The applicability of the models and localization of people in buildings. A central feature being developed extends beyond video, to a variety of of the proposed work is the use of Radio Frequency multivariate, multidimensional data encountered in Identification (RFID) tags. Current RFID technology has everyday life. inadequate reliability, particularly for homeland security applications. The goal of this project to pursue research on Machine Vision for Improved Safety Inspection of next-generation RFID systems, in collaboration with Railcars application domain experts at the Illinois Fire Service N. Ahuja,* C. Barkan,* A. Kumar Institute, e.g., to help firefighters and other first responders [email protected] do their jobs more effectively. Transportation Research Board Recognition and Contents-Based Retrieval of Hand It is vital to rail safety to ensure that critical mechanical Gestures from Video components are in good working order at all times. N. Ahuja,* A. Briassouli, A. Sehgal However, currently much of inspectors’ time is expended [email protected] inspecting items that are in good working order. This U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-03-1-0107 project is aimed at the development of a machine vision system for wayside automatic inspection of railcars, using This project is concerned with recognition of scenes from an advanced camera system that images each railcar truck the spatiotemporal structure of the video data. Trajectories as a train passes by, and then using machine vision of scene contents seen in the video sequence are used as

* Denotes principal investigator.

8 the basis for this purpose. Objects are characterized by their theory, computational geometry, and incremental spectral properties as well as temporal behavior. Such algorithms. representations are used for information access as well as for recognition using such methods as support vector Advanced Processing and Circuits machines. Scale Dependent Processing of Clustered Sensory AlGan/GaN HFET Fabrication and Characterization Signals I. Adesida,* V. Kumar, A. Kuliev N. Ahuja,* A. Feng,* M. Nelson,* C. Gao, H. Arora Triquint Corporation [email protected] Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory National Science Foundation, NSF IBN 04-22073 This project involves a collaboration with Triquint The broad objective of this proposal is to understand the Corporation on the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN HFETs. computational algorithms used by animals to extract Technologies for the fabrication of the HFETs will be individual signals that are embedded in a cluster of similar developed. signals. Our major hypotheses are: that characteristics of the received signal and the separability of individual Gallium Nitride Optoelectronics components will vary as a function of distance from the I. Adesida,* L. Zhou cluster; that computational algorithms for detection, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, localization, and identification should reflect these scale- DAAD19-99-1-0011 dependent changes; and that motor strategies and sensory Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory filtering properties should be adaptively adjusted when processing sensory signals at different distance scales. This project focuses on experimental issues for the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices and circuits in Real-Time Path Planning in Changing Environments gallium nitride and related materials. UV detectors, field S. Hutchinson* effect transistors, and heterojunction bipolar transistors National Science Foundation will be investigated. Methods for integrating these devices Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory will also be explored. New methods are proposed to generate collision-free paths Porous GaN: Production, Characterization, and for robots that operate in environments that change over Applications time. The proposed approach is related to recent I. Adesida,* P. Bohn,* X. Li,* S. Kim probabilistic roadmap approaches. These planners use U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-01-1 preprocessing and query stages and are aimed at planning Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory many times in the same environment. In contrast, the preprocessing stage for this research creates a This program involves the generation and characterization representation of the configuration space that can be easily of porous GaN and SiC for applications in growth of high modified in real-time to account for changes in the quality epitaxial layers. Matrices with dimensions down to environment. As with previous approaches, the proposed 50 nm are to be achieved for the porous materials. approach began by constructing a roadmap in the Processing of Gallium Nitride and Related Compounds configuration space, but this roadmap is not constructed for I. Adesida,* L. Zhou, F. Khan a specific workspace. Instead, it is constructed for an ATMI/Air Force obstacle-free workspace, and the mapping from workspace cells to nodes and arcs in the roadmap is encoded. When Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory the environment changes, this mapping is used to make the This program consists of the development of viable appropriate modifications to the roadmap, and plans can be processing methods for gallium nitride and related generated by searching the modified roadmap. At the heart compounds. A systematic study of etching techniques, of the method is the encoding for mapping workspace ohmic contact formation, and other metallizations will be obstacles to configuration space obstacles. To make the conducted and applied to devices. proposed approach truly viable, a major component of the proposed research will focus on robustness and complexity issues. These issues will be addressed by using tools from the fields of image processing, information theory, graph

* Denotes principal investigator.

9 Resonant Enhanced Modulators be used in correlative studies of atmospheric gravity wave I. Adesida,* S. Rommel propagation in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere Air Force; Sarnoff Corporation as well as phenomena associated with the evolution and dynamics of weather fronts. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Engineering Services and Utilities for the Bondville This is a collaborative program with Sarnoff Corporation Field Station on resonant enhanced modulators in InP-based E. Kudeki,* S. Henson heterostructures. Waveguides with coupling rings are to be National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 52 fabricated and characterized in InP-heterostructures. High RANR 100075 precision patterning using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching and electron beam lithography will be Continuous operation of the FLATLAND ST used in fabricating the modulators. (stratosphere-mesosphere) radar administered by NOAA is maintained at the Bondville Field Station. The Silicon-Germanium Modulation-doped Field Effect FLATLAND radar, operating at a frequency of 50 MHz, Transistors has been designed to investigate the dynamics of the I. Adesida,* K. Ismail* atmosphere above a plain area with insignificant National Science Foundation, ECS 97-10418 orographical forcing. The routinely measured reflectivity Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory profiles and Doppler spectra are collected in a NOAA This collaborative program with IBM Corp. is intended to database. Joint measurements with the Urbana Field significantly advance the growth and fabrication Station MST radar are performed to investigate the technologies for SiGe/Si modulation-doped field effect horizontal scale lengths of atmospheric gravity waves and transistors (MODFETs) needed for low-power, high-speed to follow the transit of weather fronts. microwave and digital applications. Specific goals are to Radar Studies of the Equatorial Ionosphere study the physics of short gate-length p-type, n-type, and E. Kudeki,* E. Chapin, S. Bhattacharyya, J. Urbina complementary MODFETs and to demonstrate simple National Science Foundation, ATM 90-22400 circuits. The 50 MHz Jicamarca Radio Observatory located near Ultra-High-Power GaN Power Amplifier at X-Band Lima, Peru, is used to investigate the structure and I. Adesida,* W. Lu, D. Selvanathan dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere. In the mesosphere Air Force; TRW Corporation ionospheric D region, investigations aim to resolve the Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory internal structure of narrow echoing layers and determine the relevant scattering/reflection mechanisms. In the This collaborative project with TRW Corporation is to higher ionosphere, E- and F-region plasma drifts, fabricate an ultra-high-power GaN-based HFET amplifier instabilities, and turbulence are under study. Current on SiC at X-Band. Various processing techniques for GaN projects include efforts to quantify the anisotropies of will be developed as part of this project. equatorial plasma turbulence, obtain interferometric images of plasma irregularity structures, and measure the Aeronomy component of ionospheric drifts in the geomagnetic field direction. Major research effort is dedicated to the Engineering Services and Utilities for ST Radar refinement of radar techniques suitable for these studies. Operation at the Sidney Field Station E. Kudeki,* S. Henson Artificial Intelligence: Machine National Science Foundation; SBC Utah State University Learning, Vision, and Robotics This grant concerns the operation of an ST radar at the university's Sidney Field Station. Tropospheric and Domain Knowledge, Explanation-Based Control, and stratospheric wind, reflectivity, and aspect sensitivity Reinforcement Learning measurements to be conducted with the Sidney radar will G. DeJong,* A. Laud, Q. Sun, V. Moskovich complement similar measurements conducted by similar Office of Naval Research, N00014-01-1-0063 radars operated at the Urbana Atmospheric Observatory and Bondville Field Station. The three-radar network will Prior research has shown that complex skill-like decision policies can be acquired by combining an inferential

* Denotes principal investigator.

10 symbolic reasoning with a numeric component. The yield will be beneficial for many kinds of research into approach is called Explanation-Based Control. properties and functioning of materials. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine Tumor Diagnosis through Enhanced Ultrasound learning approach that also automatically acquires skill- Imaging like policies. However, it is difficult or impossible to M. L. Oelze,* J. F. Zachary (Vet. Pathobiol.), exploit a domain expert’s knowledge. This means that RL W. D. O'Brien, Jr. cannot learn complex policies in an example-efficient [email protected] manner. This research explores combining the two National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, approaches to achieve greater example efficiency on the F32CA96419 practical side and a clearer conceptual foundation theoretically. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The Role of Experience in Natural Language D. Roth,* K. Bock, J. Cole, G. Dell, C. Fisher, The objective is to develop and refine a fundamentally new S. Garnsey, A. Goldberg, S. Levinson approach to enhance ultrasound imaging of biological National Science Foundation, KDI SBR 98-73450 tissues by the quantification of tissue microstructure through acoustic backscatter. This enhanced imaging An integrated multiparadigm approach to the study of technique will then be adapted for real-time in situ clinical learning mechanism in language production and diagnosis of solid tumors with the expectation of producing comprehension is studied. The language processing system acoustic images that will provide an accurate diagnosis of is constantly changing. It adapts quickly to recent cancer. Use of enhanced ultrasound imaging is medically experience while continuing to reflect the accumulated significant because it offers a quick and noninvasive means experience of a lifetime of speaking, listening, reading, and of detecting and classifying tumor types. writing. This project integrates research efforts in psycholinguistics, linguistics theory, and computational models of learning in an attempt to address the mechanisms Bioengineering that enable the language to adapt to experience. In addition, the research will suggest learning mechanisms Fluid Power Assistive Orthoses for language processing technology, particularly for rapid E. T. Hsiao-Wecksler,* A. G. Alleyne, E. Loth adaptation to changing linguistic environments. [email protected] National Science Foundation Bioacoustics In the United States alone, there are over 800,000 individuals affected by gait disabilities caused by Biomaterials Characterization with High-Frequency weakness of muscle groups below the knee. This project, Ultrasound Computed Tomography which is a testbed project for the National Science M. L. Oelze* Foundation funded Engineering Research Center for [email protected] Compact and Efficient Fluid Power, will design novel 3M Corporation ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) with embedded fluid power control and actuation that assist a person's functional gait. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Each design iteration will address progressively more and Technology complex gait pathologies, thus allowing for an evolution The objective is to evaluate diffraction tomography of advanced fluid power concepts, such as power algorithms applicable to soft tissue scattering, construct a harvesting and fast-response sensing. Initial designs will high-frequency ultrasound computed tomography utilize fluid-controlled (adaptive-passive) systems to scanning device, and evaluate model biological systems for correct for toe drop and foot slap, helping to lift the foot scanning. An ultrasound frequency of up to 100 MHz during swing and initial foot contact during walking. Later yielding resolution of 12 to 15 micrometers will be used. advanced designs will use fluid-powered (active) systems Elastic properties of cell models, other kinds of tissues, and to provide torque assistance during the propulsive late- synthetic biomaterials will be imaged and quantified. The stance phase of the gait cycle. The testbed will demonstrate high-resolution, quantitative information that the high- and integrate compact, efficient, and effective fluid power frequency ultrasound computed tomography device can concepts in a challenging, untethered, human-scale device. The long-term goal is to develop and test a series of

* Denotes principal investigator.

11 prototype devices that will incorporate current thrust area projects, as well as drive new enabling and systems Biomaterials technologies within the center. These technologies will Development of Nanoliter Calorimetry for follow an evolutionary roadmap addressing the highest Biomaterials priority aspects of the overall testbed first, and then L. H. Allen,* T. Siaf, M. Wheeler integrating developments from other center projects as National Science Foundation, EF 0304149 they come available over the lifetime of the center. This testbed will culminate with prototypes supplied to health Miniaturized measurement instruments have been care professionals and patients for testing and evaluation. developed in the field of MEMS. Their use in biological studies will add a whole new dimension for investigations Fluid Power Assistive Orthoses in microbiology and protein research. The goal of this E. T. Hsiao-Wecksler,* A. G. Alleyne, E. Loth project is to measure processes in biology, such as those [email protected] for protein folding and for ultrasmall volumes on short time National Science Foundation scales, with a new technique made possible via MEMS In the United States alone, there are over 800,000 membrane technology. Our group has developed the most individuals affected by gait disabilities caused by sensitive scanning calorimetry device to date for materials weakness of muscle groups below the knee. This project, characterization in metals and polymers: nanocalorimetry. which is a testbed project for the National Science Foundation funded Engineering Research Center for Compact and Efficient Fluid Power, will design novel Circuits ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) with embedded fluid power control and actuation that assist a person's functional gait. CAREER: Nano-Centric Design Methodology for Each design iteration will address progressively more Nanoscale FPGAs complex gait pathologies, thus allowing for an evolution D. Chen* of advanced fluid power concepts, such as power National Science Foundation harvesting and fast-response sensing. Initial designs will Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory utilize fluid-controlled (adaptive-passive) systems to This project proposes a fundamental, systematic, and nano- correct for toe drop and foot slap, helping to lift the foot centric design methodology for nanoscale FPGAs. The during swing and initial foot contact during walking. Later proposal includes the following four integrated design advanced designs will use fluid-powered (active) systems aspects: patterning, designs of novel and reliable to provide torque assistance during the propulsive late- architecture patterns; modeling, development of new stance phase of the gait cycle. The testbed will demonstrate device/wire/circuit models considering nanomaterial- and integrate compact, efficient, and effective fluid power specific characteristics; synthesizing, focuses on novel concepts in a challenging, untethered, human-scale device. nano-centric synthesis techniques; and evaluating, The long-term goal is to develop and test a series of building a new parameterized nanoFPGA evaluation/ prototype devices that will incorporate current thrust area exploration engine called the NanoEngine. projects, as well as drive new enabling and systems technologies within the center. These technologies will High-Performance Reliable Computing Addressing follow an evolutionary roadmap addressing the highest the Parameter-Variation Challenge through a Cross- priority aspects of the overall testbed first, and then Disciplinary Architecture, CAD, and Compiler integrating developments from other center projects as Approach they come available over the lifetime of the center. This D. Chen,* J. Torrellas, C. Zilles testbed will culminate with prototypes supplied to health National Science Foundation care professionals and patients for testing and evaluation. Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory This project proposes to combine microarchitectural, CAD, and compiler innovations to enable reliable, high- performance, gigascale multicore chips built out of unreliable components. We treat frequency, power, and error rate as dynamically tradable quantities that are the subject of multilevel optimization.

* Denotes principal investigator.

12 Modeling, Mitigating, and Tolerating Faults Due to transformations to generate low-power dedicated Parameter Variation in Multicores: A implementation of DSP algorithms. Microarchitecture and CAD Approach Compact, Scalable SCR Model D. Chen,* J. Torrellas E. Rosenbaum,* J. Di Sarro Semiconductor Research Corporation [email protected] Conducted in both Coordinated Science Laboratory and National Semiconductor the Siebel Center Conducted in Coordinated Science Laboratory This project proposes novel microarchitecture and CAD SCR devices may be used for on-chip ESD protection. The techniques for the mitigation, detection, and tolerance of turn-on delay and holding voltage are highly layout variation-induced errors—in an environment where such dependent. We are developing a compact, scalable model errors may happen frequently during normal multicore of the SCR for circuit simulation purposes. execution. The approach can be applied to both high- performance and low-power environments. Electrical Overstress Protection for System-in-a- Package New Techniques in Synthesis and Physical Design for E. Rosenbaum,* N. Olson, N. Jack FPGAs National Science Foundation D. Chen,* M. Wong Altera Corporation, USA Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory The objective of this research is to explore the response of system-in-a-package to electrical overstress events, and to This project investigates the following FPGA synthesis develop the know-how to protect against these without topics: synthesis with multiclock constraints, synthesis for compromising the system performance. FPGA power reduction, and the design of new academic benchmark circuits. ESD Reliability of 3-D System-in-a-Package E. Rosenbaum,* J. Lee, N. Jack SOS: A Nanotube-Based Configurable Logic Fabric Micron Technology Foundation D. Chen,* E. Pop Research Board, University of Illinois at Urbana- Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Champaign This research project focuses on the development of Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory strategies for protecting 3-D SiP against electrostatic discharge (ESD). Of particular interest are SiP in which the This project will design and build a new SWCNT-based are connected to each other by wafer interconnects logic fabric, named SOS (Sea-of-SWCNTs), targeting high (TWI). The various die are not necessarily fabricated using performance and logic density. This prototyping chip is the same technology, nor are their ESD networks configurable through a burn-in process. necessarily designed together. An Integrated Design Methodology for Low-Power Full-Chip Simulation of Charged Device Model ESD DSP and Communications Systems E. Rosenbaum,* J. Lee, F. Farbiz I. N. Hajj,* N. R. Shanbhag,* S. Bobba [email protected] National Science Foundation, MIP-9710235 UMC The goal of this project is to develop an integrated The capability to perform circuit simulation of ESD events computer-aided design (CAD) approach for the design of increases the number of parts that pass ESD qualification low-power hardware for digital signal processing (DSP) on the first try. The charged device model (CDM) best and communications applications. The approach represents yield reducing events that occur in modern incorporates high-level (algorithmic) and low-level factories. The CDM represents the single pin discharge of (circuit) parameters and includes novel capabilities for a packaged chip that is at a potential hundreds of volts design exploration and low-power circuit synthesis. The above ground. We are investigating whether sufficiently design exploration will be done by developing low-power accurate CDM simulation results can be obtained using constrained algorithm design procedures that employ an only a small simulation netlist that contains macro-models analytic relation between word-level and bit-level signal of the multiple discharge paths. The various power statistics. The synthesis effort will incorporate signal statistics, high-level hardware models, and algorithm * Denotes principal investigator.

13 domains are linked through the substrate, and an communications systems. Such systems suffer from appropriate model of it must be developed. intersymbol interference (ISI) and noise. Conventional approaches separate the two functions of equalization and Highly Reliable Receiver Circuits for High-Speed IO decoding for historical reasons. Significant improvements Links in bit-error rates are feasible if the two functions are E. Rosenbaum,* N. Shanbhag,* A. Srivastava, A. Faust, executed jointly. Techniques such as turbo equalization are K. Bhatia, R. L. Narasimha being explored where the equalizer and the decoder [email protected] exchange soft information to enhance performance. Semiconductor Research Corp. Application of these new receiver techniques to broadband We are applying communication theory to design ESD- communication systems such as very high-speed digital protected, high-speed serial links. Links are expected to subscriber lines (VDSL) and wireless is being studied. provide data rates in excess of 10 Gb/s at a BER less than Fluid IP Core Generators 10-15, per-channel power consumption less than 100 mW, N. R. Shanbhag, B. Lam, M. Zhang, B. Shim and a 3-KV HBM-ESD protection level. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Simultaneous Reduction of Substrate Noise Coupling This project seeks to develop design techniques and tools and Latchup Hazards for realizing custom-quality VLSI designs in synthesis E. Rosenbaum,* F. Farbiz quality design cycle times for DOD applications. The focus Semiconductor Research Corp. of our research is on intensive broadband Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory communication subsystems, such as filters and FFT. The design methodology includes an architecture optimizer and The objective of this project is to develop compact models a layout synthesizer bypassing logic synthesis. Techniques and design guidelines for the simultaneous mitigation of such as device sizing, noise-tolerance (both at the circuit substrate coupling and latchup hazards. Substrate coupling and algorithmic level), algorithm transforms, power, and and latchup both are the result of current injection into the delay models are being incorporated into the core silicon substrate beneath the active circuitry. Substrate generator. The resulting circuit layouts are targeted to meet coupling compromises signal integrity; latchup can cause power, delay, and reliability specifications. catastrophic permanent failure of an . High-Speed Architectures for Iterative Decoders Stacked Packaging and CDM-ESD Reliability N. R. Shanbhag,* M. Mansour E. Rosenbaum,* V. Shukla CCR-9979381; CCR-0085929 Semiconductor Research Corp. This research focuses on the design of high-speed iterative Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory decoders. Recently, turbo codes, low-density parity check For applications in which the microelectronic components (LDPC) codes, and related concatenated codes have been must have a minimum footprint, stacked packaging is the proven to be extraordinarily effective in improving the bit- preferred way to integrate multiple die. This project error rates on noisy communication links. Decoders for focuses on development of ESD protection strategies for such codes are iterative and block-based, making high stacked chip-sized packages (CSP). The use of stacked data-rates difficult to achieve. These decoders are also packaging will tend to increase the ESD hazard. In stacked memory intensive. Our research explores alternative packaging, the static charge may have to travel through decoding algorithms that might be appropriate for low- protection circuits located on multiple die, as well as one power and high-performance VLSI implementations. or more bond wires. Thus, one expects to observe a larger High-Speed IO Signaling voltage drop along the discharge path in a stacked package, N. R. Shanbhag,* G. Balamurugan, H. M. Bae, and this will present a hazard to gate dielectric integrity. S. Sridhara Algorithms and VLSI Architectures for Joint Intel Equalization and Decoding The goal of this project is to investigate solutions for data N. R. Shanbhag,* A. C. Singer, S. J. Lee transmission in the range of 5Gb/s–10Gb/s for inter-chip CCR-9979381; CCR-00-85929 communications. The project involves the application of This project explores efficient algorithms and architectures communications and signal processing theory and for joint equalization and decoding in high data-rate techniques to analyze high-speed I/O links. Until recently,

* Denotes principal investigator.

14 design efforts have been focused primarily on transceiver for manufacturability and reliability area. Research topics electronics without comprehension of the communication include lithography-aware design tools, fast reticle channel. In addition, no rigorous, comprehensive analysis enhancement techniques (OPC, PSM, OAI, and such), and techniques exist to analyze and predict the performance of layout optimization for CMP. I/O signaling systems. By viewing the I/O link as a noisy Routing for High-Performance VLSI Packaging communication channel over which reliable information M. D. Wong* transfer needs to take place, the project proposes to develop IBM analysis methods and explore design possibilities to accomplish reliable energy-efficient high-speed data In this project, we develop a complete routing system for transfer over inter-chip links. high-performance circuit boards. The type of high-end boards targeted in this project is generally completed using Noise-Tolerant DSP in the Deep Submicron Era manual methods because of the complexity or density of N. R. Shanbhag,* R. Hegde, L. Wang, G. Balamurugan the design. The goal is to create a system that will either National Science Foundation, CCR-9902745 completely remove the need of manual routing or This research addresses the design of reliable and energy- significantly reduce the effort of manual routing. Such a efficient DSP systems in deep submicron (DSM) SMOS system will dramatically reduce the design time for state- technology in a unified manner via the development of of-the-art, high-performance complex boards. noise-tolerant algorithmic and circuit design techniques. In particular, circuit design techniques that tolerate leakage, Communications crosstalk, ground bounce, and process variations are being developed. Algorithmic approaches that exploit the Fair Scheduling and Admission Control for Shared- statistical structure of multimedia signals to combat DSM Channel Wireless Packet Networks noise are also being studied. A design methodology is V. Bharghavan,* R. Srikant,* S. Shakkottai, A. Eryilmaz being formulated that jointly applies circuit and National Science Foundation algorithmic noise-tolerance techniques to achieve an overall level of system reliability while minimizing energy. Fair scheduling of traffic sources in wireless networks is difficult due to bursty channel errors and location- VLSI Architectures for Soft Decoding of dependent channel capacity. In this project, researchers Reed–Solomon Codes study MAC, scheduling and admission control algorithms N. R. Shanbhag,* R. Koetter, R. Blahut, A. Ahmed for indoor and outdoor wireless networks that allocate the CCR-0073490 available bandwidth in a fair manner to competing sources. This project investigates high-performance architectures High-Performance Decoding of Algebraic Codes for soft decoding of Reed–Solomon codes. Reed–Solomon Beyond their Packing Radii codes are commonly employed to enhance the reliability R. Blahut,* N. Shanbhag, R. Koetter of broadband communications links. Reed–Solomon National Science Foundation, CCR-0073490 decoders used in practice today employ hard-decision decoding. Soft decision decoding of Reed–Solomon codes Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory can provide significant coding gains over hard-decision The objective of this research is to investigate practical and decoders. Soft decision decoding algorithms are theoretical aspects of interpolation/factorization computationally complex and hard to implement in VLSI. algorithms that were pioneered by M. Sudan for decoding This research explores algorithmic and architectural beyond half the minimum distance of Reed–Solomon, techniques to design soft decision Reed–Solomon Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH), and algebraic decoders for high-data rate communication systems. geometry codes. The research has two main thrusts. The CAD for VLSI Manufacturability and Reliability first is the characterization of the decoding algorithm and M. D. Wong* its complexity or performance trade-off, together with National Science Foundation subsequent improvements in the decoding of BCH and algebraic geometry codes; these are at the theoretical core In nanometer-design technologies, computer-aided design of this proposal. The second main thrust is the development software must consider manufacturability and reliability. of efficient computational architectures for implementing In this project, we focus on the development of theories the algorithms and the demonstration of the feasibility and and prototype systems for solving problems in the design practicality of very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI)

* Denotes principal investigator.

15 implementation of decoders that will dramatically problem. This research takes a fresh approach to the outperform the decoding algorithms used in current problem using methods from probabilistic inference. The commercial communications and storage systems. work not only holds the promise of resulting in powerful phase unwrapping schemes based on the sum-product Codes on Graphs, Factor Graphs, and Iterative algorithm and structured variational methods, but also has Algorithms the potential to provide deep theoretical insight into the ill- R. Koetter* posed nature and solvability of the phase unwrapping National Science Foundation Career Award, CCR problem. Such an insight is extremely important for 99-84515 guiding the development of practical algorithms. The primary focus of this research is the investigation of Communication over Dispersive Wireless Channels: creative new methods for reliable transmission of Theory and Methods Based on Physical Principles information in the context of modern error-control V. V. Veeravalli,* J. Chen, C. Lin, V. Raghavan, techniques. Error-correcting codes are an essential part of V. Annapureddy modern communication and storage systems and much of National Science Foundation, CCF0431088 today's technology would not be possible without them. This study is focused on graph-based, iterative decoding Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory algorithms, which, without doubt, are one of the most The research in this project is aimed at exploiting an significant coding-theoretic developments of the last angular (virtual) representation of multi-input multi-output decade. The goal of the investigator's research is to develop (MIMO) wireless channels to design and analyze new a broad, analytical, and constructive approach to research communication schemes for these channels. The project and education, unifying graphical models, coding theory, has three broad thrusts: accurate statistical channel and iterative algorithms. The interplay between codes on characterization in the spatial, temporal, and spectral graphs and other areas, like iterative graph-based dimensions, and reliable estimation of the essential channel algorithms, system theory, and network information parameters in the angular domain; exploitation of virtual theory, is in the focus of this investigation with the goal of channel structure in determining the channel capacity of discovering and utilizing fundamental connections dispersive wireless channels, and in designing coherent between these fields. and noncoherent coding and modulation schemes; and High-Performance Short Iterative Codes leveraging the virtual representation for efficient sharing R. Koetter* of signal dimensions in time-frequency-space among Motorola, Inc. multiple users. This project aims at developing excellent codes for Design and Analysis of Sensor Networks for Statistical application requiring short- to moderate-length (64 bits to Inference Applications <1,000 bits) codes. Traditional coding schemes for these V. V. Veeravalli,* J. Fuemmeler, S. R. Srinivasan lengths rely typically on algebraic constructions or Motorola Communications Center, RPS-28 convolutional codes. Researchers strive to make the Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory tremendous gains achievable for long blocklengths (>10,000 bits) by turbo and other iteratively decodable This goal of this project is to explore applications of sensor codes available for much shorter code length. networks in the following areas of interest to Motorola: early warning and prediction of failures in machines and Unwrapping Phase Images: Theory and Applications other large structures; government and enterprise mobility Using Probabilistic Inference Techniques solutions (GEMS) applications such as fire-fighting and R. Koetter,* B. Frey, D. Munson rescue operations; industrial process monitoring; and National Science Foundation, CCR 01-05719 industrial work in progress (WIP) tracking for assembly Phase unwrapping in two-dimensional topologies is a lines. signal processing problem that has been studied extensively over the past 20 years and has important applications, such as medical imaging and synthetic aperture radar. However, despite its importance in science and engineering, to date, phase unwrapping in two- dimensional grids has remained an essentially unsolved

* Denotes principal investigator.

16 New Techniques for Optimizing the Quality and Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems Communications Networks V. V. Veeravalli,* J. F. Chamberland, Y. Liang, ITR: Diagnosis and Assessment of Faults, N. Wang Misbehaviors, and Threats in Distributed Systems and National Science Foundation, Faculty Early Career Networks Development, Presidential Early Career Award for C. Hadjicostis,* R. S. Sreenivas, K. Thulasiraman, Scientists and Engineers, CCR-0049089 C. Beck The research in this project is directed toward the National Science Foundation development of future generation multimedia wireless The proposed research develops theory and techniques for communication systems. Specifically, the research spans monitoring and diagnosing faults, hazards, or more the following four areas: wireless channel modeling and generally, functional changes in dynamic systems and analysis; information theory for wireless systems; wireless networks, under limited and possibly corrupted CDMA systems; and dynamic radio resource management. information. We present a unifying and multifaceted New Techniques for Optimizing the Quality and approach to this problem that decomposes the large body Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems of fault diagnosis research into six topics: deterministic V. V. Veeravalli,* J. F. Chamberland, Y. Liang, J. Chen, fault diagnosis, model-based probabilistic diagnosis, C. Lin, J. Fuemmeler, J. Unnikrishnan adaptive and sequential diagnosis, distributed system-level National Science Foundation, Faculty Early Career diagnosis with communication constraints in wired/ Development, Presidential Early Career Award for wireless networks, fault diagnosis via distributed belief Scientists and Engineers, CCF0049089 propagation algorithms, and model-independent diagnosis. Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory The research involves a synergy of several areas, including fault diagnosis, sequential detection, system-level The research in this project is directed toward the diagnosis, distributed control, modeling, analysis and development of future generation multimedia wireless performance evaluation, applied probability, graph theory, communication systems. Specifically, the research spans belief propagation and model reduction to the problem of the following five areas: wireless channel modeling and detecting, and identifying and localizing faults and analysis; information theory for wireless systems; wireless abnormalities in dynamically evolving environments. CDMA systems; dynamic radio resource management, and sensor networks. Computer Architecture and Compilers Spatial-Temporal Nonlinear Filtering with Applications to Information Assurance and Compiler Support for Performance Modeling of Counterterrorism Parallel and Distributed Programs V. V. Veeravalli,* V. Raghavan, J. Fuemmeler V. Adve* DOD Army Research Office FY06 MURI Program on Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, N66001-97- Spatial-Temporal Event Pattern Recognition, C-8533 W911NF-06-1-0094 Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Researchers are developing compiler techniques that The objective of this project is to develop new statistical enable fast, accurate, and automatic performance modeling methods for spatial-temporal event and pattern recognition of highly scalable applications. One focus of this effort is with applications to information assurance and counter- a compiler-generated program representation that allows terrorism. Specific problems of interest include quickest one to automate a wide range of analytical, simulation, and change detection and energy-efficient tracking in hybrid models of parallel programs. A second focus is to distributed sensor networks. use additional compiler analysis, together with this representation, to enable efficient simulation of highly scalable applications. One such compiler technique achieved 10-2000x reduction in memory usage and 2-10x reduction in simulation time for the simulation of large message-passing programs. This work is part of a broader collaboration with five other universities.

* Denotes principal investigator.

17 GRACE: A Cross-Layer Adaptation Framework for for debugging difficult-to-find errors like dangling Saving Energy in Mobile Multimedia Devices pointers, through more expensive but complete techniques. S. Adve,* A. F. Harris, C. J. Hughes, D. L. Jones, Secure Virtual Architecture (SVA): Compiler R. H. Kravets, K. Nahrstedt, D. G. Sachs, V. Vardhan, Techniques for Operating System Security and W. Yuan Reliability AMD Corp.; National Science Foundation, V. Adve,* A. Lenharth,* J. Criswell, D. Dhurjati CCR-02-05638, EIA-02-24453 National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory CNS-04-06351, CCF-04-29561; DARPA/MARCO Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC) Mobile devices that primarily process multimedia data are expected to become a dominant computing platform for a Despite major developments in technologies for system variety of application domains. Their design must consider security and reliability, today's operating systems and user demanding, dynamic, and multiple resource constraints, processes remain vulnerable to an extensive range of with energy as a first-class resource. However, the ability attacks. At the root cause of such vulnerabilities is an of multimedia applications to trade off output quality for important class of bugs: implementation errors, e.g., system resources offers an opportunity for the design of memory access errors or missing security checks. These systems where each system layer can adapt in response to are not addressed even by powerful, security-conscious resource or application changes. Reaping the full benefits design approaches like security kernels or virtual machine of a system with multiple adaptive layers, however, monitors. Moreover, design weaknesses in legacy kernels requires a careful coordination of those adaptations. This can magnify the potential risk when a successful exploit project is developing a cross-layer adaptive system and occurs, e.g., allowing device drivers or other kernel framework to reduce energy consumption while preserving extensions to operate with full privilege within the kernel application quality within available computation and address space. This project is developing a compiler-based bandwidth resources. The final system prototype will virtual machine (Safe LLVA) that is capable of hosting a integrate adaptations in the hardware, network, operating standard C/C++-based operating system and all its system, and application layers, opening up sources of applications, and exploring how this organization can energy savings not possible before. improve overall system security and provide new security capabilities. Such a virtual machine can apply a range of SAFECode: A Compiler System for Enforcing Memory compiler-based safety checking techniques on legacy Safety in C Programs kernel code. The immediate goal of this work is to apply V. Adve,* D. Dhurjati, S. Kowshik compiler-based techniques for memory safety from the National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, SAFECode project to kernel code to prevent attacks via CCR-02-09202, and CNS-04-06351;SRC MARCO/ memory access errors. More broadly, the combined system DARPA consortium will also address techniques for reducing kernel Programming errors that lead to illegal memory accesses implementation errors, improving application security by are a dominant source of vulnerabilities that lead to security enforcing least-privilege, and protecting critical violations in modern computer systems. Such errors can application data from the kernel even if it is compromised. include buffer overruns, dangling pointer errors, and Virtual Instruction Set Computers (VISC) others. The SAFECode compiler automatically transforms V. Adve,* R. Bocchino, J. Criswell, D. Dhurjati, programs to prevent all kinds of memory errors in T. Lattner, production code, through a combination of static and run- National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, CCF time checking. For safety techniques used in production 04-29561; DARPA/MARCO Gigascale Systems Research code, the run-time checking introduces very low Center (GSRC) overheads. These low overheads are made possible by a novel approach for making hard-to-find errors harmless, Virtual Instruction Set Computer (VISC) architectures without actually eliminating those errors. The compiler define two separate instruction sets (one to serve as the also ensures that a specific approach to program analysis representation of stored programs, and another to control can be made sound, despite the presence of hard-to-detect the hardware), and use a hardware-specific translation errors, enabling static checking and verification tools to layer to optimize and execute code on the hardware. This give guarantees of soundness for the properties they claim approach lends great flexibility to hardware and compiler to prove. SAFECode also provides additional techniques design, enabling close cooperation between the translator

* Denotes principal investigator.

18 and the microarchitecture on each individual chip (since Macroscopic Data Structure Analyses and each distinct has its own specific Transformations translator). This is because the hardware instruction set can V. Adve;* Q. Yi, K. Kennedy (Rice Univ.) expose microarchitecture details to the translator and, U.S. Department of Energy ASCI Academic Strategic conversely, can rely on the translator to produce code with Alliances Program, B347884 predefined assumptions. This project is defining a novel Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory virtual instruction set for VISC architectures called Low Level Virtual Architecture (LLVA) and a translation Managing performance on deep memory hierarchies is strategy that permits both offline and online translation or widely considered to be a critical open problem for high- a combination thereof. The project is also exploring performance systems. This research team is exploring a compiler and architecture techniques to exploit the VISC novel class of compiler transformations that provides framework with the rich virtual instruction set for improved locality at multiple levels of memory hierarchy improved processor performance and reliability. simultaneously. The transformations exploit the property that recursive algorithms have identical reuse patterns at The LLVM Compiler System each level of recursion, providing a hierarchy of working V. Adve,* R. Bocchino, M. Brukman, J. Criswell, sets. Researchers are developing compiler algorithms to D. Dhurjati, B. Ensink, A. Evlogimenos, B. Gaeke, transform existing loop-based codes into efficient T. Lattner, A. Lenharth, B. Pankaj, S. Sahoo, A. Shukla, recursive form automatically. Such a transformation has J. Stanley wide applicability, including automatic blocking for National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, multiple levels of cache hierarchy and improving CCR-02-09202, CNS-04-06351, CCF 04-29561; DARPA/ communication locality in shared memory codes. MARCO Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC) Modern applications are increasing in size, change their Computer Engineering behavior significantly during execution, support dynamic extensions and upgrades, and often have components Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Utilizing Multirate and written in multiple different languages. While some Power-Save Capabilities applications have small hot spots, others spread their N. Vaidya* execution time evenly throughout the application. In order [email protected] to maximize the efficiency of all of these programs, National Science Foundation, ANI 01-25859 program optimization must be performed throughout the lifetime of a program, including compile-time, link-time, Wireless communication technology has gained install-time, run-time, and "idle-time" profile-guided widespread acceptance in recent years. Wireless local area optimization between runs. The LLVM compiler project networks have come into greater use, with the advent of provides a framework to make "lifelong" program analysis the IEEE 802.11 standard and availability of several and transformation available for arbitrary software, and in commercial products based on this standard. An ad hoc a manner that is transparent to programmers. The LLVM network can be formed by wireless, potentially mobile system retains key program information in a language- hosts, without requiring the use of any fixed infrastructure, independent format that can be used for lifelong such as base stations. Such networks have many compilation, and exploits this representation to provide a applications, including home networking, personal area unique combination of capabilities. LLVM is available networking, sensor networking, search-and-rescue freely in open-source form and has attracted a large missions in remote areas, and other civilian as well as community of active users and contributors in industry, military operations. Modern wireless devices are often academia, and the open-source community. designed with the capability to transmit at different bit rates using different modulation schemes and to operate in a power-save mode to conserve energy. While such wireless devices can be built, there is not adequate research on performance of ad hoc networks utilizing such devices. This project will, therefore, attempt to answer two broad questions: How do we design wireless medium access control (MAC) protocols that exploit multirate and power- save capabilities in ad hoc networks? While there has been

* Denotes principal investigator.

19 some work on such protocols, this project is expected to develop new techniques to utilize multirate and power- Construction Management save capabilities. What is the impact of multirate and Nighttime Construction: Evaluation of Lighting Glare power-save capabilities on performance on network layer for Highway Construction and transport layer? The project will study the interaction K. El-Rayes,* L. Liu, I. Odeh between wireless device capabilities and upper layer Illinois Department of Transportation, ICT R27-2 performance, and develop mechanisms to improve performance of the various layers. An increasing amount of highway repair and construction work in Illinois is being performed during the off-peak Wireless Wind Tunnel: A Testbed for Experimental nighttime hours. Nighttime construction is advocated as a Evaluation of Wireless Networks way to mitigate the impact of construction operations on N. H. Vaidya,* J. T. Bernhard, V. V. Veeravalli, the traveling public, shorten the duration of construction R. K. Iyer, P. R. Kumar operations, and reduce the potential for work zone- [email protected] accidents. However, nighttime construction operations National Science Foundation, 04-23431 may in fact be more hazardous for both drivers and This project, evaluating protocols for wireless networks construction personnel. Drivers often find difficulty in and developing scaling techniques for physical adjusting to the extreme changes in lighting levels when environments, aims at deploying an anechoic chamber for entering a construction zone from a relatively dark interference control, forming a testbed, referred to as the roadway environment. The utilization and placement of wireless wind tunnel (WWT). The uses of the testbed focus lighting equipment to illuminate the work zone may cause on: evaluation of wireless protocols (WP) in controlled glare for drivers and/or equipment operators. To address environments, development of channel models suitable for these challenges, the main objectives of this project are to simulation-based evaluation of WPs, and evaluation of survey existing types of glare measurement practices techniques for scaling the physical environment to currently being used in the industry; develop practical tools facilitate realistic wireless experiments. The WWT for evaluating glare at nighttime construction sites and addresses some of the limitations based on computer evaluate their performance with selected lighting evaluations resulting from the present insufficient arrangements that are common to nighttime construction; understanding of channel and system models for wireless and evaluate and recommend acceptable levels of glare that networks. These are not well understood and brute force take into account construction workers, the traveling accurate simulation of the wireless environment are at public, and overall light reflection from the work zone. The present too complex. Existing hardware testbeds suffer results of this study will provide the Illinois Department of from one or both of the following shortcomings: Transportation with a scientific and objective approach for experiments often cannot be repeated due to interference specifying the required lighting standards in nighttime by other wireless devices operating in the same frequency highway construction projects. range, and the parameters of the experiment (such as the Web-Based Management of Multiple Interdisciplinary mobility patterns of the mobiles and scatterers in the and Geographically Distributed Research Projects environment) are not fully controllable. This work impacts K. El-Rayes,* L. Liu, F. Pena-Mora, W. Orabi the education mission, including coursework, laboratories, [email protected] and student projects. The testbed will serve as a National Science Foundation, Mid-America Earthquake demonstration tool. New educational opportunities will Center; University of Illinois open involving experimental research providing better training and motivation. Facilities will be made available Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory to a larger pool of researchers. Additional impact is The main objective of this project is to develop a robust IT- expected on communications systems in practice. based management system for engineering research centers to ensure the accomplishment of their research and educational and outreach goals on time and within budget. To this end, a web-based system is being developed to enable remote and effective management of multiple interdisciplinary research projects that are located in different geographic regions.

* Denotes principal investigator.

20 Automated Productivity and Progress Assessments resource tracking, precise simulation control, and linkage Using Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry with other knowledge-based expert systems. L. Y. Liu,* T. Trupp This research will impact how we manage construction [email protected] projects in the future. University of Illinois; Hewlett Packard; National Science Foundation Construction Project Productivity Time-Series Monitoring and Predictions Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory L. Y. Liu,* S. Hwang Construction productivity and progress assessments are University of Illinois among the most challenging tasks of a construction project. This project investigates new applications of time-series Accurate measurements of productivity and progress play techniques to better predict future productivity a critical role in the success of a construction project. This performance and trends. By fusing historical and actual research project integrates digital close-range data and factors from on-going projects, project managers photogrammetry, computer vision, image reasoning, 3D- can better predict future performance and manage CADD, and computer databases to provide an automated resources more efficiently for construction projects. system for measuring construction productivity and progress. Construction Site Digital Data Collection Devices L. Y. Liu* This research will impact how construction field data are [email protected] processed and analyzed in the future. University of Illinois Building Blackbox System for Emergency Response Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory L. Y. Liu,* F. Pena-Mora, M. Tsai National Science Foundation This project develops a hardhat-mounted device that collects multimedia information, including video and This project explores the design and development of a sound, for construction inspection and documentation. The building blackbox system that collects data from building device uses voice-activated control and allows systems to support urban rescue in manmade or natural construction inspectors to walk hands-free at the project disasters. This research will lead to smart buildings and site to document site conditions or problems. Narration, structures for construction diagnostics and inspection in pictures, and videos can be taken and stored digitally into addition to information services during emergency the device and can be ported later into a database that response. supports project control and documentation. A heads-up Construction Object-oriented Process Simulation display is used for synchronizing the camera direction with L. Y. Liu* the eyes. This device allows wireless, two-way [email protected] communications where images can be transmitted to and University of Illinois from the host computer. Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory The project will lead to intelligent field automation in the future. Simulation provides a practical means of analyzing construction processes to identify resource utilization and Construction Time–Cost Trade-Off Decision Support idleness, operation bottlenecks, productivity, and L. Y. Liu,* S. A. Burns* (Indus. & Enter. Syst. Engr.) operational costs. This research uses object-oriented [email protected] programming to design a network-based discrete-event University of Illinois simulation system for construction process modeling. All Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory modeling elements are implemented as objects with integrated functionality of interactive computer graphics Construction engineers face the challenge of selecting the and simulation. Models are constructed through a friendly most effective construction methods for tasks within a graphical user interface. Simulation is accomplished by project. Different methods, equipment, and crew sizes can having active objects send messages to one another. This be chosen for tasks depending upon the contract time limit paradigm of simulation system design can provide many and budget. Not all tasks are of equal importance in a advantages over traditional design, such as realistic project. Some tasks carry floats and can be delayed without impacting the project duration. Some tasks are critical because any delay on those tasks delays the project. * Denotes principal investigator.

21 Construction engineers may choose alternative construction methods, smaller crew sizes, and less Control Systems productive equipment at lower costs while maintaining the Advanced Dynamic Modeling and Control of Air same project duration. The purpose of this research is to Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems develop a generic algorithm for assisting construction A. G. Alleyne,* N. Jain, B. Li, T. McKinley, V. Chandan engineers in selecting optimal time–cost strategies to 30 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and complete a project. Refrigeration Center; National Science Foundation This new algorithm will support analyses of construction Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building planning and controls, by lowering overall construction costs. This project develops a dynamic simulation-modeling environment that is suitable for closed loop control of Real-Time Geometrical Tracking and Productivity stationary and mobile a/c and refrigeration systems. The Analyses focus is on controlling quasi-steady transitions between L. Y. Liu,* Y. Su operating states, instead of startup and shutdown University of Illinois transients, by modulating flow rates of both air and This project utilizes the real-time location data, via a refrigerant. It builds upon previous models by making wireless communication network, from construction more extensive use of physical parameters, based on results equipment, materials, and personnel to support from other research projects. The model development is productivity analyses. The geometrical (x,y,z) and time supported by a parallel set of experiments conducted in a data are analyzed to automatically obtain insight into flexible test facility. resource bottlenecks and productivity problems. Control of Fluid Power Systems Sensor-Based Construction Quality Control and A. G. Alleyne,* S. Manwaring, S. Tyson, B. Hencey, Monitoring T. Deppen L. Y. Liu,* C. Erickson, K. Trauth University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; National [email protected] Science Foundation; Caterpillar, Inc.; U.S. Army University of Illinois Research Office Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building This project investigates new applications of sensor The modeling and control of fluid power systems includes devices (electrical, micro-electrical-mechanical, and fiber- electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic optic) in construction quality control and monitoring. subsystems. Various types of advanced controllers are These sensors are imbedded in infrastructure components applied to these complex nonlinear systems. Applications to collect data for monitoring the conditions and other of these systems range from automotive systems to earth- properties relevant to safety and performance of a moving vehicles to high-speed machine tool drives. structure, such as a bridge, tunnel, or building. Control of Nonlinear Systems The potential impacts of this research include a new and A. G. Alleyne,* B. Hencey better approach to conduct construction inspections, more University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign timely responses to repair needs, and lower costs for Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building structure maintenance. The control of various nonlinear mechanical and electromechanical devices is studied. The techniques applied vary from standard linearization (Jacobian) to gain scheduling to nonlinear transformations (feedback linearization). The structure of the particular systems being controlled is exploited to facilitate control. The application of this is directed to the control of various mechanical systems.

* Denotes principal investigator.

22 Control of Systems in a Dimensionless Framework sizes less than 10 mm) required for emerging photonic A. G. Alleyne* applications. Such novel structures provide the optical University of Illinois Research Board; National Science analogues to semiconductor materials at length scales Foundation relevant for optical communication and computing technologies. Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building Nano-CEMMS Systems Integration Testbeds for the This project examines the benefits of using dimensionless Micro- and Macroscale system representations for control system design. A. G. Alleyne,* P. M. Ferreira, D. Mukhopadhyay, Dimensionless system representations afford benefits for K. Barton, R. Khanapure, B. Helfrich, X. Xiao parameter identification as well as dynamic uncertainty National Science Foundation, Nanoscale Science and representation. These benefits translate into better adaptive Engineering Center, DMI-0328162 control and robust control designs. Current investigations examine engineered systems, such as vehicles, as well as Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building individual subsystems and components. This work relates to the Center for Nanoscale Chemical- Dynamic Simulation of Transport Refrigeration: Electrical- Mechanical Manufacturing Systems (Nano- Baseline Model CEMMS). We are developing systems integration tools A. G. Alleyne,* N. Jain and testbeds for rapidly identifying potential bottlenecks [email protected] in the confluence of different core technologies associated Ingersoll Rand with our nanoscale manufacturing efforts. The tangible results of this project will be the development of the earliest This project develops a dynamic simulation-modeling testbeds that are representative of the fully functional environment that is suitable for closed loop control of Nano-CEMMS system as it is currently envisioned. mobile a/c and refrigeration systems. The project consists Additionally, this project will provide systems-level of developing baseline dynamic models to be tested against planning and guidelines for the development of the overall data from our industrial partners. Additionally, real-time research plan. The ability to provide planning input will systems will be developed to enable hardware in the loop grow throughout the project as better knowledge and setups to test OEM controller hardware. understanding of the overall systems-level issues are Dynamic Simulation of Transport Refrigeration: developed. Baseline Model A Dynamic Simulation Model for the Environmental A. G. Alleyne,* N. Jain Control Systems (ECS) on Combat Vehicles [email protected] A. G. Alleyne,* T. McKinley Ingersoll Rand [email protected] This project develops a dynamic simulation-modeling General Dynamics Land Systems environment that is suitable for closed loop control of This project develops a dynamic simulation-modeling mobile a/c and refrigeration systems. The project consists environment that is specifically targeted for high of developing baseline dynamic models to be tested against performance military cooling applications. data from our industrial partners. Additionally, real-time systems will be developed to enable hardware in the loop A Dynamic Simulation Model for the Environmental setups to test OEM controller hardware. Control Systems (ECS) on Combat Vehicles A. G. Alleyne,* T. McKinley Microscale Robotic Deposition [email protected] A. G. Alleyne,* P. M. Ferreira,* J. Lewis, D. Bristow, General Dynamics Land Systems K. Barton, D. Mukhopadhyay, D. Hoelzle National Science Foundation, DMI-0140466 This project develops a dynamic simulation-modeling environment that is specifically targeted for high Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building performance military cooling applications. The objective is to develop new materials systems, manufacturing systems, control, and planning algorithms required for microscale robotic deposition (m-RD) of colloidal gels. An integrated approach will be directed toward the fabrication of 3-D periodic structures (feature

* Denotes principal investigator.

23 Hierarchical and Reconfigurable Schemes for goals are to make use of recent algorithmic developments Distributed Control over Heterogeneous Networks to provide hard performance guarantees and bounds for T. Basar* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); G. E. Dullerud;* systems performing sophisticated tasks in uncertain and C. Hadjicostis,* S. Hutchinson,* dynamic physical situations. C. Polychronopoulos* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); Control of Automata-Switched Distributed Systems R. Srikant* (Indus. & Enter. Syst. Engr.); G. E. Dullerud* P. Voulgaris* (Aerosp. Engr.); C. Zhang, M. Farhood National Science Foundation National Science Foundation, ITR 0085917 This project aims at developing computational algorithms The research project deals with issues arising in controlling and theory for control of dynamical systems using geographically distributed complex real-time systems over distributed architectures, where a combination of a heterogeneous communication network. It is aimed at continuous and logical dynamics are present. This situation developing the foundations of network-based control, from results from the coupling of physical, communications, and theory to applications. The overall objectives are the computer processes. The proposed work has a very broad following: the design, analysis, implementation, and set of associated applications, and in this project we performance characterization of hierarchical and particularly emphasize its use in networked robotics. The heterogeneous distributed control algorithms and specific approach and techniques pursued stem mainly middleware that are affected through hierarchical from semidefinite programming, graph theory, and robust heterogeneous networks comprised of wired and wireless control methods (e.g., operator theory, quadratic cost subnets; and specification and implementation of network functions and Hamilton-Jacobi inequalities, IQCs, services and support required for the development and parameter variation), providing a unified framework in deployment of distributed control algorithms over which to deal with and consider computer-based rules, hierarchical heterogeneous networks. communication latency and packet loss, obstacles in an Cooperative Networked Control of Dynamical Peer-to- uncertain environment, trajectory tracking, and nonlinear Peer Vehicle Systems dynamics, using a distributed architecture. The project, in G. E. Dullerud,* P. Parillo; F. Bullo (Indus. & addition to fundamental research, will also produce Enter. Syst. Engr.); E. Feron (MIT); reuseable software to be made publicly available to the E. Frazzoili (Aerosp. Engr.); P. R. Kumar (Elect. & wider academic community and industry. Comput. Engr.); S. Lall (Stanford Univ.); Architectures for Secure and Robust Distributed D. Liberzon (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); Infrastructures N. A. Lynch (MIT); J. C. Mitchell (Stanford Univ.); S. Lall* (Stanford Univ.); C. Beck (Indus. & S. K. Mitter, E. Modiano (MIT); B. Reznick (Math.); Enter. Syst. Engr.); S. Boyd (Stanford Univ.); M. Viswanathan (Comput. Sci.) J. Doyle (California Technical Univ.); G. E. Dullerud;* U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Defense C. Hadjicostis (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); B. Lesieutre, Advanced Research Projects, Multidisciplinary Research M. Medard (MIT); B. Prabhakar (Stanford Univ.); Programs of the University Research Initiative, R. Srikant (Indus. & Enter. Syst. Engr.); F49620-02-1-0325 C. Tomlin (Stanford Univ.); G. Verghese (MIT); The proliferation of computing and wireless V. Vladimerou, D. King communication technology has opened up tremendous U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, possibilities for deploying large cooperative networks of F49620-01-1-0365 smart vehicles to perform intricate and complex missions. The major barrier constraining the successful management It is evident that collaborative teams of aerial and ground and design of large-scale distributed infrastructures is the vehicles can perform a plethora of highly beneficial tasks conspicuous lack of knowledge about their dynamical for achieving military objectives and civilian security. The features and behaviors. Until very recently, analysis of major objective of our consortium is the development of a systems has primarily relied on the use of nondynamical rigorous theoretical foundation, and scalable analytical models. These traditional approaches have enjoyed tools and paradigms, so that systems can be systematically considerable success while systems are run in constructed and their performance formally verified. More predominately cooperative and “friendly” environments generally, the activity of this program can be expected to and provided that their performance boundaries are not have a dramatic impact on understanding and designing approached. With the current proliferation of applications large-scale, robust, real-time distributed systems. Our

* Denotes principal investigator.

24 using and relying on such infrastructures, these communication among vehicles, that are scalable in terms infrastructures are becoming increasingly stressed, and the of number of vehicles, and that have the ability to handle incentives for malicious attacks are heightening. discrete transitions in the network, such as formation reconfiguration, addition or loss of vehicles from the A Normative Theory for the Design of Discrete Event formation, and so forth. Applications of this work include Dynamic Systems undersea and planetary exploration, search and rescue, air R. S. Sreenivas* traffic control, and control of sensor networks. Both National Science Foundation, CNS-0437415 theoretical and experimental issues are being investigated. The goal of the project is to identify tractable synthesis of supervisory policies that control discrete event dynamic systems such as: air-traffic control systems; automated Decision and Control manufacturing systems; computer networks; integrated Dynamic Team and Game Theory for Congestion command, control, communication and information (C3I) Control in High-Speed Networks systems; and operations-management of multicomponent T. Basar,* R. Srikant,* D. Wiedenheft organizations with event-driven dynamics like shipyards, National Science Foundation, ANI 98-13710 airports, hospitals, and so forth. Despite the myriad and diverse applications for DEDS, advances in core aspects of This project is related to NSF 98-13710, and involves supervisory control of DEDS have not found application research for undergraduate students on various aspects of beyond academia, primarily due to the fact that synthesis communication networks, particularly in the area of procedures require complete specification of the desired congestion control. behavior of the system, a difficult, if not impossible task. Objective-Oriented Model Heterogeneous Sensor Even when complete specifications are available, the Networks for Coordinated Control synthesis of the appropriate supervisory policy can be T. Basar,* T. Alpcan, C. Tang, S. Yuksel intractable. This project develops a normative theory of National Science Foundation, ECS 02-25481 how DEDS should be structured so that, starting from a supervisory policy that enforces an incompletely specified This is a multi-university research effort that focuses on a behavior, progressive supervisory corrections can be comprehensive study of large, mobile ad-hoc applied such that the (complete) desired specification is reconfigurable networks for coordinated control. It draws eventually enforced. The supervisory policy advocated by on elements from coordinated control, dynamic state this project is based on analysis of observed "desirable" estimation, ad-hoc network management, resource and "undesirable" states of a system. This project focuses assignment, and fault tolerance. Its aim is to provide a on three areas of DEDS. First is a learning phase: the formalism in which the methods of sensor networking may development of learning algorithms for supervisory be integrated as part of a systematic design process focused systems where desired behavior can be easily learned/ on achieving a specific control objective. Particular topics identified using examples/counter-examples. Second is a of study at the present are robust H-infinity and risk- supervisory policy synthesis phase: the identification of sensitive control and filtering in a receding horizon DEDS structures where learning is tractable. A third area framework, performance-and utility-driven resource of DEDS is the progressive improvement phase: the allocation in networks, and control over networks using development of methods for improving learned behavior decentralized and distributed sensor information. that can be progressively improved with computations Smart Icing Systems effort as additional information is made available. T. Basar,* W. R. Perkins,* P. Voulgaris,* J. Melody, Reliable and Robust Control of Formations of V. Sharma Unmanned Vehicles NASA Glenn Research Center, NAG3-2135 D. M. Stipanović,* M. W. Spong* This part of the larger interdisciplinary/interdepartmental [email protected] research program addresses the identification and control Boeing research required to develop a smart icing system for This project is to develop reliable and robust control aircraft. A smart icing system would sense the effect of ice architectures and algorithms for networks of autonomous accretion on the aircraft performance and handling aerial and ground vehicles. The aim is to develop control qualities and provide information to the flight crew, laws that have low sensitivity to noisy and lossy data operate ice protection systems, provide envelope

* Denotes principal investigator.

25 protection, and possibly adapt the flight controls. The Petri nets that may have both nondeterministic transitions research conducted here involves in-flight parameter (i.e., transitions that share the same label) and identification of aircraft flight dynamics utilizing unobservable transitions (i.e., transitions that are excitation generated by only natural (and not forced) associated with the empty label). These techniques are maneuvers of the aircraft and turbulence. Subsequently, promising because they show that one can compute the set this information would be fed (along with other sensor- of consistent markings with complexity that is at most based data) into an appropriate neural network that would, polynomial in the length of the observed label sequence. in turn, lead to an accurate detection of the level of severity Enabling Diagnosis of Faults and Misbehavior in of ice accretion on the flight surfaces of the aircraft. The Heterogeneous Networked Systems via Structured ultimate goal of this effort is to provide both the pilot and Redundancy the autopilot with needed information to improve the safety C. N. Hadjicostis,* T. Le of aircraft operating in icing conditions. [email protected] Architectures for Secure and Robust Distributed Boeing Infrastructures This project aims to evaluate how the use of redundant C. Hadjicostis,* G. Takos sensors, actuators or, more generally, redundant [email protected] information can enable efficient and gracefully degradable U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Department diagnosis algorithms for large networked systems. Instead of Defense, URI Award F49620-01-1-0365URI of focusing on how diagnosis can be performed for a given (subcontracted from Stanford University) system or network, this project is interested in finding out Within the context of a much larger project, this work how small modifications in the system structure (e.g., focuses on addressing the challenges that arise in regards sensor or actuator allocation) or the communication links to distributed or hierarchical coordination, fault tolerance, and protocols can result in more efficient and robust safety, and scalability in emerging dynamic systems and diagnosis algorithms. networks. The initial goal of this project has been to Enabling Novel Digital Sequential Circuit Designs develop distributed estimation algorithms that can be used through Error Control and Noise Tolerance in network monitoring. Techniques Designs of Robust Encoded Dynamic Systems C. Hadjicostis,* S. Sundaram C. N. Hadjicostis,* G. Takos [email protected] [email protected] National Science Foundation, ECS 02-18939 ITR Air Force Office of Scientific Research, DoD URI Award Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory F49620-01-1-0365URI This project is developing a framework for fault-tolerant This work analyzes the effects of roundoff noise on our convolution using a polynomial residue number system ability to nonconcurrently detect and identify transient with non-coprime moduli. These techniques are promising faults that corrupt state variables during the operation of a in terms of the simplicity of the corresponding error fault-tolerant discrete-time LTI dynamic system. The detecting and correcting mechanisms. We are specifically analysis provides insights that allow us to evaluate the investigating how these techniques, together with performance of established decoding algorithms using nonconcurrent error detection and correction techniques, analytical techniques. It also leads to explicit bounds on the can offer advantages in terms of hardware and time precision needed in order to guarantee the correct complexity. identification of the number of faults that have affected the system. Error Control in Switched Linear Controllers C. Hadjicostis,* S. Sundaram Diagnosis and Assessment of Faults, Misbehavior, and [email protected] Threats in Distributed Systems and Networks National Science Foundation, ECS 02-18939 ITR C. N. Hadjicostis,* Y. Ru [email protected] This project develops protection schemes for linear time- National Science Foundation, ECS 04-26831 ITR invariant (LTI) controllers in switched systems. Tolerance against internal controller faults is achieved via This project addresses the problem of state estimation in embeddings that preserve the state evolution of the original discrete event systems (DES) that are modeled by labeled controller in some encoded form, but enable error detection

* Denotes principal investigator.

26 and correction through nonconcurrent (e.g. periodic) Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: checks. State Estimation in Switched Linear Systems C. N. Hadjicostis,* S. Sundaram Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: [email protected] Economic and Environmental Considerations National Science Foundation, ITR 02-24729 EPNES C. N. Hadjicostis,* G. Deltas* [email protected] This project develops observer methodologies for switched National Science Foundation, ECS 02-24729 EPNES linear systems that are driven by unknown inputs. The methodologies are based on using (possibly delayed) The goal of the proposed research project is to develop a outputs, and knowledge of the switching sequence and the comprehensive framework for studying reliability and system dynamics in order to decouple the unknown inputs sustainable operation of energy processing systems in from the observer error. regulated economic markets. The successful completion of this project can have potentially significant implications in An Integrated Approach to Fault Tolerance in characterizing and evaluating the economic and Discrete-Time Dynamic Systems environmental consequences of reliable designs for future C. Hadjicostis,* E. Athanasopoulou commercial power generation and distribution systems. [email protected] National Science Foundation, ECS 00-92696 CAREER Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: Fault Tolerance Considerations This project develops systematic approaches for modeling, C. N. Hadjicostis,* L. Li detecting, identifying, and correcting faults in order to [email protected] ensure the proper functionality of discrete-time dynamic National Science Foundation, ECS 02-24729 EPNES systems or networks. The project takes a system-theoretic viewpoint and aims to characterize the fundamental The main goal of this research project is to develop a limitations of fault-tolerant designs by jointly exploiting comprehensive framework for dynamical state estimation, system-, coding-, and information-theoretic techniques. fault detection, and fault accommodation in energy processing systems. This includes terrestrial and A Robust Control Approach to Digital autonomous power systems, as well as electric drives and Communications power electronic systems, as found in civilian and military C. Hadjicostis,* P. Voulgaris,* R. Touri sectors. In particular, this project aims at making [email protected] connections with traditional fault tolerance techniques by National Science Foundation, CCR 00-85917 ITR developing distributed monitoring/correcting schemes and This project develops a deterministic worst-case by explicitly accounting for the system dynamics before framework for reconstruction of discrete (source) data overcoming faults that affect the functionality of the transmissions through dispersive communication system. channels. This framework can be explored based on robust Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: control ideas and formulations and serves as a complement Effect of Packet Drops in Networked Control Systems to existing approaches that reconstruct data by optimizing C. N. Hadjicostis,* H. Mo probabilistic criteria. [email protected] Adaptive Optimized Cross-Layer Protocols National Science Foundation, ITR 02-24729 EPNES P. R. Kumar* This research project deals with issues arising in Rockwell-Collins controlling and monitoring real-time systems over Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory heterogeneous communication networks. The project aims at studying the performance of variants of state feedback The goal is to research, model, and simulate power control control schemes in a network setup where packets can be protocols for wireless networks. lost or delayed due to deteriorating network performance. In particular, the project studies the tradeoffs that arise between system instability, noise level, link delay, and packet dropping probability.

* Denotes principal investigator.

27 Channel Aware Distributed Scheduling for Optimal Scalable Multilayer Control of Joint Battlespace Throughput and Latency: A Unified PHY/MAC Networks Approach P. R. Kumar* P. R. Kumar* U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Science Foundation F49620-02-1-0217 Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory This project addresses issues relating to communication networks, both wireless radio and free-space optical. The goal of this project is to build a theoretical foundation for channel aware distributed scheduling in wireless ad- Verification of Probabilistic Hybrid Systems: Stability hoc networks. and Beyond D. M. Liberzon* Designing Reliable and Secure Tactical MANETS National Science Foundation, CNS-0614993 P. R. Kumar* U. S. Army Research Office In collaboration with MIT; Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory This collaborative project studies dynamical systems The goal is to develop algorithms for secure wireless characterized by a combination of hybrid and probabilistic networks. behavior. Hybrid behavior is characterized by discrete Efficient Resource Management for Controlled switching between system modes and continuous Mobility Wireless Networks evolution within a mode. Such systems frequently arise in P. R. Kumar* a wide range of applications, from power electronics and National Science Foundation communication networks to economics and biology. In this This project addresses the design, development and research, a new modeling framework for such systems is operation of networks that are mobile. developed, which supports external variables, compositional reasoning, and nondeterministic as well as Supporting Temporal Coordination in Wirelessly probabilistic transitions. New stability criteria for such Networked Control Systems: Fundamental Theory, probabilistic hybrid systems are obtained. In contrast with Algorithms, and Experimentation existing results, they are formulated in terms of two P. R. Kumar* independent components: a family of Lyapunov functions National Science Foundation (one for each continuous mode) and a slow-switching Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory condition of an average-dwell-time type. This modularity has the benefit of decoupling the search for Lyapunov This project addresses how to achieve temporal functions from the verification of the desired properties of coordination over wirelessly networked control systems of the discrete dynamics. The latter task is the focus of the sensors, actuators, and computational nodes. project, and is treated using two complementary methods: Toward Building a Performance Predictable Wireless one based on proving an invariant property, and another Mesh Network based on solving an optimization problem. These P. R. Kumar* theoretical results are supported by development of new National Science Foundation software tools. Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Hybrid Control of Nonlinear Systems D. Liberzon* The goal is to study how to build wireless mesh networks. [email protected] Towards a Theory of In-Network Computation for National Science Foundation, ECS-0134115 Surveillance and Monitoring in Wireless Sensor The research and educational development plan proposed Networks here is aimed at designing hybrid control algorithms. In this P. R. Kumar* framework, a continuous-time process is controlled by National Science Foundation means of logic-based switching among a family of This project addresses the development of a theoretical regulators. The closed-loop system is then called hybrid foundation for sensor networks. because it combines continuous and discrete dynamics. We study several situations in which such a control paradigm

* Denotes principal investigator.

28 is natural and helps overcome various shortcomings of Large-Scale Simulation of Manufacturing and more traditional control methodologies. The primary focus Communication Systems of this research is on systematic development of tools for S. Meyn,* S. Henderson (Cornell University) hybrid control design, applicable to general and useful National Science Foundation, DMI-0085165 classes of nonlinear dynamical systems. In the past decade, we have seen astonishing growth in both Multiple View Geometry the theory and application of queuing networks. Industry Y. Ma* is driving research in communication and data networks, University of Illinois computer systems, and manufacturing systems. Semiconductor manufacturing plants and the Internet are The goal of this project is to unify the study of geometry two infamous examples of networks of almost of multiple images into a simple and clean mathematical unimaginable complexity. A powerful need exists for framework where efficient algorithms and systems can be methods for deriving and evaluating operational policies developed for applications in computer vision, robot that may be used to effectively drive these systems. This vision, computer graphics, cognitive science, and so forth. project sets out to develop methods for control synthesis Adaptive Methods for Heterogeneous Wireless and evaluation for truly complex networks. Services Visualization and Optimization Techniques for S. Meyn,* M. Medard, J. Huang Analysis and Design of Complex Systems National Science Foundation, NSF CCR 99-79381, NSF S. Meyn* ITR 00-85929 National Science Foundation, ECS-0228251 With communication and computing systems becoming This project concerns several interrelated approaches to increasingly pervasive, future systems will require the managing complexity in large interconnected systems. The ability to accommodate, in real time, wireless services to focus of this project is resource allocation in large network support a variety of applications ranging from traditional models. A related project concerns phase transitions in voice and paging services to nomadic computing molecular models. This research will provide new design applications. Different services such as voice, or data, may methodologies and efficient approaches to simulation and have vastly different requirements in terms of burstiness, online tuning of control algorithms. or rate and quality of service (QoS) requirements. We consider coding, routing, and traffic rate mechanisms to An Integrated Exploration of Wireless Network provide smooth heterogeneous services to a variety of users Communication via wireless access to a network. S. Meyn* [email protected] Control Techniques for Complex Networks National Science Foundation, ITR-00-85929 S. Meyn* [email protected] This research studies the design of agile wireless networks National Science Foundation, ECE-02-17836 that accommodate time variations in the communication channels, the information sources, and the network In many application areas and in many scientific topology. The research will lead to design principles that, disciplines, one seeks methods for managing complexity in addition to enabling more efficient use of the current of man-made or real-world systems. Famous application cellular and PCS bands, will allow exploitation of areas include network management in production systems frequency bands in the 10-100 GHz range to provide high- and wireless networks; analysis of the stability of candidate speed multimedia services for both indoor and outdoor pharmaceutical compounds; and the relationship between applications. chromosomal and protein structure. This project concerns several interrelated approaches to managing complexity in Passivity-Based Control in Bipedal Locomotion large interconnected systems. Specific application areas M. W. Spong,* J. Holm, D. Herring, J.-S. Moon, addressed in the proposal include phase transitions in A. Block, T. Filipiak molecular models and resource allocation in large network National Science Foundation Grant 0510119 models. The project explores bipedal locomotion in the context of passivity based hybrid nonlinear control. We are investigating speed regulation, the use of alternate potential functions to increase the basins of attraction of

* Denotes principal investigator.

29 stable limit cycles, the effect of control saturation and ground vehicles. The aim is to develop control laws that underactuation in passivity based control, and the have low sensitivity to noisy and lossy data communication efficiency of passivity based control methods compared to among vehicles, that are scalable in terms of number of true energy optimal control. The goal is to help solidify the vehicles, and that have the ability to handle discrete foundations of the field through analysis, development of transitions in the network, such as formation new concepts, and the design of provably correct control reconfiguration, addition or loss of vehicles from the algorithms. formation, and so forth. Applications of this work include undersea and planetary exploration, search and rescue, air Telemanipulation in Multi-Robot Networks traffic control, and control of sensor networks. Both M. W. Spong,* D.-J. Lee, N. Chopra, P. Hokayem, theoretical and experimental issues are being investigated. S. Mastellone, K. Kunal, O. Martinez-Palafox, E. Rodriguez-Seda Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Office of Naval Research, Grant N00014-05-1-0186 N. Vaidya* [email protected] In this project, we are addressing fundamental issues in National Science Foundation, ANI 01-96410 communication, coordination, and teleoperated control of multiple agents in coordinated manipulation tasks. While Mobile ad hoc networks are multihop wireless networks, multiagent coordination and control problems such as with dynamically changing network topology. In this swarming, flocking, and rendezvous have been studied by project, we investigate several protocol design issues several researchers, much less work has gone into the corresponding to routing, medium-access control, and teleoperated control of multirobot networks, especially transport layers in mobile ad hoc networks. The focus is on when the multirobot network is expected to engage in tasks performance issues related to individual layers as well as involving both manipulation and motion coordination. interlayer interactions. Manipulation tasks require haptic and force feedback that TCP-Unaware Approaches to Improve Performance of introduce significant stability and transparency problems TCP Over Wireless Links with respect to communication delay, packet loss, and N. Vaidya* other communication effects. [email protected] U.S.-France Cooperative Research: Passivity Based National Science Foundation, ANI-01-96413 Control of Networked Control Systems The focus of this project is on TCP-unaware techniques to M. W. Spong,* R. Ortega (CNRS, France) improve TCP performance over paths that include wireless National Science Foundation Grant 0128656 links. The path from a TCP sender to a TCP receiver This award supports U.S.-France collaboration in control usually includes several intermediate nodes that may drop systems between Mark W. Spong of the University of TCP packets if congestion occurs. TCP makes the implicit Illinois and Romeo Ortega of the Signal and Systems assumption that all packet losses are due to congestion. Laboratory at SUPELEC, a French center for research in Since wireless links are prone to transmission errors, this electrical engineering. The objective is to investigate assumption is not accurate for TCP over wireless links. passive nonlinear control of networked control systems, in Nevertheless, TCP reduces its congestion window when particular, systems involving bilateral remote operation packet losses due to transmission errors occur. This (teleoperation) over unreliable communication networks. phenomenon is known to result in poor throughput for TCP The problem is motivated by interest in wireless over wireless links. This project investigates TCP-unaware communication in imbedded real time control systems and mechanisms to avoid such TCP performance degradation. the use of the Internet as a communication medium in teleoperated and networked control systems. Reliable and Robust Control of Formations of Unmanned Vehicles D. Stipanovic,* M. W. Spong,* P. Hokayem, C. Burns, J. Mejia Boeing This project is to develop reliable and robust control architectures for networks of autonomous aerial and

* Denotes principal investigator.

30 current PET and SPECT scanners and in nondestructive Design Theory and Methodology evaluation (NDE) in manufacturing, and it will be the basis for the next generation of diagnostic CT scanners. This will Integrating Electrical, Economic, and Environmental allow use of CT as a dynamic imaging modality for cardiac Factors into Flexible Power System Engineering imaging, or for real-time surgical guidance in medicine, or P. Krein, P. Chapman, M. Pai, P. Sauer (Elect. & as a high-throughput NDE system in manufacturing, or as Comput. Engr.); D. Thurston* a high-accuracy security baggage scanner in airports. National Science Foundation Unfortunately, the high computational cost of current A flexible power system is one in which redundancy and cone-beam reconstruction algorithms constitutes a major reliability are managed through localized control, barrier to their applications. We are developing new image distribution of energy sources, shifting among available reconstruction techniques that require only computations sources, treating loads as a potential resource for for an image. These techniques can be 100 times faster than operations and control purposes, and directing energy to current methods for typical images and promise to the most critical needs. This project seeks to establish a overcome the computational bottleneck in 3-D cone-beam firm science-based framework for integrating electrical, CT, helping to make it a feasible and commercially viable economic, and environmental factors into flexible power technology for wide use. system design. Fast Algorithms for Tomography Y. Bresler,* S. Basu, F. Charpentier, J. Brokish, Digital Signal and Imaging Processing A. George National Science Foundation, CCR-9972980 Efficient Algorithms for Lossless Data and Image Computerized Tomography (CT) is the principle Compression underlying most of the key diagnostic imaging modalities Y. Bresler,* D. Baron and many other imaging techniques, including synthetic National Science Foundation, CCR-0122293 aperture radar. We are developing new image In spite of the focus in recent years on lossy compression reconstruction techniques that require only computations of audio, images, and video, lossless data compression for an image, as compared to computations for the current remains crucial in applications such as text files, method of choice, the filtered backprojection (FBP). These facsimiles, software executables, and medical imaging. techniques are orders of magnitude faster than FBP for Universal source coding algorithms, which deal with typical images and promise to overcome the computational sources whose statistics are unknown, are of particular bottleneck created by new imaging technologies that importance. The main goal of this research is to develop acquire large quantities of data in real time. Similar algorithms featuring fast computation and low memory developments are pursued for iterative and for 3-D use, while providing compression quality near the reconstruction. fundamental theoretical bounds. The resulting algorithms Minimum-Redundancy Spatiotemporal MRI will have linear complexity and will be better than any Y. Bresler,* Z. P. Liang,* N. Aggarwal current algorithm with comparable asymptotic National Science Foundation, BES-0201876 compression performance, in terms of computation and/or memory use. Some versions of these algorithms will also Since its inception in the early 1970s, magnetic resonance have simple structure, admitting fast hardware imaging (MRI) has become a premier diagnostic imaging implementations. A special focus of this research is also on tool. Although its early applications were largely limited parallel algorithms that allow arbitrary speedup while to stationary objects, MRI has also proven extremely useful maintaining the same compression quality. in recent years for dynamic imaging applications, such as cardiac, functional, or interventional imaging. An Fast Algorithms for 3-D Cone-Beam Tomography important challenge confronting dynamic MRI (D-MRI) is Y. Bresler,* J. Brokish, A. George to obtain both high spatial and high temporal resolution, [email protected] with three dimensional imaging capability. The goal of this National Science Foundation, CCR-0209203 research is to develop, implement, and test rigorously a In cone-beam tomography, projections are acquired by an new unified theoretical framework for minimum- area detector, using a source of divergent rays traveling on redundancy D-MRI data acquisition and image one of several possible trajectories. It is already used in reconstruction. In this framework, dynamic imaging is

* Denotes principal investigator.

31 treated as a higher-dimensional image reconstruction segmentation process effectively; and integrate multiscale problem, with time being an independent axis. Instead of analysis with shape deformation for accurate segmentation attempting to freeze all motion by sufficiently fast of brain images and develop a prototype software system acquisition, time variation during acquisition is explicitly to facilitate the application of the developed algorithms for accounted for in the steps of MRI sequence design, data practical applications in brain mapping. acquisition, and image reconstruction. The approach draws Model-Based Tomographic Imaging Methods on and extends theories and algorithms introduced by the Z. P. Liang,* J. Ji, Y. Bresler* researchers over the past few years and offers the potential National Institutes of Health, R21 HL62336 for significant speedups of the imaging process. Furthermore, combination of the theory and techniques The mathematical basis of tomographic imaging is developed in this project with fast-scan methods and with conventionally rooted in the well-established Fourier or methods based on phased-array RF coils will produce radon transform theories, so that image quality is mainly combined speedups, greater than any one of the individual dependent on how the data space is sampled. In practice, approaches. physical and temporal constraints often prevent a sufficient coverage of the data space, resulting in various image Unwrapping Phase Images artifacts, such as Gibbs ringing, resolution degradation, R. Koetter,* D. C. Munson,* Z. P. Liang* and various motion effects. This project is aimed at National Science Foundation, CCR 01-05719 overcoming these problems by developing new model- The primary goal of the project is to develop optimal based imaging techniques that can incorporate a priori algorithms for the long-standing problem of unwrapping information into the imaging process effectively. phase images from various imaging modalities such as Application of these techniques to cardiac imaging and SAR and MRI. Probabilistic inference algorithms will be functional brain mapping is also addressed. developed and tested using SAR and MRI as testbeds. Prof. Multisensor Information Fusion Liang is responsible for phase unwrapping of MRI data. Z. P. Liang, H. Pan, K.-Y. Cheng* Brain Image Segmentation by Integrated Multiscale [email protected] Analysis and Shape Deformation Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Z. P. Liang,* S. Wang MDA972-00-1-0020 NEC Research Lab; University of Illinois Research Board Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science This project is a component of research conducted in the and Technology Center for Bio-Optoelectronic Sensor Systems (BOSS). Brain image segmentation is an important and challenging The primary mission of this center is to develop sensor and engineering problem confronting brain mapping. By processing technology for detection of biochemical agents accurately segmenting gray-scale brain images into in battlefield situations. Prof. Liang is responsible for various brain structures, we will be able to effectively developing statistical algorithms for multisensor visualize three-dimensional brain structures and carry out information fusion. meaningful neuromorphometric studies. The long-term Statistical Image Reconstruction goal of this project is to develop and implement a unified Z. P. Liang,* C. Potter, B. Carragher processing software platform to effectively support various National Institutes of Health, RO1 GM61939 information processing tasks in neuroimaging or brain mapping. The specific aim of the project is to capitalize on Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science our recent, novel work on graph-based multiscale image and Technology analysis and shape deformation to produce an efficient, The primary goal of the project is to develop practical accurate, and reliable algorithm for identifying brain image reconstruction methods for high-resolution imaging structures from MR images. We expect to accomplish three from electron microscopy data, particularly in the presence specific tasks during the project period: complete the of uncertainties in data acquisition parameters (a projection development of a novel graph-theoretic algorithm for angle for example). We formulate the problem as a multiscale analysis of MR brain images; further develop, statistical parameter estimation problem by introducing a perfect, and validate a topology-preserving shape proper model for the object (for instance, a virus) to be deformation algorithm so that prior shape information of imaged. This research effort promises to provide a brand- brain structures can be incorporated into the image

* Denotes principal investigator.

32 new solution to the long-standing problem in electron proposes to implement a nondestructive testing microscopy. methodology for submicron integrated circuits using the recent advances in microelectromechanical systems Electromagnetic Communication and (MEMS). More specifically, we intend to fabricate and test a microprobe structure that will permit the high-frequency Electronics Packaging characterization of submicron interconnects and devices in integrated circuits. CAD Tools for Communications Microsystems Development and Modeling of and J. Schutt-Ainé,* D. Lambalot, L. Jiang Interconnect Package Technology for Ka and W Band Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, AF J. Schutt-Ainé,* F. Liu ECE0849 National Science Foundation, E-21-N50-G5 Recent developments in the area of wireless In collaboration with the National Science Foundation communication systems and microelectromechanical Package Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology systems (MEMS) have enabled the networking of distributed transducers in a wireless mode. It is now The electrical performance of mixed-signal integrated possible to integrate monolithic microwave integrated circuits strongly depends on the electromagnetic behavior circuit (MMIC) front-end modules with MEMS of the components within the system. Future wireless and components such as antennas, switches, and filters. Our personal communication links will be strongly influenced objective is to supply the necessary CAD tools to improve by these considerations. Currently, millimeter-wave first-pass success and reduce design iterations for such monolithic ICs (MMICs) chip sets are under development systems. In particular, electromagnetic techniques are used in the 24-94 GHz range. In recent years, power distribution to model various MEMS switch structures. These are and parasitic noise control have become critical issues in combined with simulation techniques to predict the the design of these MMICs. Nowadays, with increased transient and steady state response of these components. frequencies, interconnect schemes, layout, and power The goal is to reduce the design cycle from several years distribution have become mainstream design issues. It is to one week in the successful implementation of these now recognized in the CAD community that MEMS structures. electromagnetic effects will generally take place at the forefront and will represent the critical limiting factor of Design and Fabrication of MEMS Probe Station MMICs performance. The collaborative effort between J. Schutt-Ainé,* C. Liu, D. Lambalot Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of University of Illinois Research Board Illinois focuses on developing the technology support for Recent advances in microelectronics have led to the implementation of low-cost packaging solutions for considerable reduction in size of components in integrated MMICs. This is to be achieved by harnessing the modeling, circuits (ICs). Typical VLSI circuits have dimensions in simulation, design, fabrication, and measurement the submicron range and feature size that can be as low as infrastructure built over the past decade at these two 0.25 microns. This reduction is a result of several institutions. requirements for higher density and shorter Hardware Acceleration of Newton Solver interconnection delays. Future state-of-the-art J. Schutt-Ainé,* M. Das Gupta, D. Prasanna, R. Gao, will accommodate more than a million Y. Mekonnen transistors in an area of a few hundred squared millimeters. Demaco/SAIC Along with these trends, several issues related to signal integrity and testing have moved to the forefront. With In this project, we plan to demonstrate the effectiveness of submicron dimensions, interconnect resistance has implementing a Newton solver in hardware on a PCI bus become a major bottleneck in circuit performance, leading card. The effort focuses on the use of the TI-TMS320C to signal degradation and delays. In addition, measurement family of for the implementation and testing in submicron geometries, which allows for of the solver. The implementation of fast Newton solver is determining the performance of the structure, is a to be first realized and tested before being implemented challenging task. Nowadays, the methods employed into a digital signal processor. We plan to provide consist of fabricating special-purpose test vehicles for documentation and interface requirements to allow users evaluation, which often require expensive mask processes to install the hardware card and utilize it from programs. and complex de-embedding schemes. This investigation * Denotes principal investigator.

33 High-Frequency Measurements and Validation of in models and analytical methods without which the Electromagnetic Models in Scattering, Interconnects, development of reliable design tools would be impossible. and Optoelectronics Packaging and interconnects nowadays represent a critical J. Schutt-Ainé* area for the design of high-performance digital systems. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, AF JS 1660 State-of the-art computational electromagnetic techniques necessitate large processing power and memory There is tremendous demand for increased capacity in requirements. As the speed of high performance digital high-speed communication networks and novel circuits increases, the full-wave characteristics of applications in optical control of antenna phased arrays. interconnects becomes important. The feasibility of using With clock rates in the GHz range, interconnect the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method for considerations and electromagnetic phenomena have interconnect parameter extraction had been demonstrated moved to the forefront in the design of high-speed earlier. The main advantage of the FDTD technique is its computers. Microwave modulation of optoelectronic ability to model complicated structures and to account for devices, such as semiconductor lasers and modulators, the frequency dependence of the parameters. However, the plays an important role in determining the high-speed computational efficiency and memory requirements performance of these devices. Continuing development of seriously limit the practicality of FDTD, especially for high-speed optical communication systems is contingent three-dimensional problems. Recent advances in upon advances in high-speed sources and wavelength distributed and parallel computing require one to address conversion devices. While numerous theoretical models the hardware-dependent aspects of these computational have been developed to predict ways to improve these issues. The Orion Project takes advantage of the devices, much experimental work remains in order to availability of low-cost PC components. Presently, mini- verify these models and characterize devices based on new supercomputers can be built at a moderate cost by using designs. This project proposes the experimental validation fast communication networks. Moreover, the availability of various computational models in inverse scattering, of software libraries for distributed computing, such as the wave propagation, interconnects, and optoelectronics. parallel virtual machine (PVM) and the message passing Most of the emphasis will be on the higher frequency range interface (MPI), have rendered the software development where measurement information is nonexistent. In recent within these environments easier. years, computational electromagnetics has received growing interest due to the availability of fast computers Low-Cost Fully Monolithic RF Integrated Circuits for and the recent development of fast algorithms. Models that Wireless Applications allow the prediction of the most complex problems in J. Schutt-Ainé* scattering and wave propagation have been implemented. National Science Foundation, ECS-9979292 Unfortunately, the experimental verification of these The performance of radio frequency (RF) integrated models is seriously lagging, especially at higher circuits will strongly influence the versatility and frequencies where measurement accuracy and portability of future wireless communication systems. repeatability are more difficult to achieve. This project will With the ever-increasing demands for higher bandwidth allow us to determine the frequency range of validity of the and capacity as well as reductions in size, weight, and cost, computational models and generate useful information for the need for more robust and efficient RF circuits is high-frequency operation of radiating, optoelectronics, and expected to increase. Currently, millimeter-wave waveguiding systems. monolithic ICs (MMICs) chip sets are under development High-Performance Computing for the Electromagnetic in the 24-94 GHz range and will represent the platform for Modeling of Interconnects and Packages the RF components of most wireless systems. With the J. Schutt-Ainé,* D. Prasanna, R. Gao recent advent of microelectromechanical systems Demaco/SAIC (MEMS), new potentials are being discovered for applications in the RF/millimeter wave ranges. In order to The electromagnetic modeling of packages and implement RFICs for future wireless communication interconnects plays a very important role in the design of systems, several fundamental issues must be resolved. high-speed digital circuits and is most efficiently First, a design methodology must be devised and tested. performed by using computer-aided design algorithms. In Next, a low-cost solution for the integration of MEMS the past two decades, researchers in the electromagnetic technology into existing MMIC processes must be and microwave areas have worked to extend the knowledge developed as well as a reliable packaging scheme. Finally, of interconnection properties. Their efforts have resulted

* Denotes principal investigator.

34 a robust platform of design guidelines, tools, and Modeling and Simulation of Embedded Transmission characterization techniques must be made available to Line Structures ensure reliable implementation of these communication J. Schutt-Ainé,* F. Liu systems. More specifically, the effort will focus on these Raytheon Systems tasks: developing a computer-aided design environment Embedded transmission line (ETL) structures have for the robust implementation of MMICs and MEMS as become very commonplace in many high-frequency and well as the generation of reliable design guidelines; high-speed electronic systems; however, the analysis and implementing a robust MEMS process for the fabrication design tools needed for their design are not readily of switches, filters, and tunable ; integration of available. The objective of this effort is the modeling, MEMS components into a reliable and well-established extraction, and simulation of three-dimensional complex MMIC process; devising a low-cost and reliable packaging interconnect structures embedded in multilayer structures. solution for RFICs. Executions of these tasks will make use The focus of the work will be on the development of of the existing infrastructure and expertise of the principal software tools that facilitate and automate the designer's investigators in the related areas. These will define several task. The tools will be based on recently developed design-build-test cycles that will be optimized through electromagnetic parameter extraction techniques to several iterations during the course of the project. Special determine the electrical parasitic capacitance and attention will be devoted to demonstrating the feasibility inductance coefficients of these structures. These of these various tasks. Moreover, a testbed prototype will parameters can next be used with efficient simulation be implemented to validate the proposed flow and assess algorithms to predict the signal response of ETL structures the hardware advantages of the designed RFICs. and provide information about noise immunity and high- Measurement and Test of Components for Optical speed performance. This will permit the generation of Communication Applications reliable design guidelines as well as a significant reduction J. Schutt-Ainé,* M. Angert, Z. Deng in the time to market. Xindium Technologies, Inc. National Course in Signal Integrity High-speed optical communication systems are presently J. Schutt-Ainé* improving in speed in response to ever-increasing IEEE CPMT; National Science Foundation bandwidth requirements of users. Demand for high-speed Signal integrity has become a critical area in the design of digital access will dramatically increase in the future, high-speed communications systems and fast computers. leading to many opportunities in this area. In order to Many research areas have emerged from industry and economically meet the needs of future high bit rate universities to address issues related to electrical systems, significant changes to component and system performance. However, the educational infrastructure is architectures will be required. Current commercial systems seriously lagging. The goal of the National Course in operating at 2.5 Gb/s (OC-48) data rates are implemented Signal Integrity project (http://natcsi.ece.uiuc.edu) project at present using discrete InGaAs photodetectors is to establish a web-based educational platform that will wirebonded to electronic integrated circuits for signal provide the education necessary for aggressive packaging processing. At bit rates of up to 2.5 Gb/s, an InGaAs schemes in the area of signal integrity. This is achieved by photodetector or APD is coupled to sophisticated Si-based providing a better understanding of electromagnetics electronics with high levels of functional integration to problems and through the use of modeling and simulation realize photoreceiver modules that incorporate logic tools. With the emergence of visualization tools and online thresholding, clock and data timing recovery, and simulation packages, access to both qualitative and demultiplexing functions in a single package. Advanced quantitative answers is immediate. In addition to the signal processing, including coding and decoding for error standard components of web-based courses, we have correction is also implemented in the transceiver circuitry. focused our attention on two major components. In the first The objective of this project is the measurement of high- part of the project, a Movie Creator was implemented to speed components to 50 GHz. The measurements are allow the incorporation of taped lectures into a website performed in the Electromagnetics Laboratory, where with synchronization between the audio and video high-frequency and high-speed testing instruments are components. In the second part of the project, an efficient available. Perl/Java interface was created that permits the execution of signal integrity modeling and simulation CAD tools in the web server. The study of signal integrity issues is

* Denotes principal investigator.

35 strongly dependent on the ability to simulate and model Intelligent Portable Antenna Systems for High-Speed signal propagation. This task seeks to supply circuit Wireless Communication modeling and simulation capabilities using state-of-the-art J. T. Bernhard* techniques and analysis tools that were previously [email protected] developed. A combination of visualization tools and the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, ECS ability to perform online simulations can provide students 99-83460 with immediate access to both qualitative and quantitative High-speed wireless data communication faces two answers. Using our newly developed tool, simulation challenges: high error rates caused by interference and results can be displayed and examined in a web browser unpredictable environments, and limited functionality and shortly after execution. This unique feature of executing battery life at the portable unit. "Intelligent" or "smart" CAD software via the Web will be a major asset in learning antenna systems that respond to changing operating environment. conditions can help meet these challenges. This research develops intelligent portable antenna systems to improve Electromagnetics the reliability, throughput, and noise immunity of high- speed wireless communication networks. Specifically, this Antennas for Wireless Sensors project implements new compact radiation-tunable J. T. Bernhard* antennas with a performance-driven fuzzy controller. This [email protected] novel approach views portable antennas as dynamic U.S. Office of Naval Research through the NCASSR components of the communication system, creating a new Program/NCSA paradigm for antenna design and control. The emergence of wireless sensor systems promises to Low-Profile Radiators in Aperiodic Wideband Arrays change the way we control our environments, make J. T. Bernhard,* P. Mayes, E. Michielssen decisions, and promote health and safety. While numerous [email protected] research projects on wireless sensors exist, very few U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD 19-02-1-0398 address the critical technology of antennas that enable This project develops a family of low-profile antennas and wireless communication. Several projects in this area associated array methodologies for wideband applications propose to use standard off-the-shelf antennas, but this where traditional periodic patch arrays severely limit choice often limits the capabilities of the system by performance. The work includes the development of ignoring the unique requirements and environment of the specialized simulation tools as well as extensive application. In this project, we are developing both a measurements to characterize both individual and arrayed general methodology for the development of antennas for elements. wireless sensor systems as well as several designs for specific applications. Miniaturized Antennas in Random Sensor Arrays for Planetary Surface and Atmosphere Exploration Electromagnetic Study of Integrated Hearing Aid J. T. Bernhard,* A. C. Singer, P. E. Mayes, Antennas E. Michielssen J. T. Bernhard* [email protected] [email protected] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Phonak Communications NAG3-2840 Coordinated signal processing between hearing aids allows In this project, we are developing size-appropriate, hearing-impaired individuals to focus on conversations electrically small (miniaturized) antennas with moderate without having to listen to background noise. A wired bandwidths for such sensors as well as processing connection between the hearing aids and a central algorithms for random arrays that enable the sensors to processing unit makes the system more obtrusive than work together to communicate their data to remote traditional hearing aids. This research project clarifies and collection sites regardless of their relative positions or predicts performance with both in-the-ear and behind-the- orientations. The array will configure itself to form a beam ear hearing aid antennas. in a general direction that can be intercepted by a passing orbiter or directed to a particular satellite- or surface-based receiver. The project will culminate with a testbed

* Denotes principal investigator.

36 demonstration using the developed antennas and processing algorithms. Environmental Design and Reconfigurable Antennas for High Data Rate Manufacturing Multibeam Communication Systems J. T. Bernhard,* E. Michielssen Integrating Electrical, Economic, and Environmental [email protected] Factors into Flexible Power System Engineering National Aeronautics and Space Administration, P. Krein,* P. Chapman, M. Pai, P. Sauer, D. Thurston NAG3-2555 National Science Foundation This research develops new, individually reconfigurable A flexible power system is one in which redundancy and planar antenna array elements that can be adjusted to reliability are managed through localized control, provide multiple beams while providing increased scan distribution of energy sources, shifting among available angles and higher aperture efficiencies than traditional sources, treating loads as a potential resource for operation diffraction-limited arrays. With the help of powerful and control purposes, and directing energy to the most simulation capabilities developed under the project, these critical needs. This project seeks to establish a firm science- antennas will be potential candidates for use in both large based framework for integrating electrical, economic, and and small arrays for forward inter-satellite communication environmental factors into flexible power system design. as well as tracking of multiple mobile surface-based units. Wideband Conformal Antennas and Arrays Fluid Dynamics J. T. Bernhard* [email protected] High Performance Turbulence Simulations on U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, FA8718-04-C-0060 Graphical Processors (GPU) S. P. Vanka,* W.-M. Hwu* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.), This project investigates the fundamental characterization A. F. Shinn of suitable wideband conformal microstrip-based antennas University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; NASA Glenn as single elements and in arrays and explores possible Research Center approaches to expand the operating frequency bands and performance of planar and conformal arrays. These Graphical processors can provide significant speedups of approaches encompass the use of novel substrates and scientific computations over CPUs that are conventionally antenna designs, array designs that allow wideband used. We are implementing a fractional step turbulent flow performance, such as random and connected array simulation code on the graphical processor using the topologies, and implementation of antenna reconfiguration language CUDA developed by NVIDIA. The code will to enable wideband operation of planar and conformal eventually be applied to a variety of reacting and arrays. nonreacting flows. A Wireless Embedded Sensor System to Monitor and Assess Corrosion in the Tendons of Prestressed High Frequency Devices Concrete Girders J. T. Bernhard,* D. A. Kuchma, H. Reis 38-GHz Ion Implantation GaAs MESFET Technology [email protected] Transfer Program National Science Foundation, CMS 02-01305 M. Feng,* J. Middleton, S. K. Hsia Northrop Grumman Corp.; M/A-Com/Amp A multidisciplinary team of three researchers with expertise in the areas of nondestructive evaluation, Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory wireless communication, and structural modeling are This project is aimed at the technology transfer of the developing a wireless embedded sensor system to examine University of Illinois 0.25 μm gate GaAs MESFET for corrosion of tendons in prestressed concrete girders. The 24-GHz and 38-GHz MMICs for LNA and VCO to project illustrates the importance of integrating M/A-Com. for low-cost production. technologies and expertise from several fields in solving complex information flow problems.

* Denotes principal investigator.

37 50-GHz Ion Implanted GaAs MESFET CAD Design Tools for an Integrated Millimeter-Wave M. Feng,* H. Hsia, Z. Tang, D. Beecher Wireless Communication Microsystem TriQuint Semiconductor M. Feng,* S. C. Shen, J. J. Hwang, M. Heins Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory F30602-97-2-0328 This program is to study the 50 GHz to 100 GHz ion In collaboration with C. Liu. Conducted in the Micro and implanted GaAs MESFET for millimeter-wave integrated Nanotechnology Laboratory. circuit application. We are developing CAD capabilities for a gigahertz 50-GHz Ion-implanted Enhanced/Depletion/Power wireless communication and distribution microsystems. GaAs MESFETs We are also developing scalable MMIC modules with M. Feng,* H. Hsia, D. Becher, Z. Tang, J. J. Hwang, integrated MEMS components. S. Shen Network Device Inc. Center of Hyper Uniform Nanophotonic Technologies for Ultrafast Optoelectronic Systems Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory M. Feng,* R. Chan, K. Cimino, W. Hafez, F. Dixon This project is to develop enhancement mode, depletion [email protected] mode, and power mode (E/D/P) GaAs MESFETs operated Defense Advanced Research Project Agency HUNT at 50 GHz. Program 50-GHz Self-Aligned Gate MESFETs Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory M. Feng,* D. Becher, D. Caruth The goal of this project is to develop new optical source Vitesse Semiconductor Corp. laser and LED using light emitting transistors modified by Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory quantum well base and DBR to achieve high speed We have investigate Vitesse self-aligned gate MESFET for modulation of optical interconnect. the analog applications in term of noise gain and power. Development Materials for GaN-Based Minority- We have compare performance with the University of Carrier Power Electronic Devices for Advanced DoD Illinois realigned gate FET with Vitesse and to understand Systems device improvement issues. M. Feng,* J. Lai, K. Price ADC Circuit Design on a Sigma-Delta Modulator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, GaN Power M. Feng,* M. Heins, D. Barlage Program (under UTA team-Prof. Russel Dupuis) U.S. Army Research Office, DAAH04-96-0218 (Intel Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Fellowship) This program is to study material interface of Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory heterjunction, minority carrier transport property in GaN This project is aimed at design of 3 Gbit/s for an 8-bit ADC. HBT system, since HBT provides high linearity and high Our first goal is to design the subcircuits library of efficiency power amplification. comparator, sample, and hold circuit and OA design of an Digital Radar Receiver ADC. M. Feng,* J. Fendrich AlGaAs/GaAs HBT Modeling Mayo Foundation; Defense Advanced Research Projects M. Feng,* P. Mares, M. Hein Agency Rockwell Microelectronics, Inc. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory This project performs the design and fabrication of an RF This project aims to establish a useful SPICE model for front end (400-700 MHz) fully tunable receiver system. HBT integrated circuits application. Our approach is based We are working closely with the Mayo Foundation on 45-MHz to 50-GHz bias-dependent microwave data MIT-Lincoln Lab and Defense Advanced Research collection on an HBT device using HP-ICCAP. Projects Agency to build two brassboard RF receiver front Temperature-dependent microwave data collection will be ends for digital radar applications. included in the model.

* Denotes principal investigator.

38 Direct Ion Implantation GaAs MESFETs Hybrid and Monolithic OEIC Receivers M. Feng,* H. Hsia, Z. Tang, D. Becher, S. Shen M. Feng* GaAstronics Co. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Center for Optoelectronics Science and Technology Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory This project is to develop low-cost ion-implanted GaAs MESFETs for 5.8-GHz MMICs. This project is aimed at hybrid integration of a PIN/GaAs transimpedance amplifier at 20 GHz operation. The GaAs- and InP-Based HBT Reliability monolithic IC is involved in design and fabrication of M. Feng,* D. Barlage, M. Heins 4-channel OEIC receivers using GaAs MESFET U.S. Army Research Office, DAAH04-94-0369 technology. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory InGaAs/InP BiFET for ADC Applications This project is to set up an HBT reliability test. HBT M. Feng,* D. W. Seo, H. Hsia, Z. Tang reliability has become a major issue because of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, N66001-97- heterostructure interface and fast diffuse p-type impurities C-8618 in both InP- and GaAs-based HBTs. We will test HBT Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory devices from Rockwell, Hughes, and TRW for the basic failure mechanism. We have developed a 200-GHz InGaAs/InP HFET and integrated it with a 200-GHz HBT. Using this technology, GaN HBT Technology we will construct a fifth-order Sigma-Delta ADC for a M. Feng,* J. J. Huang 16-bit and 3 FDR > 100 dbc. U.S. Navy, UTA 99-0302 InGaP HBT for ADC Applications Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory M. Feng,* D. W. Seo, J. Mu, M. Heins GaN has great potential to be a power source in millimeter Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, N66001-96- wave ICs and high-speed electronics due to its large C-8615 breakdown voltage and higher saturation velocity. In Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory collaborate with Prof. Dupuis at the University of Texas at Austin, we have fabricated GaN HBT with beta >100. We are developing an InGaP HBT device model (thermal There are many problems to be solved in terms of current and electrical model) for implantation into MDS and and power efficiency issues at millimeter wave frequency. HSPICs. The second-order Sigma-Delta ADCs with 5 Gbits and 8-bit resolution has been designed, simulated, High-Frequency Measurement Project on High-Tc and fabricated. Superconductor M. Feng,* J. Fendrich, H. S. K. Hsia Intelligent Vehicle Highway System Chip Sets (II) National Science Foundation, DMR 89-20539 (IVHS) M. Feng,* H. Hsia In conjunction with the Science and Technology Center for Northrop Grumman Corp. Superconductivity. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory This project has contributed to the study of BKBO and This project is a follow-up of the TRP/DARPA contract YBCO film characterization at microwave and terahertz based on the success of the University of Illinois 24-GHz frequencies. A parallel-plate resonator (10 GHz) was built and 38-GHz GaAs MESFET MMIC for LNA and VCO. to characterize sheet resistance in the microwave The new contract is aimed at low-cost implementation of frequency. A noncontact coherent time-domain a 0.1 μm gate GaAs MESFET and MMIC by direct ion spectroscopy (THz) was used to characterize real and implantation for 77-GHz LNA and VCO collision imaginary parts of conductivity. An on-wafer cryogenic avoidance radar. microwave probing technique (1-40 GHz, 15-300K) is employed to establish patterned film scattering parameter. This work also aims to develop engineering model parameters using a GHz on-wafer probe technique.

* Denotes principal investigator.

39 Intelligent Vehicle Highway System Chip Sets (IVHS) of MMICs operating at 38 GHz for a real application in M. Feng,* P. Apostolakis, J. Middleton point-to-point communication links. The Georgia Tech Northrop Grumman Corp. PRC will provide the flip chip package technology. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Monolithic Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits Technology This project is a joint development effort between the M. Feng* University of Illinois and Northrop Grumman Corp. on Northrop Grumman Corp. millimeter-wave IC chip sets for IVHS. We will design transmitter, receiver, mixer, and oscillator millimeter- Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory wave ICs using co-planar technology. The mask and This project is a joint effort with Northrop Grumman Corp. fabrication will use University of Illinois ion implanted, for developing 0.25 μm gate and 0.1 μm gate GaAs FET- super-low-noise GaAs MESFETs, and a monolithic IC based technology for the application in monolithic process. millimeter wave ICs (MMWICs). Based on the high- Millimeter Wave Technology HBT and HFET frequency device characterization, an equivalent circuit M. Feng* model will be generated. This model will then be used for Sumitomo Chemical America, Inc. MMWIC design. The fabrication of the MMWICs will be demonstrated. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Noise Characterization of Self-Aligned Gate GaAs We will design and fabricate MOCVD-grown, doped MESFETs channel HFETs and InGaP and AlGaAs HBTs. We will M. Feng* characterize these devices and optimize their performance ITT Corp. for 24- to 77-GHz applications. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Millimeter-Wave ICs and Packages M. Feng* This project aims to reduce the minimum noise figure on Georgia Institute of Technology, NSF Package Research the direct ion-implanted self-aligned GaAs MESFETs Center based on the design of experiments in terms of dose and gate overlay. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Novel Giga Sampling Analog-to-Digital Conversion for This project is to develop 38-GHz and 77-GHz coplanar Direct Digital Receiver MMICs for flip chip packages. M. Feng,* D. W. Seo MOCVD HEMT Technology National Science Foundation, ECS-9979341 M. Feng,* Z. Tang Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Sumitomo Chemical America, Inc. We proposed novel GHz ADC architecture, the folding and Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory interpolation-based 15-bit subrange A/D converter, will We will investigate the performance of MOCVD grown reduce the by one-third and the area by P-HEMT and HEMT technology and its performance 60%. The subrange ADC requires a very precise and wide- comparison between MESFETs and MBE-grown HEMTs. band track and hold amplifier to maximize input bandwidth Modeling of Flip Chip Interconnects for RF/Wireless to great than 2 GHz and converter resolution to greater than M. Feng,* J. Schutt-Aine 15 bits. Georgia Institute of Technology, NSF ERC Package Optical Correlation Spectroscopy Using Research Center, SBC GIT E21-N50-G5 Reconfigurable Diffraction Grating Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory M. Feng,* Q. He, K. F. Chen, J. J. Huang Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Center The next generation of wireless personal communication (DARPA) BOSS Program, MDA972-00-1-0020 links and wireless LAN and WAN will be focused in the millimeter wave range due to wide bandwidths and less Under Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency interference effects. This work is to develop a low-cost Center for Bio-Optical Sensor System. In collaboration solution of millimeter-wave MMICs flip chip technology. This work will provide the design, simulation, and process

* Denotes principal investigator.

40 with K. Y. Cheng. Conducted in the Micro and Wavefunction Engineering of Individual Donors for Si- Nanotechnology Laboratory. Based Quantum Computers M. Feng,* R. Chan, C. Chuang Sponsored by DARPA, the goal of this program is to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Quantum develop a nano spectrometer for biological and chemical Computer Program, DAAD19-01-1-0324 agents detection. Our group is to design and fabricate re- configurable grating using novel MEMS switch. It is In collaboration with John Tucker. Conducted in the Micro capable of detecting 3-10 μm wavelength. and Nanotechnology Laboratory. Technology for Efficient, Agile Mixed Signal The goal is to place individual phosphorus donors into Microsystems silicon with atomic precision, demonstrate electronic M. Feng,* R. Chan, K. F. Chen, W. G. Ho control over wavefunction overlap, and characterize the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, TEAM spin singlet and triplet states of the two-electron system on Program couple donor pairs. Under BAE Systems and collaboration with Greg Timp. YBCO Superconducting Transmission Line Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. Characterization M. Feng,* J. Fendrich The goal is to develop silicon RF CMOS with Ft and Fmax Superconductor Technology Inc. > 400GHz with 20 nm gate. The RF mixed signal circuits will be developed based the fastest RF CMOS technology. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Technology for Frequency Agile Digitally Synthesized This project studies the design rule of MCM using a Transmitter superconductor as an interconnect line. Loss and phase M. Feng,* J. Lai, M. Hafez, M. Hampson, D. Chan, delay are compared between gold and the superconductor B. Chu-Kung line. Bit-error-rate and crosstalk will also be examined. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency TFAST Program Human–Computer Interfaces Under BAE Systems and Vitesse Semiconductor. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. Adaptive/Reflective Middleware System R. Campbell,* K. Nahrstedt,* R. Kravets,* L. Sha,* The goal of this research is to develop InP DHBT with Ft J. Tanner, P. DeRose and Fmax > 500 GHz with sub-micron scaling of emitter Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Grant, INT size down to 0.1 micron. The technology is also required NBCH 1030017 to demonstrate Flip-Flop speed over 200 GHz. A VLSI InP technology of over 10,000 transistor level of mixed signal Lockheed-Martin; BBN Technologies; Johns Hopkins direct digital synthesizer (DDS) will be developed. University; Scientific Research Corporation; Telecordia; Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory VCSEL and Smart Pixels for VLSI Photonics M. Feng,* N. Holonyak, Jr., K.-Y. Cheng, K. C. Hsia The ARMS project investigates Multi-Layer Resource Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Management for next generation Navy battleships. This DAAG55-98-1-0303 collaborative effort is developing a system that encompasses many major aspects of computing resource Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory management. Our team's focus is the management of the This project is focused on developing oxide confined human element of mission tasks, identifying and tasking VCSELs at 85 nm and 1330 nm, as well as smart pixels for the best user for each task, and locating the best hardware VSLI photonics. to perform that task within a distributed system platform. Intelligent algorithms dynamically adjust to current conditions when selecting users and also learn from a user’s previous performance. We are integrating current research in pervasive computing, allowing users to perform their tasks more efficiently by allowing them mobility that existing systems lack.

* Denotes principal investigator.

41 Magnetic Resonance Materials Chemistry

Constrained Spectroscopic Imaging Metal Boride Thin Films: Synthesis of New Molecular Z. P. Liang,* P. C. Lauterbur* Precursors and Growth by Remote-Plasma CVD National Institutes of Health, 1R01CA51430-01A4 J. R. Abelson,* Y. Yang, N. Kumar, S. T. Lazarz, G. S. Girolami* (Chem.), D. Kim, W. Noh, C. Spicer Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science National Science Foundation 0420768; Intel and Technology We synthesize new single-source precursors and deposit Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging promises to thin films of the "metallic ceramic" compounds ZrB2, provide an entirely new way to examine the dynamics of HfB2, and CrB2 that are technologically attractive as hard, human biochemical processes in vivo noninvasively. wear-resistant coatings and as diffusion barriers in ULSI However, its practical applications have been limited microelectronics. We also deposit films of the 39K because of low sensitivity and long imaging time. The superconductor MgB2. Our approach, remote-H2 plasma primary objective of this research is to develop chemical vapor deposition, combines the best features of mathematical methods to effectively utilize the readily the chemical and physical deposition routes: the high rate available anatomical information to constrain the spectral and conformal coverage characteristic of CVD, and the low distribution to reduce imaging time without compromising substrate temperature characteristic of PVD. The research spatial resolution. includes analysis of the growth chemistry using real-time Functional Brain Imaging spectroscopies and evaluation of the resulting film Z. P. Liang,* J. Ji properties and performance. National Science Foundation, BES 95-02121; Beckman Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical Properties Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science J. R. Abelson,* N. Kumar, P. Bellon,* A. Chaterjee and Technology National Science Foundation, NSF-DMR 03-54060 The primary objective of this project is to develop new Metal diboride thin films are developed into a novel hard signal-processing algorithms for detecting brain activities coating technology. We have demonstrated superhard from functional MRI data. Researchers are investigating a films of HfB2: with a grain size of only 5 nm, the films wavelet-transform-based filtering and t-test method for have a nanoindentation hardness of 40 GPa, exceeding the signal detection and a multiscale method for image bulk value of 29 GPa. The Young's modulus of the films registration and motion correction. is adjusted by alloying with nitrogen during growth. Recent MR Imaging of Time-Varying Objects work explores the wear properties using pin-on-disc tests, Z. P. Liang,* Y. Bresler,* J. Ji, A. Sen Gupta, A. Guo including the formation of chemically mixed layers at the National Science Foundation, BES 95-02121; National wear interface, as well as nanoscratch methods. Institutes of Health, NIH-R21-HL062336 Conventional MR imaging techniques have been widely Nano-, Micro-, and Meso-Technology used to obtain high-resolution images from stationary objects. For time-varying objects such as the beating heart, Tooling and Instrumentation for High-Resolution however, significant image artifacts often arise that render Electrohydrodynamic Printing the image useless. This project aims to develop a new class P. M. Ferreira,* A. G. Alleyne,* D. Mukhopadhyay, of data acquisition and image reconstruction methods for J. Luebbering, K. Barton real-time imaging of cardiac structures and functions. National Science Foundation, DMI-0328162 (through Nano-CEMMS); Ford Motor Company This project is part of a multi-investigator effort (J. Rogers, materials and inks; P. Kenis, microfluidics; Georgiadis, computational modeling) that attempts to build a high- resolution electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printer for manufacturing microstructures for bio and organic electronics applications with functional features in the

* Denotes principal investigator.

42 range of 100 to 500 nm. This work address the issues for operation of efficient and reliable networks with such creating MEMS-scale multinozzle print heads and characteristics. instrumentation and sensors for detecting e-jet emission Data-Centric Sensor Networks and regulating process parameters such as stand-off height J. C. Hou,* L. Sha, P. R. Kumar, N. Li, H. Zhang and the electrical potential gradient between the print head National Science Foundation, Special Projects in and the substrate. Networking, ANI-0221357 Nanoscience and Technology Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory In this research project, we first lay an integrated Thermodynamics of Nanostructures and Buried framework in which a comprehensive solution can be Interfaces Using Scanning Nanocalorimetry designed that comprises a set of component solutions at L. H. Allen* each layer to achieve the targeted goals of data-centric National Science Foundation, DMR 0108694 sensor networks. Then, we consider under this unified framework, research issues along the following thrusts of This project aims to investigate a variety of basic materials research: hierarchical cluster formation and routing; issues in thin films and at interfaces, such as coalescence topology control and ; Quality-of- during initial stages of film growth and silicide formation Service provisioning within/between clusters; MAC with restricted dimensions. The research also seeks to design for timely dissemination of delay-sensitive data; reveal new thermodynamic information about behavior of and empirical study with the use of Motes. materials at nanometer length scales. The research will contribute basic materials science knowledge at a A Component-Based Software Environment for fundamental level to important aspects of electronic/ Simulating and Synthesizing Network Protocols in photonic materials. Large-Scale Networks J. C. Hou,* R. Campbell, L. Kung, H. Kim Networking University of Illinois Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Ad hoc Wireless Communication Between Vehicles In this project, we propose to design, implement, and R. H. Campbell,* S. Myagmar evaluate a component-based software environment for a Motorola, Inc. wide variety of emerging network architectures and Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory applications. The environment expedites execution and simulates, emulates, and synthesizes network protocols We propose an ad hoc routing protocol with location and services in a systematic manner. We follow three service for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. As an research thrusts: We extend JavaSim to include base example of feasibility, we developed and tested application classes and packages for grid networking technologies. We prototypes of voice chat, location filtering, and roadside investigate issues of parallelizing real-time process driven information service for moving vehicles. Our protocol simulation engines and explore the use of fluid models, takes into account the motion of vehicles on a highway. It network calculus models, and rescaling techniques to broadcasts location updates only when the velocity or expedite simulation. In a related project, we build a direction of a vehicle "space reservation" to avoid software-programmable router platform, called CROSS, transmission collisions. that is dynamically extensible, configurable, and able to Efficient Resource Management for Controlled- predictably process network flows that require QoS-aware Mobility Wireless Networks access to multiple resources. We will leverage JavaSim E. Frazzoli,* L. Sha, P. R. Kumar, M. Caccamo, components as building blocks for CROSS/Linux router N. A. Neogi services, and realize differentiated multicast and secure National Science Foundation, CCF-0325716 video proxy systems as CROSS services. A controlled-mobility wireless network (CMWN) is defined as a network of embedded devices endowed with computation, communication, and motion capabilities. The purpose of this project is the development of a new conceptual framework for the design, development, and

* Denotes principal investigator.

43 Application/System Quality-of-Service (QoS) Interface complete. This research concentrates on heuristic Capabilities algorithms and study of the family of distributed and K. Nahrstedt,* W. J. Jeon, B. Kalter, J. H. Seo hierarchical routing algorithms to solve the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG multiconstrained routing problem. The QoS routing 2-1250 solutions are applied to point-to-point as well as multicasting scenarios. Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory QoS-Aware Resource Management Researchers are investigating application-system Quality- K. Nahrstedt,* K. Kim, A. K. Viswanathan, J. Wang of-Service (QoS) interface capabilities for visual tracking Partnerships for an Advanced Computational distributed applications. The interface between the Infrastructure application and the underlying QoS-aware resource management system must provide several important Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory functionalities: application QoS application programming Operating systems and communication systems need new interface, translation between the application QoS into the algorithms, services, and protocols to support processing system QoS parameters, integrated reservation of audio/visual streams according to Quality-of-Service coordination policies and protocols to avoid and prevent (QoS) specification. This project concentrates on the CPU deadlock situations, adaptation policies and their brokerage service with advanced reservation, admission, application enforcement, and others. These functions will scheduler, and adaptation control for soft real-time and reside in the end-system management entity called the QoS non-real-time tasks. At the communication level, Broker, which represents the application/system interface researchers provide IntServ bandwidth brokers in the edge for provision of end-to-end QoS guarantees. networks and DiffServ brokers within the backbone routers Hybrid Adaptive Algorithms for End System to provide end-to-end guarantees. Middleware K. Nahrstedt,* B. Kalter, B. Li Operating Systems and Security Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, F30602-97-2-0121 Choices: A Reliable and Secure Operating System for Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Mobile Devices R. H. Campbell,* J. Hou,* Z. Anwar Current distributed multimedia applications demand National Science Foundation, CNS 03-05537 Quality-of-Service (QoS) from the supporting system. However, within the QoS demands, lower level transport Distributed denial of service, man-in-the-middle attacks, facilities may not constantly provide guaranteed QoS message tampering, eavesdropping, and replaying threaten without perturbation. In this scenario, researchers are to cripple the Internet infrastructure. They are especially investigating hybrid adaptive algorithms in the middleware harmful to killer applications for the Internet such as voice level of end systems to perform QoS adaptation on a critical over IP (VoIP) and voice over wireless. There is a need to QoS metric. The research concentrates on analysis of QoS develop innovative strategies to detect, mitigate, and adaptation in dependence of system resource availability counter these threats. Unfortunately various key changes by applying theories from digital control systems. components are required to realistically model a large VoIP infrastructure and study its vulnerable spots. J-Sim is a QoS Routing composable and extensible network simulation and K. Nahrstedt,* J. Qian, L. K. Shan emulation environment. We extend J-Sim to include Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, representative security mechanisms/policies for VoIP such F30602-97-2-0121 as IPsec, firewalls, Media Gateways, Soft Switches, key Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory distribution and authentication mechanisms, and popular The task of Quality-of-Service (QoS) routing is to find a VoIP protocol stacks such as RTP, SIP, and H.248. We also path in the network that satisfies constraints on such provide various attacker models and IDS mechanisms to metrics as bandwidth, delay jitter, and cost. This study allow vendors to plug in their VoIP components and test focuses on QoS routing algorithms and their design within them for vulnerabilities in a controlled and simulated routers. The problem of finding a path with constraints on environment before actual deployment. In addition we are two or more additive metrics (delay and delay jitter) is NP- exploring the use of virtualization techniques and reference

* Denotes principal investigator.

44 monitors to choose secure paths for VoIP information Active Spaces have the potential for creating multibillion flows. dollar industries. Automated surgery, collaboration, and engaged learning are a few of the compelling examples. Composing Security in Large-Scale Cyber- Infrastructures Mobile Sensor-Network Authentication R. H. Campbell,* S. R. Katasani R. Campbell,* V. Welch,* C. Andrews, P. Naldurg, National Science Foundation H. Khurana Office of Navy Research Present day cyber infrastructures like the power grid are very complex assortments of various devices with different Authentication is a critical security requirement for sensor security requirements and differing ability to provide network nodes and provides a high quality of assurance in security. Not all the devices in the system can provide the a hostile deployment scenario, when it is important for a necessary security according to the enterprise policies, but data-gathering source to confidently verify the origin of the presence of these devices is indispensable. In such a sensor data. We focus on higher-end sensors that have scenario, it is really difficult for the system managers or significantly more processing power and memory than the system administrators to monitor and maintain these first-generation sensors. We question some of the existing devices. We are developing a methodology that will allow weak cryptographic protocols and investigate the a system administrator or a manager automatically to feasibility of using limited public-key encryption to analyze the system and reason about the security and address the sensor origin authentication problem. The decide the necessary security measures to install. In order challenge of key distribution is addressed by imprinting to achieve this goal, we developed a representation for sensors with public key certificates, as well as the modeling the cyber assets of an organization based on corresponding private keys, before being deployed. A line- workflows and common information models. In our of-sight transmission may be used to update the key. modeling formalism an organization can be defined as a Security and Configuration of Software Defined Radios combination of subjects, objects, services, tasks, and R. H. Campbell,* S. Myagmar communication protocols. Various Donors ITR: Active Information Spaces Based on Ubiquitous Reconfigurability of software defined radios (SDR) Computing supports integration and co-existence of multiple radio R. H. Campbell,* D. Kriegman,* K. Nahrstedt,* access technologies on a general-purpose radio equipment. R. Kravets,* M. Garland,* M. D. Mickunas,* R. Hill, An SDR terminal is able to switch its operating mode by J. Lim, S. Zelinka, A. Ranganathan, Y. Cui, J. Almutadi, configuring its radio parameters and component G. Sampemane, S. Yi, D. Schmidt, R. McGrath, composition to suit the appropriate radio access C. Carter, S. Chetan, B. Ziebart, A. Weiler, D. Raila, technology, user preferences, and local conditions. The J. Tanner, B. Yu, R. Patel, R. Jones, M. Muhammad, main challenges are how to provide a methodology to C. Andrews dynamically and securely configure software components National Science Foundation, CCF-00-86094 originating from several, different vendors, and how to The project researches a new form of operating system to remotely attest the validity of the radio configuration to manage a model of computing called an Active Space. This external parties such as a network operator or service model integrates physical spaces that contain ubiquitous provider. computers into a computational environment that supports human activity and applications. The physical space, Optical and Discharge Physics augmented with communicating computer devices, becomes a distributed computing system. Gaia, an Startup Processes in Metal Halide Lamps operating system for Active Spaces, will accommodate J. G. Eden,* M. J. Kushner, R. Moss, A. Bhoj, diversity by exploiting standards for interoperation and T. Sommerer (GE) cooperation. System services track, authenticate, and General Electric R&D Center support mobile users with reconfigurable graphics, multimedia, and Active Space applications. A unifying Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory object bus, component model, and adaptive stream model High pressure, metal halide lamps are typically the lighting extends plug and play to distributed mobile computers sources used for street lamps, stadiums, warehouses, and within physical spaces like cities, buildings, and rooms. other large indoor arenas. Metal halide lamps start as room

* Denotes principal investigator.

45 temperature, glow discharges. Upon heating, metal-halide Near-Field Optical Power-Extinction Tomography compounds in the lamps vaporize to generate P. S. Carney,* V. Markel, J. C. Schotland, E. Wolf, multiatmosphere pressure plasmas, which then produce G. S. Agarwal nearly continuum radiation. The starting process usually [email protected] involves applying high-voltage pulses to tens to one U.S. Air Force Multidisciplinary Research Program of the hundred Torr of Ar gas with a small admixture of mercury University Research Initiative Grant, F49620-03-1-0379; or another low ionization potential rare gas. Optimizing National Science Foundation Career Award, 0239265 this process will ultimately produce longer lived, more Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science reliable lamps. In this research project, advanced computer and Technology modeling and laser diagnostics are being used to investigate the fundamental plasma processes that occur Near-field optical power-extinction tomography (NOPET) during startup of metal-halide lamps. Of particular interest represents the intersection of total internal reflection are the plasma-surface interactions on the cathode that tomography (TIRT) and optical power-extinction result in sputtering of cathode materials. Methods to tomography (OPET) where the probe beams of OPET are minimize sputtering without using costly exotic materials replaced with evanescent waves as in TIRT for sample are being formulated. illumination. With this technique it is possible to produce sub-wavelength resolved tomographs of scattering objects Optical Imaging from the power lost from the probe fields. Near-Field Scanning Optical Tomography Targeted Contrast and Therapeutic Agents for P. S. Carney,* J. C. Schotland Molecular Biomedical Imaging [email protected] S. A. Boppart,* W. D. O'Brien, K. Kim, H. Choi, National Science Foundation Career Award, 0239265 M. L. Oelze, K. S. Suslick, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science M. Strano, D. W. Pack, K. S. Watkin and Technology [email protected] Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Near-field scanning optical tomography (NSOT) explores the extension of imaging modalities such as photon Conducted across the University of Illinois campus scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) and near-field Recent advances in biomedical imaging have drawn from scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to samples that diverse fields to develop multifunctional targeted agents contain three-dimensional structure or when the probe tip that serve to not only generate contrast for detection and is not scanned in grazing proximity to the sample. We solve imaging, but also provide a targeted therapeutic approach. the linearized inverse scattering problem to produce sub- While many forms of contrast agents exist, and much effort wavelength resolved tomographs of the object under these has focused on optimizing contrast enhancement, less is conditions. known about the potential for delivering controlled local Optical Power-Extinction Tomography release of drugs or other local therapy, such as P. S. Carney,* E. Wolf, G. S. Agarwal hyperthermia or mechanical disruption, from these agents. [email protected] Additionally, our understanding of targeting strategies is Beckman Research Award; U.S. Air Force limited, largely due to the complexity of the cellular Multidisciplinary Research Program of the University biology under normal and disease states. This project Research Initiative Grant, F49620-03-1-0379 assembles an interdisciplinary team of investigators across campus to focus on these problems, and to develop new Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science targeted, multifunctional agents. and Technology Optical power-extinction tomography (OPET) makes use of the power lost from two coherent beams, which simultaneously interrogate a scattering object, to generate a tomograph (three-dimensional image) of that object in a similar manner as computed axial tomography (CAT) makes use of the attenuation of individual beams of x-rays through an absorbing object to generate a tomograph. We

* Denotes principal investigator.

46 are currently developing a prototype instrument. Initial results are promising. Optical Physics and Engineering Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Nano-Optics P. S. Carney* P. S. Carney* [email protected] [email protected] University of Illinois National Science Foundation NER Grant, 0210495 Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Technology A photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM) is a Carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanowires are tiny device where the object is illuminated by an evanescent objects (1000 times thinner than a human hair) that have wave generated at the face of a prism or slide and the field recently drawn considerable attention in the scientific and is detected via a fiber probe in the near-zone of the sample engineering communities because of their novel structural (as in near-field scanning optical tomography). The data and electrical properties. We will theoretically investigate obtained with a PSTM are not amenable to direct the optical and optoelectronic properties of these interpretation, but we show sufficient information exists in structures. the raw data to numerically compute the two-dimensional Arrays of Microdischarges: A New Generation of structure of a thin sample, thus achieving a computational Lighting Sources lens for the near-field. Demonstration of this work has just J. G. Eden,* M. J. Kushner,* N. P. Ostrom, S. McCain, been accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. A. Bhoj, K. Rajaraman, I. Mitchell Total Internal Reflection Tomography Electric Power Research Institute, EP-P6654/C3385 P. S. Carney,* J. C. Schotland, R. A. Frazin; Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory D. G. Fischer (NASA) [email protected] This experimental and computational program is devoted NASA, NAG3-2764 to investigating diatomic molecules as efficient emitters for lamps. The microdischarge serves as the platform with Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science which a wide variety of diatomics (excimers, metal- and Technology halides, etc.) will be studied. A close linkage between Total internal reflection tomography (TIRT) is an imaging experimental results and theoretical predictions is a key modality that makes use of the evanescent waves to element of this research effort. illuminate and probe a sample. The probe depth is Equipment for Machining of Microdischarge Devices controlled through the exponential decay of the evanescent J. G. Eden,* C. Herring, J. Gao, A. Oldenburg wave. In principle, this form of illumination can also enable U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, super-resolved imaging where features smaller than a F49620-99-1-0106 wavelength can be resolved. To take practical advantage of this capability, it is necessary to solve the inverse Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory scattering problem that is the focus of this project. We are Under the DOD DURIP program, equipment is being currently constructing an instrument to take the appropriate purchased to facilitate the fabrication of microdischarge measurements. devices in silicon and other materials systems. A 1-kHz pulse repetition frequency Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier will be used with an existing oscillator to ablatively machine microchannels in silicon for use in arrays of discharge devices. Also, vacuum ultraviolet optics enabling arrays of sub-50 μm diameter cylindrical channels to be machined in Si metals or SiO2 at 193 nm have been obtained. The introduction of polymer films into these multilayer devices as dielectrics or emission down- converters is another thrust of this program.

* Denotes principal investigator.

47 Experimental Studies of Microdischarge Devices and microdischarge devices having dimensions below 100 µm. Arrays These equipment items have significantly improved the J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner, S. Kim, P. Galvez, J. Tang characterization and functionality of microdischarge U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, devices and arrays fabricated in Si and glass. F49620-99-1-0317 Improvements in the regenerative amplifier of a Ti:Al2O3 Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory femtosecond system, including its pulse energy and bandwidth, have also been made. This research program is focused on fabricating and examining the properties of arrays of microdischarge Microdischarge Arrays: Phase 2 devices. A variety of processes (wet and dry chemical J. G. Eden,* N. P. Ostrom, S. J. Park, K. Chen, processing, laser ablation, and ultrasonic milling) are S. O. Kim employed to fabricate cylindrical and pyramidal cathodes [email protected] in silicon as part of a multilayer structure suitable for large- U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, AF EWING scale production. The properties of arrays and single TECHNOLOGY 03-1 devices operating in the rare gases are of particular interest, Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory and emphasis is being placed on the characteristics of The focus of this research program is scaling of devices smaller than 50 μm. microdischarge arrays to 104-105 devices and emitted Fabrication of Large Area, High Density power densities of 0.1-1 W-cm–2 in the ultraviolet. Arrays Microdischarge Arrays on Flexible Substrates are being fabricated in silicon with devices having inverted J. G. Eden* square pyramidal cathodes and polymer or [email protected] multicomponent dielectrics. Large arrays have also been National Science Foundation; Anvik Corporation successfully constructed and operated in glass in which the In collaboration with the Anvik Corporation, the pixels are excited with an interdigitated electrode fabrication of large arrays of microcavity discharge devices configuration. Several diatomic molecular emitters and on flexible substrates is being pursued. Excimer laser excitation processes are under investigation, with initial micromachining techniques, combined with roll-to-roll emphasis on mid- and near-UV emitters. processing, are attractive for inexpensively manufacturing Microdischarge Devices and Arrays: Quantum and microdischarge devices in large area arrays. Coherence Effects Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Phenomena J. G. Eden,* S. J. Park, C. J. Wagner, N. P. Ostrom, J. G. Eden* A. A. Senin, Z. Lu, J. R. Allen, C. Zhu, B. Ricconi [email protected] U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Northrop Grumman Corp. F49620-00-1-0372 Experiments are being conducted in which ultrafast laser Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory pulses (~100-150 fs) produce ionized filaments in air or A family of photonic devices, known as microdischarges, other gases. Peak optical field intensities exceeding 1013 is being developed under this multiyear program. Based W-cm-2 are sufficient to produce stable channels having on microplasmas confined to volumes of nanoliters or less, extraordinary optical and electrical characteristics. In these devices have remarkable properties, including the particular, emphasis is being placed on the coherent ability to operate as stable glows at atmospheric pressure nonlinear optical processes occurring in these filaments. and with specific power loadings of several tens of kW- -3 Large Microdischarge Arrays: Diagnostic and cm . Single devices and arrays as large as 30 x 30 pixels Fabrication Equipment have been fabricated in silicon, ceramic, and metal/ J. G. Eden,* A. A. Senin, Z. Lu, J. R. Allen, polymer structures. Many applications, including broad- J. M. Talmadge, C. Zhu, S. J. Park area UV sources, pump sources for microchip lasers, arc U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD19-01-1-0417 lamp ignition, and gas chromatography, are being pursued. Other research thrusts in this program are femtosecond Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory spectroscopy of small molecules by coherent nonlinear Funds have been provided to purchase equipment for optical processes and the study of the optical properties of experiments exploring nonlinear optical processes in nanoparticles for lasers and biosensing applications. intense optical fields and the behavior and fabrication of

* Denotes principal investigator.

48 Microdischarge Long Wave Infrared Source Microdischarges for Phased Arrays of Low Coherence Technology Development Emitters, and Microchip and Microsphere Lasers J. G. Eden* J. G. Eden* [email protected] [email protected] Northrop Grumman Corp. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-03-1-0391 The characteristics of microcavity plasma devices as emitters in the infrared (5-12 μm) are being studied in A new family of photonic devices, known as microcavity experiments with a variety of device designs. discharges, is being developed under this multiyear Spectroscopic and power measurements of single devices program. Based on microplasmas confined to volumes of and arrays are being carried out in conjunction with nanoliters (or less) and spatial dimensions of nominally theoretical studies. 10-100 μm, these devices exhibit remarkable optical and electrical properties. The fabrication of single devices and Microdischarge Micro-Thruster Technology arrays as visible or ultraviolet emitters for applications in Development biomedical diagnostics, displays, and environmental J. G. Eden* sensing is being pursued. Microcavity discharge devices [email protected] with semiconductor cathodes have also been observed to Ewing Technology Associates be sensitive detectors of visible and near-infrared radiation, The potential of microcavity discharges as sources of thrust and the properties of these new photodetectors are under for small ("pico") satellites is under investigation. investigation. An emphasis of this program is the Experiments measuring the electrical characteristics of realization of two-dimensional arrays of microemitters in robust device structures, including Ni/BN/Ni designs, are which adjacent pixels are optically coupled. being conducted to assess the magnitude of thrust Novel Miniature Diagnostic Using Microdischarge attainable as well as the device lifetime. Technology Microdischarges and Rare Earth-Doped Waveguide J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner Devices: Visible and Ultraviolet Sources for Lasers and National Science Foundation; SBIR; SBC ETA UI-99-09- Sensors P1 J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner, A. Oldenburg, A. Senin, Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory F. Shen, J. Conway U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, This SBIR program is developing chemical sensors based F49620-98-1-0030 on microdischarges fabricated in a "flow through" geometry. Because of the high specific power loadings Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory accessible with microdischarges (> 100 kW-cm-3), arrays The demonstration of new sources of ultraviolet and visible of these devices are well suited for the remediation of toxic radiation is the thrust of this research program. Current gases. The emission spectra of gases flowing through a efforts are two-pronged. Microdischarge devices single 100–400 μm diameter microdischarge are presently developed in this laboratory are under study as emission being studied as a diagnostic of molecular fragmentation sources for displays or as chemical sensors. Cylindrical and in the discharge and as a means of detecting impurities in typically 20 to 400 μm in diameter, these microdischarges the gas flow stream. have properties (VI characteristics, specific power loading) that are unique and quite attractive for a variety of Spatially-Resolved Detection of Weak Magnetic Fields applications. The second facet of this research effort is the by Laser Magneto-Optical Techniques study of nonlinear optical phenomena on the sub-100 fs J. G. Eden,* J. Gao,* J. M. Talmadge, R. Roth, A. Fai U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, time scale and at intensities exceeding 1010 W-cm-2. Using F49620-01-1-0546 colliding pulse mode-locked and Ti:Al2O3 laser systems, wave packet formation, four-wave mixing, and high-order Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory harmonic generation are being studied, both Magneto-optical techniques are being developed under this experimentally and theoretically. program to detect weak (< 1 nT) magnetic fields for biomedical applications. By employing epitaxial films of novel garnet films in combination with nonlinear optical

* Denotes principal investigator.

49 processes and synchronous detection, magnetic fields as Spatial, Temporal, and Spectral Localization for low as 10 nT have been detected reliably. Advanced Photonic Applications K. D. Choquette,* J. J. Coleman Visible and Infrared Laser Spectroscopy [email protected] J. G. Eden,* J. Gao, C. Zhu, A. A. Senin, R. Kogler, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency D. Miftakhutdinov [email protected] Future chip-based optoelectronic systems will require an Northrop Grumman Corp. unprecedented decrease of size and operating power, while simultaneously incorporating greater functionality and Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory complexity. This research program builds on advanced Atomic and molecular laser spectroscopy in the visible, materials and device concepts to create a multifunctional ultraviolet, and infrared is the focus of this research effort. photonic crystal based photonic integrated circuit that Currently, emphasis is being placed on the spectroscopy of incorporates quantum dot active regions. We will explore the Rydberg states of the neon dimer and rubidium dimers. diode injection and extraction to and from engineered Excitation spectroscopy of the neon dimer has yielded the quantum dot structures, integrated with spatial selectivity first rotationally resolved bands as well as observation of within photonic crystal waveguides and optical triplet splitting. As a result, structural constants of the nanocavities. This project will encompass three levels of molecule have been determined. Femtosecond studies of technology research: system integration, novel device the dissociation of diatomic molecules, observed in real structures, and advanced epitaxial growth. In the Photonic time, are also being carried out. Device Research Group, our objective is to demonstrate a Metal Halide Lamp Plasma Model photonic microsystem composed of an electrically injected J. Gao,* J. G. Eden,* F. Shen optical source, compact waveguides, detectors, and optical APL Engineered Materials memory elements. Calculations of ground and excited state potentials of High-Speed Wavelength-Agile Optical Network excimer molecules of interest for lamp applications are S. L. Chuang,* I. Adesida,* K. D. Choquette,* being carried out. Comparison of experimental S. Lumetta* photoassociation spectra with quantum calculations has [email protected] resulted in improved molecular spectroscopic constants for National Science Foundation the xenon-monoiodide excimer that emits in the deep We propose to explore the architecture and device ultraviolet at 254 nm. The optimization procedure also development issues necessary to develop optical local area involves comparison with emission data, and subsequent networks (LANs) that are ready to interface with optical studies will focus on the mercury dimer. metropolitan area networks (MANs). Our goal is to develop a clear plan for integration of multiwavelength Optoelectronics LANs and MANs in order to improve the degree to which the benefits of high bandwidth in the MANs are delivered to end users on the LANs. Our tasks include the following: Next-Generation Optical Materials and Devices quantitatively evaluate the impact of wavelength K. D. Choquette,* J. J. Coleman conversion on network reliability and study the design of [email protected] all-optical access architectures that leverage high-speed National Science Foundation wavelength conversion and add/drop channel capabilities; The goal of nanotechnology is to create materials and design and fabricate tunable laser sources and wavelength devices that exhibit novel and significantly improved converters using composite resonator vertical cavity lasers; properties due to their nanoscale size. We are developing design and fabricate a novel semiconductor-based nanophotonic light sources with enhanced characteristics wavelength converter capable of format-transparent and for future photonic ultra-high-capacity communication ultrafast wavelength conversion; and design and fabricate systems. We seek to combine aggressive advances in 3- add/drop filters and photodetectors. dimensional electronic confinement obtained from quantum dots with the unprecedented optical confinement achieved from photonic crystals to develop the next generation of highly efficient microcavity optical sources.

* Denotes principal investigator.

50 Capabilities of Finite Element Analysis and Magnetic Parallel Processing Equivalent Circuits for Electrical Machine Design P. T. Krein,* M. Yilmaz Intelligent Information Spaces: A Testbed to Explore Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and and Evaluate Intelligent Devices and Augmented Electromagnetics Realities D. A. Reed,* R. H. Campbell, R. Kravets, Conducted in Everitt Laboratory M. D. Mickunas, K. Nahrstedt, L. Sha Capabilities and limitations of finite element analysis National Science Foundation, EIA 99-72884 (FEA) and magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) analysis are Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory reviewed for electrical machine design. Conventional designs employ equivalent circuits, supplemented with To support information environments where ubiquitous, FEA. MEC methods offer advantages of reduced model intelligent devices unobtrusively share data, preferences, complexity compared to FEA, enhanced accuracy and contexts about users and their movement among compared to circuit approaches, methods for extension to environments, this project is developing interoperable 3-D, and fast computation. Few past efforts report thorough component architectures for device coordination, seamless comparisons between measurements and simulations. object communication for user quality of service, and With limited exceptions, past comparisons report “good adaptive user context and modality management. The goal agreement,” but in fact show errors of 15% or more. When is to define a software architecture capable of enabling a magnetic saturation, eddy currents, hysteresis losses, and mobile, responsive, and contextual information similar effects are modeled in detail, simulations and environment where a broad collection of high-end data experiments agree within 5%. display and visualization systems, low-power mobile devices, and "smart" devices with widely varying Clean Power Supply for Dynamic Loads in Low- capabilities are seamlessly integrated using dynamically Voltage Digital Systems tailored software components. P. T. Krein,* G. Pitel National Science Foundation, ECS 06-21643 Power and Energy Systems Fast dc-dc dynamic performance is crucial for supplying clean power to dynamic loads, especially in low-voltage Fully Integrated Switch-Mode Power Supplies digital systems where fast, high-current load steps can lead P. L. Chapman,* C. Liu to significant transients. Control and systems change are Grainger Center for Electric Machines and two approaches that allow converters to reject disturbances Electromechanics without sacrificing bandwidth. Sophisticated control methods that harness load information can increase rise Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory time performance by nearly an order of magnitude. Modern A typical switch-mode dc power supply involves several digital systems have the necessary communication integrated circuits and discrete passive components. By infrastructure to transmit this data to the supply so it can moving all the circuitry to a single integrated circuit, the respond intelligently. Hitherto unexplored topologies can circuit is reduced in size and potentially cost. Power route current around system bottlenecks to achieve ultra- management and distribution within a chip are better fast performance. Both approaches are being evaluated. enabled. Several versions of a step-up dc-dc converter have Comparison between Hard and Soft Turn-Off of been demonstrated. Newer versions will take advantage of IGBTs in PWM Inverters MEMS technology to improve the quality of the passive P. T. Krein,* A. Banerjee components and reduce the space occupied by the chip. Delphi DEGS Scholarship To ensure optimum benefit of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), their appropriate operation is crucial. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) exposes IGBTs to variable duty cycles and frequencies. Hence, IGBT robustness is necessary to ensure system reliability. Requirements such as low device stress versus low commutation losses demand conflicting gate-drive

* Denotes principal investigator.

51 designs. The potential gains of incorporating either hard Analog RCC is reduced to a sample timing problem: With turn-off (straight turn-off of the gate once over-current is correctly timed samples of variables, a can detected) or soft turn-off (when over-current is detected, determine the optimal operating point location. the gate voltage is brought down gradually to limit current, Convergence is fast and uniform. After the system is reset and then turn-off is initiated) techniques will be analyzed at open circuit, the solar panel is driven near maximum with respect to design conflicts. output power by choosing a voltage value relative to the open-circuit measurement, enabling the DRCC algorithm Design of Small Inverter-Fed Induction Motors to quickly converge to global maximum output and avoid P. T. Krein,* M. Amrhein undesirable operating points. DRCC is demonstrated over Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and a wide range of solar conditions. Electromechanics Flexible Digital PWM Control for Embedded Power Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory Converters Nearly all induction machines built today are based on P. T. Krein,* X. Geng previous designs, carrying on constraints imposed long [email protected] ago. Although new materials are employed, the basic University of Illinois, Motorola Center for concepts have not changed in decades. However, with Communications power electronic inverters, some constraints no longer Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory apply. This project investigates fundamental design choices, such as number of phases, operating frequency, Switching power conversion for portable communications, and number of poles, as well as geometric parameters. The personal digital assistants and most other electronic goal is to derive design rules to yield machines with products is controlled through pulse width modulation improved efficiencies and operating characteristics. (PWM). Since PWM produces strong components at the Design tools and methods specialized for inverter- switching frequency and its multiples, one objective of X. dedicated induction machines are being developed, and Geng and P. Krein is to study spectral characteristics of complete machines will be designed and tested. PWM for purposes of noise and switching loss management. Nonrandom switching schemes are being Development of an Automated First-Principles Design developed to reduce interference without extra losses. Tool for Electromechanical Devices Applications include flexible digital implementations for P. T. Krein,* T. O'Connell the full range of dc-dc converters and small motor drive [email protected] units for automotive loads. Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics Input Power Minimization of an Induction Motor Operating from an Electronic Drive Under Ripple The objective is to use closed-form solutions of Maxwell’s Correlation Control equations as a tool for first-principles design of P. T. Krein,* A. Bazzi electromechanical devices. In this research, a Smartspark Energy Systems SBC PK 2007-02694 Mathematica program has been developed that automates such a process. A generic layered is used to represent Conducted in Everitt Laboratory material in the rotor, stator, or air gap of an electric Ripple correlation control is applied to induction motor machine. Current work focuses on better understanding input power minimization. Simulations and experiments the nature of the fundamental fields and forces at work verify that the direct component of the rotor flux in the inside an electric machine. Conformal mapping based on synchronous frame can minimize input power to the motor the Schwarz-Christoffel mapping theorem is being and maintain required output power. Motor characteristics explored to solve analytically for magnetic fields and are shown to give a convex input power function with forces in two-dimensional machine structures. respect to λedr. Results include the use of torque and flux Digital Control for Energy Optimization estimators from stator-side voltage and current P. T. Krein,* J. Kimball measurements. System analysis uses dynamic models of National Science Foundation, ECS 06-21643 the induction motor, three-phase rectifier, three-phase inverter, estimators, and ripple correlation controller. Discrete-time ripple-correlation control (DRCC), Efficiency improvement is verified across the load torque developed with SmartSpark Energy Systems, extends ripple correlation control (RCC) into the digital domain.

* Denotes principal investigator.

52 range. A technique indicates if the motor is run at its accomplished with a small software adjustment. This optimal operating point. allows the power converter designed to exploit allowed harmonics and, depending on the application, to either Mitigation of Power System Collapse through Active reduce cost or improve reliability. Dynamic Buffers P. T. Krein,* W. Weaver Critical Cutsets for Static Transfer Stability Limits [email protected] P. W. Sauer,* B. Raczkowski National Science Foundation Grant, NSF ECS-0224829 [email protected] National Science Foundation and Grainger Foundation Power electronics continues to grow as an element of Endowments electrical loads. Loads such as motor drives, computer power supplies, and compact fluorescent lighting serve to This project is investigating possible direct data indications "isolate" load dynamics from the utility grid and enforce (line flow measurements) of closeness to voltage collapse constant power behavior. They tend to destabilize the grid. and methods to increase margins to voltage collapse. The In this study, power buffering is examined as a way to goal is to evaluate this information using SCADA mitigate effects of constant power loads by controlling the measurements rather than model-based computation. dynamic impedance of the converter during a disturbance. Dynamic Behavior and Load Model Estimation from Experiments have shown the advantages of using power Measurements buffers. Further work involves studying the interaction of P. W. Sauer,* S. Liu multiple power-buffer converters in a distributed system. [email protected] A Microgrid-Based Telecom Power System Using National Science Foundation and Grainger Foundation Modular Multiple-Input Dc-Dc Converters Endowments P. T. Krein,* A. Kwasinski This project is investigating the use of phasor measurement Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and unit data to provide real-time estimates of system dynamic Electromechanics behavior and estimates of load model structures and their A microgrid is an independently controlled portion of an associated parameters. The dynamic behavior would be electrical grid. It comprises its own power sources (such quantified by estimated levels of system damping for as fuel cells, solar cells, microturbines), energy storage critical modes. devices (such as flywheels, batteries, ultracapacitors), and Trustworthy Communication and Computing loads, usually interconnected with a larger grid. With Architectures for Power Systems independent control, a microgrid with a utility tie can P. W. Sauer* deliver high reliability, high efficiency, and uninterruptible [email protected] power functions, while reducing energy storage needs National Science Foundation compared to traditional systems. This work explores a microgrid-based telecommunications power plant with a This project is investigating the needs of power system distributed architecture. Combinations of converters and communication and computing environments for future controls create a flexible, reliable plant that meets use in deregulated power systems. This includes the need performance needs of modern telecommunication systems. to share information between regions and independent operators. A Stochastic Approach to Power Factor Correction P. T. Krein,* J. Kimball Value of Real and Reactive Power Reserves National Science Foundation, ECS 06-21643 P. W. Sauer,* P. Ruiz [email protected] Power factor correction (PFC) converters enable Roberto Rocca Fellowship and Grainger Foundation computers and other electronic devices to operate near Endowments unity power factor. Without PFC, they would inject harmonic currents into the power grid and disrupt other This project is investigating the technical and economic equipment. Kalman filters and related stochastic issues associated with determining the value of real and techniques are used to extract current information from reactive power reserves. These reserves can be broken voltages and eliminate current sensors. Kalman filter- down into various components that reflect their operational based controllers can be modified to generate any current benefits to the system. The issues with each component are waveform, allowing both unity and non-unity PFC to be

* Denotes principal investigator.

53 being addressed from an economic and reliability point of be invoked to satisfy specific goals that may require view. traveling across physical and economic boundaries. Agents and agent ensembles can exhibit resource consumptive or Voltage and Reactive Power Computation for otherwise unsafe behavior, raising security and resource Contingency Analysis using Sensitivities management concerns. Agents must, therefore, be limited P. W. Sauer,* P. Ruiz by the resources they consume in pursuing a goal. The [email protected] project is developing concepts necessary to provide Roberto Rocca Fellowship and Grainger Foundation linguistic and system support for defining multiagent Endowments architectures. A related goal is to extend the mathematical This project is investigating alternatives to full AC power theory of actors to allow reasoning about multiagent flow techniques in contingency analysis. While sensitivity systems. analysis is normally limited to real power computation for Customizable Coordination Services for Large-Scale estimating line flows, this work is considering piecewise Network Embedded Systems linear methods that reflect the physical limits on reactive G. Agha,* P. Chang, P. Thati, R. Ziaei power sources and voltage control. This preserves the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, linear nature of the contingency analysis while recognizing F49620-97-1-0382 an important nonlinearity. Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Programming Languages, Formal The focus of this research is on developing application independent services to coordinate large scale network Systems, and Software Engineering embedded systems. The coordination services will use customization and composition to enable dynamic Actor Coordination Abstractions, Semantics, and adaptation in uncertain environments. The approach is to Implementation define algorithms that are based on stochastic models of G. Agha,* C. Varela system behavior, which enable the research team to University of Illinois represent the incompleteness in information about the Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory current global system state as well as the unpredictability of the environment. The operational model uses This research focuses on the complexity of expressing probabilistic transitions rather than simple interaction and coordination in Web-based computing. nondeterministic interleavings of actions, and it explicitly Researchers are working on providing high-level accounts for duration of transitions. The goal is to develop mechanisms to manage the complexity of scaling up algorithms that provide for coordination in real-time and computations over the Web, piggy-backing on the that guarantee the desired properties with sufficiently high availability of Java byte-code for portability. The project probabilities. Examples include algorithms for defines several actor-based abstractions (casts, directors, approximate consensus (such as approximate synchrony), messengers) to effectively harness the power of the World recovery, and hierarchical coordination. The algorithms Wide Web as a global computing infrastructure. Groups of will be implemented to provide a code basis for application actors, or casts, represent an abstraction unit for naming, independent coordination services. The implementation synchronization, migration, composition, and load strategy is to build a repository of basic coordination balancing. Each cast contains a director, and intercast services using reflective middleware. The goal will be to communication is performed via special actors named derive more complex algorithms based on simpler core messengers. resource management services. Agent Generation and Control Parametric Models for Large-Scale Agent Systems G. Agha,* N. Jamali, P. Thati G. Agha,* N. Jamali, P. Thati, R. Ziaei U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, F49620-97-1-0382 F30602-00-2-0586 Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Agents provide a natural abstraction for using A goal of this research is to develop mathematical models geographically distributed computational and memory to support the analysis and modeling of complex, large- resources. Agents are autonomous mobile actors that may

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54 scale agent systems. Instead of simple nondeterminism, the distributed systems. More specifically, security issues in new theory will represent behavior stochastically. authentication protocols and agent design are being Moreover, instead of the current approach of using input- studied. The project is formalizing an appropriate semantic output behavior of individual agents, it will allow the framework that captures the fundamental properties of behavior to be parametric in terms of variables that mobile computing and simplifies the task of reasoning. A represent aggregated behavior of large numbers of agents. specification language and logic will be developed based The operational model uses probabilistic transitions over on the semantic framework. Finally, automated reasoning an abstract representation of the current state of the system. environments will be explored to find a suitable platform The use of statistical techniques on this model for to implement the reasoning system. aggregating behaviors opens up the possibility of studying conditions under which either a stable equilibrium or Real-Time and Embedded Systems chaotic behavior may occur. Another goal is to develop a radically different logical framework for expressing SoD: A Feedback-Based Architecture for Highly properties of large-scale agent systems. The framework is Reliable Embedded Software inspired by Quantum Logics, which allow the expression T. Abdelzaher,* L. Sha, M. Caccamo, D. Marinov of testable properties. This is in contrast to the usual National Science Foundation, CNS-0613665 algebraic approach that assumes every sentence (whether testable or not) can be assigned a truth value. Specifically, The focus of this project is on developing a theory and this research will enable macroscopic properties to be architectural framework for incorporating feedback expressed without implying assertions about how they control as a main principle of software engineering. This arise. proposal develops scientific foundations, tools, and architectural design principles to improve the reliability Software Architectures for Distributed Systems and reduce the development cost of mission-critical G. Agha,* M. Astley software. Two common approaches to ensure reliable University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, CCR system behavior are: scientific foundations, tools, and 9619522 architectural principles for ensuring elimination of errors; Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory and foundations, tools, and architectural principles for ensuring tolerance to such errors. While the first solution The term middleware describes a set of services for is sufficient, building completely error-free large-scale integrating components of a distributed application, such systems has been an elusive exercise as evidenced by as coordination and communication mechanisms. experiences with today's engineering artifacts (e.g., recalls Recently, middleware services have been developed that on vehicles, cascading power blackouts, and so forth). support fault-tolerance, security, and other high-level Consequently, a new approach to robust software design, policies. Such services have a fixed semantics, their development, and certification is needed that addresses the implementation being influenced by the semantics of the increasing cost and safety implications of the current application and the nature of the execution environment. practices. Feedback control has proven to be a very The goal of this research is to provide a modular framework successful tool for ensuring correct behavior of complex, for developing middleware services. The project is poorly modeled systems in the presence of uncertainty. formulating theoretical, linguistic, and run-time support This project applies principles of feedback control and for developing the needs of a particular application. stability envelopes to the engineering of software systems. Particular attention is paid to placement and mobility issues and vertical integration requirements. SoD-TEAM: A Feedback-Based Architecture for Highly Reliable Embdedded Software Specifying and Deriving Mobile Systems T. Abdelzaher,* L. Sha,* M. Caccamo,* D. Marinov* G. Agha,* P. Thati, R. Ziaei National Science Foundation, CNS-0613665 U.S. Army, JHU 8812-48151 The focus of this project is on developing a theory and Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory architectural framework for incorporating feedback This research is focused on studying formal methods for control as a main principle of software engineering. This specifying and verifying distributed software systems. The proposal develops scientific foundations, tools, and objective is to use automated deduction tools to reason architectural design principles to improve the reliability about certain properties of mobile agents in open and reduce the development cost of mission-critical

* Denotes principal investigator.

55 software. Two common approaches to ensure reliable software components with a high degree of confidence. system behavior are: scientific foundations, tools, and Flight control software is an example. This research architectural principles for ensuring elimination of errors; focuses on algorithms and architectures that can leverage and foundations, tools, and architectural principles for simple high-assurance components to ensure the integrity ensuring tolerance to such errors. While the first solution of large distributed real-time systems in spite of faults in is sufficient, building completely error-free large-scale complex software components. systems has been an elusive exercise as evidenced by Dependable and Secured Embedded Systems experiences with today's engineering artifacts (e.g., recalls L. Sha,* V. Adve, M. Spong on vehicles, cascading power blackouts, and so forth). National Science Foundation, CNS 0209202 Consequently, a new approach to robust software design, development, and certification is needed that addresses the Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory increasing cost and safety implications of the current Faults and attacks during upgrades can be classified into practices. Feedback control has proven to be a very three categories: application level control logic faults or successful tool for ensuring correct behavior of complex, attacks; code, data, thread, or process access faults or poorly modeled systems in the presence of uncertainty. attacks; and resource depletion faults or attacks. To protect This project applies principles of feedback control and against them, our work will focus on integrated compiler stability envelopes to the engineering of software systems. static analysis and runtime checks to enforce the resource ITR: Collaborative Research: Efficient Resource usage limits and to protect code, data, thread, and Management for Controlled-Mobility Wireless processes; and advanced safety controllers that can protect Networks against coordinated control logic faults or attacks. E. Frazzoli,* L. Sha, P. R. Kumar, M. Caccamo, Together with real-time scheduling technology, they form N. A. Neogi a foundation upon which applications can be upgraded National Science Foundation, CCF-0325716 without shutting down normal operation. Furthermore, the system stability can be maintained in spite of insider A controlled-mobility wireless network (CMWN) is attacks masquerading as upgrades. defined as a network of embedded devices endowed with computation, communication, and motion capabilities. Quality of Surveillance and Control in Network The purpose of this project is the development of a new Centric Warfare conceptual framework for the design, development, and L. Sha,* J. C. Hou,* M. Caccamo, W.-P. Chen, operation of efficient and reliable networks with such P. R. Kumar, R. Iyer, R. Zheng characteristics. The overall objectives of the basic research Office of Naval Research, Multidisciplinary Research proposed in this project are: the development of a Program of University Research Initiative conceptually sound, consistent, and complete framework Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory for the analysis of the interactions between competing computation, communication, and motion control In this project, we aim to develop a sound scientific requirements, arising in the design of CMWNs; the design, foundation and technologies to allocate computing, analysis, and performance characterization of distributed sensing, and communication resources in a way that will algorithms and communication protocols for provably enhance the quality of surveillance and control for the efficient and adaptive CMWNs; the specification, Department of Defense's vision of network centric implementation, and verification of software, middleware, cooperative engagement. We are working with the DoD and networking services for the deployment of community to develop model problems that embody the representative CMWNs. fundamental scientific and engineering challenges faced by DoD systems, including network of multifunction Defect-Tolerant System Integration and Evolution radars, distributed sensor network, and advanced avionics L. Sha* systems. We are working to solve these model problems, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Sha 2063 demonstrate the solutions, and transition the technologies Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory to major DoD programs through technology transition partners. Large software systems are developed by integrating software components. Unfortunately, many complex software components often contain defects. On the other hand, the technology exists to develop modest-size

* Denotes principal investigator.

56 Self-Healing Reliable Reconfigurable Systems Reliable and High-Performance N. P. Carter* Computing [email protected] University of Illinois Detecting and Preventing Attacks with Vulnerability Reconfigurable logic is an attractive fabric for reliable Signatures system design because faults in portions of the logic can N. Borisov,* D. Nicol, W. H. Sanders be corrected by reconfiguring the system to avoid the faulty National Science Foundation, #CNS 06-27671 resources. We are developing design techniques for Conducted in the Information Trust Institute reliable systems implemented using reconfigurable logic. These techniques combine application-directed synthesis This research is working to develop a new network- of redundant functionality to tolerate errors, run-time filtering defense mechanism to detect and prevent detection of faults, incremental synthesis for fast repair, intrusions using fast and precise vulnerability signatures. and global resynthesis to avoid cumulative effects from The work will provide a sound and fundamental approach multiple faults. for representing vulnerabilities, detecting attacks via exploits that make use of those vulnerabilities, and The Amalgam Programmable-Reconfigurable preventing (through filtering) the harmful effects of many Processor network-based attacks. Though directed at network-based N. P. Carter* attacks, the approach should also be effective in protecting [email protected] other communication channels inside a host. U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-01-1-0824 Composable Processors Amalgam combines several conventional processors and N. P. Carter,* R. Gupta, G. Rasche, J. Stine blocks of reconfigurable architecture into a single Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, MARCO , using a clustered architecture to minimize Center the impact of wire delay on cycle time. Our results show that this architecture generates an average of greater than As silicon fabrication technology improves, processors and 12x speedup over a simple microprocessor on a range of system-on-a-chip (SOC) designs are moving toward benchmarks. We are currently developing compiler gridded layouts to minimize the impact of wire delays on techniques for this architecture, as well as investigating performance. The composable processors project is architectural features to improve performance in far-future studying techniques to reduce the design time and cost of fabrication processes. grid-based custom processors through the use of a set of pre-designed "tiles" that can be composed together to form Architectural Models for Highly Concurrent a variety of custom system architectures. In addition to the Instruction Execution design of the tiles and systems that use them, we are M. I. Frank,* S. J. Patel developing software techniques to automatically generate [email protected] high-performance, low-cost architectures for specific National Science Foundation, CCF-0429711 applications in this design methodology. Superscalar processors can concurrently execute several Magnetoelectronic Reconfigurable Logic instructions from a single thread, but are limited in the N. P. Carter* amount of concurrency they can find and exploit because [email protected] they must fetch and rename instructions in program order. U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-02-1-1038 We build on compiler-assisted thread level parallelization mechanisms that concurrently fetch, rename, and execute We are developing reconfigurable logic systems based on multiple, widely separated, portions of the program. We a novel magnetoelectronic device: the Hybrid Hall Effect are developing new dynamic techniques for using control- device. These circuits can be configured to compute a wide dependence information to find and exploit global range of logic functions with nonvolatile storage of their instruction-level concurrency within a single thread of outputs and can be easily integrated into CMOS designs. execution. Using these techniques, we can achieve Current challenges include reducing the power execution rates four to ten times that achievable by consumption of our circuits and developing system superscalar processors. architectures that best take advantage of their capabilities.

* Denotes principal investigator.

57 Advanced Predicate-Domain Code Optimization platform, we are developing deep program analysis and W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias transformation techniques that will enable tools to Intel Corporation automatically extract data flow computation components from a von Neumann program. The predicated representation, in which control is implemented via conditional execution of instructions Compiler and Architecture Support for Program rather than branches, presents two general categories of Tunneling new optimization opportunities: the optimization of W.-M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, M. C. Merten, A. R. Trick, program decision logic and the optimization of H.-S. Kim computation code using predication. This project aims to Hewlett-Packard reduce control overhead by extracting control expressions Modern programming paradigms often impose major from predicated code, optimizing these expressions using performance penalties on application programs. Object Boolean minimization techniques, and re-expressing oriented programming, structured exception handling, control using more efficient sequences of predicate automatic memory management, middleware services, and defining instructions. In the second area, this project works operating system calls are all examples of such costly toward a paradigm in which stores, branches, and loop features. The goal of this research is to eliminate the cost boundaries can be reordered freely to achieve performance of these features for the frequently traversed paths of goals. executable programs. Architecture support, in the form of Architecture and Compiler Techniques for Optimizing new protection schemes and no-overhead profiling Memory Accesses mechanisms, will be developed to enable the run-time W.-M. Hwu,* H.-S. Kim, E. M. Nystrom optimizer to safely perform aggressive optimizations. National Science Foundation, CCR 96-29948/98-09478; Configurable On-Chip Memory Intel Corporation W.-M. Hwu,* H. C. Hunter, E. M. Nystrom, C.-W. Li, The goal of this research is to develop an integrated H.-S. Kim compiler and architecture approach to drastically reduce [email protected] the frequency and cost of memory accesses in future DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research computer systems. In particular, a compiler strategy that is Center (GSRC); Semiconductor Research Corporation built upon interprocedural pointer analysis and new Simple technology scaling offers little hope for breaking heuristics for estimating the probability of colliding pointer the difficult scalability and power/performance barriers contents will be developed to take full advantage of the data associated with traditional on-chip memories. This project speculation features in future microprocessors. The seeks to design new configurable on-chip SRAM insights provided by fully disambiguated memory accesses microarchitectures that will enable large SRAM structures may drastically change the future course of run-time data to approach the power efficiency of small custom speculation supports. memories for memory-intensive applications such as Automatic Transformation of Traditional Software media and signal processing. The proposed structures Components into a Data-Flow Execution Model support configurability in access ports, access latencies, W.-M. Hwu,* C.-W. Li, H.-S. Kim and sleep-drowsy states. Our deep analysis toolset, a [email protected] carefully engineered symbiosis of whole-program data DARPA/MARCO Gigascale Systems Research Center flow, control flow, and pointer/data structure analyses, will (GSRC); Semiconductor Research Corporation disaggregate the application's memory data flows and will allow transformation of existing programs to take full Due to the cost of building ever-larger uniprocessors with advantage of the configurability of the new SRAM standard, single global on-chip storage, future gigascale structures. computing platforms will increasingly rely on special- purpose hardware accelerators that employ decentralized data-flow computation models. However, the traditional von Neumann programming model will continue to be strongly preferred due to the high cost of changing the fundamental software model. To improve design productivity in the presence of the widening gap between the programming model and the underlying hardware

* Denotes principal investigator.

58 CRI-A Configurable Application-Aware High- optimizations targeted machine. Such optimization could Performance Platform for Trustworthy Computing be performed at the time of program installation or offline, W.-M. Hwu,* R. K. Iyer, K. Nahrstedt, W. H. Sanders while the user's machine is idle. National Science Foundation #CNS 05-51665 IMPACT Run-Time Optimization Framework Conducted in the Information Trust Institute W.-M. Hwu,* R. D. Barnes, E. M. Nystrom [email protected] This project is enabling groundbreaking experimental Advanced Micro Devices; Microsoft Corp. research by creating large-scale, demonstrably trustworthy, cluster computing platforms for on-demand/ Aggressive code specialization at compile time can achieve utility computing and/or adaptive enterprise computing. significant performance gains, although it is typically Specifically, it is investigating new sets of application- limited by risks of profile-dependence and code-explosion. aware methods to provide customized levels of trust Therefore, we are developing a framework for adaptive, (specified by the application) via an integrated approach runtime optimization, allowing profiling and involving reprogrammable hardware and novel compiler specialization of code regions based on the current methods to extract security and reliability properties, all workload profile. Rather than solely focusing on supported by a configurable OS and middleware. opportunities in relatively unoptimized applications, this framework focuses on providing an efficient architecture Deep Program Analysis for targeting optimization of opportunities presented by W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, H. C. Hunter, even the most aggressively optimized code. Components C.-W. Li, H.-S. Kim of these frameworks include efficient runtime optimization Intel Corporation; National Science Foundation, algorithms, techniques for identifying optimization 98-09478 candidates using nonintrusive profiling, and seamless Current code analysis techniques draw dependences based deployment of optimized code. largely on program structure and on register and memory Java Run-Time Architecture accesses, many of which are not inherent to algorithms but W.-M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, H.-S. Kim are merely side effects of implementation in a particular Hewlett-Packard architecture or coding paradigm. The conservative nature of these analysis techniques limits the compiler's ability to This project focuses on enhancements needed to create perform broad, powerful code optimizations. Deep highly optimized native code for dynamic Java server program analysis is intended to discern the fundamental applications. This includes the construction of a next- algorithmic dependences of input programs from among generation Java run-time prototype that offers a means of those artificially imposed. The application of deep program integration between dynamic code production and static analysis techniques could revolutionize program code reuse. Also included are a streamlined object model, optimization, memory access microarchitecture, software nonintrusive profiling, dynamic optimizations, reduced development process, software verification, and software intermodule communication overhead, run-time debugging. deployment of optimized code, improved memory management subsystem, and hardware enhancements to IMPACT Post-Link Optimization Framework support Java specific features. W.-M. Hwu,* M. C. Merten, R. D. Barnes, E. M. Nystrom Memory-Efficient EPIC Processors Hewlett-Packard; Microsoft Corp. W.-M. Hwu,* N. P. Carter, H. Hunter, C.-W. Li Semiconductor Research Corporation Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Researchers are developing an improved EPIC architecture Commercial software vendors distribute products in binary that will provide the high performance required by executable form, compiled for a specific processor. Very upcoming embedded applications while significantly limited technology exists for optimizing binary reducing power consumption and memory bandwidth executables, thus preventing end users from optimizing requirements. This architecture divides the processing programs for their particular machines and usage patterns. resources of the chip into four independent clusters, with To remedy this problem, this project is creating a binary each cluster having its own program-controllable data optimization framework that will serve as a bridge between memory. A decoded instruction buffer in each cluster the binary executable and the IMPACT compiler. Using reduces instruction fetch bandwidth and power this framework, the team can experiment with

* Denotes principal investigator.

59 consumption in loops. Compiler techniques are being OpenIMPACT Compiler Release developed to coordinate intercluster data movement to W.-M. Hwu,* R. E. Kidd, J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom eliminate many of the memory accesses required during [email protected] the execution of media programs on conventional Gelato; Hewlett-Packard; National Science Foundation, architectures. CCR 98-09404 Multipass EPIC Microarchitecture This project aims to release the IMPACT research compiler W.-M. Hwu,* R. D. Barnes, J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, as a general-purpose, open-source compiler for the IA64 S. J. Patel, N. Navarro Linux platform. The research compiler's features, such as [email protected] predicated compilation, instruction-level parallelism Intel Corporation; Hewlett-Packard optimizations, compiler-engineered speculation, and profile-based optimizations, as well as its extensible It is well established that the in-order microarchitecture research framework, will be retained. In addition, an easy- used by EPIC processor such as can exploit the to-use interface will be provided that will allow compiler's proficiency in planning parallelism. However, OpenIMPACT to be used as a high-performance the inability of this substrate to accommodate unexpected alternative to traditional compilers. This project will be latencies, such as data cache misses, is its most vexing released under the University of Illinois (UIUC/NCSA) weakness. To address this problem, we propose multipass Open Source License. pipelining, a new class of in-order microarchitectures in which the processor pipeline defers execution of Predicate Analysis and Predicate-Aware Dataflow instructions with unready operands for later processing, Analysis thereby avoiding stalls. A first-generation design of this W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias technique delivers substantial performance improvements Intel Corporation for applications with significant memory stalls. Future Efficient and accurate analysis of predicate relationships generations promise to further enhance the performance and predicate-aware dataflow analysis are essential to while reducing complexity, area, and power. effective optimization and scheduling of predicated code. Next-Generation EPIC Compiler Technology A predicate analysis engine must first quickly analyze the W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, S.-Z. Ueng, code at the function level to determine all relationships S. Ryoo, G. A. Kent, I. M. Steiner among predicates. Then, it must store its findings in a [email protected] database that can accurately and efficiently answer queries Intel Corporation; Hewlett-Packard about the relations among predicates. The first objective of this project is to create a function-level, accurate, and We have demonstrated that IMPACT's aggressive use of efficient predicate analysis engine. The second objective is predication, speculation, and code replication in its to create a predicate-aware dataflow analysis engine that is structural transformation approach can attain substantial both accurate and fast. integer code performance increases over contemporary compilers for Itanium2. Challenges and opportunities Rapid Customization of Systems Software remain: sophisticated combinations of transformations W.-M. Hwu,* J. N. Navarro, E. Nystrom, R. Barnes, required to expose desired levels of instruction-level S. Ryoo, S. Ueng, G. Kent, J. Player, J. Cours, D. Yang parallelism pose profile-dependence and stability issues. MARCO, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Selective specialization, while not yet controlled with great (part of MARCO Center Soft Systems Thrust) precision, shows an ability to improve instruction caching The objective of the project is to develop compiler-based, as well as ILP. Control and data speculation interact deep program analysis that transcends the boundaries nontrivially with optimizations and operating system currently separating the application, the dynamically models. Finally, more sophisticated region selection and linked libraries, and the operating system. Code- optimization techniques promise increasingly efficient use specialization of library functions and operating system of wide EPIC resources. services is based on interprocedural analysis of applications, programmatic logic analysis, data value analysis, and interthread escape analysis. Unnecessary code and modules are eliminated. A new fundamental model of the operating system functions, based on microkernel concepts, is developed to systematically

* Denotes principal investigator.

60 verify the correctness of each customized version. Ubiquitous Instruction-Level Parallelism Customization technologies are developed at the source Architectures and then at the binary level, with the long-term goal of W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, R. D. Barnes, E. M. Nystrom, handling commercial software. Potential benefits include H. C. Hunter, S. Ryoo, S. Ueng, G. Kent rapid generation of software, smaller software footprints, Intel; Motorola, Inc.; Microsoft Corp.; National Science reduced energy consumption, and higher performance. Foundation, 98-09478 Scalable Deep Program Analysis As instruction-level parallelism (ILP) architectures such as W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, C.-W. Li, Intel IA-64 and TI C6x move into the mainstream of H.-S. Kim, S. Ryoo, N. Navarro, S. Lumetta computing, it has become critical to solve the technical [email protected] problems involved in making these architectures DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research appropriate for future embedded applications. The goal of Center (GSRC); National Science Foundation, this research is to develop new compiler, architecture, and Information Technology Research microarchitecture concepts to drastically reduce the code size, data transfers, energy consumption, and die size of Future breakthroughs in computer architecture, software future ILP processors. New techniques will also be engineering, and trustworthy computing will rely on the developed to further enhance the performance of future ILP compiler to perform program analyses that are considered microprocessors. infeasible today. Deep program analysis refers to compile- time techniques that can derive important properties of the Ultra-efficient Giga-scale Computing Platform program execution accurately. Examples of deep analysis Architecture include value ranges that can be assumed by variables, W.-M. Hwu,* S. Lumetta, N. Navarro, D. Burke, realizable data flow through memory objects, and memory J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, C.-W. Li, H.-S. Kim, locations that can be accessed by program components. R. D. Barnes, H. C. Hunter, S. Ryoo, S. Ueng, J. Player, New scalable approaches to deep program analysis are I. Steiner being developed to enable their application to large, [email protected] complex software systems. DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC); Advanced Micro Devices; Xilinx; IBM Scalable, Accurate Interprocedural Pointer Analysis W.-M. Hwu,* E. M. Nystrom, H.-S. Kim This project seeks to achieve orders of magnitude of [email protected] improvement in power efficiency in future computing DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research platforms by systematically synthesizing and utilizing Center (GSRC); National Science Foundation, hardware accelerators in the forms of ASIP, ASIC, and Information Technology Research, CCR 98-09478 FPGA. This approach is motivated by the availability of immense numbers of transistors in future chips and the Pointer analysis is a critical foundation for virtually all limitation of activating only a tiny fraction of them at any advanced program analysis techniques. In a programming given time. New system architectures allow seamless language like C that supports an explicit address operator, integration of accelerators with processors containing indirect calls, structures, heap allocation, and pointer extremely high-bandwidth, short-latency communication. casting, memory activity can easily be obscured. We Advanced program analysis and transformation techniques believe that highly accurate results and the ability to scale convert traditional memory side-effect-based execution to large programs do not have to be mutually exclusive activities into explicit data flow, enabling extremely goals. To this end, a pointer analysis framework has been efficient direct hardware execution. developed that provides an efficient representation for achieving accurate results through novel mechanisms to Value Analysis Compilation Framework deal with procedural side effects, global variables, heap W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias locations, and fields. Intel Corp. Analyzing the flow of values through program computation provides many opportunities for improving the performance of computer systems. This project has two related objectives: the optimization of existing control flow through value analysis and value speculation. Value flow analysis facilitates dead code elimination and control

* Denotes principal investigator.

61 optimization. Value speculation refers to the execution of generate runtime security checks for target software, instructions before all source operand values have been including both applications and the operating system. Our determined. This can be done when instructions generate goal will be to provide a methodology and a framework for the same value for each execution, the same value for a automatic analysis of applications to extract their security high percentage of executions, or predictable values. and reliability properties, convert the identified properties Compilers can exploit these regularities through code into runtime checks and program the checks directly into specializations, collectively referred to as value the hardware. By leveraging application properties in speculation. hardware, the checks can, with low performance overheads, selectively detect errors and attacks pertaining Verification of Run-time Optimized Code to the application. W.-M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, J. W. Sias, M. C. Merten, A. R. Trick, R. D. Barnes Ensuring Safety and Security in Software Intensive Hewlett-Packard Aerospace Systems R. Iyer,* N. Neogi Executable programs are increasingly optimized and Boeing modified in the field. Just-in-time compilation of Java programs is a well-known example of such run-time code Conducted in the Coordinated Science Lab modification. The goal of this research is to overcome the The goal of this research is to investigate and develop technical challenges involved in automatic verification of technologies that allow for the verification and validation run-time optimized code. An interdisciplinary approach of safety and security properties in aerospace systems that integrates program analysis algorithms and hardware throughout the requirements, modeling, design, test and verification techniques will be developed to cover implementation, and testing product lifecycle phases. a wide variety of software defects. Fault-Injection-Based Benchmarking An Engineering Prototyping Environment for R. K. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk, S. Chen, C. Basile Compiling C Program Components into Application- [email protected] Specific Logic Motorola, Inc. W.-M. Hwu,* D. R. Burke [email protected] In this research, we propose to explore issues and DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research techniques for intrusion detection and intrusion tolerance Center (GSRC); Xilinx; IBM; Mentor Graphics in networked environments. Specifically, we will focus on analyzing data on security attacks to determine This project seeks to establish an engineering prototyping vulnerabilities exploited by attackers and to classify the environment to enable research in ultra-efficient gigascale attacks according to their causes; generating measurement- computing platforms. In this environment, we are based security attack models depicting the attack process; prototyping processor design, operating system support, creating stochastic models that reflect behaviors of the compiler technology, synthesis paths, libraries, and device system in the presence of variable workloads, errors, and drivers needed in future heterogeneous software and logic security attacks; investigating measures and experimental systems. The first generation prototype is based on the procedures for benchmarking system reliability and Xilinx ML300 board, the Linux kernel, the Mentor security; understanding potential inconsistencies in Graphics ASAP tool chain, and the IMPACT compiler. application and system implementation; and proposing The initial applications being prototyped are from the software and hardware intrusion detection and prevention design driver applications of the MARCO Gigascale techniques. Systems Research Center with emphasis on future home entertainment applications. Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC): Reliable Systems Thrust Application-Aware Trust: Providing Security and R. K. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk, W. Gu, K. Pattabiraman, Reliability G. Saggese, M. Gupta, N. Nakka R. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk [email protected] Sun Microsystems DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research Conducted in the Coordinated Science Lab Center (GSRC) The objective of this project is to develop a compiler-based Our focus is on designing hierarchical systems of hardware approach for automatic program transformation to and software detection and recovery mechanisms to handle

* Denotes principal investigator.

62 multiple and/or near coincident errors and to limit (or with the pipeline are implemented in a reconfigurable prevent) error propagation. We will explore a four-tiered portion of the die along with the processor. Example approach to develop and integrate detection and recovery hardware modules we will explore include preemptive support at different levels of the system hierarchy. These control-flow checking, a process health monitor, levels can be classified as embedded programmable hardware-based checkpointing, and pointer-taintedness hardware support; operating system support; compiler tracking. support; and application support. Additional work will Quality of Distributed Control and Surveillance include updates to the ARMOR (adaptive reconfigurable R. K. Iyer,* N. Breems, M. Agarwal mobile objects of reliability) software, NFTAPE, and the [email protected] Reliability and Security Engine (RSE) project. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; ITR: Methodologies and Tools for Designing and Multidisciplinary Research Program of the University Implementing Large-Scale, Real-Time Systems Research Initiative, N000914-01-1-0576 R. K. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk, L. Wang, A. Khanna Conducted at the Coordinated Science Laboratory [email protected] National Science Foundation, Information Technology The objective of this proposal is to create a scientific Research Program, #0121658 (Subcontracted from foundation for the distributed optimization problem of Vanderbilt University) control and surveillance. The goal of our research is to investigate fault-tolerant and secure communication in a Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory wireless or wireline environment, (e.g. an ad-hoc sensor The research proposed is to develop methodologies and network). In our approach, we explore and prototype a tools for designing and implementing very large-scale, transparent, high-availability framework for supporting real-time embedded computer systems that achieve client-server applications operating over wireline or ultrahigh computational performance through use of wireless networks, investigate issues and solutions (e.g. parallel hardware architectures; achieve and maintain protocols) in supporting reliable and secure functional integrity via distributed, hierarchical communications in wireless (e.g. sensor networks), and monitoring and control; are required to be highly available; develop a remote vehicle testbed to investigate and test and are dynamically reconfigurable, maintainable, and real-time, secure, and fault-tolerant control. evolvable. The specific application that will drive this A Compiler-Enabled Model and Measurement-Driven research and provide a test platform for it is the trigger and Adaptation Environment for Dependability and data acquisition system for BTeV, an accelerator-based Performance high-energy physics experiment to study matter-antimatter R. K. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk, K. Pattabiraman asymmetries in the decays of particles containing the [email protected] bottom quark. National Science Foundation, CNS-0406351 Processor Level Error Detection and Recovery Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Techniques R. K. Iyer* This proposal has the potential for innovation of new [email protected] measurement-driven and compiler enabled early detection, Intel Research Council making the task of detection and diagnosis of performance problems and operational faults more efficient. To build This research is aimed at providing hardware-level, low- detectors that can predict the likelihood of failures, we will latency error detection and recovery. To achieve this goal use experimental system analysis to identify correlations we will develop and demonstrate hardware-implemented between system behaviors and subsequent failure error detection and security mechanisms embedded as occurrence. Our research will employ measurement data modules in the hardware-level framework, which is and their analysis, together with compiler analysis of implemented as in integral part of a superscalar program behavior, to devise a methodology for data-driven microprocessor. While the framework closely interacts discovery of early symptoms of errors, characterization of with the processor pipeline, we do not propose to redesign system/application sensitivity to errors, and identification the pipeline. Rather, the intent is to understand the pipeline of locations to place new detectors and guide engineering to the extent needed for defining a robust interface with of application-specific detectors. which we can demonstrate the operation and efficacy (coverage) of the modules. The framework and its interface

* Denotes principal investigator.

63 Future Communication Technology for Public Safety several departments, using survey and focus group L. Liu,* J. P. Monks, W.-M. Hwu methods. Motorola, Inc. Capacity Versus Robustness: A Tradeoff for In the next decade, the communications technology for Restoration in Mesh Networks public safety officials will be revamped to take advantage S. Lumetta,* S. Kim of the capability of modern digital communication Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, systems. It is, however, unlikely that current commercial MDA972-99-1-0005 digital communication schemes will be able to satisfy the Researchers are investigating capacity-efficient recovery stringent requirement of constant connection, very low methods in high-speed networks. The team recently power, congestion control, and ease of use. The goal of this demonstrated an extension of generalized loopback that project is to define the architecture of the public safety operates on a subgraph of the full backup graph in an digital communication systems via careful analysis of field existing network. The backup capacity on remaining links requirements and creation of new communication can then be used to carry unprotected traffic, while all protocols. An interdisciplinary approach is taken to primary fibers retain failure protection. The results integrate user behavior studies with core technology demonstrate robustness comparable or superior to that development. available with covers of rings while providing an additional Assessment of Student Teams in an Engineering unprotected traffic capacity of roughly 20% of the Course for Freshmen network's primary capacity. M. Loui,* B. Robbins Reliable, Efficient Communication on a Fast Ethernet University of Illinois Cluster Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory S. Lumetta,* J. Joh University of Illinois, Campus Research Board ECE 110 is a large, required course for freshmen in electrical and computer engineering and for students in Networks of workstations (NOWs) have proven to be an general engineering. We assessed the ECE 110 optional inexpensive yet effective alternative to vendor-packaged supervised study sessions, which implemented peer-led parallel architectures. The performance of NOW's running team learning. Students were assigned randomly to on Fast Ethernet is often limited by TCP/IP communication learning teams, which were led by peer students who had overhead between the nodes in NOWs. Researchers are previously taken ECE 110. In the sessions, the learning developing a new, lightweight, reliable communication teams worked on difficult problems selected from protocol incorporating ideas of user-level communication, examinations given in previous semesters. Students who lightweight flow control, and multiple network interfaces regularly attended the sessions reported cognitive and per connection. The protocol supports the large body of social benefits. They earned significantly higher scores on existing parallel applications written to the Message the final examination, after controlling statistically for Passing Interface standard. Researchers will evaluate the ACT-Math scores. effectiveness of their design in terms of the performance of these applications when using their protocol. Role-Play Scenarios for Teaching Responsible Conduct of Research Survivability and Reliability in Direct Access Networks M. Loui,* C. K. Gunsalus,* B. Brummel, K. Kristich S. Lumetta,* L. Li National Science Foundation, ERC-0628814 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, MDA972-99-1-0005 Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Researchers are developing routing and recovery protocols We are developing and assessing role-play scenarios to to provide reliable connectivity in direct access optical teach central topics in the responsible conduct of research networks (DANs). DANs decouple access from routing, to graduate students in science and engineering. Because allowing new users to access to the network without few previous studies have carefully assessed the incurring the high cost of an optical switch. Through this effectiveness of role-play in teaching ethics, we are decoupling, researchers enable more cost-effective and conducting a systematic assessment of role-play, using reliable network expansion. Direct access also simplifies multiple methods, in multiple departments. We have the models of ownership by reducing the depth of the conducted formative assessments of role-play scenarios in ownership hierarchy and the number of potential security

* Denotes principal investigator.

64 hazards and points of failure for a connection. Finally, attacks on their IT infrastructure. The simulator uses high DANs allow network providers to offer a wider variety of performance modeling and execution techniques, runs in bandwidth and reliability options. real-time, and supports user interaction with simulated devices using emulation to provide a transparent veneer. A An Adaptive, High-Performance Software key goal is to use the simulator to automatically produce Infrastructure for Hierarchical Systems exercise "injects" that prompt players to react to simulated S. Lumetta* events. National Science Foundation, CISE/ACIR Career Award MLS Computing Platform Based on COTS and Open Machines with deep memories now dominate Source Technology supercomputing and provide most enterprise-level D. Nicol,* W. H. Sanders computing, making the successful development of a Rockwell Collins RPS #3 4502607308 general-purpose approach to such platforms imperative. Researchers are developing a high-performance Conducted in the Information Trust Institute infrastructure for these systems through the construction of This project is developing a multilevel security-computing four key components: a virtual machine that abstracts platform based on COTS and open source technology. The resource allocation and management issues into a simple work began with an investigation into the available and interface; a hierarchy-aware run-time system that offers the emerging technologies developed to support separation, illusion of a nonhierarchical system by adapting to the security, and assured computing, and proceeded to current hierarchical virtual machine; language constructs identification of any gaps in the available technology and dynamic compiler support to tune application components that would preclude the development of a behavior; and applications that demonstrate the value of high-assurance MLS computing platform including I/O the framework. capabilities. The project is also developing candidate Assessable Identity and Privacy Protection: End-to- architectures based on COTS and open source technology End Assessment of Identity and Privacy Protection components. The project will conclude with an information D. Nicol,* C. Gunter, W. H. Sanders flow demonstration that shows the feasibility of one of the Department of Homeland Security through the Institute for most promising candidate architectures. Information Infrastructure Protection (I3P) Modeling and Analysis for Network Security #5-36428.5730 Assessment Conducted in the Information Trust Institute D. M. Nicol* [email protected] This effort has three main objectives: to develop a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency methodology for end-to-end assessment of systems that provide identity management; to demonstrate adaptive We are developing simulation-based tools and technology credentialing, in the context of a secure medical messaging to help a network analyst assess the impact of hypothetical application; and to demonstrate the assessment attacks in a network, the effectiveness of defenses and methodology, on systems to include the medical messaging countermeasures, and the quantified ability to continue system and an emergency response credentialing system operations in the face of a network attack. The result of our being built at the University of Illinois at Urbana- work will better enable network administrators and Champaign and deployed by the Illinois Counter- designers to protect their systems, and to quantify the cost, Terrorism Task Force. Providing a proof-of-concept in risk, and functionality tradeoffs inherent in network assessable credentialing systems will motivate the identity defense. management interest community to work toward assessable designs. This will ultimately raise the level of confidence in systems as they are deployed. Immersive Network Simulation Testbed D. M. Nicol* [email protected] U.S. Department of Homeland Security We are developing a network simulator for use in exercises by organizations interested in practicing their response to

* Denotes principal investigator.

65 Policy Assessment and Verification in Survivable storage bits required to test a chip. As a result, test Process Control Systems application time and test data volume have become serious D. Nicol,* W. H. Sanders problems in testing of system-on-chip designs. In this Department of Homeland Security through the Institute for research, new scan and BIST organizations are being Information Infrastructure Protection (I3P) devised that reduce not just data volume but also test time #5-36425.5780 and associated hardware. Hybrid DFT techniques that combine BIST with deterministic scan vectors are also Conducted in the Information Trust Institute being investigated. The security of process control systems is largely a Algorithms for Quantifying Security and Survivability function of the security policies that are implemented W. H. Sanders,* D. M. Nicol within them. However, there are different policies that Boeing apply to network access, to processes in computer hosts, and to users. The interaction of these policies is difficult to Conducted in the Information Trust Institute understand, and gaps in security coverage may occur as a This project is developing a method to probabilistically result. The objective of this project is to provide quantify the security and survivability of practical systems. methodologies and tools to aid PCS operators in the The method must guide the design process by quantifying assessment and validation of the security policies used to the differences between design alternatives, and by protect their systems. quantifying the quality of a particular design or Survivable Trust for Critical Infrastructure implementation. The work will result in a comprehensive D. M. Nicol* methodology for quantifying the security and survivability [email protected] of networked information systems that integrate modeling, National Science Foundation measurement, and attack injection. We are exploring the design of a distributed trust backbone, CT-CS: Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the based on computational nodes that provide hardened Power Grid attestation for their hardware and software identities, W. H. Sanders,* D. E. Bakken, A. Bose, R. Campbell, organized as a peer-to-peer network. We are focusing on T. Courtney, G. Gross, C. A. Gunter, C. Hauser, application of this technology to security applications in IT H. Khurana, R. K. Iyer, Z. T. Kalbarczyk, K. Nahrstedt, management of critical infrastructure systems, such as D. M. Nicol, T. J. Overbye, P. W. Sauer, S. W. Smith, SCADA. R. J. Thomas, V. Welch, M. Winslett, R. Zimmerman National Science Foundation, #CNS-0524695 Measurement of Transient Errors in Microprocessors J. Patel,* K. Wells, H. Kommaraju Conducted in the Information Trust Institute Jet Propulsion Laboratory The Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid This research addresses the measurement of error rates in (TCIP) NSF Cyber Trust Center was created to address the commercial microprocessors. Microprocessors are core challenge of how to protect the nation’s power grid. It will computing engines in the NASA Remote Exploration and significantly improve the way the power grid cyber Experimentation Project (REE). One serious problem is infrastructure is built, making it more secure, reliable, and single-event upsets due to high intensity radiation in outer safe. TCIP is working to provide the fundamental science space. Knowledge of these error rates is essential in the and technology needed to create an intelligent, adaptive design of the highly fault-tolerant REE computing systems. power grid that can survive malicious adversaries, provide The measurement of these error rates is the focus of the continuous delivery of power, and support dynamically proposed research. The research will generate software varying trust requirements. The project will achieve this by tools that are capable of measuring and characterizing any creating the necessary cyber building blocks and errors in microprocessors. architecture, and by creating validation technology to quantify the amount of trust provided by the proposed VLSI Test approach. J. Patel,* A. Pandey Semiconductor Research Corp. The cost of test application of a single chip grows as a function of the number of clock cycles and/or number of

* Denotes principal investigator.

66 NGS: A Compiler-Enabled Model- and Measurement- coding algorithms remove temporal differences in order to Driven Adaptation Environment for Dependability and achieve high coding efficiency, thereby introducing a Performance pervasive dependency structure into the bit stream. As a W. H. Sanders,* V. S. Adve, M. Hiltunen, R. K. Iyer, result, losses due to dropped packets or late arrivals will R. L. Plante, R. D. Schlichting result in the loss of subsequent dependent frames, leading National Science Foundation, CNS-0406351 to audio or visual artifacts that can be long lasting and annoying. We have chosen MDC because it is effective for Next-generation parallel and distributed computing must concealing losses in transmissions without explicit be dependable and have predictable performance in order redundancy control and for networks without priority to meet the requirements of increasingly complex scientific transmissions. Empirical tests on the Internet show that and commercial applications. This research will result in packet losses are bursty with small burst lengths. Statistics the production and distribution of a practical, integrated also shows that two descriptions in MDC are adequate in compiler and middleware system that uses online models most situations, whereas four descriptions will allow us to and measurement techniques to achieve performance and control unrecoverable losses under 8% in the worst site dependability in a scalable manner under a wide variety of measured. Our research results in efficient MDC changing conditions. The techniques we develop could algorithms that are input independent, without requiring ultimately impact many diverse and critical applications, run-time adaptation of the algorithms to new inputs. including those in the electric power distribution, aerospace, healthcare, and financial services sectors. Stochastic Anytime Search with Applications in Autonomous Planning and Scheduling Efficient Algorithms for Temporal Planning under B. W. Wah,* Y. Chen, M. Richards Nonlinear Constraints [email protected] B. W. Wah,* C.-W. Hsu, F. Li, M. Qian National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA [email protected] NCC2-1230 National Science Foundation, NSF 03-12084 Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory This research involves the development of formal mathematical conditions for reducing the search space of This research entails the development of a theory and its planning problems and the demonstration of performance associated derivative-free search algorithms in order to improvements in search engines of planner and other solve constrained nonlinear programming problems discrete searches. By formulating temporal planning (NSPs) with discrete, continuous, or mixed-integer problems as dynamic optimization problems with dynamic variables. Our secondary goal is to apply the algorithms variables that evolve over time, this research finds new developed in autonomous control and planning in NASA node-dominance conditions by developing the necessary applications. The research characterizes constrained local and sufficient conditions for local optimality. By minima in NLPs by necessary and sufficient conditions on partitioning the search into stages and by finding only points in the unconstrained penalty function, develops dominating states in each stage using the conditions stochastic anytime search algorithms that generate developed, the search for feasible or optimal plans can be solutions of improved quality when given more time and restricted to a much smaller subspace in each stage. computational resources, and applies the search algorithms to solve problems in autonomous control and planning. Loss Concealment for Real-Time Multimedia over IP Networks Streaming Audio and Video Data with B. W. Wah,* D. Lin, X. Su, H. Yu Transformation-Based Error Concealment [email protected] B. W. Wah,* B. Sat, H. Yu Motorola Communication Center [email protected] Motorola Center for Communications, University of This research entails the design of effective multiple- Illinois description coding (MDC) algorithms at senders of IP networks, like the Internet, that take into account the Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory reconstruction method used at receivers for concealing lost This research is on the design of protocols and coding packets, in order to deliver audio and video data packets methods for the concealment of errors that occur during over these networks in real time with high quality (both real-time transmissions of audio and video data over subjectively as well as objectively). Loss concealment of unreliable IP networks, such as the Internet and wireless compressed multimedia data is essential because many

* Denotes principal investigator.

67 networks. Since video and audio transmissions may in production systems; it will reduce the number of tolerate some degree of loss, this research analyzes administrative configuration errors by providing an schemes that involve trade-offs in their real-time efficient way to validate reconfiguration online; it will requirements and tolerance to loss. By studying proper improve software robustness by improving testing; and it coding of transmitted data, protocols to schedule will increase software dependability by enabling efficient transmissions and feedbacks, and reconstruction schemes partial replication-based fault detection and recovery. to recover lost data, the results developed can be applied Development of Concept Inventories for Computer to emerging multimedia-ready 3G and 4G cellular Science networks. C. Zilles,* C. Heeren,* K. Goldman,* L. Kaczmarczyk,* Helmet Integrated Nanosensors, Signal processing and M. Loui,* P. Gross, G. Herman Wireless Real Time Data Communication for National Science Foundation, DUE-0618589 Monitoring Blast Exposure to Battlefield Personnel Conducted in the Department of Computer Science and in K. Watkin (Speech & Hearing Sci.), R. K. Iyer,* the Coordinated Science Laboratory W. Sanders, M. Spong, J. Patel Department of Defense We are developing concept inventories for three introductory computer science subjects: discrete Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory mathematics, digital logic, and programming In this project we will develop and test a modified fundamentals. Modeled after the successful Force Concept battlefield helmet integrated with smart nanotechnology Inventory that was developed to assess student learning of sensors to record and analyze in real time the oxygen Newtonian physics, our concept inventories will test saturation, cortical EEG, pressure, acceleration, and vital understanding of key computer science concepts in a signs, using a small footprint, low power consumption, manner that enables reliable comparisons between courses ARM-based system embedded within the helmet straps at different universities. We conducted a Delphi process to and head band. Levels of blast injury algorithms (LBIAs) determine the topics in each of the three subjects that will be developed based upon physiological data on pre- experts rated as most important and most difficult for and post-blast exposure to the brain. Using wireless students. communication, the data recorded before and after blast exposure will be uploadable using small, cell-phone-like Remote Sensing devices by first responders for an injury status and ported to remote locations prior to injured personnel movement to CAREER: Multi-Technique Study of Ionospheric medical team facilities. Our novel approach focuses Irregularities at Mid-Latitudes directly on helmet-based recording and on real time, J. J. Makela* transparent, highly reliable algorithms that predict the LBI National Science Foundation and simultaneously provide vital information profiles. Integrating magnitude of blast with predictive algorithms Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory regarding the level of blast injury would provide early Two clusters of instrumentation consisting of a wide-field predictors of soldier status. ionospheric imaging system, a dual-frequency GPS CSR-PDOS: Improving System Reliability via Delta receiver, and a single-frequency GPS scintillation monitor Execution will be deployed to the Caribbean as part of the proposed Y. Y. Zhou,* D. Marinov, W. H. Sanders, C. Zilles research. The deployed instruments, in conjunction with National Science Foundation #CNS 06-15372 other instruments in the region (especially those at the Arecibo Observatory), will allow us to address questions Conducted in the Information Trust Institute as to the evolution and effects of ionospheric irregularities Various reliability assurance tasks perform MARE at mid-latitudes. (multiple almost-redundant executions). This project is pursuing an innovative route via delta execution to making MARE more efficient without requiring extra resources. The work will dramatically increase software reliability because it enables efficient online validation of software patches against realistic live workloads before deployment

* Denotes principal investigator.

68 Coordinate Imaging and Scintillation Study of the When installed in Cape Verde, the RENOIR station will Conjugate Nature of Equatorial Plasma Irregularities provide an unprecedented view of the nighttime J. J. Makela,* B. M. Ledvina ionosphere/thermosphere system. We hope to come to a National Science Foundation better understanding of the variability in the nighttime ionosphere and the effects this variability has on critical Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory satellite navigation and communication systems. A suite of instruments will be fielded at two astronomical Consortium Resonance Lidar for Mesospheric Studies sites in South America: Neiva, Colombia and Cerro Tololo, G. Swenson,* A. Liu Chile. The instruments, including an ionospheric imaging National Science Foundation ATM 05-45704 system and GPS L1 scintillation monitors, will operate autonomously over the duration of the proposal. The data Conducted in the Coordinated Sciences Laboratory collected will be analyzed with other datasets in the region A University of Illinois Sodium wind/temperature lidar has when available to gain a broader understanding of how the been developed and modified to make improved local data fit into the physics of the entire magnetic flux measurements of Doppler winds and temperature in the tube. The data are to be analyzed jointly both between the 80-100km mesospheric region of the atmosphere. The different types of instruments and at the different locations. system is planned for integration into a new facility at Studies of Ionospheric Plasma Structuring at Low Cerro Pachon, Chile, for summer 2008 for long-term Latitudes from Space and Ground, their Modeling and studies of the upper atmosphere with lidar and airglow Relationship to Scintillations imagers. The focus of the studies is the investigation of J. J. Makela* atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and tidal effects in the Naval Research Laboratory upper atmosphere. Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Imaging Studies of Mesospheric Gravity Waves G. R. Swenson,* A. Liu This project combines observations and modeling of the National Science Foundation, ATM 00-03180 low-latitude nighttime ionosphere to come to a better physical understanding of the factors that contribute to the Small-scale waves propagate from the lower atmospheric day-to-day variability of the development of equatorial convection and mountain driven sources to the upper irregularities. The observations to be used come from the atmosphere. Existing chemiluminescence produces global ultraviolet imager (GUVI) on NASA's airglows, which are perturbed by the waves. Airglow thermosphere, ionosphere, mesosphere, electrodynamics imagers observe the perturbations and the horizontal (TIMED) satellite and the portable ionospheric camera and wavelength, and amplitude of the waves is measured. The small-scale observatory (PICASSO) imager, to be waves carry momentum and energy, which can interact deployed in Colombia. The data collected by GUVI will with the large-scale dynamics to cause major dynamic be compared to the SAMI3 model to determine the effects. Observations are being made at Socorro, New conditions that favor irregularity development. Mexico, and have been at Maui, Hawaii, where the University of Illinois lidar has made complementary African Studies of the Equatorial Thermosphere- measurements. Signal processing is accomplished to Ionosphere System with a Remote Equatorial extract the intrinsic wave parameters and power and Nighttime Observatory for Ionospheric Regions spectral characteristics of the horizontal wave structure. (RENOIR) J. W. Meriwether,* J. J. Makela NASA and Clemson University Scientific Computing Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory Curriculum Development in Computational Materials In conjunction with the International Heliospherical Year Science and Nanoscale Science and Engineering (IHY), we will deploy a suite of instrumentation E. deSturler,* D. Ceperley, D. Johnson, R. Martin, comprising a remote equatorial nighttime observatory for T. Martinez, U. Ravaioli ionospheric regions (RENOIR). The station consists of a National Science Foundation, EEC-0088101 single wide-field imaging system, two Fabry-Perot This project encompasses development of course materials interferometers, a dual-frequency GPS receiver, and an (lecture notes, demos, practical assignments, numerical array of single-frequency GPS scintillation monitors. experiments) on Krylov subspace methods for linear

* Denotes principal investigator.

69 systems and eigenvalue problems, nonlinear problems, Development of Advanced Laser Diode Sources for multigrid methods, and fast multipole methods for summer Remote-Sensing Applications school (summer 2001 and summer 2004) and general J. J. Coleman,* G. C. Papen* curriculum in the College of Engineering. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG 1-1861 Multidimensional Computation of Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Microstructures of High- Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Performance Heterojunction Devices Several outstanding technical issues for narrowband T. Kerkhoven;* J. P. Leburton,* U. Ravaioli* (Elect. & systems, such as water vapor DIAL lidars, must be resolved Comput. Engr.); Y. Saad,* J. Arends before solid-state, laser-based remote-sensing systems National Science Foundation, EET-87-19100 have widespread use. One issue is the development of cw The goal of this research is to design numerical programs local oscillators (LOs) based on semiconductor laser diode for the simulation of multidimensional quantum wells. The technology for use as injection seeders, which has not been numerical model consists of Poisson's equation coupled fully realized because of the severe linewidth, tunability, with Schrodinger's equation. Poisson's equation is solved and stability requirements of narrowband systems. This as an elliptic boundary value problem, while Schrodinger's project will develop novel semiconductor devices equation defines an eigenvalue problem. The model is specifically for use as tunable LO sources for narrowband nonlinear and requires repeated solution of such water vapor DIAL systems operating in the 940 nm region. eigenvalue problems. Researchers compare the Researchers will focus on a novel ridge-waveguide, performance of Lanczos procedures with subspace distributed-Bragg-reflector laser, which has significant iteration and examine the use of inverse iteration. performance improvements for optical remote-sensing Consistency of the two problems is obtained in an outer applications relative to conventional Fabry-Perot or iteration that will be accelerated with a conjugate gradient distributed-feedback lasers. procedure. EOSS+ Laser Diode Substrate J. J. Coleman* Semiconductor Lasers Northrop Grumman Corp. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory 1065 and 1040 nm DBR Laser Diodes J. J. Coleman* The electro-optic test station known as the EOSS+ is HRL Laboratories designed to support the testing of laser platforms at 1.064 mm through the use of a laser diode source. The Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory characteristics of this diode, such as center wavelength and Narrow linewidth, tunable semiconductor lasers are of peak power, are determined by the capabilities of the test interest to a variety of applications, including fiber optic receiver and the design of the EOSS+ unit itself. The communication systems, optical generation of microwave purpose of this program is to provide for the fabrication of radiation, remote optical sensing, and molecular a custom-built diode grown from a novel substrate spectroscopy. Various configurations of tunable lasers designed to meet specification. have been analyzed, and a two- or three-section distributed High Brightness Laser Diodes feedback (DFB) or distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser J. J. Coleman* is often the choice. The goal of these programs is to develop Nuvonyx, Inc. narrow linewidth, single longitudinal mode, strained layer InGaAs DBR laser diodes operating near 1065 and 1040 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory nm for remote sensing applications. The objective of this program is to address several issues related to the MOCVD growth and characterization of InGaAs-GaAs strained layer lasers in the range of 920 nm to 1080 nm for high brightness applications. This approach will be to develop a real index guided laser with integrated beam expanders and other active and passive optics formed by selective area epitaxy. Present narrow stripe semiconductor lasers are generally limited to less than 200

* Denotes principal investigator.

70 mW of fundamental mode output power, because of the Laboratories to understand fundamental phenomena and narrow aperture. If the beam can be expanded while interactions associated with naturally nanostructured retaining fundamental mode operation, then the operating epitaxial semiconductors. Goals of the project are to obtain power can be correspondingly increased. semiconductor epitaxial nanostructures smaller than feasible via lithography and to examine their applications Narrow Linewidth, Multiple Wavelength, to novel devices. Strain-induced self-organization and Simultaneous-Emission Laser Diodes for Remote kinetically driven pattern formation are two approaches Optical Sensing and Other Applications being taken to achieve naturally nanostructured materials. J. J. Coleman* National Science Foundation, ECS 9900258 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Semiconductor Physics The proposal describes a program to develop Concurrent Electro-Thermal Modeling of Ultra-Scaled multiwavelength, simultaneous-emission lasers based on a MOS Technologies ridge-waveguide distributed Bragg reflector Z. Aksamija, U. Ravaioli* semiconductor laser. The specific example of an [email protected] application that defines the need of such lasers is the National Science Foundation, SBC PU 501-1045-01 differential absorption, remote optical sensing of water This is an interdisciplinary collaborative project with vapor. A multiwavelength source with closely spaced Mechanical Engineering at Purdue University. The goals narrow laser lines would be useful to obtain the detailed are to couple Monte Carlo device simulation of nanoscale absorption profile without having to turn the laser on and devices with detailed phonon transport simulation, to off the absorption peak as is practiced currently. This understand thermal effects in ultrascaled integrated program is designed to study and develop a simple multiple devices, and to formulate device design strategies to wavelength source suitable for these kinds of applications. minimize heat generation. Semiconductor Laser Transmitters for Integrated 3-D Self-Consistent Simulation of Quantum Dot Spin Optical Interconnects Transistors of Quantum Information Processing J. J. Coleman* J. P. Leburton,* M. Lu National Science Foundation, ECD 89-43166 [email protected] Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2003-NJ-1045 This program involves development of semiconductor Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science lasers suitable for use in integrated optoelectronics. There and Technology are a number of key technical issues to be addressed in this This research concentrates on developing 3-D self- program, including the development of etched facet consistent computer tools for realistic simulation of spin structures, distributed feedback and distributed Bragg operation in silicon quantum dot spin effects transistors in reflector grating structures, monolithic space division order to assess their feasibility and viability for multiplexing arrays designed for fiber coupling, selective applications in quantum information processing. We epitaxy for wavelength division multiplexing arrays and consider Si FET-device configurations similar to Kane's for multielement integration, master oscillator-power proposal to achieve a C-NOT gate. Our purpose is to obtain amplifier (MOPA) configurations, frequency stabilization, a coherent 3-D picture of the interdependence among and distributed Bragg pulse shaper high-speed parallel-to- physical parameters and device considerations for spin- serial packet encoders. qubit operations, and to provide design rules for optimizing Naturally Nanostructured Epitaxial Semiconductors the device. J. M. Gibson,* D. G. Cahill, J. E. Greene, A. M. Zangwill, J. J. Coleman National Science Foundation, DMR 9705440 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory This FRG/GOALI proposal addresses basic materials science and engineering issues in a collaborative program between the University of Illinois and Hewlett-Packard

* Denotes principal investigator.

71 Scalable Spin-Qubit Circuits with Quantum Dots Simulation of Charge Transport in Ionic Channels J. P. Leburton,* D. Melnikov, J. Kim, L. Zhang U. Ravaioli,* T. A. Van der Straaten, G. A. Kathawala, [email protected] Y. Li Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, QuIST [email protected] program, DAAD19-01-1-0659 NSF Network for Computational Nanotechnology Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Technology This research is aimed at achieving a scalable elementary The well developed tools of computational electronics spin-qubit circuit for quantum computing that is based on have been adapted to simulate ion transport in biological the manipulation of electron spins in coupled III-V channels, treated as nanoscale natural devices. Continuum semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). We take advantage of (drift-diffusion) and particle (Transport Monte Carlo) the advanced technology for planar and lateral QDs simulation approaches have been developed where AlGAs/GaAs heterostructures and the fact that the electron interaction with the aqueous environment is resolved in effective mass is small, which eases the conditions for terms of mobility or scattering rate. The goal of this work quantum confinement. Moreover, III-V materials enjoy is to provide a scalable input-output description of natural long spin coherence times, which is of utmost importance nanopores for uses in bioelectronic sensor design. for preserving quantum information over many qubit Artificial or biomimetic nanopores are also investigated operations. For this purpose, we have assembled an with similar simulation tools, for the design of artificial international research team involving the University of membranes incorporating features of biological ones. Basel, the University of Delft, Harvard University, Simulation of Electro-Thermal Processes in MEMS Princeton University, and Tokyo University. Team and NEMS Structures members have complementary expertise in the physics of U. Ravaioli,* P. Martin, Z. Aksamija quantum computation and spintronics in nanostructures. [email protected] These areas of expertise are fully integrated into a coherent DARPA IMPACT Center for Advancement of MEMS/ and interactive effort, leading to the realization of an NEMS VLSI elementary qubit circuit. Micro- and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems have Interactive Tools for Nanotechnology Education reliability problems that are not easily addressed by trial- U. Ravaioli,* R. Braatz,* H.-S. Hahm and-error experimental procedures. An attractive [email protected] alternative is to develop multiscale multiphysics models to NSF National Science Center for Learning and Teaching simulate and optimize structures but this is a very Nanoscale Science and Engineering challenging multidisciplinary effort. In this project, we This project involves a multidisciplinary, multi-university study the coupling between thermal and electrical team involving Northwestern University (lead institution), processes to capture some of the essential failure University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Illinois at mechanisms in MEMS/NEMS and consider the Urbana-Champaign, Purdue University, and University of heterogeneous system, including metals, oxide, and Michigan. One of the goals is to pursue research in semiconductor materials. education addressing the introduction of nanotechnology Simulation of Nanoscale Biological and Biomimetic concepts at various school levels, from middle school to Systems undergraduate programs. Our group is developing U. Ravaioli,* R. Toghraee interactive simulation and visualization tools to explore [email protected] new ways to introduce advanced concepts in the curricula. NIH Nanomedicine Center for the Design of Biomimetic Nanoconductors Simulation of ion charge transport in membranes is studied using various engineering simulation approaches, including continuum and particle models, to develop design methodologies for nanoscale systems. Physical approaches like classical and quantum molecular dynamics are relied on to provide first-principle calibration of

* Denotes principal investigator.

72 transport parameter for the engineering reduced order the spatial limits/resolution of the phase change, aimed at models. The goal of this multidisciplinary project is to fabricating quantum structures. create a software infrastructure to support the future design Photoluminescence Studies of Semiconductor of biomimetic components for a variety of applications in Nanostructures and Rare Earth-Doped Semiconductor nanomedicine, including implantable self-sustaining Materials power sources and artificial organs. S. G. Bishop,* I. Adesida, J. J. Coleman The Science and Technology of Nano/Molecular University of Illinois Electronics: Theory, Simulation, and Experimental Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Characterization U. Ravaioli,* R. Ravishankar, Z. Yang This research program applies photoluminescence (PL), [email protected] photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, time resolved Defense University Research Initiative on PL, and PL imaging to the characterization of defects and Nanotechnology, U.S. Army Research Office, SIT impurities in bulk and epitaxial semiconductor materials, 527826-08 and the composition, doping, thickness, interfaces, uniformity, and quantum confinement effects in Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science semiconductor nanostructures. Rare earth-doped and Technology semiconducting glasses and rare earth implanted GaN are This project is part of a DURINT multi-university effort, being developed as sources of near- and mid-IR radiation. with Stevens Institute of Technology as lead institution. Excitation of the intra-4f shell emission from rare earth The specific goals of this subcontract are to develop dopants (e.g. Er3+, Pr3+, Dy3+) in chalcogenide glasses by nanelectronics simulation tools to understand the ultimate broad band optical absorption in the Urbach edge of the limits of silicon technology and explore new device host glass is under investigation as a novel optical pumping concepts based on quantum effects. The emphasis of the mechanism. work is on 3-D simulation and high performance parallel High Quantum Efficiency Infrared Photodetector computing, using nonequilibrium Green's function and Arrays Based on Nanowire Heterostructures Monte Carlo simulation approaches. Y. C. Chang* (Physics), K.-Y. Cheng,* K. C. Hsieh* [email protected] Semiconductors National Reconnaissance Office, NRC000-05-C-0023 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Ge-Sb-Te Phase Change Materials: Optical and Electronic Properties, Structural Transformations, The goal of this project is to developed high quantum- and Fabrication of Nanostructures efficiency, high color-contrast multi-wavelength quantum S. G. Bishop,* B.-S. Lee, J. R. Abelson wire infrared photodetector (QWRIP) arrays. The QWRIP [email protected] uses a self-assembly approach to create high-density National Science Foundation, DMR-0412939 nanoscale quantum wire structures that provide the basis for high quantum efficiency infrared detection. The Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory QWRIP combines the best features of the quantum well The properties of Ge-Sb-Te alloys and the rapid infrared photodetector (QWIP) and quantum dot infrared amorphous-crystalline phase change that they exhibit are photodetector (QDIP) to offer normal incidence being investigated using ellipsometry, optical absorption absorption, high quantum efficiency, and adjustable and reflection spectroscopy, photoconductivity, infrared absorption from 8 to 40 μm. Unique polarization photoluminescence, electrical conductivity, Hall effect, sensitive absorption properties of quantum wires enable high resolution TEM, and fluctuation electron microscopy. two distinct quantum wire infrared detection layers (or a Specific problems include: optical, electronic, and quantum wire layer and a quantum well layer) with structural characterization of sputtered thin films of the different spectral responses to be monolithically integrated materials; the effects of composition, conditions of without interference, yielding excellent color contrast. synthesis, thermal annealing, and optical or e-beam irradiation on their properties; detection and characterization of nano-crystallites in the amorphous phase and their role in the phase change mechanism; and

* Denotes principal investigator.

73 Center of Hyper-Uniform Nanophotonic Technologies Ultra-High-Speed Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors for Ultra-Fast Optoelectronic Systems (HUNT Center) K.-Y. Cheng* K.-Y. Cheng,* M. Feng,* N. Holonyak, Jr.,* [email protected] K. C. Hsieh, R. D. Dupuis* (Georgia Tech Univ.), Semiconductor Research Corporation, SRC-2001-NJ-946 V. Narayanamurti* (Harvard Univ.), Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory W. I. Wang* (Columbia Univ.) [email protected] The goal of this research is to develop viable techniques Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, University that allow demonstration of Inp-based HBTs with Photonics Research Centers Program, fT>400GHz for insertion into the ultra-high-speed (>100 HR0011-04-1-0034 GHz) circuits. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory VCSEL and Smart Pixel Research for VLSI Photonic Systems The mission of the HUNT Center (Center of Hyper- K.-Y. Cheng,* N. Holonyak, Jr.,* M. Feng,* Uniform Nanophotonic Technologies for Ultra-Fast K. C. Hsieh* Optoelectronic Systems) is the development of critical [email protected] technologies, including hyper-uniform nano-photonic Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, fabrication, high performance quantum dot vertical-cavity DAAG55-98-1-0303 surface-emitting lasers, and ultra-fast light-emitting transistor-based lasers for the realization of ultra-fast Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (≥100Gb/s) optoelectronic interconnect systems. Center The purpose of this research is to develop technology programs encompass semiconductor nanoscale materials related to VLSI photonic systems. The scope of the growth, nano-patterning, nanoscale material analysis, program ranges from basic materials research, to the nanostructure laser device design and fabrication, optical fabrication of large-scale integrated circuits, to advanced receiver design and fabrication, as well as high-speed technologies for the integration of systems in optoelectronics integrated heterogeneously on a common heterogeneous materials. Goals of the project include the semiconductor platform to perform ultra-fast optical design, growth, fabrication, and testing of III-V interface functions. semiconductor vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers; the GaAs-Based Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Structures development of smart pixels, circuits for the detection of K -Y. Cheng,* K. C. Hsieh* optical signals, intelligent routing of the information, and [email protected] re-emission of optical signals; and the development of Agere Systems techniques for the integration of heterogeneous materials. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Surface Engineering for Compliant Epitaxy K. C. Hsieh,* K.-Y. Cheng,* I. Adesida The goal of this research program is to develop oxide Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, deposition techniques for the fabrication of GaAs-based F49620-98-1-0496 metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). Various oxides, including SiO2, Al2O3, Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Ga2O3, and Gd3Ga5O12 are deposited on GaAs in an The goal of this research is to realize dislocation-free and ultrahigh vacuum system at Bell Laboratories to form MOS stress-relaxed lattice mismatched epitaxy growth of structures. Researchers will characterize their structural, different compound semiconductors on various substrates optical, and chemical properties through transmission across the whole wafer or on selected areas for device electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, integration applications. Our immediate goals include and Auger electron spectroscopy, respectively, to improve fundamental understanding of the growth conditions the oxide deposition process. related to the formation of strained-modulated and defect- absorbing templates and the development of techniques to fully control the formation of strain-absorbing and deformable growth templates with an emphasis on processing simplicity and system integrability. InP-based optoelectronic and microwave devices will be integrated selectively on surface-engineered GaAs substrates.

* Denotes principal investigator.

74 Wafer Bonding for Advanced Optoelectronic Devices CAD Design Tools for Millimeter-Wave Wireless K. C. Hsieh,* K.-Y. Cheng Communication Microsystems Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, MDA C. Liu,* M. Feng, S. M. Kang, E. Michielssen, 972-00-1-0020 J. Schutt-Ainé Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Composite- Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory CAD Program, F30602-97-0328 The goal of this research is to develop wafer-bonding Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory technologies for hybrid integrating mismatched device structures for advanced optoelectronic integrated circuits. A mixed technology computer-aided design system is The potential applications include fabricating high- being developed for the cost effective design of wireless performance visible LEDs, vertical-cavity-surface- communication modules that will ultimately enable emitting lasers, resonant-cavity photodetectors, 2-D and 3- networked distributed MEMS. The module, operating at D photonic crystals, and high-performance semi-insulating millimeter-wave frequencies, will allow direct interface wafer substrates. Our current efforts are focused on between MEMS transducers and the free-space developing high-efficient wafer-bonding strategy and electromagnetic radiation. MEMS components offer fundamental understanding of the hybrid interface unique advantages for RF circuits. As an example, properties, including interface microstructures, electrical micromechanical switches exhibit lower insertion loss and and optical characteristics, interface strain/stress and higher isolation compared with conventional electronics adhesion properties, and so forth. The long-term goals will switching components. MEMS fabrication technology for include developing chip-scale photonic/electronic silicon and composed semiconductor materials is being integration methodologies for high-density 3-D studied in order to realize mechanical RF switches as well architectures. as high-gain antennas to validate results of the E-M simulation. ITR/SY: Foundations of Solid-State Quantum Information Processing Integrated Sensitive Skin with Advanced Data P. G. Kwiat,* A. J. Leggett, M. B. Salamon, J. R. Tucker, Architecture D. Van Harlingen C. Liu,* N. Shanbhag, D. L. Jones National Science Foundation, EIA-01-21568 National Science Foundation, IIS 00-80639 The core of this program is an exploration of three distinct Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory but related solid state technologies as candidates for An interdisciplinary team of researchers will develop quantum information processing: single spins on microfabricated, multiple modality sensor skin with individual P-donors in silicon, ferromagnetic particles in advanced data structure and signal processing algorithms. close proximity to a superconductor, and superconductor A flexible sensor skin that imitates biological tactile phase electronics based on Josephson tunneling and sensors faces important challenges in terms of SQUIDs. Supporting this effort will be a theory component microfabrication, materials, density of sensors, and that addresses key issues concerning the evolution and accompanying circuits. Prof. Liu and students will develop monitoring of quantum-entangled states and an advanced multimodal sensors with self-configuration experimental study of qubit dynamics using the highly capabilities. Prof. Shanbhag is developing energy efficient developed techniques of modern quantum optics. signal processors, while Prof. Jones is interested in Biologically Inspired Artificial Haircell Sensors developing signal processing algorithms that are C. Liu,* D. L. Jones, F. Delcomyn biologically inspired. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Controlled Coupling of Donor Atom Wavefunctions in F49620-01-1-0496 Silicon Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory J. Tucker,* J. Kline, S. Robinson, T. C. Shen (Utah State Univ.) This work is aimed at developing artificial haircell sensors [email protected] that are inspired by biological haircell sensors. This work U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD 19-00-1-0407 is focused on studying the fundamental principles of neurological responses of haircells to develop The goal of this project is to selectively place PH3 micromachined devices that mimic the performance of molecules onto the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface biological entities. via STM lithography and overgrow them into the crystal

* Denotes principal investigator.

75 as phosphorous donors. If successful, this work could explored in a variety of applications, where substantial provide a means for constructing quantum computers improvements over current methods are expected. based on control of ground-state wavefunctions on Practical Compressed Sensing individual P-atom donors. Other potential applications M. N. Do,* Y. Bresler include single-charge electronics, cellular automata, and [email protected] nanometer-scale field-effect transistors. Reproducible National Science Foundation characteristics are made possible by the large ~5nm Bohr diameter for individual donor bound states, so that Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory coupling between nearest neighbors will be defined A recent breakthrough in mathematics under the name accurately if redistribution is limited to ~1nm or less during compressed sensing shows that sparse or compressible ultra-low-temperature overgrowth. finite length discrete signals can be recovered from small Wavefunction Engineering of Individual Donors for Si- number of linear, nonadaptive (i.e., universal), and random Based Quantum Computers measurements. This project aims to extend the current J. Tucker,* M. Feng, Y. C. Chang, methods in compressed sensing to other setups that have T. C. Shen (Utah State Univ.), R. R. Du (Univ. of Utah) overwhelming practical significance. These extensions U.S. Army Research Office, 42257-PH-QC include constrained acquisition, additional statistical prior on sparse signals, and infinite dimensional cases. The The goal of this multi-investigator program is to develop specific goals of this project are to: improve signal the basic fabrication and measurement technologies reconstruction quality; reduce number of measurements needed to implement a silicon-based quantum computer. required to achieve a specified reconstruction quality; To do this, researchers must place individual phosphorous speed up the reconstruction time; and demonstrate these donors into the silicon lattice with atomic precision, gains on real applications, and in particular in challenging establish electrical control over wavefunction overlap magnetic resonance imaging applications, including between donor-pairs, and successfully detect spin states of functional imaging of the human brain. the resulting two-electron system by measuring the presence or absence of electronically-induced polarization. Audiovisual Speech Recognition in Automotive The research team does not propose working quantum Environment logic gates within this three-year project. If successful, M. Hasegawa-Johnson,* T. S. Huang, S. Levinson however, that goal will be undertaken in a follow-up [email protected] program that incorporates SiGe overgrowth and patterning Motorola, Inc. of individual top-gates for each P-atom donor. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Signal and Image Processing Speech recognition in an automobile is typically performed using a single microphone, often mounted in the sun-visor Directional Multiresolution Image Processing: Theory, in front of the driver. With typical road noise, most Algorithms, and Applications recognizers generate too many errors for practical use. This M. N. Do,* Y. Lu, J. Zhou, A. Cunha research project experiments with speech recognition [email protected] using multimodal recordings acquired by a visor-mounted National Science Foundation (CAREER Award) array including eight microphones and four cameras. We This project seeks to develop new "true" two-dimensional focus on accurate visual face tracking lip feature extraction representations that can deal more effectively with typical and robust audio noise cancellation. Our goal is to images having smooth contours. The focus is on the demonstrate that error rate of a multichannel audiovisual development of directional and multiresolution image recognizer is much lower than error rate of a standard expansions using nonseparable filter banks, in much the recognizer under automotive test conditions. same way that wavelets were constructed from filter banks. In essence, the proposed research pursues nonseparable extensions of wavelets and multiresolution techniques so that they can capture the directional information—an important and unique feature of multidimensional signals. In parallel, newly developed image representations will be

* Denotes principal investigator.

76 Landmark-Based Speech Recognition in Music and detection, recognition, tracking, and animation. For Speech Backgrounds analysis, we are particularly interested in outdoor scenarios M. Hasegawa-Johnson* where the illumination and head pose are highly varying. [email protected] For animation, a major project is text- and speech-driven National Science Foundation, CISE 0132900 realistic synthetic talking faces. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Image and Video Databases and Technology T. S. Huang,* C. Dagli, E. Tsai [email protected] Human listeners are able to recognize speech based on Yamaha Motor Corporation dynamic portions of the signal, even if all static portions are masked by noise or by background music. This research Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory and the seeks to develop mathematical models capable of Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology abstracting the perceptual response patterns of human A number of challenging issues in image and video listeners. Probabilistic auditory scene analysis uses indexing and retrieval are being studied. Of particular cognitive stochastic automaton models, combined with use interest are the following: similarity- and example-based of dynamic Bayesian network methods, in order to imitate retrieval, the use of relevance feedback from users to the ability of listeners to understand speech mixed with improve retrieval performance, and the recognition of loud background music. Landmark-based speech semantic concepts in video based on multimodal cues. recognition imitates the extra sensitivity of humans to dynamic as opposed to static signals. Multimodal Human–Computer Interaction T. S. Huang,* J. Tu, M. Liu, D. J. Lin, X. Han, H. Ning, Prosodic, Intonational, and Voice Quality Correlates of M. Rahurkar Disfluency [email protected] M. Hasegawa-Johnson,* J. Cole, C. Shih National Science Foundation, CCF 04-26627 [email protected] National Science Foundation Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The term "human-computer interaction" is used in a broad sense to include communication between persons and Prosody is the stress and rhythm pattern of naturally spoken computers as well as communication between persons language. Linguists agree that the sound of a phoneme mediated by computers. Researchers are investigating a depends on its prosodic context, but experimental data variety of issues related to the use of computer vision and describing the prosodic-phonemic interaction are only now image processing in HCI, as well as the integration of becoming precise enough to support efforts in automatic vision, audio, and speech. Examples include visual human speech recognition. Our research seeks to precisely (body, face, hand) tracking and analysis, combining speech describe the prosodic-phonemic interaction using both and visual hand tracking in manipulating virtual objects, detailed phonetic analysis and probabilistic speech audio-visual speech recognition in noisy environments, recognition models. This research has already succeeded and audio-visual human emotion recognition. in demonstrating, for the first time in the literature, that the use of prosody can lead to improved word recognition Video Analysis accuracy in a large-vocabulary speech recognition T. S. Huang,* A. Ivanovic, M. Gupta, Y. Zhou, J. Yang experiment. [email protected] IARPA, NBCHC 060160 Face Processing T. S. Huang,* X. Xu, Y. Hu, Y. Fu, H. Tang Research conducted at the Coordinated Science [email protected] Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Yamaha Motor Corporation and Technology Research Conducted at the Beckman Institute for Researchers are using generative probabilistic models Advanced Science and Technology (GPM) to do video analysis. Tasks include stabilization, denoising, superresolution, segmenting video into layers, Researchers are developing methodologies and algorithms and video event retrieval based on examples. Applications for 2-D and 3-D face analysis with applications in face

* Denotes principal investigator.

77 include online surveillance and monitoring, and offline analysis using video archives. Supercomputing Research and Remote Reality: 4-D Audio-Visual Reconstruction and Development Compression from Multiple Sensors D. L. Jones,* M. N. Do,* R. Morrison, H. Nguyen An Integrated Framework for Performance [email protected] Engineering and Resource-Aware Compilation National Science Foundation (ITR Grant) C. Polychronopoulos,* F. Breg, J. Brokish, S. Carroll, Y. Chen, A. Christensen, S. M. Chu, G. Clark, I. Cohen, This project develops new signal processing techniques for T. Courtney, D. Craig, D. Daly, D. D. Deavours, reconstruction of the audio and visual recording at an S. Derisavi, J. Doyle, M. Drzal, X. Han, P. Hong, arbitrary location in space and time from multiple acoustic T. S. Huang, Y. Huang, P. Kalogiannis, W. Ko, and video sensors, but extending recent research in C. Koopmans, F. Koopmans, A. Kulothungun, adaptive beamforming, multisensor signal processing of V. V. Lam, D. J. Lin, J. Lin, K. Marukawa, nonstationary signals, and fundamental new advances in D. S. Nikolopoulos, N. Petrovic, H. Saito, multidimensional signal representation. Practical four- W. H. Sanders, N. Stavrakos, Q. Tian, J. Tu, P. Webster, dimensional audiovisual recording, transmission, Y. Wu, M. Yankelevsky, H. Zhou, X. Zhou playback, and remote reality will be demonstrated with [email protected] low-cost, conventional sensors attached to networked National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75019 computers, thus confirming the practicality of the proposed methods and applications. This project developed a comprehensive and integrated approach to application composition and development, system and application modeling and evaluation, Soft Materials performance characterization, compiler optimization, and low-overhead runtime support. Achieving these Polymer Studies in Thin-Film Microelectronics capabilities required fundamental advances in methods for L. H. Allen,* M. Y. Efremov, E. A. Olsen, M. Zhang, hierarchical, multilanguage modeling, simulation, and S. Zhang evaluation, and techniques for adaptive, resource-aware ACS-PRF, 37027-AC7 compilation and runtime support. We took a systematic and Polymer material is used extensively in microelectronics synergetic approach to making these advances and including nm thick resists (photoresist) for image incorporated them into an integrated performance patterning and self- assembled monolayers (SAMs) thin engineering framework and resource-aware compilation coating for microelectronics. It can also be used as an and runtime system. In addition, we demonstrated the use active component in terabit/in2 storage devices such as the of the integrated framework/system via application to millipede where the thermal (at ultrafast heating rates) several important parallel and distributed multimedia, properties of nanometer thick polymers (e.g., polystyreve video database, and computer vision applications. and PMMA) are of critical importance. We use a recently developed MEMS device, the nanocalorimeter, to study Surfaces and Interfaces the thickness dependence of glass transition temperature in ultrathin polymer films. This new technique is 1000 times Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured more sensitive than conventional DSC systems. Our Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical Properties preliminary results show that it has the capability to P. Bellon,* J. R. Abelson,* S. Jayaraman, A. Chaterjee measure polymer films with thickness of only 1.5 nm. National Science Foundation, DMR 0354060-; CECM- Vitry (CNRS France) This collaboration is to carry out synthesis and characterization of nanostructured diborides of zirconium, titanium, and chromium for super-hard coatings with low friction coefficients and low wear rates. The following areas are investigated: novel synthesis techniques, in particular by CVD of mixed phase materials; characterization of structure and defects in amorphous and

* Denotes principal investigator.

78 nanocrystalline films through advanced TEM techniques; discrete components, such as air traffic control systems and and analysis of the friction and wear behavior using the biological systems. The modeling environment uses an driven systems approach as a theoretical framework. Our abstract functional interface to allow a wide variety of goal is to produce an improved understanding of how modeling formalisms and solvers to be incorporated and microstructure varies with stoichiometry, with transition leveraged throughout the simulation and verification metals, CVD conditions, and wear parameters. process. Ensuring Safety and Security in Software Intensive Systems and Control Aerospace Systems N. Neogi,* R. Iyer Efficient Resource Management for Controlled- [email protected] Mobility Wireless Networks Boeing E. Frazzoli,* N. Neogi, P. Voulgaris; M. Caccamo, Successfully building software for complex aerospace L. Sha (Comput. Sci.); P. R. Kumar (Elect. & systems demands that qualities such as reliability, safety, Comput. Engr.); E. Modiano (MIT) security, and timing be rigorously addressed and [email protected], [email protected] systematically built into the software from the beginning. National Science Foundation, Information Technology In addition, simply concentrating on initial development is Research Program, CCR-0325716 not enough: These qualities must be preserved as the Today's embedded computers are increasingly mobile and software evolves during its lifetime. Independent efforts to ubiquitous, are capable of interacting with the ensure individual qualities in narrow domains, i.e. safety, environment, and can communicate with one another over security, and reliability, have made significant progress. possibly vast and pervasive networks. Mobile wireless We are creating an approach that combines diverse networks are envisaged to revolutionize the way people techniques into an integrated methodology for developing and organizations will interact and communicate. While and maintaining software for critical systems. most of the wireless networks are not expected to be Furthermore, the methodologies that are developed are capable of controlling their own motion, new technological designed to be readable, reviewable, and usable by parties possibilities are emerging to provide small embedded other than the developers and can be incorporated into devices with the means to propel themselves, with an traditional techniques for increasing the quality of the energy expenditure that is comparable to the energy budget software. of communication and computation. Since the power Fast Scanning and Fast Image Reconstruction in required for propulsion typically decreases with the mass Atomic Force Microscopy of the device, cheap mobility has the potential to S. Salapaka,* P. G. Voulgaris, A. Sarwaar dramatically impact the way networks of small, “smart” [email protected] devices are designed and operated. We will call a network Air Force Office of Scientific Research, of embedded devices endowed with computation, FA9950-06-1-0252 communication, and motion capabilities a controlled- mobility wireless network. The purpose of this project, and This work addresses the challenges of high precision, high its intellectual merit, are to be found in the development of throughput and high bandwidth imaging. The approach is a new conceptual framework for the design, development, in two steps. The first step is to substantially increase the and operation of efficient and reliable networks with such imaging throughput by closely packing an array of characteristics. microcantilevers for sensing, which will image a large area of the sample in a parallel operation. This is in contrast to Creating An Integrated Modular Environment for the most current AFMs that use a single microcantilever to Modeling, Analysis and Verification of Embedded image the entire sample. In this context, the PIs propose a Hybrid Systems framework to model and analyze the dynamics of the N. Neogi,* B. Sanders closely packed microcantilever arrays, and develop new [email protected] results in structures and distributed control for a control National Science Foundation, CCR-0311616 design that will conform to structural constraints, This project involves the development of an integrated compensate electronically for the dynamic coupling modeling environment for the fast simulation and between the components, and account for communication verification of systems that have both continuous and links between the subcontrollers in the design. The second

* Denotes principal investigator.

79 step is to develop numerical algorithms to construct high accuracy that can be achieved by the use of closed loop resolution images from the scan data (typically corrupted control of the individual mirror segments. Wind with noise and blurring effects) that are time and storage disturbances and structural couplings play a major role in memory efficient. The aim of this step is to make real-time limiting the position accuracy of such large structures. The image construction from high throughput scan data main tools that we use in this study are recently developed possible. Toward this effort, we propose to develop fast robust control techniques for spatio-temporal systems. algorithms that solve integral equations defined on Remote and Distributed Control over Networks irregularly (as opposed to rectangular) shaped domains, P. G. Voulgaris* which model the scan data from most AFM applications. [email protected] The accomplishment of the project goals will be mainly National Science Foundation pursued from analytical and computational perspectives, but an experiment component will also be incorporated by Remote and distributed control over networks is a powerful using existing facilities to motivate and test theory. concept that exploits the capabilities of the Internet (or any network) in order to remotely control critical tasks and Fast Simulation of Hybrid Biological Systems complex dynamical interactions over long distances. The B. Sanders,* N. Neogi strategy of remote and distributed control also carries the [email protected] great potential to lead to the development and deployment Pioneer Corporation of new applications and technologies that can be very This project investigates techniques for the fast simulation significant for the scientific and commercial worlds. of large discrete event systems that are prevalent in Driven by the need for a systematic study of this concept, biological models. The research leverages hybrid modeling the research here aims at designing and developing novel techniques that allow for the approximation of discrete algorithms, software, middleware, and prototypes for interactions by continuous differential equations. remote, real-time control of interacting complex systems Examples of current relevance, such as the biological over heterogeneous hierarchical networks built around the toggle switch, are currently being studied. Internet backbone. A particular problem that is studied is the effect of decentralization and delayed information Control of Spatio-Temporal Systems sharing in a networked system to the overall system P. G. Voulgaris,* B. Bamieh performance. [email protected] National Science Foundation Robust Communication P. G. Voulgaris,* C. Hadjicostis, R. Touri Many modern applications of controlling distributed [email protected] systems pose spatial invariance. A typical example is a National Science Foundation symmetric array of micromechanical systems, where many such devices are located according to some usually The problem of reconstructing discrete valued signals is symmetric pattern. Using suitable extensions of the one- traditionally dealt with from a probabilistic point of view. dimensional results, one can design optimal and robust In this project we develop a complementary, worst-case controllers. However, the resulting control algorithms are, approach to this problem. The motivation comes from in general, centralized and impractical to implement. To applications where security to malicious attacks is of alleviate this difficulty, a degree of decentralization is paramount importance, and hence, hard performance imposed on the controller, and algorithms are developed to guarantees are essential. The theoretical tools of optimal optimize performance under such information-limiting and robust control and filtering play a key role in this constraints. The approach resorts to convex formulations development. Connections to probabilistic approaches are of the underlying optimization. also developed, and several trade-offs are analyzed in this new framework. Distributed Control for Large Telescopic Systems P. G. Voulgaris,* S. Jiang, L. Thompson, N. Holloway [email protected] University of Illinois In this project we study and develop distributed control methods for the primary mirror of large segmented telescopes. The aim is to determine the limits of imaging

* Denotes principal investigator.

80 Structured Control and Application to Atomic Force Microscopy Thin Films and Charged Particles P. G. Voulgaris,* M. Salapaka (Iowa State Univ.) Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of GaN-Based [email protected] Nitride Semiconductors Using Plasma-Assisted National Science Foundation Molecular Beam Epitaxy for Development of High- In this project the theory of optimal and robust design is Speed, High-Power Heterostructure Electronic Devices developed when structural constraints are imposed on the K. Kim,* I. Adesida,* S. J. Hong, T. Day, C. W. Park controller architecture. Such constraints can be generated, ETRI Electronics, Inc. for example, due to limited information exchanges among The dual objectives of this work are to grow and different local subcontrollers in a large and complex characterize device-quality heterostructure GaN-based system. Although the general problem of optimal design films and use them to develop high-speed, high-power with decentralized control is very hard to solve, there are electronic devices. The materials growth is achieved using certain specific classes of such problems that admit a a plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy system designed convex formulation. Included are platoons of vehicles, and fabricated at the University of Illinois. The plasma MEMS, networked systems, congestion control, and source is capable of producing contamination-free nitrogen integrated-based imaging where an array of plasmas. The films are characterized using a variety of microcantilevers is used to scan the sample. The speed and microanalysis techniques including RHEED, XRD, SEM, the accuracy of the scan depend crucially on the TEM, AFM, PL, CL, SIMS, and Hall measurement. coordination of the microcantilevers, which in turn requires effective structured and distributed control Nanowire and Nanotube Interconnect Technology for algorithms. 3-D ICs K. Kim,* H. Choi,* A. Cangellaris,* M. G. Kang, Thermal Behavior of Materials S. Lim, N. McDonnell [email protected] Synchrotron Radiation Center Development of MEMS Based Nanocalorimeter L. H. Allen* To improve on-chip interconnect performance beyond the National Science Foundation, DMR-0108694 (Research); 65 nm node, 3-D interconnects and nanotubes are NSF DMR -9803019 (Equipment); ACS-PRF #37027-AC7 investigated, with the focus placed on better understanding of their material properties, their compatibility with Researchers are developing a new materials semiconductor processing techniques, and the characterization technique that is potentially a very development of macroscopic models to facilitate powerful method for directly obtaining quantitative values quantification of their impact on performance for small enthalpy of reactions at interfaces, surfaces, and enhancement. The proposed research will be founded on near surface regions. This device operates at ultrafast novel processes for the growth of both vertical nanowires heating (105 K/s) and scanning (1-scan/s) rates and is and carbon nanotubes along with a cross-disciplinary sensitive to nanometer thick films of material. This is a expertise in the areas of nanotechnology, novel materials collaborative effort with the NNF facility at Cornell synthesis, nanoscale chemical processing, and signal University (Ithaca, New York). To date we have achieved integrity-driven electromagnetic interconnect modeling monolayer sensitivity, real-time in-situ characterization and simulation. technique. Progress has been made not only in the fabrication of the device but also in quantitative techniques in analysis of heat capacity, or thermoelectrical characterization of the device.

* Denotes principal investigator.

81 device size decreases material challenges abound, Thin-Film Electronics including size-dependent silicide reaction and nanopipe diffusion paths for CVD W deposition. Using a new Ge-Sb-Te Phase Change Materials: Optical and materials characterization tool, a nanocalorimetry, we are Electronic Properties, Structural Transformations, currently probing a model/metastable silicide system and Nanostructures (Au/Si). J. R. Abelson,* B. S. Lee, K. Darmawikarta, S. Bishop* (Elec. & Comput. Engr., Physics) Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Heterojunction Solar Cells for Extreme National Science Foundation, NSF-DMR 04-12939 High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Concentrators A. Rockett,* D. X. Liao, C. M. Mueller We synthesize and analyze the phase-change chalcogenide National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department Ge Sb Te and related alloys that are used as nonvolatile 2 2 5 of Energy, NREL AAT-1-30620-05 data storage media: they can be reversibly transformed from an amorphous semiconducting state to a crystalline Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research semimetallic state, which dramatically changes the optical Laboratory reflectivity (as employed in RW-CVDs) and electrical The objective of this project is to demonstrate the potential conductivity (as proposed for devices). The for use of CuInSe2 and related materials as the 1.00 eV goals are to understand the relationship between energy-gap material in multijunction extremely high nanostructure, transformation kinetics, and the resulting efficiency solar cells. Intermediate objectives include electronic properties. demonstration of solar cells based on p-CIS/n+-GaAs and Nanoscale Order in Amorphous Solids: Structure, p-CIS/n-Ge heterojunctions as components of Transformations, and Electronic Properties multijunction high-efficiency solar cell devices. J. R. Abelson,* S. N. Bogle, T. Li Next-Generation Processing Methods for Cu(In,Ga) National Science Foundation, DMR-06-05890 Se2 Heterojunction Solar Cells Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research A. Rockett,* A. Hall, D. Hebert Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department This focused research group is a broad-ranging effort to of Energy, NREL ACQ-1-30619-07 understand nanometer-scale medium range order (MRO) Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research in amorphous semiconductors and glassy materials, Laboratory including its origins, structure, and electronic effects. We employ the fluctuation electron microscopy technique to A key goal of this research is to develop a low-temperature evaluate whether solids that appear to be amorphous in deposition process capable of producing device-quality diffraction in fact contain MRO. We have demonstrated chalcopyrite semiconductors for solar cell applications. that amorphous silicon cannot be described by the This is an enabling technology for multijunction solar cells. continuous random network model, but is paracrystalline, To accomplish this, a unique next-generation method for defined as the small grain size limit of nanocrystallinity. low-temperature deposition of CIGS based on the ionized We are currently investigating the MRO in compounds, physical vapor deposition (IPVD) technique will be including chalcogenide glasses and transition metal developed. IPVD has been shown to dramatically reduce diborides. required temperatures in other thin-film coatings. IPVD is a modified sputtering approach. It supplies energy to the Investigation of Kinetics and Thermodynamics growing film surface though the working gas rather than Properties During Reactions/Growth in Metal Systems by heating the substrate. in Devices: Silicides and W Deposition L. H. Allen,* Z. Ma (Intel), D. Allman (LSI Logic Corp.) Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Crystal Growth Intel Corporation; LSI Logic Corporation A. Rockett* U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-91ER45439 Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory Metallization plays an important role in state-of-the-art ULSI metallization process technology not only for S/D/ This program seeks to improve understanding of the gate contacts but also for interlayer interconnects. As atomic-scale structure in thin films. The current focus is on point defects and their consequences for electronic * Denotes principal investigator.

82 properties of semiconductors. The program includes both Protein Logic theoretical and experimental approaches based on density J. W. Lyding,* S. A. Boppart,* M. Gruebele, G. Timp; functional theory and physical vapor deposition, N. Aluru* (Indus. & Enter. Syst. Engr.), respectively. P. Braun* (Mat. Sci. & Engr.), J. Moore* (Chem.) National Science Foundation, Nanoscale Interdisciplinary Tunneling Microscopy Research Teams Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Nanoelectronics: Low-Power, High-Performance and Technology Components and Circuits This program seeks to integrate functional protein arrays J. W. Lyding,* K. Hess,* J. Moore* (Chem.), with nanoscale CMOS on silicon. Natural and artificial ion R. Martin,* H. Choi* (Physics) channels are being utilized to interface between biology U.S. Navy, ASUSG 98-152SG and silicon. Selective chemistry utilizing STM patterning Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science is being used to fabricate the protein templates. and Technology This is a Multidisciplinary Research Program of the Journal Articles University Research Initiative (MURI) at the Beckman Institute with the goal of combining STM nanofabrication with atomistic simulations to develop novel nanoelectronic Advanced Automation device structures on the atomic and molecular size scale. Techniques are being developed to fabricate and test these Briassouli, A. and Ahuja, N. Extraction and analysis of structures in situ in the UHV STM. This program also multiple periodic motions in video sequences. IEEE involves collaborations with Arizona State University, Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine University of Notre Dame, and University of California at Intelligence, 29:7, 1244-1261 (Jul. 2007) (http:// Berkeley, to explore new interconnect schemes for dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1042). nanoelectronics and to interface nanoelectronic devices with conventional microelectronic circuits. Hua, H., Ahuja, N., and Gao, C. Y. Design analysis of a high-resolution panoramic camera using conventional Nanoscale Interface Characterization by UHV STM imagers and a mirror pyramid. IEEE Transactions on Spectroscopy Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 29:2, J. W. Lyding,* L. Liu, J. Yu, J. Tolomei 356-361 (Feb. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI. U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-1-0234 2007.33). Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Hua, H., Gao, C. Y., and Ahuja, N. Calibration of an HMPD-based augmented reality system. IEEE This research is focused on atomic scale dopant mapping Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: and the determination of the rms roughness and correlation Systems and Humans, 37:3, 416-430 (May 2007) (http:// lengths associated with oxide-silicon interfaces. The dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2007.893471). substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at oxide-silicon interfaces is also being studied. It has been determined with Lai, Y. C., Barkan, C. P. L., Drapa, J., Ahuja, N., modern scaling trends that deuterium becomes Hart, J. M., Narayanan, P. J., Jawahar, C. V., Kumar, A., increasingly effective at reducing hot carrier degradation Milhon, L. R., and Stehly, M. P. Machine vision analysis in CMOS technology. of the energy efficiency of intermodal freight trains. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 221:3, 353-364 (Sep. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1243/09544097JRRT92).

* Denotes principal investigator.

83 Wang, H. C., Xu, N., Raskar, R., and Ahuja, N. Videoshop: A new framework for spatio-temporal Artificial Intelligence: Machine video editing in gradient domain. Graphical Models, Learning, Vision, and Robotics 69:1, 57-70 (Jan. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gmod. 2006.06.002). Sun, Q., Wang, L. L., Lim, S. H., and DeJong, G. Robustness through prior knowledge: Using Xu, N., Ahuja, N., and Bansal, R. Object segmentation explanation-based learning to distinguish handwritten using graph cuts based active contours. Computer Chinese characters. International Journal on Document Vision and Image Understanding, 107:3, 210-224 (Sep. Analysis and Recognition, 10:3-4, 175-186 (Dec. 2007) 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2006.11.004). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10032-007-0053-1).

Yi, S., Choi, B., and Ahuja, N. Real-time omni- Tovar, B., Murrieta-Cid, R., and LaValle, S. M. Distance- directional distance measurement with active optimal navigation in an unknown environment panoramic vision. International Journal of Control without sensing distances. IEEE Transactions on Automation and Systems, 5:2, 184-191 (Apr. 2007). Robotics, 23:3, 506-518 (Jun. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/TRO.2007.898962). Aeronomy Yershova, A. and LaValle, S. M. Improving motion- Dyrud, L. P., Kudeki, E., and Oppenheim, M. Modeling planning algorithms by efficient nearest-neighbor long duration meteor trails. Journal of Geophysical searching. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 23:1, Research: Space Physics, 112:A12, 12307 (Dec. 2007). 151-157 (Feb. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TRO. 2006.886840). Guo, L., Lehmacher, G. A., Kudeki, E., Akgiray, A., Sheth, R., and Chau, J. L. Turbulent kinetic energy Automotive Systems dissipation rates and eddy diffusivities in the tropical mesosphere using Jicamarca radar data. Advances in Eldredge, B., Rasmussen, B., and Alleyne, A. Automotive Space Research, 40:6, 744-750 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ vapor compression cycles: Validation of control- 10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.068). oriented models. Society of Automotive Engineers 2006 Transactions, Journal of Engines, 1, 2006-01-1452 (2007). Kudeki, E., Akgiray, A., Milla, M., Chau, J. L., and Hysell, D. L. Equatorial spread-F initiation: Post- sunset vortex, thermospheric winds, gravity waves. Bioacoustics Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 69:17-18, 2416-2427 (Dec. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Lobdell, B. E. and Allen, J. B. A model of the VU 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.04.012). (volume-unit) meter, with speech applications. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121:1, 279-285 (Jan. Lehmacher, G. A., Guo, L., Kudeki, E., Reyes, P. M., 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2387130). Akgiray, A., and Chau, J. L. High-resolution observations of mesospheric layers with the Jicamarca Oelze, M. L. Bandwidth and resolution enhancement VHF radar. Advances in Space Research, 40:6, through pulse compression. IEEE Transactions on 734-743 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2007.05.059). 54:4, 768-781 (Apr. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ TUFFC.2007.310).

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84 Phatak, S. A. and Allen, J. B. Consonant and vowel Navale, N., Lundgren, E., and Carter, N. P. A confusions in speech-weighted noise. Journal of the magnetoelectronic cell for a self- Acoustical Society of America, 121:4, 2312-2326 (Apr. checkpointing microprocessor. International Journal of 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2642397). Circuit Theory and Applications, 35:3, 371-390 (May-Jun. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.406).

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99 Farbiz, F. and Rosenbaum, E. An investigation of Jaramillo, J. J. and Srikant, R. DARWIN: Distributed external latchup. 45th Institute of Electrical and and adaptive reputation mechanism for wireless ad-hoc Electronics Engineers International Reliability Physics networks. 13th Annual Association for Computing Symposium (Phoenix, AZ, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the Machinery International Conference on Mobile 45th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computing and Networking (Montreal, QC, Sep. 2007). International Reliability Physics Symposium 600-601 Proceedings of the 13th Annual Association for (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY. Computing Machinery International Conference on 2007.369970). Mobile Computing and Networking 87-98 (2007) (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1145/1287853.1287865). Pawlowski, D. M., Deng, L., and Wong, M. Fast and accurate OPC for standard-cell layouts. 2007 Asia and Lin, C. and Veeravalli, V. V. A limited feedback scheme South Pacific Design Automation Conference (Yokohama, for linear dispersion codes over correlated MIMO Japan, Jan. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Asia and South channels. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Pacific Design Automation Conference (2007). Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Pawlowski, D. M., Deng, L., and Wong, M. D. F. Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Boundary-based cellwise OPC for standard-cell Electronics Engineers International Conference on layouts. Design for Manufacturability through Design- Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (2007). Process Integration (San Jose, CA, Mar. 2007). Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for Lin, C., Raghavan, V., and Veeravalli, V. V. Optimal Optical Engineering, Vol. 6521, 65211 (2007) (http:// power allocation for linear dispersion codes over dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.712185). correlated MIMO channels with channel state feedback. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Zhong, Y. and Wong, M. Efficient second-order Engineers Global Communications Conference iterative methods for IR drop analysis in power grid. (Washington, DC, Nov. 2007). 2007 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (Yokohama, Japan, Jan. 2007). Proceedings of Shakkottai, S., Liu, X., and Srikant, R. The multicast the 2007 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation capacity of large multihop wireless networks. 8th Conference (2007). Association for Computing Machinery International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Zhong, Y. and Wong, M. Fast placement optimization Computing (Montreal, QC, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the of power supply pads. 2007 Asia and South Pacific 8th Association for Computing Machinery International Design Automation Conference (Yokohama, Japan, Jan. Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Asia and South Pacific Computing 247-255 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Design Automation Conference (2007). 10.1145/1288107.1288141). Communications Computer Architecture and Compilers

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100 Neelakantam, N., Rajwar, R., Srinivas, S., Srinivasan, U., Wang, N. J., Mahesri, A., and Patel, S. J. Examining ACE and Zilles, C. Hardware atomicity for reliable software analysis reliability estimates using fault-injection. 34th speculation. 34th Annual International Symposium on Association for Computing Machinery Annual Computer Architecture (San Diego, CA, Jun. 2007). International Symposium on Computer Architecture (San Diego, CA, Jun. 2007). Proceedings of the 34th Computer Engineering Association for Computing Machinery Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture 460-469 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Bhandari, V. and Vaidya, N. H. Capacity of multi- 10.1145/1250662.1250719). channel wireless networks with random (c, f) assignment. 8th Association for Computing Machinery Yoon, W., So, J., and Vaidya, N. H. Routing exploiting International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking multiple heterogeneous wireless interfaces: a TCP and Computing (Montreal, QC, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of performance study. MILCOM 2006 (Washington, DC, the 8th Association for Computing Machinery Oct. 2006). MILCOM 2006 Proceedings 7 (2007). International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing 229-238 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1145/1288107.1288139). Construction Management

Bhandari, V. and Vaidya, N. H. Connectivity and Tsai, M.-H., Liu, L. Y., Pena-Mora, F., and capacity of multi-channel wireless networks with Arboleda, C. A. A disaster-survivable building channel switching constraints. 26th Institute of blackbox system for supporting disaster response and Electrical and Electronics Engineers International recovery. 2007 American Society of Civil Engineers Conference on Computer Communications (Anchorage, Construction Research Congress (Grand Bahama Island, AK, May 2007). Proceedings of the 26th Institute of The Bahamas, May 2007). Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Conference on Computer Communications 785-793 Control Systems (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2007.97). Alleyne, A., Rasmussen, B., Keir, M., and Eldredge, B. Bhandari, V. and Vaidya, N. H. Reliable broadcast in Advances in energy systems modeling and control. wireless networks with probabilistic failures. 26th 2007 American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 American Control International Conference on Computer Communications Conference 4346-4373 (2007). (Anchorage, AK, May 2007). Proceedings of the 26th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Alpcan, T., Wang, P., Mehta, P. G., and Başar, T. A non- International Conference on Computer Communications equilibrium analysis and control framework for active 715-723 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM. queue management. 7th International Federation of 2007.89). Automatic Control Symposium on Nonlinear Control Systems (Pretoria, South Africa, Aug. 2007). Proceedings Sat, B. and Wah, B. W. Playout scheduling and loss- of 7th International Federation of Automatic Control concealments in voip for optimizing conversational Symposium on Nonlinear Control Systems (2007). voice communication quality. 15th Association for Computing Machinery International Conference on Barton, K. and Alleyne, A. Cross-coupled ILC for Multimedia (Augsburg, Germany, Sep. 2007). improved precision motion control: Design and Proceedings of the 15th Association for Computing implementation. 2007 American Control Conference Machinery International Conference on Multimedia (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 137-146 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ American Control Conference 5496-5502 (2007). 10.1145/1291233.1291260). Bristow, D., Alleyne, A., and Tharayil, M. A time-varying q-filter design for iterative learning control. 2007 American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 American Control Conference 5503-5508 (2007).

101 Hencey, B. and Alleyne, A. A robust controller Lee, J. W., Dullerud, G. E., and Khargonekar, P. P. An interpolation design technique. 2007 American Control output regulation problem for switched linear systems Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the in discrete time. 2007 Institute of Electrical and 2007 American Control Conference 5347-5353 (2007). Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Hokayem, P. F., Stipanovic, D. M., and Spong, M. W. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Dynamic coverage control with limited Conference on Decision and Control (2007). communication. 26th Annual American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Mastellone, S., Stipanovic, D. M., and Spong, M. W. Multi-agents formation control and trajectory tracking Hokayem, P. F., Stipanovic, D. M., and Spong, M. W. On via singular perturbation. IEEE Multi-Conference on persistent coverage control. 46th IEEE Conference on Systems and Control (Singapore, Oct. 2007). Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). Mastellone, S., Stipanovic, D. M., and Spong, M. W. Hokayem, P. F., Stipanovic, D. M., and Spong, M. W. Remote formation control and collision avoidance for Reliable control of multi-agent formations. 26th Annual multi-agent nonholonomic systems. 2007 IEEE American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Rome, Italy, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Holm, J. K., Lee, D., and Spong, M. W. Time-scaling International Conference on Robotics and Automation trajectories of passive-dynamic bipedal robots. 2007 1062-1067 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and 2007.363125). Automation (Rome, Italy, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Mastellone, S., Stipanovic, D. M., and Spong, M. W. Automation 3603-3608 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ Stability and convergence for systems with switching ROBOT.2007.364030). equilibria. 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). Hussein, I. I. and Stipanovic, D. M. Effective coverage control using dynamic sensor networks with flocking Sarwar, A., Voulgaris, P. G., and Salapaka, S. Modeling and guaranteed collision avoidance. 26th Annual and distributed control of an electrostatically actuated American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). microcantilever array. 2007 American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the Hussein, I. I., Stipanovic, D. M., and Wang, Y. Reliable 2007 American Control Conference 4240-4245 (2007). coverage control using heterogeneous vehicles. 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (New Orleans, Sharma, P., Salapaka, S., and Beck, C. A maximum LA, Dec. 2007). entropy-based scalable algorithm for resource allocation problems. 2007 American Control Conference Kawka, P. and Alleyne, A. Robust wireless servo control (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 using a discrete-time uncertain Markovian jump linear American Control Conference 516-521 (2007). model. 2007 American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 American Control Sharma, P., Salapaka, S., and Beck, C. L. A minimum Conference 2434-2441 (2007). entropy based scalable algorithm for resource allocation problems. 26th Annual American Control Keir, M. and Alleyne, A. Feedback structures for vapor Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). compression cycle systems. 2007 American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the Srinivasan, S. R., Nedich, A., and Veeravalli, V. V. 2007 American Control Conference 5052-5058 (2007). Stochastic incremental gradient descent for estimation in sensor networks. 2007 IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Pacific Grove, CA, Jun. 2007).

102 Stankovic, S. S. and Stipanovic, D. M. Decentralized overlapping tracking control of formations of Decision and Control autonomous unmanned vehicles. 11th International Holm, J. K., Lee, D., and Spong, M. W. Time-scaling Federation of Automatic Control/International Federation trajectories of passive-dynamic bipedal robots. 2007 of Operational Research Societies/International Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Association for Mathematics and Computers in International Conference on Robotics and Automation Simulation/International Federation for Information (Rome, Italy, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute Processing Symposium on Large Scale Systems: Theory of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International and Applications (Gdansk, Poland, Jul. 2007). Conference on Robotics and Automation 3603-3608 Stankovic, S. S., Stankovic, M. S., and Stipanovic, D. M. (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2007.364030). Consensus based overlapping decentralized estimator. Kloder, S. and Hutchinson, S. Barrier coverage for 26th Annual American Control Conference (New York, variable bounded-range line-of-sight guards. 2007 NY, Jul. 2007). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Stankovic, S. S., Stankovic, M. S., and Stipanovic, D. M. International Conference on Robotics and Automation Decentralized parameter estimation by consensus (Rome, Italy, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute based stochastic approximation. 46th IEEE Conference of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International on Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). Conference on Robotics and Automation (2007).

Zhang, C. and Dullerud, G. E. Decentralized control with Sundaram, S. and Hadjicostis, C. N. Distributed bandwidth constraints. 2007 American Control consensus and linear functional calculation in Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the networks: An observability perspective. 6th 2007 American Control Conference (2007). International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (Cambridge, MA, Apr. 2007). Zhang, C. and Dullerud, G. E. Finite gain stabilization Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on with logarithmic quantization. 2007 Institute of Information Processing in Sensor Networks 99-108 (2007) Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1236360.1236374). Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Digital Signal and Imaging Processing Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control (2007). Bresler, Y., Aggarwal, N., and Sharif, B. Patient-adaptive spatio-temporal MRI: From PARADIGM to Zheng, K., Başar, T., and Bentsman, J. H∞ bumpless PARADISE and beyond. 4th Institute of Electrical and transfer under controller uncertainty. 2007 Institute of Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano (Arlington, VA, Apr. Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). 2007). Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Electrical and Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano 980-983 (2007). 2129-2134 (2007). Brokish, J. and Bresler, Y. Sampling requirements for Databases and Information Systems circular cone beam tomography. 2006 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Nuclear Science Zhang, C. C., Winslett, M., and Gunter, C. A. On the Symposium Conference (San Diego, CA, Nov. 2006). safety and efficiency of firewall policy deployment. 2006 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland, CA, Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (2007). May 2007).

103 George, A. K. and Bresler, Y. A fast shear-like divergent- Liang, Z. Spatiotemporal imaging with partially beam backprojection algorithm. 2006 Institute of separable functions. 4th Institute of Electrical and Electrical and Electronics Engineers Nuclear Science Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Symposium (San Diego, CA, Nov. 2006). 2006 Institute of Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano (Arlington, VA, Apr. Electrical and Electronics Engineers Nuclear Science 2007). Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Electrical and Symposium Conference Record (2007). Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano 988-991 (2007) Haldar, J. P. and Liang, Z. High-resolution diffusion (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2007.357020). MRI. 29th Annual International Conference of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Engineering in Sharif, B. and Bresler, Y. Adaptive real-time cardiac Medicine and Biology Society (Lyon, France, Aug. 2007). MRI using PARADISE: Validation by the Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference physiologically improved NCAT phantom. 4th Institute of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 311-314 Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352286). (Arlington, VA, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Haldar, J. P., Hernando, D., and Liang, Z. Shaping spatial International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro response functions for optimal estimation of to Nano 1020-1023 (2007). compartmental signals from limited Fourier data. 4th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Sharif, B. and Bresler, Y. Affine-corrected PARADISE: International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro Free-breathing patient-adaptive cardiac MRI with to Nano (Arlington, VA, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the sensitivity encoding. 4th Institute of Electrical and 4th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electronics Engineers International Symposium on International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano (Arlington, VA, Apr. to Nano 1364-1367 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ 2007). Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Electrical and ISBI.2007.357114). Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano 1076-1079 (2007) Haldar, J. P., Hernando, D., Budde, M. D., Wang, Q., (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2007.357042). Song, S., and Liang, Z. High-resolution MR metabolic imaging. 29th Annual International Conference of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electromagnetics Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (Lyon, Chung, I. J. and Cangellaris, A. C. Hierarchical modeling France, Aug. 2007). Proceedings of the 29th Annual and computationally-efficient transient simulation of International Conference of Institute of Electrical and on-chip power grid. 57th Electronic Components and Electronics Engineers Engineering in Medicine and Technology Conference (Sparks, NV, Jun. 2007). Biology Society 4324-4326 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Proceedings of the 57th Electronic Components and 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353293). Technology Conference 1632-1637 (2007) (http:// Hernando, D., Haldar, J., Sutton, B., and Liang, Z. dx.doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2007.374013). Removal of lipid signal in MRSI using spatial-spectral Ervin, B. L., Bernhard, J. T., Kuchma, D. A., and constraints. 4th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Reis, H. Monitoring general corrosion of rebar Engineers International Symposium on Biomedical embedded in mortar using high-frequency guided Imaging: Macro to Nano (Arlington, VA, Apr. 2007). mechanical waves. Sensors and Smart Structures Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Electrical and Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Systems 2007 (San Diego, CA, Mar. 2007). Proceedings Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano 1360-1363 (2007) of the SPIE: The International Society for Optical (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2007.357113). Engineering, Vol. 6529 PART 1, 65291 (2007) (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.714180).

104 Roach, T. L., Huff, G. H., and Bernhard, J. T. Enabling He, W., Huang, Y., Nahrstedt, K., and Lee, W. C. high performance wireless communication systems SMOCK: A self-contained public key management using reconfigurable antennas. MILCOM 2006 scheme for mission-critical wireless ad hoc networks. (Washington, DC, Oct. 2006). MILCOM 2006 2007 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Proceedings (2007). Computing and Communications (White Plains, NY, Mar. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Russer, J. A., Sumant, P. S., and Cangellaris, A. C. A Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Lagrangian approach for the handling of curved (2007). boundaries in the finite-difference time-domain method. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics He, W., Liu, X., Nguyen, H., Nahrstedt, K., and Engineers Microwave Theory and Techniques Society Abdelzaher, T. PDA: Privacy-preserving data International Microwave Symposium (Honolulu, HI, Jun. aggregation in wireless sensor networks. 26th IEEE 2007). 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics International Conference on Computer Communications Engineers Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (Anchorage, AK, May 2007). Proceedings of the 26th International Microwave Symposium Digest 717-720 IEEE International Conference on Computer (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM. Communications 2045-2053 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ 2007.380021). 10.1109/INFCOM.2007.237).

Woo, A. Y. and Cangellaris, A. C. Real-part sufficiency Hou, J. C., Wang, Q., AlShebli, B. K., Ball, L., Birge, S., and its application to the rational function fitting of Caccamo, M., Cheah, C.-F., Gilbert, E., Gunter, C. A., passive electromagnetic responses. 2007 Institute of Gunter, E., Lee, C.-G., Karahalios, K., Nam, M.-Y., Electrical and Electronics Engineers Microwave Theory Nitya, N., Rohit, C., Sha, L., Shin, W., Yu, S., Yu, Y., and Techniques Society International Microwave Zeng, Z., and Gupta, I. PAS: A wireless-enabled, sensor- Symposium (Honolulu, HI, Jun. 2007). 2007 Institute of integrated personal assistance system for independent Electrical and Electronics Engineers Microwave Theory and assisted living, high confidence medical device and Techniques Society International Microwave software and systems. High Confidence Medical Symposium Digest 99-102 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Devices, Software, and Systems Workshop (Boston, MA, 10.1109/MWSYM.2007.380264). Jun. 2007).

Huang, Y., He, W., Nahrstedt, K., and Lee, W. C. High Frequency Devices Requirements and system architecture design consideration for first responder systems. 2007 IEEE Feng, M. and Snodgrass, W. InP pseudormorphic Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security: heterojunction bipolar transistor (PHBT) with Ft Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Dependability (Woburn, >750GHz. 19th Institute of Electrical and Electronics MA, May 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Engineers International Conference on Indium Phosphide Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security: and Related Materials (Matsue, Japan, May 2007). Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Dependability 39-44 Conference Proceedings, 19th Institute of Electrical and (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/THS.2007.370017). Electronics Engineers International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials 399-402 (2007) (http:// Jeon, W. J., Gupta, I., and Nahrstedt, K. QoS-aware dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIPRM.2007.381208). object replication in overlay networks. 2006 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (San Francisco, Networking CA, Dec. 2006). Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference 4150832 (2007) (http:// Cheng, R. and Nahrstedt, K. Empirical study of 3D video dx.doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2006.202). source coding for autostereoscopic displays. 15th Association for Computing Machinery International Jin, J. and Nahrstedt, K. Large-scale QoS-aware service- Conference on Multimedia (Augsburg, Germany, Sep. oriented networking with a clustering-based approach. 2007). Proceedings of the Association for Computing International Conference on Computer Communication MachineryInternational Multimedia Conference and and Networking (Honolulu, HI, Aug. 2007). Exhibition 573-576 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1145/1291233.1291374).

105 Liang, J., Gut, X., and Nahrstedt, K. Self-configuring Yang, Z., Wu, W., Nahrstedt, K., Kurillo, G., and information management for large-scale service Bajcsy, R. ViewCast: View dissemination and overlays. 26th IEEE International Conference on management for multi-party 3D tele-immersive Computer Communications (Anchorage, AK, May 2007). environments. 15th Association for Computing Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Machinery International Conference on Multimedia Computer Communications 472-480 (2007) (http:// (Augsburg, Germany, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the 15th dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2007.62). Association for Computing Machinery International Conference on Multimedia 882-891 (2007) (http:// Nahrstedt, K. CA-AQM: Channel-aware active queue dx.doi.org/10.1145/1291233.1291434). management for wireless networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications (Glasgow, UK, Jul. 2007). Nondestructive Evaluation and Testing Ngyuen, J. and Nahrstedt, K. Attack containment framework for large-scale critical infrastructures. Ervin, B. L., Bernhard, J. T., Kuchma, D. A., and International Conference on Computer Communication Reis, H. M. Estimation of general corrosion damage to and Networking (Honolulu, HI, Aug. 2007). steel reinforced mortar using high frequency guided mechanical waves. Sensors and Smart Structures Sheppard, R., Wu, W., Yang, Z., Nahrstedt, K., Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Wymore, L., Kurillo, G., Bajcsy, R., and Mezur, K. New Systems 2007 (San Diego, CA, Mar. 2007). Proceedings digital options in geographically distributed dance of the SPIE: The International Society for Optical collaborations with TEEVE (tele-immersive Engineering, Vol. 6529, 6529B1-6529B12 (2007). environments for everybody). 15th Association for Computing Machinery International Conference on Multimedia (Augsburg, Germany, Sep. 2007). Operating Systems and Security

Vu, L., Gupta, I., Liang, J., and Nahrstedt, K. Anwar, Z. and Campbell, R. H. Secure reincarnation of Measurement of a large-scale overlay for multimedia compromised servers using Xen-based time-forking streaming. 16th International Symposium on High virtual machines. 2007 IEEE International Conference Performance Distributed Computing (Monterey, CA, Jun. on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops 2007). Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium (White Plains, NY, Mar. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 on High Performance Distributed Computing 241-242 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1272366.1272410). and Communications Workshops 6 (2007).

Wang, M. and Nahrstedt, K. Portable scene-aware view Boyer, J. P., Hasan, R., Olson, L. E., Borisov, N., management system for video- Gunter C. A., and Raila, D. Improving multi-tier conferencing. 2007 International Conference on security using redundant authentication. Association Multimedia (Beijing, China, Jul. 2007). for Computing Machinery Computer Security Architectures Workshop (Fairfax, VA, Nov. 2007). Wu, W., Yang, Z., Nahrstedt, K., Kurillo, G., and Bajcsy, R. Towards multi-site collaboration in tele- Carlyle, J. C., David, F. M., and Campbell, R. H. Back in immersive environments. 15th Association for a flash! Fast recovery using non-volatile memory. 37th Computing Machinery International Conference on Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Multimedia (Augsburg, Germany, Sep. 2007). Dependable Systems and Networks (Edinburgh, UK, Jun. Proceedings of the 15th Association for Computing 2007). Machinery International Conference on Multimedia 767-770 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ David, F. M. and Campbell, R. H. Building a self-healing 10.1145/1291233.1291406). operating system. 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (Columbia, MD, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing 3-10 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ ISDASC.2007.4351383).

106 David, F. M., Carlyle, J. C., and Campbell, R. H. Context Moulin, P. and Kiyavash, N. Performance of random switch overheads for Linux on ARM platforms. fingerprinting codes under arbitrary nonlinear Workshop on Experimental Computer Science (San Diego, attacks. 2007 IEEE International Conference on CA, Jun. 2007). Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International David, F. M., Carlyle, J. C., Chan, E. M., Reames, P. A., Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, and Campbell, R. H. Improving dependability by Vol. 2, 157-160 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ revisiting operating system design. 3rd Workshop on ICASSP.2007.366196). Hot Topics in Dependability (Edinburgh, UK, Oct. 2007). Myagmar, S., Campbell, R., and Winslett, M. Security David, F. M., Donkervoet, B., Carlyle, J. C., challenges of reconfigurable devices in the power grid. Chan, E. M., and Campbell, R. H. Supporting adaptive International Conference on Critical Infrastructure application mobility. 2nd International Workshop on Protection (New York, NY, May 2007). Pervasive Systems (Vilamoura, Portugal, Nov. 2007). Tan, L., Chan, E. M., Farivar, R., Mallick, N., Gioachin, F., Shankesi, R., May, M. J., Gunter, C. A., Carlyle, J. C., David, F. M., and Campbell, R. H. iKernel: and Shin, W. Emergency alerts as RSS feeds with Isolating buggy and malicious device drivers using interdomain authorization. 2nd International Academy, hardware virtualization support. 3rd IEEE International Research, and Industry AssociationAcademy, Research, Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure and Industry Association International Conference on Computing (Columbia, MD, Sep. 2007). Internet Monitoring and Protection (Santa Clara, CA, Jul. 2007). Zhang, C., Winslett, M., and Gunter C. On the safety and efficiency of firewall policy deployment. IEEE Goodloe, A. E., and Gunter, C. A. Reasoning about Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland CA, May concurrency for security tunnels. IEEE Computer 2007). Security Foundations Symposium (Venice, Italy, Jul. 2007). Operations Research Kapadia, A., Naldurg, P. and Campbell, R. H. Distributed enforcement of unlinkability policies: Looking beyond Singh, N. and Sreenivas, R. S. Approximating flow- the Chinese wall. IEEE Workshop on Policies for based proportional fairness in ad-hoc wireless Distributed Systems and Networks (Bologna, Italy, Jul. networks. 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and 2007). Networking Conference (Kowloon, China, Mar. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications LeMay, M., Fatemieh, O., and Gunter, C. A. and Networking Conference 148-153 (2007) (http:// PolicyMorph: Interactive policy transformations for a dx.doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2007.33). logical attribute-based access control framework. 12th Association for Computing Machinery Symposium on Singh, N. and Sreenivas, R. S. On distributed algorithms Access Control Models and Technologies (Sophia that enforce proportional fairness in ad-hoc wireless Antipolis, France, Jun. 2007). Proceedings of the 12th networks. 5th International Symposium on Modeling and Association for Computing Machinery Symposium on Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks Access Control Models and Technologies 205-214 (2007) (Limassol, Cyprus, Apr. 2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1266840.1266874). Zhou, C., Kumar, R. and Sreenivas, R. S. Decentralized LeMay, M., Gross, G., Gunter, C. A., and Garg, S. Unified modular control of concurrent discrete event systems architecture for large-scale attested metering. IEEE [paper no. FrCO4.3]. 46th IEEE Conference on Decision Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). (Waikola, Hawaii, Jan. 2007).

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107 Amrhein, M. and Krein, P. T. Magnetic equivalent Optical Imaging circuit simulations of electrical machines for design purposes. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Marks, D. L., Ralston, T. S., Carney, P. S., and Engineers Electric Ship Technologies Symposium Boppart, S. A. High numerical aperture fall-field (Arlington, VA, May 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 optical coherence tomography with space-invariant Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electric resolution without scanning the focus. Coherence Ship Technologies Symposium 254-260 (2007) (http:// Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence dx.doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2007.372095). Tomography in Biomedicine XI (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2007). Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging: Proceedings Balog, R. S. and Krein, P. T. Bus selection in multibus of the SPIE, Vol. 6429, 64291 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ DC power systems. 2007 Institute of Electrical and 10.1117/12.703372). Electronics Engineers Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (Arlington, VA, May 2007). Proceedings of Ralston, T. S., Marks, D. L., Carney, P. S., and the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Boppart, S. A. Real-time inverse scattering for optical Electric Ship Technologies Symposium 281-287 (2007) coherence tomography. Biomedical Applications of (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2007.372099). Light Scattering (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2007). Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging: Proceedings of the SPIE, O'Connell, T. C. and Krein, P. T. The Schwarz- Vol. 6446, 644608 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Christoffel analytical method applied to electric 10.1117/12.699285). machine slot shape optimization. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Electric Optical Physics and Engineering Machines and Drives Conference (Antalya, Turkey, May 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Park, S., Kim, K. S., Price, A. J., Tchertchian, P. A., Electronics Engineers International Electric Machines and Chen, P., Yoon, J. K., and Eden, J. G. Large scale arrays Drives Conference, Vol. 1, 341-346 (2007) (http:// of microcavity plasma devices based on encapsulated dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382690). Al/Al2O3 electrodes: Device characteristics as a plasma display pixel and low cost wet chemical fabrication Programming Languages, Formal processing. 2007 Society for Information Display International Symposium (Long Beach, CA, May 2007). Systems, and Software Engineering Digest of Technical Papers, 2007 Society for Information Display International Symposium, Vol. 38, 538-541 Chang, P. and Agha, G. Supporting reconfigurable (2007). object distribution for customized web applications. Association for Computing Machinery SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (Seoul, South Korea, Power and Energy Systems Mar. 2007).

Amrhein, M. and Krein, P. T. Magnetic equivalent Chang, P. and Agha, G. Towards context-aware Web circuit modeling of induction machines: Design- applications. 7th International Federation for Information oriented approach with extension to 3-D. 2007 Institute Processing International Conference on Distributed of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Applications and Interoperable Systems (Paphos, Cyprus, Electric Machines and Drives Conference (Antalya, Jun. 2007). Turkey, May 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Electric Karmani, R. K., Latvala, T., and Agha, G. On scaling Machines and Drives Conference, Vol. 2, 1557-1563 multi-agent task reallocation using market-based (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2007.383660). approach. 1st International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (Cambridge, MA, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Self- Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems 173-182 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2007.41).

108 Kwon, Y. and Agha, G. A Markov reward model for software reliability. 21st International Parallel and Reliable and High-Performance Distributed Processing Symposium (Long Beach, CA, Computing Mar. 2007). Proceedings of the 21st International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (Abstracts and Agarwal, M., Malik, K., Woley, K. M., Stone, S. S., and CD-ROM) 4228253 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ Frank, M. I. Exploiting postdominance for speculative IPDPS.2007.370525). parallelization. 13th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Symposium on High Mechitov, K., Razavi, R., and Agha, G. Architecture Performance Computer Architecture (Scottsdale, AZ, Feb. design principles to support adaptive service 2007). Proceedings of the 13th Institute of Electrical and orchestration in WSN applications. International Electronics Engineers International Symposium on High Workshop on Wireless Sensor Network Architecture Performance Computer Architecture 295-305 (2007) (Cambridge, MA, Apr. 2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HPCA.2007.346207).

Razavi, R., Mechitov, K., Agha, G., and Perrot, J.-F. Courtney, T., Gaonkar, S., McQuinn, M. G., Rozier, E., Dynamic macroprogramming of wireless sensor Sanders, W. H., and Webster, P. Design of experiments networks with mobile agents. 2nd Workshop on within the Möbius modeling framework. 4th Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Ambient International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Intelligence (Hyderabad, India, Jan. 2007). Systems (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Real-Time and Embedded Systems Quantitative Evaluation of Systems 161-162 (2007).

Crenshaw, T. L., Gunter, E. L., Robinson, C., Sha, L., Cunningham, R., Cheung, S., Fong, M., Lindqvist, U., and Kumar, P. R. The simplex reference model: Nicol, D., Pawlowski, R., Robinson, E., Sanders, W., Limiting fault-propagation due to unreliable Singh, S., Valdes, A., Woodworth, B., and Zhivich, M. components. 28th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium Securing process control systems of today and (Tucson, AZ, Dec. 2007). tomorrow. 1st International Federation for Information Processing WG 11.10 International Conference on Critical David, F. M., Carlyle, J. C., and Campbell, R. H. Infrastructure Protection (Hanover, NH, March 2007). Exploring recovery from operating system lockups. Proceedings of the 1st International Federation for USENIX Annual Technical Conference (Santa Clara, CA, Information Processing WG 11.10 International Jun. 2007). Conference on Critical Infrastructure Protection (2007).

Kazman, R. and Agha, G. Software technology track Gaonkar, S., and Sanders, W. H. Analysis of the introduction. 40th Hawaii International Conference on reliability/availability of distributed file systems in System Sciences (Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, Jan. 2007). large-scale systems: A case study using simultaneous simulation. 8th International Workshop on Performability Wang, Q., Liu, X., Hou, J., and Sha, L. GD-Aggregate: Modeling of Computer and Communication Systems A WAN virtual topology building tool for hard real- (Edinburgh, UK, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the 8th time and embedded applications. 28th IEEE Real-Time International Workshop on Performability Modeling of Systems Symposium (Tucson, AZ, Dec. 2007). Computer and Communication Systems (2007).

109 Hwu, W., Ryoo, S., Ueng, S., Keim, J. H., Gelado, I., Van Ruitenbeek, E., Courtney, T., Sanders, W. H., and Stone, S. S., Kidd, R. E., Baghsorkhi, S. S., Stevens, F. Quantifying the effectiveness of mobile Mahesri, A. A., Tsao, S. C., Navarro, N., Lumetta, S. S., phone virus response mechanisms. 37th Annual Institute Frank, M. I., and Patel, S. J. Implicitly parallel of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/International programming models for thousand-core Federation for Information Processing International microprocessors. 44th Association for Computing Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Machinery/Institute of Electrical and Electronics (Edinburgh, UK, Jun. 2007). Proceedings of the 37th Engineers Design Automation Conference (San Diego, Annual Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/ CA, Jun. 2007). Proceedings of the 44th Association for International Federation for Information Processing Computing Machinery/Institute of Electrical and International Conference on Dependable Systems and Electronics Engineers Design Automation Conference Networks 790-799 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ 754-759 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DAC. DSN.2007.78). 2007.375265). Zhou, Y., Marinov, D., Sanders, W., Zilles, C., McQuinn, M. G., Kemper, P., and Sanders, W. H. d’Amorim, M., Lauterburg, S., Lefever, R. M., and Dependability analysis with Markov chains: How Tucek, J. Delta execution for software reliability. 3rd symmetries improve symbolic computations. 4th Workshop on Hot Topics in System Dependability International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of (Edinburgh, UK, Jun. 2007). Proceedings of the 3rd Systems (Edinburgh, UK, Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in System Dependability (2007). 4th International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems 151-160 (2007). Remote Sensing Ramasamy, H., Seri, M., and Sanders, W. H. The CoBFIT Atkinson, I. and Kamalabadi, F. Basis selection for toolkit. 26th Association for Computing Machinery wavelet processing of sparse source signals. 2007 SIGACT-SIGOPS Symposium on Principles of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Distributed Computing (Portland, OR, Aug. 2007). International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Proceedings of the 26th Association for Computing Processing (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the Machinery SIGACT-SIGOPS Symposium on Principles of 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Distributed Computing 350-351 (2007). International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Singh, S., Nicol, D. M., Sanders, W. H., and Seri, M. Processing, Vol. 3, 1461-1464 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Verifying SCADA network access control policy 10.1109/ICASSP.2007.367123). implementations using the access policy tool. 1st Butala, M. D., Frazin, R. A., Yuguo, C., and International Federation for Information Processing WG Kamalabadi, F. A Monte Carlo technique for large-scale 11.10 International Conference on Critical Infrastructure dynamic tomography. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Protection (Hanover, NH, March 2007). Proceedings of the Electronics Engineers International Conference on 1st International Federation for Information Processing Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, WG 11.10 International Conference on Critical Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical Infrastructure Protection (2007). and Electronics Engineers International Conference on Tai, A. T., Tso, K. S., and Sanders, W. H. Recurrence- Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, relation-based reward model for performability 1217-1220 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP. evaluation of embedded systems. 8th International 2007.367062). Workshop on Performability Modeling of Computer and Swenson, G., Thakker, P., Kamalabadi, F., Frank, M., Communication Systems (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Coverstone, V., and Voss, H. Optical sensing of Sep. 2007). Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop atmospheric emissions with CubeSats and NanoSats. on Performability Modeling of Computer and Sensors and Systems for Space Applications (Orlando, FL, Communication Systems (2007). Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 6555, 655506 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.722662).

110 Fu, Y., Liu, M., and Huang, T. S. Conformal embedding Semiconductors analysis with local graph modeling on the unit hypersphere. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Cheng, K. Y. and Wu, B. Heteroepitaxy of antimonides Engineers Computer Society Conference on Computer on InP. 9th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Vision and Pattern Recognition (Minneapolis, MN, Jun. Engineers International Conference on Indium Phosphide 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and and Related Materials (Matsue, Japan, May. 2007). Electronics Engineers Computer Society Conference on Proceedings of the 9th Institute of Electrical and Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 4270408 (2007) Electronics Engineers International Conference on Indium (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2007.383410). Phosphide and Related Materials 454-457 (2007) (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIPRM.2007.381224). Guan, K. M. and Singer, A. C. Opportunistic sampling by level-crossing. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Signal and Image Processing Electronics Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Abbas, J., Dagli, C. K., and Huang, T. S. A multimodality Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical framework for creating speaker/non-speaker profile and Electronics Engineers International Conference on databases for real-world video. 2007 Institute of Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society 1513-1516 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP. Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2007.367136). (Minneapolis, MN, Jun. 2007). Proceedings of the I2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Han, T. X., Liu, M., and Huang, T. S. A drifting-proof Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern framework for tracking and online appearance Recognition 4270491 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ learning. 7th Institute of Electrical and Electronics CVPR.2007.383493). Engineers Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (Austin, TX, Feb. 2007). Proceedings of the 7th Institute Fu, Y. and Huang, T. S. hMouse: Head tracking driven of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Workshop on virtual computer mouse. 7th Institute of Electrical and Applications of Computer Vision 4118739 (2007) (http:// Electronics Engineers Workshop on Applications of dx.doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2007.4). Computer Vision (Austin, TX, Feb. 2007). Proceedings of the 7th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Kiyavash, N. and Moulin, P. Sphere packing lower Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision 4118759 bound on fingerprinting error probability. Security, (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2007.29). Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX (San Jose, CA, Feb. 2007). Proceedings of the Fu, Y. and Huang, T. S. Unsupervised locally embedded SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering, clustering for automatic high-dimensional data Vol. 6505, 65050 (2007). labeling. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech Morrison Jr., R. L., Jacob, M., and Do, M. N. and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Multichannel estimation of coil sensitivities in parallel Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and MRI. 4th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electronics Engineers International Conference on International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, Nano to Macro (Arlington, VA, Apr. 2007). Proceedings 1057-1060 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP. of the 4th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2007.366865). International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro 117-120 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ ISBI.2007.356802).

111 Moulin, P. and Kiyavash, N. Performance of random Wang, Y. and Moulin, P. Capacity and optimal collusion fingerprinting codes under arbitrary nonlinear attack channels for Gaussian fingerprinting games. attacks. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech Multimedia Contents IX (San Jose, CA, Feb. 2007). and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Vol. 6505, 65050 (2007). Electronics Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 2, 157-160 Yan, S., Wang, H., Tang, X., and Huang, T. Exploring (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.366196). feature descriptors for face recognition. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Mueller, N., Lu, Y., and Do, M. N. Image interpolation Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing using multiscale geometric representations. (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Computational Imaging V (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2007). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Optical Engineering, Vol. 6498, 64980 (2007) (http:// Processing, Vol. 1, 629-632 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.714510). 10.1109/ICASSP.2007.365986).

Nguyen, H. T. and Do, M. N. Signal reconstruction from Yan, S., Xu, D., Lin, S., Huang, T. S., and Chang, S. a periodic nonuniform set of samples using H infinity Element rearrangement for tensor-based subspace optimization. Computational Imaging V (San Jose, CA, learning. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Jan. 2007). Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Engineers Computer Society Conference on Computer Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 6498, 649814 (2007) Vision and Pattern Recognition (Minneapolis, MN, Jun. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.715504). 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society Conference on Pandya, S., Yang, Y., Liu, C., and Jones, D. L. Biomimetic Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 4270009 (2007) imaging of flow phenomena. 2007 Institute of Electrical (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2007.382984). and Electronics Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Zeitler, G. C., Singer, A. C., and Kozat, S. S. Universal Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical piecewise linear regression of individual sequences: and Electronics Engineers International Conference on Lower bound. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 2, 933-936 Engineers International Conference on Acoustics, Speech (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.366390). and Signal Processing (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Sadasivam, S. and Moulin, P. Cramer-Rao bound on Electronics Engineers International Conference on watermark desynchronization parameter estimation Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, 841-844 accuracy. Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.366811). Multimedia Contents IX (San Jose, CA, Feb. 2007). Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for Zhou, Y. and Huang, T. S. An unsupervised algorithm Optical Engineering, Vol. 6505, 65050 (2007). to extract face texture from video. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Velivelli, A. and Huang, T. S. Dirichlet aspect weighting: Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing A generalized EM algorithm for integrating external (Honolulu, HI, Apr. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 data fields with semantically structured queries by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers using gradient projection method. 6th Institute of International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Processing, Vol. 1, 781-784 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/ Conference on Data Mining (Hong Kong, China, Dec. 10.1109/ICASSP.2007.366024). 2006). Proceedings of the 6th Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Conference on Data Mining 633-644 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDM. 2006.55).

112 Ortiz, A. and Neogi, N. Object detection and avoidance Systems and Control using optical techniques in uninhabited aerial vehicles. 2007 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Bhamidipati, K. and Neogi, N. Engineering safety and Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference (Hilton reliability into UAV systems: Mitigating the ground Head, SC, Aug. 2007). impact hazard. 2007 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Guidance, Navigation, and Control Sarwar, A. and Voulgaris, P. G. Conditions for l-inf and Conference (Hilton Head, SC, Aug. 2007). l-2 system robustness for spatially invariant systems. 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Jiang, S. and Voulgaris, P. G. Control of autonomous Conference on Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, agents over structured and lossy networks. 2007 Dec. 2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical American Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). and Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Proceeding of the 2007 American Control Conference Control (2007). (2007). Sarwar, A., Voulgaris, P. G., and Salapaka, S. Modeling Jiang, S. and Voulgaris, P. G. On l-inf performance and distributed control of an electrostatically actuated optimization of switched systems. 2007 Institute of microcantilever array. 2007 American Control Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Proceedings of the Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). 2007 American Control Conference (2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control Touri, R., Voulgaris, P. G., and Hadjicostis, C. N. On the (2007). role of feedback in the design for perfectly reconstructing equalizers. 2007 Institute of Electrical Jiang, S. and Voulgaris, P. G. Switching among and Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and structured stabilizing controllers. 2007 Institute of Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2007). Proceedings of the Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Decision and Control (New Orleans, LA, Dec 2007). Conference on Decision and Control (2007). Proceedings of the 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control (2007). Theses Jiang, S., Voulgaris, P., and Neogi, N. Distributed control over structured and lossy networks. 2007 American Advanced Automation Control Conference (New York, NY, Jul. 2007). Cheng, R. Design, implementation, and evaluation of a Naseri, A., Neogi, N. A., and Rantanen, E. M. Stochastic secure 3D video system. M.S. thesis, N. Ahuja, advisor hybrid models with applications to air traffic (2007). management. 2007 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Guidance, Navigation, and Control Ha, T. Visualization of multiscale image segmentation Conference (Hilton Head, SC, Aug. 2007). Collection of tree. M.S. thesis, N. Ahuja, advisor (2007). Technical Papers, 2007 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Guidance, Navigation, and Control Himanshu, A. Modeling objects using interest points, Conference, Vol. 4, 3515-3528 (2007). edges, and regions. Ph.D. thesis, N. Ahuja, advisor (2007). Neogi, N., Bhamidipati, D., Uhlig, D., Ortiz, A., and Krauss, J. Engineering reliability into networks of Loeff, N. Learning to detect and segment objects UAVs. International Conference on Dependable Systems without supervision. M.S. thesis, N. Ahuja, advisor and Networks (Edinburgh, UK, Jun. 2007). (2007).

113 Koh, Y. A comparative study of duobinary and NRZ Aeronomy modulation for high-speed I/O. M.S. thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, advisor (2007). Akgiray, A. Calibration of Jicamarca radar using F-region incoherent scatter for measurements of Lundgren, E. Design and characterization of a D-region backscatter RCS. M.S. thesis, E. Kudeki, nonvolatile, self-checkpointing, magnetoelectronic advisor (2007). register file. M.S. thesis, N. P. Carter, advisor (2007). Artificial Intelligence: Machine Communications Learning, Vision, and Robotics Bhoraskar, P. A low-jitter, low-power dual-loop DLL Epshteyn, A. Combining prior knowledge and data: using window based phase-detector. M.S. thesis, Y. Beyond the Bayesian framework. Ph.D. thesis, G. F. Chiu, advisor (2007). Dejong, advisor (2007). Jovicic, A. Topics in information theory of wireless Okane, J. A theory for comparing robot systems. Ph.D. networks. Ph.D. thesis, P. Viswanath, advisor (2007). thesis, S. M. Lavalle, advisor (2007). Kashyap, A. Sensing with communication restraints. Ph.D. thesis, R. Srikant, advisor (2007). Astrodynamics Lakshmikantha, A. An end-user QOS view of buffer Bhamidipati, K. K. Mitigating the UAV ground impact sizing and bandwidth sharing protocols. Ph.D. thesis, hazard using fault-tree analysis and a fuel consumption R. Srikant, advisor (2007). model. M. S. thesis, N. Neogi, advisor (2007). Liu, S. Congestion control protocols for the evolving Ortiz, A. E. Fault detection and diagnosis in real-time, Internet. Ph.D. thesis, R. Srikant, advisor (2007). safety critical embedded systems: A methodology for uninhabited aerial vehicles. M. S. thesis, N. A. Neogi, Shakkottai, S. Exploiting resource diversity in networks advisor (2007). of peers. Ph.D. thesis, R. Srikant, advisor (2007).

Unnikrishnan, J. Cooperative sensing of primary signals Bioacoustics in cognitive radio systems. M.S. thesis, V. V. Veeravalli, advisor (2007). Phatak, S. Localization of sound sources in the presence of single reflecting surface. Ph.D. thesis, J. Allen, advisor Wang, H. Topics in network information (2007). representation and communication. Ph.D. thesis, P. Viswanath, advisor (2007). Regnier, M. Perceptual features of some consonants studied in noise. M.S. thesis, J. Allen, advisor (2007). Yang, S. Reduced complexity mechanisms for network resource allocation. Ph.D. thesis, B. Hajek, advisor Circuits (2007).

Deng, L. VLSI physical design for manufacturability Ying, L. Wireless networks for communication and and reliability. Ph.D. thesis, M. D. Wong, advisor (2007). sensing. Ph.D. thesis, R. Srikant, advisor (2007). Farbiz, F. Investigation and modeling of external Computer Architecture and Compilers latchup. M.S. thesis, E. Rosenbaum, advisor (2007). Pankaj, B. Portable semi-automatic privilege Gerdemann, A. Measurement and modeling of full chip bracketing of applicaions. M.S. thesis, V. S. Adve, charged device model electrostatic discharge. M.S. advisor (2007). thesis, E. Rosenbaum, advisor (2007).

114 Computer Engineering Databases and Information Systems

Chen, Z. Dynamic spatial backoff in fading Joshi, K. Stochastic-model-driven adaptation and environments. M.S. thesis, N. H. Vaidya, advisor (2007). recovery in distributed systems. Ph.D. thesis, W. Sanders, advisor (2007). Earnhart, M. A multiple gateway protocol for wireless mesh networks. M.S. thesis, N. H. Vaidya, advisor (2007). Decision and Control

Grier, C. Peer-to-peer Botnet command and control Al Hokayem, P. Reliable control of multi-agent network mitigation. M.S. thesis, D. M. Nicol, advisor systems. Ph.D. thesis, M. W. Spong, advisor (2007). (2007). Athanasopoulou, E. Diagnosis of finite state models Halley, A. A simple distributed backpressure-based under partial or unreliable observations. Ph.D. thesis, scheduling and congestion control system. M.S. thesis, C. N. Hadjicostis, advisor (2007). N. H. Vaidya, advisor (2007). Bloem, M. Applications of optimization and optimal Matthews, D. Test generation techniques for multiple- control theory to computer network security. M.S. cycle transition fault testing. M.S. thesis, J. H. Patel, thesis, M. T. Basar, advisor (2007). advisor (2007). Candido, S. Motion planning for bipedal walking Okhravi, H. Security policy integration and consistancy robots. M.S. thesis, S. A. Hutchinson, advisor (2007). validation. M.S. thesis, D. M. Nicol, advisor (2007). Cao, M. Analysis and cross-layer design of medium Wang, N. Cost effective soft error mitigation in access and scheduling in wireless mesh networks. Ph.D. microprocessors. Ph.D. thesis, S. J. Patel, advisor (2007). thesis, P. R. Kumar, advisor (2007). Chatterjee, D. Studies on stability and stabilization of Control Systems randomly switched systems. Ph.D. thesis, D. M. Liberzon, advisor (2007). Bristow, D. A. Iterative learning control for precision motion control of microscale and nanoscale tracking Davidson, J. Hyperfiltering for stochastic systems. M.S. systems. Ph.D. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, advisor (2007). thesis, S. A. Hutchinson, advisor (2007).

Di, Z. Control with structural constraints: Theory and Freris, N. Fundamental limits on network clock implementation. Ph.D. thesis, G. E. Dullerud, advisor synchronization. M.S. thesis, P. R. Kumar, advisor (2007). (2007).

Hoelzle, D. J. Reliability guidelines and flowrate Ganguli, A. Motion coordination for mobile robotic modulation for a micro robotic deposition system. M.S. networks with visibility sensors. Ph.D. thesis, S. A. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, advisor (2007). Hutchinson, advisor (2007).

Jiang, S. Design of distributed controllers over Graunke, C. Control of a manipulator for coordinated heterogeneous networks. Ph.D. thesis, P. G. Voulgaris, mobile robots. M.S. thesis, M. W. Spong, advisor (2007). advisor (2007). Gregg, R. Reduction-based control with application to Liang, W. Lateral tracking and stability control for three-dimensional bipedal walking robots. M.S. thesis, automated vehicles. Ph.D. thesis, J. V. Medanic and A. M. W. Spong, advisor (2007). G. Alleyne, advisors (2007). Kowshik, H. Provable systemwide safety in intelligent intersections. M.S. thesis, P. R. Kumar, advisor (2007).

115 Mo, H. Feedback control over packet dropping network links. M.S. thesis, C. N. Hadjicostis, advisor Electromagnetic Communication and (2007). Electronics Packaging

Raghunathan, V. Physical-layer aware algorithms and Chen, Q. Time domain integral equation based analysis protocols for wireless networks. Ph.D. thesis, P. R. using impedance boundary conditions. M.S. thesis, J. Kumar, advisor (2007). E. Schutt-Aine, advisor (2007).

Rodriquez-Seda, E. Comparative experimental study of Klokotov, D. Application of the finite-difference time- control schemes for bilateral teleoperation systems. domain method to the analysis of microstrip M.S. thesis, M. W. Spong, advisor (2007). structures. M.S. thesis, J. E. Schutt-Aine, advisor (2007).

Shen, H. Linear and nonlinear pricing for network Mekonnen, Y. Broadband micromodeling techniques games with complete and incomplete information. for interconnects and electronic packages. Ph.D. thesis, Ph.D. thesis, M. T. Basar, advisor (2007). J. E. Schutt-Aine, advisor (2007).

Takos, G. Sparse solutions to structured Milosevic, P. An implementation of sine wave test setup underdetermined systems in the presence of small for automated measurement of high-performance noise. Ph.D. thesis, C. N. Hadjicostis, advisor (2007). analog-to-digital converters. M.S. thesis, J. E. Schutt- Aine, advisor (2007). Touri, R. Perfect reconstruction of digital transmission through channels with bounded additive noise. Ph.D. thesis, C. N. Hadjicostis, advisor (2007). Electromagnetics

Vu, L. Invertibility and input-to-state stability of Bhandari, P. Investigation of techniques to achieve switched systems and applications in adaptive control. compatability between multiband cellular phone Ph.D. thesis, D. M. Liberzon, advisor (2007). antennas and hearing aids. M.S. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, advisor (2007). Wright, J. Mixed data segmentation via lossy data compression. M.S. thesis, Y. Ma, advisor (2007). Boerman, J. Performance study of pattern reconfigurable antennas in multiple-input multiple- output communications systems. M.S. thesis, J. T. Digital Signal and Imaging Processing Bernhard, advisor (2007).

George, A. Algorithms for tomographic Chung, I. Modeling and hybrid simulation of on-chip reconstruction: Fast backprojection and cardiac power delivery network using an unconditionally stable computed tomography. Ph.D. thesis, Y. Bresler, advisor electromagnetic field solver. Ph.D. thesis, A. C. (2007). Cangellaris, advisor (2007).

Stastny, J. Tractable instances of supervisory control Dong, L. Parallel implementation of the finite- theory. M.S. thesis, Z. Liang, advisor (2007). difference time-domain and application of grid computing to computational electromagnetics. M.S. Vo, L. Temporal interpolation based on optical flow thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, advisor (2007). for generalized series dynamic imaging of cardiac perfusion. M.S. thesis, Z. Liang, advisor (2007). Dovilas, R. Investigation of methods to create prescribed frequency shifts in transmitted signals using Xu, D. Design of multidimensional large-tip-angle a high-impedance surface. M.S. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, radio frequency pulses for parallel transmission in advisor (2007). magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D. thesis, Z. Liang, advisor (2007). Wu, H. Methodologies and algorithms for finite element analysis of electromagnetic devices and systems. Ph.D. thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, advisor (2007).

116 Zhang, Z. Analysis and design of a broadband antenna Liang, J. Building and managing large-scale distributed for software-defined radio. Ph.D. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, services. Ph.D. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, advisor (2007). advisor (2007). Tripathi, N. Rate control framework for Net-X. M.S. High Frequency Devices thesis, N. Vaidya, advisor (2007). Wang, M. Social structure–based routing of Chuang, Y.-J. Dynamic range analysis and high-speed intermittently connected network using contact integrated circuit designs using INP HBT technology. information. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, advisor (2007). Ph.D. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2007). Yang, Z. Multi-stream management for supporting Chu-Kung, B. Compound semiconductor power multi-party 3D tele-immersive environments. Ph.D. heterojunction bipolar transistor technology. Ph.D. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, advisor (2007). thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2007).

Cimino, K. Microwave noise parameter Operating Systems and Security characterization of submicron double-heterojunction bipolar transistors. M.S. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2007). Katasani, S. S. R. Theory and logic for security assessment of cyberinfrastructures. M.S. thesis, R. H. James, A. Transistor laser for high-speed optical Campbell, advisor (2007). interconnects. M.S. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2007). Tabriz, P. Byzantine attacks on anonymity systems. Snodgrass, W. Fabrication and characterization of M.S. thesis, N. Borisov, advisor (2007). compositionally graded indium phosphide-based type- II double heterojunction bipolar transistors. M.S. Optical Physics and Engineering thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2007). Anderson, T. Replica-molded microplasma devices as Stuenkel, M. Development of a scalable large signal chemical reactors with the ionization of CS in argon. double heterojunction bipolar transistor model for 2 nonlinear millimeter wave circuit simulation. M.S. M.S. thesis, J. G. Eden, advisor (2007). thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2007). Chen, P. Transverse-excited microcavity plasma channels fabricated in Si. M.S. thesis, J. G. Eden, advisor Human–Computer Interfaces (2007).

Abbas, J. Recognizing faces in videos using faces in Readle, J. Thin aluminum–aluminum oxide pictures. M.S. thesis, T. Huang, advisor (2007). microplasma flat lamps for lighting sources. M.S. thesis, J. G. Eden, advisor (2007).

Materials Chemistry Spinka, T. Electrical and optical methods of probing microcavity plasmas. M.S. thesis, J. G. Eden, advisor Yang, Y. Chemical vapor deposition of metal boride (2007). and oxide thin films from borohydride bonded precursors. Ph.D. thesis, J. R. Abelson, advisor (2007). Xiao, Y. Probing the dissociation of the rubidium dimer by wavepackets and parametric four-wave mixing. Networking Ph.D. thesis, J. G. Eden, advisor (2007). Bhardwaj, R. Lessons from a multichannel wireless Polymers mesh network. M.S. thesis, N. Vaidya, advisor (2007). Mohammed, F. M. Foundations of ohmic contact Jeon, W. Optimization strategies for QoS-sensitive formation on aluminum gallium nitride/gallium nitride VOD service delivery in cooperative environments. heterostructures. Ph.D. thesis, I. Adesida, advisor Ph.D. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, advisor (2007). (2007).

117 Doshi, N. End-to-end analysis of security attacks based Power and Energy Systems on real case studies. M.S. thesis, R. K. Iyer, advisor (2007). Amrhein, M. Induction machine performance improvements: Design-oriented approaches. Ph.D. Kidd, R. The open impact whole program of thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2007). optimization framework. M.S. thesis, W. W. Hwu, advisor (2007). Banerjee, A. Behavioral analysis of insulated gate bipolar transistors during hard and soft turn-off. M.S. Lupinsky, I. Developing a user-interface toolkit using a thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2007). vector engine. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, advisor (2007).

Conner, P. Electric power transfer effects on aircraft McQuinn, M. Solution of graph-composed Markov secondary flight control systems. M.S. thesis, P. W. models using symmetry detection and symbolic data Sauer, advisor (2007). structures. M.S. thesis, W. H. Sanders, advisor (2007).

Geng, X. Design and analysis of pulse-width Navale, N. Leveraging critically in an implicit modulation techniques for spectrum shaping. Ph.D. parallelization architecture. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2007). advisor (2007).

Kimball, J. Digital control techniques for switching Stone, S. Multiversioning in the store queue is the root power converters. Ph.D. thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor of all store-forwarding evil. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, (2007). advisor (2007).

Weaver, W. Geometric and game-theoretic control of Swamy, B. STOUT: Synchronizing thread order using energy assets in small-scale power systems. Ph.D. thesis, timestamps. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, advisor (2007). P. T. Krein, advisor (2007). Van Ruitenbeek, E. Modeling mobile phone virus Programming Languages, Formal propagation to quantify response mechanism effectiveness. M.S. thesis, W. H. Sanders, advisor (2007). Systems, and Software Engineering

Chang, P.-H. Customizing web applications through Remote Sensing adaptable components and reconfigurable distribution. Ph.D. thesis, G. A. Agha, advisor (2007). Atkinson, I. Techniques for approximating optimal linear estimators of multidimensional data. Ph.D. Cheng, L. Novel CAD techniques for new challenges in thesis, F. Kamalabadi, advisor (2007). deep sub-micron VLSI design. Ph.D. thesis, M. Wong, advisor (2007). Borrowman, T. Multichannel coherent radio receiver and direction finder for transient signals. M.S. thesis, G. R. Swenson, advisor (2007). Real-Time and Embedded Systems Eggerding, T. Parameters of acoustic propagation Sun, M. Improving system design robustness by through porous media. M.S. thesis, G. W. Swenson, analyzing assumptions and dependencies. M.S. thesis, advisor (2007). L. R. Sha, advisor (2007). Hagerman, D. WAAS implementation for the OS GPS Reliable and High-Performance receiver. M.S. thesis, J. J. Makela, advisor (2007). Computing Kirchoff, A. Design and implementation of control and data acquisition systems for a sodium lidar. M.S. thesis, Burke, C. Critical path scheduling for superscalar and G. R. Swenson, advisor (2007). speculatively multithreaded processors. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, advisor (2007).

118 Lee, J. 3D tomographic imaging of the ionosphere using Nguyen, H. Joint estimation in MRI using harmonic global positioning system measurements. Ph.D. thesis, retrieval methods. M.S. thesis, M. N. Do, advisor (2007). F. Kamalabadi, advisor (2007). Nguyen, H. Multisensor signal processing: Theory and algorithms for image-based rendering and Semiconductor Lasers multichannel sampling. Ph.D. thesis, M. N. Do, advisor (2007). Price, R. Surface-etched distributed Bragg reflector lasers in photonic integrated circuits. Ph.D. thesis, J. J. Rajaram, S. On modeling order and structure with Coleman, advisor (2007). applications to computer vision and time series data. Ph.D. thesis, T. S. Huang, advisor (2007). Tobin, K. Optical heterodyning of narrow-line width surface-etched distributed Bragg reflector laser Sun, L. Monophone-adapted and manifold estimation– diodes. M.S. thesis, J. J. Coleman, advisor (2007). based speaker recognition. M.S. thesis, M. A. Hasegawa- Johnson, advisor (2007). Semiconductors Tu, J. Visual face tracking and its applications. Ph.D. Robinson, S. Fabrication and transport properties of thesis, T. S. Huang, advisor (2007). silicon nanoelectronic devices. Ph.D. thesis, J. R. Tucker, advisor (2007). Zeitler, G. Topics in universal prediction. M.S. thesis, A. C. Singer, advisor (2007). Yang, Z. Study of biological ion channels by using PNP/ ECP model. Ph.D. thesis, U. Ravaioli, advisor (2007). Zhang, S. A study on stability and feasibility of stochastic sensor networks. M. S. thesis, D. L. Jones, Signal and Image Processing advisor (2007). Zhuang, X. Experimental study of voice quality in the Coombs, J. A novel defocus blurring model of layered context of automatic speech recognition. M.S. thesis, M. depth scenes for computational photography. M.S. A. Hasegawa-Johnson, advisor (2007). thesis, M. N. Do, advisor (2007).

Da Cunha, A. Geometrical representation, processing, Systems and Control and coding of visual information. Ph.D. thesis, M. N. Do, advisor (2007). Arneson, H. M. Distributed robust and adaptive control techniques for air traffic management using an Drost, R. Equalization using graphical models. Ph.D. Eulerian model of air traffic flow. M. S. thesis, C. thesis, A. C. Singer, advisor (2007). Langbort, advisor (2007).

La, C. Signal reconstructions from limited Sharma, V. Motion coordination and performance measurements using sparse-tree priors. M.S. thesis, M. analysis of multiple vehicle systems. Ph.D. thesis, P. G. N. Do, advisor (2007). Voulgaris, advisor (2007). Liu, M. Probabilistic correspondence mapping for Tunneling Microscopy audio-visual speaker modeling. Ph.D. thesis, T. S. Huang, advisor (2007). Abrecht, P. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes interfaced with Lu, Y. Multidimensional geometrical signal silicon surfaces. Ph.D. thesis, J. W. Lyding, advisor representation: constructions and applications. Ph.D. (2007). thesis, M. N. Do, advisor (2007).

Morrision, R. Multichannel methods for restoration in computed imaging. Ph.D. thesis, M. N. Do, advisor (2007).

119 Ruppalt, L. Integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes with gallium arsenide(110) and indium Power and Energy Systems aresenide(110) surfaces: A scanning tunneling Balog, R. S. and Krein, P. T. Commutation Technique microscopy study. Ph.D. thesis, J. W. Lyding, advisor for an AC-to-AC Converter Based on State Machine (2007). Control [Utility Patent Application], # US 11202597, Feb. 2007.

Patents Krein, P. T. Methods and Devices for Input Waveform Control in Switching Power Supplies [Utility Patent Bioacoustics Application], # US 11204776, Feb. 2007.

Jones, D., O'Brien, W. D., Feng, A. S., Wheeler, B. C., Lansing, C. R., and Bilger, R. C. Intrabody Awards and Honors Communication for a Hearing Aid [Utility Patent Grant], # US 7206423, Apr. 2007. John R. Abelson IBM University Partnership Award, 1995-1997 Fakultetsopponent (External Examiner), University of High Frequency Devices Linkoping, Sweden, 1995 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Walter, G., Feng, M., Holonyak, J. N., and Chan, R. College of Engineering, 1996 Semiconductor Laser Devices and Methods [Utility Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Patent Grant], # US 7286583, Oct. 2007. University of Illinois, 1997 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent, Walter, G., Holonyak, N. J., Chan, R., and Feng, M. University of Illinois, 2000, 2002 Semiconductor Bipolar Light Emitting and Laser Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2004 Devices and Methods [Application without Search Report], # EP 06736238.4, Nov. 2007. Ilesanmi Adesida Scientific Member, Bohmische Physical Society Optical Physics and Engineering Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Eden, J. G. and Park, S. Arrays of Microcavity Plasma Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Devices with Dielectric Encapsulated Electrodes Advising, University of Illinois, 1993, 1999 [Utility Patent Application], # US 11487949, Jul. 2007. Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Electronic Device Society, 1977-1999 Eden, J. G. and Park, S. Method of Manufacturing University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1997, 1999 Microdischarge Devices with Encapsulated Electrodes Associate Member, Center for Advanced Study, [Utility Patent Grant], # US 7297041, Nov. 2007. 2000-2001

Eden, J. G. and Park, S. Plasma Extraction Microcavity Vikram Adve Plasma Device and Method [Utility Patent Best Paper Award, 15th Workshop on Parallel and Application], # US 11344514, May 2007. Distributed Simulation, May 2001 C. W. Gear Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, University Park, S., Eden, J. G., Lu, M., and Cunningham, B. Polymer of Illinois Department of Computer Science, 2002 Microcavity and Microchannel Devices and Associate Editor, ACM Transactions on Programming Fabrication Method [Utility Patent Application], # US Languages and Systems, 2003- 11698264, Aug. 2007. Best Paper Award, Programming Language Design and Implementation, 2005

Gul A. Agha Young Investigator Award, U.S. Office of Naval Research, 1989

120 Incentive for Excellence Award, Digital Equipment Advisors List for Advising Excellence, University of Corporation Faculty Program, 1990 Illinois, 1999, 2002 Fellow, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study, Outstanding Scholar Faculty Recognition, Alpha Delta Pi, 1992-1993 University of Illinois, 1999 International Lecturer, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 1991-2000 Andrew G. Alleyne Editor, ACM Computer Surveys, 1995-1999 Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor Award, Associate Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Parallel and Distributed 1990-1991 Technology: Systems and Applications, 1992-1994 Listed in Daily Illini "Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked Editor, Theory and Practice of Object Systems, 1993-1999 as Excellent by Their Students," University of Illinois, Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Concurrency: Parallel, Distributed Spring 1995; Fall 2004, 2006 and Mobile Computing, 1994-1998 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Golden Core Member, Institute of Electrical and Award, National Science Foundation, 1996 Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society, 1999 Best Paper in Session, American Controls Conference, Meritorious Service Award, IEEE Computer Society, 1999 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Editor-in-Chief, ACM Computing Surveys, 2000- Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Fellow, IEEE Computer Society, 2002 University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1998, Member, European Academy of Sciences, 2003 1999 Arthur Schofstall Distinguished Lecturer, Rensselear Honorable Mention for paper (one of five finalist papers) Polytechnic Institute, 2003 at the Fourteenth International Federation of Automatic ACM Recognition of Service Award, Editor in Chief of Control Congress, Beijing, Peoples' Republic of China, ACM Computing Surveys, 2007 1999 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Narendra Ahuja College of Engineering, 2000 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Best Paper Award, American Society of Mechanical Science Engineers International Mechanical Engineering Fellow, American Association for Artificial Intelligence Congress and Exposition, Fluid Power Systems and Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Technology Division, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Who’s Who Among America’s Teachers, 2000 Fellow, International Association for Pattern Recognition Accenture Award for Excellence in Advising, University Fellow, International Society for Optical Engineering of Illinois College of Engineering, 2001, 2003 University Scholar, University of Illinois Fulbright Fellowship, 2002-2003 Beckman Associate, University of Illinois Center for College of Engineering Ralph M. and Catherine V. Fisher Advanced Study, 1990-1991 Professor, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced 2002-2005 Study, 1998 Student Best Paper Award, American Society of Donald Biggar Willet Professorship, University of Illinois Mechanical Engineering International Mechanical College of Engineering, 1999 Engineers Congress and Exposition, Dynamic Systems Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their and Control Division, 2002 Students, 2002 Best Paper Finalist (top 12 out of 150), 6th International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control, 2002 Jont Allen Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, Society of IBM Faculty Award, 2004 Automotive Engineers, 2003 Distinguished Lecturer, Institute of Electrical and Leslie H. Allen Electronics Engineers Control Systems Society, Racheff Professor of Materials Science, University of 2004-2007 Illinois College of Engineering, 1991-1993 Outstanding Young Investigator Award, American Society Outstanding Teacher List, University of Illinois, of Mechanical Engineers Dynamic Systems and Control 1993-1996, 1998, 2001, 2003 Division, 2003 Invited Participant, National Academy of Engineering 19th Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering, 2004 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2005

121 Honorable Mention, Campus Award for Innovation in Young Investigator Award, Office of Naval Research, Undergraduate Instruction, University of Illinois, 2005 2001-2004 Honorable Mention, Campus Award for Excellence in Accenture Outstanding Advisor Award, 2004, 2005 Graduate and Professional Teaching, University of Illinois, 2006 Jennifer Bernhard Teaching Excellence Award, University of Illinois College New Faculty Fellow, Sloan, 1997 of Engineering, 2008 Faculty Fellow, NASA-ASEE, 1999, 2000 Defense Science Study Group, 2008-2010 Collins Scholar, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2000 Tamer Basar Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Member, National Academy of Engineering Engineers (IEEE), 2001 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois (IEEE) College of Engineering, 2002-2005 Fellow, International Federation of Automatic Control Accenture Engineering Council Award for Excellence in (IFAC) Advising, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Member, European Academy of Sciences 2004 President, International Society of Dynamic Games, H. A. Wheeler Applications Prize Paper Award, IEEE 1990-1992, 1992-1994 Antennas and Propagation Society, 2004 Editor, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1992-1994 Stephen G. Bishop Nearing Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, 1998- Science Zaborszky Lecturer, Washington University, St. Louis, Fellow, American Physical Society 1999 Fellow, Optical Society of America IEEE Millennium Medal, 2000 Board of Trustees, Gettysburg College, 1992-2006 President, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2000 Honorary Editor, J. Applied and Computational Richard Blahut Mathematics, 2002- Member, National Academy of Engineering, 1990 Penner Distinguished Lecturer, University of California, Fellow, IBM, 1980 San Diego, 2003 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Editor-in-Chief, Automatica, 2004- (IEEE), 1981 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Fellowship, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2004 1982 Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize, IEEE Control Systems Henry Magnuski Professor, University of Illinois Society, 2004 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Giorgio Quazza Medal, IFAC, 2005 2000 Outstanding Service Award, IFAC, 2005 Alexander Graham Bell Medal, IEEE, 1998 Professor, Center for Advanced Study, University of Claude E. Shannon Award, IEEE, 2005 Illinois, 2005- Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award, American Yoram Bresler Automatic Control Council (AACC), 2006 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Expert Now, 2007 (IEEE) Swanlund Endowed Chair, University of Illinois, 2007 Technion Fellowship, 1995-1996 Honorary Doctorate (Doctor Honoris Causa), Dogus University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1999 University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2007 Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study, 2001-2002 Carolyn L. Beck Alcoa Foundation Award, 1997 Donna J. Brown Junior Faculty Award, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Outstanding Young Woman of America, 1984 1997 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) David Cahill Award, National Science Foundation, 1998-2002 Fellow, American Vacuum Society

122 Peter Mark Memorial Award, American Vacuum Society, James J. Coleman 1998 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of University Scholar, University of Illinois, 2000-2003 Science Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, Fellow, American Physical Society 2002-2004 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, American Physical Society, 2005 (IEEE) Donald B. Willett Professor of Engineering, University of Fellow, Optical Society of America Illinois, 2005-2010 IEEE LEOS William Streifer Scientific Achievement Award Roy H. Campbell Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE, 1997-1998, 1998-1999 Certificate of Recognition for the Creative Development Franklin Woeltge Professorship, University of Illinois of a Technical Innovation, NASA, published in NASA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 2002 Technical Brief, Path Pascal, June, 1982 Senior Visiting Research Fellowship at University of Gerald DeJong Newcastle upon Tyne, Science and Engineering Faculty Assistant Grant, Exxon Mobil Corporation, 1982 Research Council of Great Britain, 1981-1983 Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, University of Information Technology Committee, Illinois Terrorism Illinois Research Board, 1984 Task Force, 2002-2003 Faculty Recognition Grant, Alcoa Foundation, 1989 Sohaib and Sara Abbasi Professor in Computer Science, Fellow, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, University of Illinois, 2004- 1992 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Marquis Who's (IEEE), 2005 Who, 2000 International Scientist of the Year, International Andreas Cangellaris Biographical Centre, 2001 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Accenture Award for Excellence in Advising, University (IEEE) of Illinois College of Engineering, 2007

Deming Chen Minh Do Most downloaded article from IEEE Transactions on Fellow, Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois, CAD, “Power Modeling and Characteristics of Field 2006 Programmable Gate Arrays,”, 2006 Best Doctoral Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Strathmore’s Who’s Who, 2007 Technology Lausanne, 2001 Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, University of Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007 Award, National Science Foundation, 2003 Best Paper Award at the Institute of Electrical and Keh-Yung Cheng Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Conference Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005 (IEEE), 2001 Most Innovative Paper Award, IEEE International Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Conference on Image Processing, 2006 Science (AAAS), 2004 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent, 2006 Ministry of Education Distinguished Visiting Chair IBM Paper Award, IEEE International Conference on Professor, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Image Processing, 2007 Taiwan, 2003-2004 Geir E. Dullerud Yun Chiu National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CalView Teaching Fellow Award, University of California Canada Initiation Grant, 1996 College of Engineering, 2003 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Outstanding Student Paper Award, Award, National Science Foundation, 1999 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005 Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois Chunhui Award for Foreign Visiting Scholars, China's College of Engineering, 2002-2008 Ministry of Education, 2006

123 Listed in Daily Illini "Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked Steven J. Franke as Excellent by their Students,” University of Illinois, Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Fall 2004 Engineers Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2005 Chester S. Gardner Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of 2007 Science Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers J. Gary Eden (IEEE) Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, Optical Society of America Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers R. V. Pole Memorial Plenary Lecturer, IEEE/OSA (IEEE) Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 1991 Fellow, Optical Society of America CEDAR Prize Lecture, National Science Foundation, 1996 Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study, 1987-1988 Carl A. Gunter Board of Governors, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Best Paper Award, Fourth International Conference on Society, 1990-1993 Requirements Engineering, 2000 Associate Editor, Photonics Technology Letters, Editor, Journal of Computer Security, November 2004 1990-1994 Vice President (Technical Affairs), IEEE Lasers and Christoforos Hadjicostis Electro-Optics Society, (LEOS), 1993-1995 Fellow, Josephine de Karman Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Fellow, National Semiconductor Corporation 1996-2002 Fellow, Grass Instrument Company Editor, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Recognized Reviewer of Institute of Electrical and Electronics, 1996 Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Transaction on James F. Towey University Scholar, University of Illinois, Automatic Control, 2001 1996-1999 Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, University of President, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Illinois Electrical and Computer Engineering (LEOS), 1998 Department, 2003 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Faculty Advisors List, University of Illinois College of University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2004 Engineering, 2001, 2004 Willett Faculty Scholar, University of Illinois College of Awards Chair, IEEE LEOS, 2003, 2004 Engineering, 2005 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE LEOS, 2003-2005 Senior Member, IEEE, 2005 Aron Kressel Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2005 Bruce Hajek Member, National Academy of Engineering Milton Feng Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (IEEE) Beckman Associate, University of Illinois Center for Fellow, Optical Society of America Advanced Study, 1984 Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1986 Advising, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1992 1995, 1996, 1998 President, IEEE Information Theory Society, 1995 Associate Member, University of Illinois Center for Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award, Advanced Study, 1998 IEEE, 2003 Nick Holonyak, Jr. Professorship, University of Illinois, 2000-2005 Mark Hasegawa-Johnson Best Student Paper Award, International GaAs Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Manufacturing Conference, 2003 Engineers (IEEE) F. V. Hunt Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Acoustical Society of America, 1996-1997

124 Thomas S. Huang Franklin W. Woeltge Professorship, University of Illinois Member, National Academy of Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 2000 Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Engineering Computerworld Medal Honors, 2002 Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sanders III Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Endowed Chair, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers University of Illinois Electrical and Computer (IEEE) Engineering Department, 2003 Fellow, International Association of Pattern Recognition IEEE Micro's Top Picks, Microarchitecture Conference, Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 2005 Fellow, Optical Society of America (SPIE) Fellow, The International Optical Society Ravishankar K. Iyer Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1971 Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Study, 1990 (IEEE) University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1990 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Fujitsu Endowed Chair Visiting Professor, University of Science Tokyo, 1993 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Signal Processing Society, Astronautics 1993-1994 Distinguished Visitor, IEEE, 1989- William L. Everitt Distinguished Professor, University of Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Illinois, 1996- Advising, University of Illinois, 1994, 1996, 2001 Peter H. Bartels Visiting Professor, University of Distinguished Service Certificate, American Institute of Washington, 1997 Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997 Center for Advanced Study Professor, University of George and Ann Fisher Distinguished Professor, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003- University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1998- Honored as a Pioneer in Signal Processing at the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Douglas L. Jones Signal Processing, 1998 Fulbright Fellowship, 1987 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Jack Kilby Medal, 2001 King-Sun Fu Prize, International Association Pattern Ralf Koetter Recognition, 2002 Co-Editor-in-Chief, Special Issue of the IEEE IBM Faculty Award, 2003, 2007 Transactions on Information Theory Tau Beta Pi Daniel Drucker Eminent Engineering Faculty Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Award, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Communications, 1999-2000 2005 Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Information Okawa Award for Information and Telecommunication Theory, 2000- Technology, 2005 Incomplete List of Teachers Rated Excellent, University Scientist of the Year Award, Society for Imaging Science of Illinois, 2000 and Technology and SPIE Electronic Imaging, 2006 Collins Scholar, University of Illinois, 2000 Honorary Chair, IEEE Conference on Multimedia and Willet Faculty Scholar, University of Illinois, 2002 Exhibition, 2006 Philip T. Krein Wen-Mei Hwu Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (IEEE) William E. Newell Power Electronics Award, IEEE Certificate of Appreciation, for Service as Both General Grainger Endowed Director's Chair in Electric Machinery and Program Chair for the Silver Anniversary MICRO and Electromechanics Conference, IEEE Computer Society Grainger Associate, University of Illinois Department of Fellow, Association of Computing Machinery Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1995-2002 Intel Associate Professor, University of Illinois Electrical Past President, IEEE Power Electronics Society and Computer Engineering Department, 1992-1993 University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1999-2002 University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1994

125 Division II Director, IEEE Beckman Fellow, University of Illinois Center for Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Power Electronics Society, Advanced Study, 1997 2005-2007 Henry Magnuski Scholar, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1999 P. R. Kumar Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Daniel Liberzon (IEEE) Young Author Prize, International Federation of Member, National Academy of Engineering Automatic Control, 2002 Franklin W. Woeltge Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, 2000- Liang Y. Liu IEEE Field Award, Control Systems Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Fred W. Ellersick Prize, IEEE Communications Society Students, University of Illinois, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, Donald P. Eckman Award, American Automatic Control 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Council Advisory Award, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 Jean-Pierre Leburton Scholar, W. E. O'Neil Faculty, University of Illinois Member, New York Academy of Science College of Engineering, 2002-2006 Fellow, American Association for Advancement of Teaching Award, University of Illinois College of Science Engineering, 2003 Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, Electro Chemical Society Michael C. Loui Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Optical Society of America (IEEE) Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced University Distinguished Teacher/Scholar Study Carnegie Scholar, Carnegie Foundation for the Hitachi Ltd. Quantum Materials Chair, Research Center Advancement of Teaching for Advanced Sciences and Technology, University of Executive Editor, College Teaching, 2006 Tokyo, 1992 Chevalier Dans L’Ordre Des Palmes Academiques, 1994 Joseph W. Lyding King Albert II of Belgium, Round Table on the “Mobility IBM Postdoctoral Fellow, 1983 of European Research Scientist” European Science and Beckman Fellow, University of Illinois Center for Technology Commission, 2001 Advanced Study, 1987-1988 Inaugural Montefiore Distinguished Lecture, Penn State Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced University, 2002 Study, 1996-1997 Gregory Stillman Professor in Electrical and Computer Fellow, American Physical Society, 1997 Engineering, University of Illinois College of University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1997 Engineering, 2004 Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2000 Gold Medal for Scientific Achievement, 75th Anniversary of the Alumnus Association of the University of Liege, Jonathan Makela Belgium, 2004 Editors' Citation for Excellence in Refereeing for Quantum Devices Award, Outstanding Achievement in the Geophysical Research Letters, 2005 Area of Compound Semiconductor Research, 2004 Associate Editor, American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research Letters, 2007- Stephen Levinson National Research Council Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Fellowship, 2002-2004 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Award, National Science Foundation, 2007 Zhi-Pei Liang Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their University Scholar Award Students, 2006

Sean Meyn Fulbright Research Scholar for Research on Optimization and Network Scheduling, 1997

126 Pierre Moulin David Nicol Associate Editor, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Marion and Jason Whiting Fellowship, Oxford University, Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Transactions on Information 2000 Theory, 1996-1998 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Students, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005 2006 Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Best Paper Award, IPSI Studenica Conference, 2004 Processing, 1999- Distinguished Contributions Award, ACM SIGSIM, 2007 Area Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2002- Michael L. Oelze University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study, 2003 Fellow, National Institute of Health Post-Doctoral IEEE Fellow, 2003 Research, 2002-2004 Founding Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2005- Janak H. Patel Board of Governors, IEEE Signal Processing Society, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2005- (IEEE) Sony Faculty Award, 2005 Fellow, Association of Computing Machinery Donald Biggar Willet Professor, University of Illinois Klara Nahrstedt College of Engineering, 1999 Weierstrass Prize, Weierstrass Institute of Mathematics, Berlin, 1985 Constantine D. Polychronopoulos Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Board of Directors, Association for Computing Machinery Award, National Science Foundation (NSF), 1996 SIGARCH NASA Space Act Award, NSF, 1996 Editor, International Journal of High-Speed Computing, Editorial Board, IEEE Multimedia Newsletter, 1996 1989- Xerox Award for Junior Faculty Research, University of Mitsubishi Endowed Professorship, University of Tokyo, Illinois College of Engineering, 1998 1993 C. W. Gear Faculty Award, University of Illinois Department of Computer Science, 1999 Umberto Ravaioli Best Tutorial Paper Award, Institute of Electrical and Fellow, Institute of Physics, 1999 Electronics Engineers (IEEE), for "An Overview of Engineering Council Advisors List for Advising Quality of Service Routing for Next-Generation High- Excellence, University of Illinois, 1994, 1996, 1998, Speed Networks: Problems and Solutions," 1999 2004, 2006 Campus Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Instruction Using Educational Technologies, University 2003 of Illinois, 2000 Leonard G. Abraham Prize Paper Award, IEEE, for "A Angus A. Rockett Control-based Middleware Framework for Quality-of- Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Service Adaptation," 2000 College of Engineering, 1992 Editorial Board, Journal on Multimedia Applications and Everett Teaching Award, University of Illinois College of Tools, 2000 Engineering, 1993 Editorial Board, Computer Networks Journal, 2000-2001 Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 1998 Editorial Board, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Donald Burnett Teacher of the Year Award, University of 2000-2001 Illinois Materials Science and Engineering Department, Associate Editor, ACM Computer Communications 1998 Reviews, 2000- Stanley H. Pierce Award, University of Illinois College of Editor-in-Chief, ACM Multimedia Systems Journal, 2001- Engineering, 2002 Ralph M. and Catherine V. Fisher Professorship, Outstanding Advisors list, University of Illinois, 1997, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2002- 1998, 2000, 2001 Service Award, Association for Computing Machinery Knight of St. Patrick, University of Illinois College of (ACM), 2006, 2007 Engineering, 2007 Chair, ACM SIG Multimedia, 2007

127 Elyse Rosenbaum Area Editor, IEEE Computer, 1993-1995 Best Student Paper Award (co-author, faculty advisor), GE Scholar, University of Illinois Academy for Excellence Electrical Overstress/Electrostatic Discharge in Engineering Education, 1999 Symposium, 2003 Co-Chair, IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology Bliss Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, 2005 and Applications Symposium, 2001 IBM Faculty Award, 2006 Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2001-2002 William Sanders Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Naresh Shanbhag Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Distinguished Lecturer, Institute of Electrical and Elected Member, IFIP Working Group 10.4 on Electronics Engineers Circuits and Systems Society, Dependable Computing 1997-1999 Member, Sigma Xi Member, Eta Kappa Nu Andrew Singer Member, Motorola Research Visionary Board (RVB), Hughes Aircraft Graduate Fellow 2005 Member, Advisory Board for the Computational Sciences Mark W. Spong and Engineering Division (CSED) for Oak Ridge Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers National Laboratory, 2005 (IEEE) Elected Member, Board of Directors, ACM Sigmetrics, Phi Beta Kappa 2001-2003, 2005-2007 Visiting Professor, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their 1997 Students, University of Illinois, 2002, 2003 Editor, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Donald Biggar Willett Professor of Engineering, Technology, 1997-2000 University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2005 Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore, 1999 Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Dilip V. Sarwate Advising, University of Illinois, 1999, 2005 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Senior U. S. Scientist Research Prize, Alexander von (IEEE) Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 1999 Visiting Professor, Technical University of Munich, 2000 Peter W. Sauer Vice President for Publications, IEEE Control Systems Member, National Academy of Engineering Society, 2000-2002 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 (IEEE) Southwest Mechanics Lecture Series Distinguished U.S. Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, 1993 Speaker, 2001 Honorary Professional Degree in Electrical Engineering, Donald Biggar Willet Professor of Engineering, University University of Missouri-Rolla, 1995 of Illinois, 2003 Academy of Electrical Engineering, University of John R. Ragazzini Control Education Award, American Missouri-Rolla, 1996 Automatic Control Council, 2004 Outstanding Electrical Engineer Award, Purdue President, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2005 University, 2004 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, R. S. Sreenivas University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1999, Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,2006 1994 Grainger Chair Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois, 1998- John Tucker IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Lui Sha Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Associate Editor, International Journal of Real-Time Systems, 1992-

128 Nitin Vaidya Editor in Chief, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Distinguished Visitor Program Speaker, Institute of Data Engineering, 1993-1996 Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Associate Editor-in-Chief, Information Sciences, 1993- Society, 1998-2001 McKay Visiting Professorship, University of California, Best Paper Award, The Eighth International Conference on Berkeley, 1994 Personal Wireless Communications (PWC), Venice, Second Vice President, IEEE Computer Society, 1998 2003 First Vice President Elect, IEEE Computer Society, 1998 Editor-in-Chief, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing Robert T. Chien Professor of Electrical and Computer and Communications Review (MC2R), 2003-2004 Engineering, University of Illinois, 1999-2003 Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Mobile IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Computing, 2005- President, IEEE Computer Society, 2001 Sun Yun-suan Honorary Chair Professor, National Venu Veeravalli Tsinghua University, 2002 Beckman Associate, University of Illinois Center for Raymond T. Yeh Life Time Achievement Award, Society Advanced Study, 2002-2003 for Design and Process Science, 2003 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Franklin Woeltge Professor of Electrical and Computer College of Engineering, 2003 Engineering, University of Illinois, 2004- Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers First Prize, Suboptimal Temporal Metric Track, Fourth (IEEE), 2006 Intel Planning Competition, 2004 Keynote Speaker at the International Workshop on Best Paper Award, IEEE International Conference on Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, 2006 Tools for Artificial Intelligence, 2005 IEEE Signal Processing Society Young Author Best Paper W. Wallace-McDowell Medal, IEEE Computer Society, Award, 2006 2006 Plenary Speaker at the IEEE Communication Theory Workshop, 2007 Martin Wong List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by their Students, IBM Faculty Award, 2000, 2004 2007 David Bruton Centennial Professor in Computer Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2001 Pramod Viswanath Best-of-20-Years ICCAD Paper, 2002 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, Institute of Electrical and Award, National Science Foundation, 2003 Electronics Engineers, 2005-

Petros G. Voulgaris Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, 1993 Young Investigator Award, U.S. Office of Naval Research, 1995 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1996

Benjamin W. Wah Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Fellow, Society for Design and Process Science University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1989 IEEE Distinguished Visitor, 1989-1992 Fujitsu Visiting Chair Professor on Intelligence Engineering, University of Tokyo, 1992

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