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Infectious Diseases of Cattle in New Zealand

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Infectious Diseases of Cattle in New Zealand Infectious diseases of cattle The diseases of calves and growing cattle in New in New Zealand Zealand are reviewed. The diseases of adult cattle in New Zealand will be reviewed in Part 1 – Calves and growing stock a subsequent article. It is not possible to completely partition the two groups of New Zealand has a substantial cattle industry but it has relatively few animals but duplication has been kept problems with infectious cattle diseases. The reasons for this include to a minimum. adequate nutrition, a pastoral farming system with an absence of animal housing and overcrowding, a temperate climate and our bio- Jos Vermunt geographic isolation. New Zealand is free of many infectious diseases that cause significant losses overseas, such as the vesicular stomatitides and rinderpest. Some of our significant endemic and there is anecdotal evidence for its occasional involvement in infectious diseases are being eradicated (enzootic bovine leukosis), metritis and mastitis, there is little unequivocal evidence of its have been eradicated (brucellosis), or are being controlled significance in New Zealand. Bacillary haemoglobinuria (tuberculosis, leptospirosis). Others are virtually of historic interest (Cl haemolyticum or oedematiens type D) and black disease (Cl novyi only (anthrax). This and the following article list and briefly or oedematiens type D) are of minor importance. There are no comment on those infectious agents and diseases considered to be of reports of botulism (Cl botulinum) having occurred in cattle in New importance in cattle in New Zealand. Zealand. The economic significance of the various clostridial diseases is difficult to establish, mainly because of a lack of data on Bacterial diseases their respective incidences. The widespread use of multi-valent Anthrax: The last recorded case of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) in clostridial vaccines is thought to have significantly reduced the losses cattle in New Zealand occurred in 1954 in the Te Awamutu area(1). associated with these infections. However, most of the clostridial The recent outbreak of anthrax in Australia has brought this organisms are common inhabitants of soil and/or the digestive tract, important disease to public attention(2). so occasional outbreaks of various clostridial diseases are still being reported in unvaccinated cattle. Actinobacillosis: Infection with Actinobacillus lignieresi is by no means confined to the tongue (‘woody tongue’), but it can also cause Colibacillosis: Neonatal Escherichia coli enterotoxicosis (mainly K99 granulomatous lesions of the cardia (recurrent bloat), pharynx pilus antigen) occurs in calves less than 6-days-old and mostly when (respiratory distress) and other soft tissues of the head, including the they are only 1 to 2-days-old(7). These fimbriated, enterotoxigenic lips, cheek, lymph nodes and hard palate. Traumatic injury (e.g. from E coli (ETEC) strains adhere to the mucosal surface of the small fibrous feed material) is required for the bacteria to gain entry into intestine, colonise the gut, and elaborate a thermostable enterotoxin, soft tissues. Actinobacillus lesions of the tongue and buccal mucosa resulting in severe watery diarrhoea through increased secretion should be differentiated from lesions associated with vesicular from enterocytes. They cause minimal damage to the intestinal disease(3). Actinobacillosis (and actinomycosis) are also differential epithelium. Calves deficient in immunoglobulins are most diagnoses for tuberculosis in the head lymph nodes of cattle at susceptible to the septicemic form of colibacillosis. Older calves are slaughter. resistant because their enterocytes resist colonisation by the K99 adhesin. Actinomycosis: Classically, Actinomycis bovis infection causes a rarefying osteomyelitis of the mandible or maxilla (‘lumpy jaw’), Infected animals are the main reservoir for E coli, and their faeces are and infection of the associated lymph nodes(4). The natural habitat the major source of environmental contamination with bacteria. of A bovis is the oral cavity and nasopharynx, and the bacteria are Recovered calves may shed bacteria for several months. When such thought to enter through wounds in the buccal mucosa or through carrier animals are introduced into an uninfected herd, they provide dental alveoli. Rarely, infection may involve soft tissues, such as the one of the main sources of infection during natural outbreaks. Other oesophageal groove, leading to a syndrome of impaired digestion. E coli strains are also regarded as enterotoxic and they have the ability to adhere to and damage the surface of enterocytes. These Clostridial diseases: The clostridial diseases of greatest importance attaching and effacing E coli (AEEC) are non-K99 bearing pathogens, to cattle in New Zealand are blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei or feseri), and they can be diagnosed by histopathology of fixed intestinal tetanus (Cl tetani) and, possibly, malignant oedema (Cl septicum, tissue. In general, these organisms produce enteric disease in calves Cl chauvoei, Cl sordellii)(5). Although Cl sordelii infection has been that are a few months old. diagnosed in the past in New Zealand, it received very little attention until it recently emerged as a significant cause of deaths in cattle(6). It should be noted that the aetiology of many cases of neonatal calf The occurrence of other clostridial diseases, in particular diarrhoea is multifactorial, involving bacterial, viral, protozoal or enterotoxaemia (Cl perfringens type D), is open for debate. Although nutritional components. Many cases result from bacterial or viral this Clostridium species is often implicated in sudden cattle deaths, superinfection of nutritionally-induced diarrhoea. 3. page Surveillance 27(2) 2000 3 Dermatophilosis: Dermatophilus congolensis is a normal inhabitant in cattle(11) but rarely causes clinical disease. Infection with of the skin which requires maceration of the skin to become L hardjobovis is quite common in unvaccinated herds in New pathogenic(4). It causes a superficial, crusty skin infection in cattle of Zealand(12). L pomona causes haemolytic disease in calves, which is all ages. Rarely, it becomes invasive, resulting in a chronic characterised by depression, jaundice and haemoglobinuria (‘red lymphadenitis. In young calves, D congolensis may be associated with water’). There is controversy about the importance of L copenhageni. ‘milk scald’ on the face, in which there is hair loss without crusting. This organism is maintained in the Norwegian rat(13), and has caused disease in calves, mainly in the Waikato, Hauraki and South- Enzootic pneumonia: This is an infectious disease primarily of Auckland areas. Infection involves the liver and kidneys, and animals housed calves. It is probably caused by a combination of one or more die of renal failure. Jaundice is common and results from hepatic, respiratory viruses (PI-3, IBR and BRS) complicated by secondary and not haemolytic, disease(14). In more chronic cases, bacterial invasion with Pasteurella haemolytica, P multocida or photosensitization develops due to hepatic damage. Leptospirosis in Haemophilus somnus. BVD virus may also contribute because of its cattle is now largely controlled due to the widespread adoption of a immunosuppressive effects, thus increasing the susceptibility of the vaccination programme introduced during the late 1970s. At present, animal to the other respiratory pathogens. Mycoplasma bovis is a more than 90% of the New Zealand dairy herds are fully vaccinated, major contributor to calf pneumonia in Europe but this organism is using either bi-valent (hardjobovis and pomona) or tri-valent not present in New Zealand(8). In comparison with countries in (hardjobovis, pomona and copenhageni) vaccines. which calves are born in the winter and are housed for long periods, the incidence of enzootic pneumonia in New Zealand is low. Listeriosis: Systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes causes Outbreaks do, however, occur when calves are housed in poorly clinical disease in only a small proportion of animals. Factors ventilated conditions. Many outbreaks are also associated with predisposing to the disease include wet and cold conditions and inadequate intakes of colostrum. silage feeding, especially where there is a significant degree of soil contamination of the silage. Two main syndromes occur: Haemophilosis: This disease complex refers to a group of diseases (i) a meningo-encephalitis, which may be caused by infection caused by infection with Haemophilus somnus. Excepting the through inhalation or by progression up tooth nerve roots; reproductive tract form of the disease (suppurative vaginitis), (ii) ingestion may lead to visceral infection resulting in abortion. H somnus mainly affects young cattle, in which it can produce a Listeria monocytogenes abortions are almost always sporadic. number of syndromes. The respiratory and septicaemic forms of the disease occur primarily in feedlot cattle, although cattle at pasture Oral and laryngeal necrobacillosis: These are caused by infection may also be affected(9). H somnus alone is capable of causing a with Fusobacterium necrophorum, which is usually a secondary (9) suppurative bronchopneumonia in young calves, or it may be part of invader following mucosal damage . The term ‘calf diphtheria’ is the classical ‘shipping fever’ complex. The nervous form of the sometimes used to describe the disease when the infection is disease is thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME), and this confined to the
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