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Infectious Diseases of the Horse INFECTIOUS DISEASES of the Diagnosis, pathology, HORSE management, and public health J. H. van der Kolk DVM, PhD, dipl ECEIM Department of Equine Sciences–Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University, the Netherlands E. J. B. Veldhuis Kroeze DVM, dipl ECVP Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University, the Netherlands MANSON PUBLISHING / THE VETERINARY PRESS Copyright © 2013 Manson Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978-1-84076-165-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33–34 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP, UK. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. For full details of all Manson Publishing Ltd titles please write to: Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK. Tel: +44(0)20 8905 5150 Fax: +44(0)20 8201 9233 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mansonpublishing.com Commissioning editor: Jill Northcott Project manager: Kate Nardoni Copy editor: Ruth Maxwell Layout: DiacriTech, Chennai, India Colour reproduction: Tenon & Polert Colour Scanning Ltd, Hong Kong Printed by: Grafos SA, Barcelona, Spain CONTENTS Introduction 5 Actinomyces spp. 90 Abbreviations 6 Dermatophilus congolensis: ‘rain scald’ or streptotrichosis 92 Chapter 1 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: ‘pigeon fever’ 94 Bacterial diseases 9 Mycobacterium spp.: tuberculosis 97 Nocardia spp. 99 Anaplasma phagocytophilum: equine anaplasmosis 9 Rhodococcus equi: ‘rattles’ 100 Neorickettsia risticii: Potomac horse fever 12 Chlamydophila spp. 106 Bartonella henselae: bartonellosis 15 Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease 108 Brucella spp.: brucellosis 16 Leptospira interrogans: leptospirosis 112 Burkholderia mallei: ‘glanders’ 18 Bacteroidaceae and Fusobacteriaceae 118 Burkholderia pseudomallei: melioidosis 20 Botryomycosis 120 Bordetella bronchiseptica 22 Taylorella equigenitalis: contagious Chapter 2 equine metritis 24 Viral diseases 123 Francisella tularensis: tularemia 26 Legionella pneumophila 27 Equine adenovirus 123 Coxiella burnetii: Q fever 28 Equine herpesvirus 126 Moraxella spp. 28 Suid herpesvirus 1 133 Escherichia coli 30 Bovine and equine papillomavirus 134 Salmonella spp.: salmonellosis 34 Horsepox virus 138 Pasteurella spp. 37 West Nile virus/Kunjin virus 140 Yersinia enterocolitica: yersiniosis 39 Japanese encephalitis virus/Murray Valley Actinobacillus lignieresii: actinobacillosis encephalitis virus 143 (‘wooden tongue’) 40 Equine arteritis virus 144 Actinobacillus equuli: ‘sleepy foal disease’ 42 Equine influenza virus 148 Lawsonia intracellularis: equine proliferative Hendra virus 152 enteropathy 44 Borna disease virus 154 Campylobacter spp. 48 Equine rhinitis virus 156 Helicobacter equorum 49 African horse sickness virus 158 Clostridium botulinum: botulism (‘shaker Equine infectious anaemia virus: ‘swamp fever’ 162 foal disease’) 50 Rotavirus 164 Clostridium difficile 55 Rabies 166 Clostridium perfringens 58 Vesicular stomatitis virus 168 Clostridium piliforme: Tyzzer’s disease 62 Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus 170 Clostridium tetani: tetanus 64 Western equine encephalomyelitis virus 172 Mycoplasma spp. 66 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus 174 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 68 Getah virus and Ross River virus: Bacillus anthracis: anthrax 70 Ross River virus and Sagiyama virus 176 Listeria monocytogenes: listeriosis 73 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 75 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi: ‘strangles’ 78 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 85 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 6 Protozoal diseases 178 Helmintic diseases 217 Klossiella equi 178 Fasciola hepatica 217 Sarcocystis neurona/Neospora hughesi: Anoplocephala spp. 224 equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) 180 Echinococcus equinus 228 Cryptosporidium parvum: cryptosporidiosis 184 Strongyloides westeri 232 Eimeria leuckarti 186 Halicephalobus gingivalis 234 Babesia caballi/Theileria equi: Strongylus spp. 236 babesiosis/piroplasmosis 188 Cyathostomum spp. 242 Giardia duodenalis 192 Dictyocaulus arnfieldi 248 Trypanosoma brucei evansi/T. b. equiperdum: trypanosomosis 194 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 249 Parascaris equorum 250 Chapter 4 Oxyuris equi 254 Fungal diseases 197 Probstmayria vivipara 258 Thelazia lacrymalis 258 Invasive mycoses 197 Setaria equina 260 Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum: equine epizootic lymphangitis/ Appendices 262 histoplasmosis/pseudofarcy 206 Appendix 1 Chapter 5 Differential diagnoses 262 Ectoparasitical diseases 208 Appendix 2 (Potential) Zoonoses 264 Gasterophilus spp. 208 Appendix 3 Mites 212 Clinical pathology 265 Lice 215 References 279 Index 327 5 INTRODUCTION In equine medicine one of the most important In order to support clinicians, a list of areas is the field of infectious diseases. This field is differential diagnoses has been provided in very dynamic and ever evolving with emerging Appendix 1. Furthermore, Appendix 2 has been and fading diseases. Many professionals are provided in an attempt to update the current view dedicated to equine infectious diseases ranging on zoonotic aspects of equine infectious diseases. from clinicians via laboratory diagnosticians to Appendix 3 emphasizes the importance of clinical pathologists. This book is the outcome of close pathology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. collaboration between a clinician and a The authors hope that this book will be helpful pathologist and as such positively affected the for anyone dealing with equine infectious diseases selection of colour plates provided. Rapid and suggestions to improve future issues are more development of molecular biology techniques has than welcome. greatly improved diagnostic possibilities in equine infectious diseases, and facilitates epidemiological We sincerely acknowledge the contributions of as well as zoonotic studies. In this book the M. Aleman, C.M. Butler, A. van Dijk, G.C.M. majority of equine infectious diseases are arranged Grinwis, E. Gruys, M. Heinrichs, D. Kersten, based on the various microbes and parasites B. Malmhagen, K. Matiasek, G. Uilenberg, involved, using Fauquet et al. (2005) for the E. Smiet, E. Teske, and V.M. van der Veen. classification of viruses, Garrity et al. (2004) for the classification of the prokaryotes, and Kassai References and further reading (1999) for the classification of the helminths. In Coles EH 1986. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, the individual sections the opportunities available 4th edn. WB Saunders, London. for diagnosis of various causative agents using Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, molecular biology have been described. However, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) 2005. Virus these opportunities are usually limited by the Taxonomy. 8th Report of the International options provided by local diagnostic laboratories Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. and of course they should be contacted prior to Academic Press, Elsevier, Amsterdam. sample submission. Nevertheless, the mere Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn TG 2004. presence of a microbe and/or parasite in or on an Taxonomic outline of the prokaryotes. In: animal cannot be considered adequate evidence Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, that it is the aetiological agent of a disease that 2nd edn. Springer, New York. may exist. Diagnostic aids must be used to Kassai T 1999. Veterinary Helminthology. supplement, not supplant, clinical observations. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. DISCLAIMER The advice and information given in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, not all drugs, formulations, and devices are currently available in all countries, and readers are advised to check local availability and prescribing regimens. 6 ABBREVIATIONS ABL Australian bat lyssavirus EMG electromyography ABV avian bornavirus EPA epidemic polyarthritis ADV Aujeszky’s disease virus EPE equine proliferative enteropathy AGID agar gel immunodiffusion EPM equine protozoal myeloencephalitis AHS African horse sickness ERAV equine rhinitis A virus AHSV African horse sickness virus ERBV equine rhinitis B virus AI antibody index ETBF enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis AIDS aquired immune deficiency syndrome ExPEC extraintestinal pathogenic AST aspartate aminotransferase Escherichia coli BAL bronchoalveolar lavage FAT fluorescent antibody test BCG bacillus Calmette–Guérin FEI Fédération Equestre Internationale BDV Borna disease virus FMDV foot-and-mouth disease virus γ- γ bid twice daily GT -glutamyl transferase BoNT botulinum neurotoxin GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissue BPV bovine papillomavirus GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase BW body weight GI gastrointestinal CA-MRSA community-associated methicillin- GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase resistant Staphylococcus aureus HA-MRSA hospital-associated methicillin-resistant CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity Staphylococcus aureus (assay) H&E haematoxylin and eosin CEM contagious equine metritis HeV Hendra virus CF complement fixation HI haemagglutination inhibition CFT complement fixation test HIV human immunodeficiency virus CK creatine kinase HJV Highlands J virus CNF cytotoxic necrotizing factor HYPP hyperkalaemic
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