Published by the SAARC Disastger Management Centre, New Delhi Any part of this publication may be cited, copied, translated in other languages or adpted to meet local needs with prior permission from SAARC Disaster Management Centre, New Delhi @ SDMC 2013 This report has been authored by the professionals of SAA- RC Disaster Management Centre with assistance and sup- port of staffs under the overall guidance of Director, SDMC. Editorial Team O. P. Mishra, M. Ghatak Assistance : N. M. Akram , Ranjan Kumar Data Compliation : Hari Dass Sharma, Mahesh Kumar, Yashika Sharma ISBN : 13:978-81-907841-3-9 Designed & Printed by CELLULOID Patparganj Industrial Area, Delhi +91-11- 22487531, 9811297670 email: [email protected] Contents Preface (V) Chapter 1 : Introduction 1 PART - I: HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS Chapter 2 : Cyclone 9 Chapter 3 : Flood 20 Chapter 4 : Drought 37 Chapter 5 : Avalanche 54 Chapter 6 : Heat and Cold Wave 58 Chapter 7 : Forest Fire 63 PART - II: GEOLOGICAL DISASTERS Chapter 8 : Earthquake 68 Chapter 9 : Landslide 94 PART - III: MANMADE DISASTERS Chapter 10 : Epidemics 99 Chapter 11 : Man-Made Disasters 111 Chapter 12 : Conclusion 133 DISASTER DATA - SOUTH ASIA 2011 Appendix I-A: South Asia Disaster Profile 2011 136 Appendix I-B: South Asia Disaster Events 2011 139 Appendix II : Storms in South Asia 2011 142 Appendix III : Flood in South Asia2011 143 Appendix IV : Cold and Heat waves in South Asia2011 144 Appendix V-A : Earthquake events in South Asia 2011 145 Appendix V-B : Earthquake Data of South Asia-2011 148 Appendix V-C: Earthquake data of South Asia-2011 152 Appendix V-D : Earthquake in South Asia 2001-2011 154 Appendix VI-A : Landslide Events in South Asia2011 157 Appendix VI-B : Avalanche Events in South Asia2011 160 Appendix VII-A: Epidemics in South Asia2011 161 Appendix VII-B: Epidemics in South Asia-2011 as compiled by Pro MED 162 Appendix VIII : Man-made Disasters in South Asia 2011 181 Preface Despite its negative consequences, disaster's also offer good opportunities to formulate forward looking policies pertaining to social development, economic growth, environmental quality and jus- tice, in addition to essential value that contribute to sustainability. For effective disaster Management it is utmost significance re-evaluate what is working in the sector of disaster management, what can be improved and what tomorrow might bring. Keeping this view SAARC Disaster Management Centre has initiated on the process of compilation of South Asia Disaster Report. Like the previous four issues of the report, SADR 2011 is largely based on the data published by the Emergency Disaster Database (EM-DAT) maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED) Leuven, Belgium, which is acknowledged as the most authentic global data base of disaster. However, this has been supplemented by information available from other reliable government, inter-government and non-government sources. Further SDMC has been collecting disaster related information from its daily scanning of the major newspapers pub- lished in South Asia, based on which a weekly Disaster Update is being published. The report has been structured largely on the pattern of previous four reports. In total 13 chapters of the report have been distributed in three parts. Part I deals with hydro-meteorological disasters, e.g. cyclone, flood, drought, glacial lake outburst, avalanche, heat and cold wave and forest fire; Part II covers the geological disasters of earthquake and landslide; while Part III discusses the man-made and biological disasters. The introductory chapter critically analyzes overall disasters in numbers as well as damages to life and property. The concluding chapter summarizes the main findings of the report based on critical analysis. Most of the chapters have separate appendices on disaster statistics from various sources. The report is the collective efforts of the professionals of the SDMC, who had to work hand with- out adequate support of reliable data. We realize that there is future scope for improvement in data presentation and interpretation. SDMC welcomes constructive comments and criticisms from the readers which would be useful for drafting the disaster report for the year 2012. We are determined to make SADR as the most important and basic reference material on disaster in South Asia. New Delhi March, 2013 (SATENDRA) Director, SAARC Disaster Management Centre. South Asia Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 Introduction The year 2011 witnessed a slight decrease in to natural disasters during the year 2011. As the occurrence of natural disasters globally. As against 296,800 casualties during the year 2010, against 373 natural disaster events (country only around 29,782 people were killed dur- level disasters) in the year 2010, 302 natural di- ing 2011(Table 1.1a). The economic damage to saster events were recorded in the year 20111. property and infrastructure due to natural disas- As against a total of 207 million people af- ters during the year 2011 is estimated at around fected due to natural disasters in the year 2010, 366 billion US$ as against 109 billion during the around 206 million people were affected due year 2010. Table 1.1(a): Comparative Global Natural Disasters (2008- 2011) at a glance (Source: CRED 2011)2 Indicator 2001-2010 2008 2009 2010 2011 Yearly average Number of country –level 384 354 335 373 302 Disasters Number of People killed 106,887 235816 10418 296800 29,782 Number of affected 232 million 214.3 million 119.52 million 207 million 206 million Economic Damages(US$) 108 billion 190.30 billion 41.28 billion 109 billion 366 billion A critical analysis of Figure 1.1(a) shows that a total of 302 natural disasters of various kinds were reported for the year 2011 in the world, while the average number of occurrence of natural disas- ter during preceding ten years (2000 – 2010) was found to be 384. The number of natural disasters occurred in the world during the year 2011 con- stituted only 78.64% of those of average natural disasters that occurred during the preceding de- cade (2000 – 2010). Analyses, however, showed that the year 2011 had similar pattern of disas- ter than that of the preceding decade. Flood was Figure 1.1(a): Comparative of global average of natural disasters (2000- found to be a severe natural disaster in terms of 2010) and global occurrence of natural disasters during 2011(Source: Annual Disaster Statistical Review, 2011: The Numbers and Trends, frequency followed by storm, earthquake, and ex- CRED, 2011)2 treme temperatures in terms of their occurrences. | 1 | Introduction Figure 1.1 (b): Temporal distribution of Natural Disaster (1900-2011). ( source: www.emdat.be) Trend of Disasters that the South Asia had experienced climate The Fig.1.1(b) show that the global trend of change induced hydro-meteorological and disasters in the year 2011 was found to be con- geophysical natural disasters (Flood, coastal sistently increasing in number of hydro-mete- floods, mass movement and Earthquake). The orological disasters in the world. Incidents of pattern of distribution was similar to that of geological disasters like earthquakes, landslides global natural disaster events. However, a total of and volcanic activity have remained more or 173 hydro-meteorological disasters were found less constant, even though the impact of these to have decreased from 195 events in compari- disasters in terms of loss and injuries of life and son to the preceding decade (2001-2011). The damages of buildings and infrastructures have EMDAT data base show that the average number worsened, probably due to rapid growth of un- of victim (139.77 million) reported during (2001 planned settlements and unsafe building practic- – 2010) was decreased to 108.70 Million in the es. The hydro meteorological disasters like flood, year 2011, while the economic loss (70.72U$) due drought, windstorms, cyclones, tornadoes and to hydrological disasters increased significantly other extreme climatic events, on the other hand compared to the preceding decade (2001-2010) have been continuously on the rise as would be [Table-1.1(b)]. The overall economic loss due to evident from the above figure 1.1(b). This trend of various types of disasters during the year 2011 distribution of natural disasters gets enhanced in was found to be due to earthquake disaster (US$ the time frame during 1980 – 2010, while in the 230.30), which more in comparison to the pre- year 2011 the temporal distribution of natural ceding decade (2001 – 2010), which was about disasters gets declined (Fig. 1.1b), which is very 62.90 % of the total economic loss (366.12 during much corroborative with Table 1.1(a). the year 2011 A rigorous compilation and analyses of di- The analyses of global disaster data showed saster data during the year 2011 demonstrated that the mortality of people during various types | 2 | South Asia Disaster Report 2011 Table1.1(b): A brief on global Natural disasters in 2011 [Source: www.emdat.be] Disaster Number Disaster Victims in millions Economics loss 2001-2010 2011 2001-2010 Victim2011 2001-2010 Damage2011 Average occurrence Average (million) Average (US$) (Billion) (Million) (US$) (Billion) Flood, Landslide 195 173 139.77 108.70 21.09 70.72 (Hydrological) Cyclone, Storms 105 84 38.52 39.10 54.77 50.87 (Meterological) Drought, Heat-Cold 50 39 77.23 64.60 9.10 14.23 (Climatological) Earthquke (Geo- 35 36 8.92 1.76 24.08 230.30 Physical,Volcano) Total 385 332 264.44 214.16 109.04 366.12 of disasters in the year 2011 was varied unevenly in different continents of the globe. Figure 1.1 (c) suggests that the Asia continent was most affect- ed (89%) by different types of disaster in the year 2011 in comparison to those of other continents, which infer that the Asia is most prone to natural hazards both in terms of loss of lives and prop- erty.