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Bacterial Pathogens of Pigs with Particular Reference to Escherichia Coli: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Bacterial Pathogens of Pigs with Particular Reference to Escherichia Coli: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Vol. 9(7), pp. 159-185, July 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2017.0594 Article Number: 7D012B065004 Journal of Veterinary Medicine and ISSN 2141-2529 Copyright © 2017 Animal Health Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JVMAH Review Bacterial pathogens of pigs with particular reference to Escherichia coli: A systematic review and meta-analysis Rukayya Hussain Abubakar1, Evelyn Madoroba2,3, Olubukola Adenubi4, Darshana Morar- Leather1 and Folorunso O. Fasina1,5* 1Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. 2Bacteriology Section, Agricultural Research Council–Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, South Africa. 3College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, South Africa. 4Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa . 5Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UNON, Gigiri, Kenya. Received 11 May, 2017: Accepted 15 June, 2017 Pigs are ungulate animals of the genus Suis and family Suidae. They are globally spread but restricted in certain countries due to religious and cultural beliefs. Pork serves as an important source of protein (38% of meat consumed in the world). While pig production remains a profitable enterprise, commercial and particularly the small-scale farmers face huge constraint in this husbandry practice, one of the most important being bacterial infections and its associated with morbidity and mortality. In this work, we reviewed the prevalence of bacterial infections in pigs with particular reference to Escherichia coli, a bacterium that is regularly isolated and can lead to multiple infections in pigs. Literatures were searched on selected veterinary and biological data bases in 2016 with focus on natural infections and isolates from natural infections with epidemiological details. Pathotypes, serotypes and serogroups of E. coli, the country of origin, source, growth stage, age of pigs infected, disease outbreak, the number of samples and type of samples, numbers and percentage of positive samples and isolates were used as filters. Pathotypes reported include enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 66.7%, enterotoxigenic E. coli and shiga toxigenic E. coli (ETEC and STEC) 14.3%, STEC only (7.9%), enterotoxigenic E. coli/enteropathogenic E. coli/enteroaggregative E. coli (ETEC/EPEC/EAE) 31.7%. Others were enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) (ETEC, EPEC, STEC) and extra- intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Twenty-nine countries with documented records of cases of E. coli were included with the USA reporting, the highest number followed by China. About 74% of the samples were taken from farms and others were from samples submitted to research laboratories and veterinary faculties for necropsy. Serogroups O141, O149, O139, O138, O8 and O9 were most common. Piglets were most affected (52.3%) followed by weaners (39.6%) and porkers (7.9%) with age ranging from 1 to 392 days old. A total of 24,854 isolates were considered, 10477 (42.2%) were positives and the following genes were carried: STa, STb, LT, stx1, stx2, Stx-2e, F4, F5, F6, F18, F41, AIDA, EAST1, eae, paa and hlyA. The diseases produced by E. coli were neonatal diarrhoea, colibacillosis, post-weaning diarrhoea and edema disease. The associated risk factors were poor housing, management and feed changes, extensive use of antibiotics as prophylaxis, overcrowding, and high humidity and temperature changes. India, USA, Japan, Slovakia, Denmark Sweden and Poland were countries with significant reports and high detection of virulence factors (72 to 100%). Key words: Escherichia coli, diarrhea, serogroups, enterotoxigenic, colibacillosis. 160 J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health INTRODUCTION percentages with 95% confidence intervals. Cumulative events with measures of central tendencies were also Pigs are ungulate animals of the genus Suis and family produced in forest plots. Suidae. Domesticated pigs originated from the European wild boar Susscrofa are indigenous to the Eurasian and African continents (Giuffra et al., 2000).The global pig Bacterial pathogens of pigs population is estimated to be approximately one billion (Statista, 2016), and although this spread across the Based on our evaluation, the bacteria that affect pigs are world, it may be restricted in certain countries due to diverse and vast but are not limited to the following, religious and cultural beliefs. Pork serves as an important grouped by areas of primary lesions: source of protein (38% of meat consumed in the world) and as a means of livelihood especially for women in developing countries (Madzimure et al., 2012). Pigs are Cutaneous (skin) associated bacteria also kept for leather, hair, as pets and use in human research (Gosh, 2014). While pig production remains a profitable enterprise, Staphylococcus species commercial and particularly the small-scale farmers face huge constraints in this husbandry practice, one of the Infection in pigs is caused by Staphylococcus hyicus most important being bacterial infections and its resulting in exudative epidermitis (Greasy pig disease) associated with morbidity and mortality. We reviewed the (Andresen, 1998). Staphylococcus hyicus is composed of prevalence of bacterial infections in pigs and paid both non-virulent and virulent strains which produces an particular attention to Escherichia coli, a bacterium that is exfoliative toxin, responsible for skin alteration in regularly isolated and can lead to multiple infections in exudative epidermitis of pigs (Wegener et al., 1993; pigs. Andresen et al., 1997). The key words used to gather literature for review It is characterized by sudden onset of excess include; “ Escherichia coli or E.coli”, “pig, swine or sebaceous secretion and exudation from the skin without porcine”, “outbreak”, “diarrhoea”, “Oedema disease”, pruritus leading to dehydration, growth depression and “post weaning diarrhoea”, “colibacillosis” and possibly death (Taylor, 2013). Other Staphylococcus “prevalence”. Literature searches were performed on species that could be isolated are Staphylococcus selected veterinary and biological databases including chromogenes and Staphylococcus Sciuri (Chen et al., the CAB Abstract, Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct and 2007). Staphylococcus aureus is another important and Google Scholar between January and November, 2016. common pathogen isolated from swollen ears, umbilical Particular consideration was given to natural infections abscesses, subcutaneous abscesses and foot lesions, and isolates from natural infections with epidemiological (Taylor, 2013; De Neeling et al., 2007). details. Pathotypes, serotypes and serogroups of E. coli, the country of origin, source, growth stage, age of pigs infected, disease outbreak, the number of samples and Treponema species type of samples, numbers and percentage of positive samples and isolates were used as filters. All literature Treponema species are associated with skin or mucous considered were in English or where available then the membrane diseases and cause skin ulcers in pigs English translations were used. regularly (Karlsson, 2014). Three major phylotypes are Extracted and compiled published manuscripts from involved in infections which include: Treponema pedis peer reviewed journals were quality-checked and (the most predominant), Treponema parvum and an duplicate documents were removed. All remaining undesignated phylotype (Karlsson, 2014). documents (n = 61) were filtered, harmonized and coded Treponema pedis infection can occur as cutaneous in a single Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet. The number of spirochaetosis, ear necrosis and spirochaetal granuloma. events, sample sizes and outcomes were calculated They have been indicated as secondary bacterial based on the available data. All data was analysed using infection in severe and chronic skin lesions of pigs the Fixed-effect model (precision-based estimates) in the (Taylor, 2013; Karlsson, 2014), such as ulcerative porcine Meta-analyses software on Excel (Neyellof et al., 2012). stomatitis (Jensen et al., 2014) and periodic outbreaks of Comparison between individual studies was calculated in ear necrosis among weaners and gingival infections WinPepi v11.24 (Abramson, 2011) and presented in (Pringle et al., 2009; Karlsson et al., 2013). *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +27719790042; +254 729840367. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abubakar et al. 161 Reproductive system associated bacteria 1989). Abortions, stillbirths and birth of weak piglets may also occur in sows (Taylor, 2013; Vannier, 1999). Listeria Leptospira species infection and carriage in domestic pigs or wild boar is a potential source of infection for man (Taylor, 2013; Borch Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira species is a disease et al., 1996). that occurs worldwide in pigs and infection which is more common in animals kept outdoors (Ryley and Simmons, 1954). Route of infection is by ingestion, direct contact Erysipelothrix species and through abrasions, trans-placental transmission or the veneral route (Taylor, 2013). Leptospira species are Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small, facultative fine, spiral, aerobic, motile, gram negative bacteria anaerobic, Gram positive (G+ve) rod that
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