Volume 4 Number 3 May/June 1967 Information Display Journal of the Society for Information Display
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Imagine being able to display and er's memory or on magnetic tape, record alphanumeric output at 110,- the 280 produces valuable graphic GalitarDII lnstllntly! 000 characters per second ... 128- aids including highly technical character lines at 38,400 lines per graphs, charts, schematics, maps, with the minute •.. points and vectors at mathematical models and directory CONTROL DATA® up to 200,000 per second. This is listings. Meanwhile, its high-speed the kind of speed you can expect micro-camera instantly produces ,~ 280 Digital from the CONTROL DATA 280 Re film strips, slides, aperture ca rds or •• corder and Display - one of the paper copies from the CRT image Data Recorder few peripheral devices that can keep for study by individual scientists. f and Display pace with a computer's abi lity to The 280 Recorder and Display is ca lcu late at micro- and nanosecond available for use with both 3000 speeds. A valuable research tool, and 6000 Series Control Data com 8th the 280 converts computer data to puters. For full details, contact your film or paper output that is more Control Data sales office or write: easily understood by the user. It Rational provides scientists with a method for keeping up with an overwhelm ing vo lume of numbers and symbols CONTROL DATA IJmpasium in which they might otherwise be CORPORATION come lost. From data stored in the comput- 8100 34th AV E. SO., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. 55440
Circle Reader Service Card No . 150 FIRST CLASS Take any 3 books for only $3.95 PERMIT No. 37346 LOS ANGELES, CALIF. (values to S-+ 8.30 ) when you enroll as a member of The Library of Computer BUSINESS REPLY MAIL - - No postage stomp necessary if moiled in United Stales - and Information Sciences Choose from this list of authoritati\'e bnoks. POSTAGE W ILL BE PAID BY:
7078. PROGRAM MING REAL-TIME COMPUTERS. Jw11c1 .\farti11. Real-time ~y~ r cms from t h~ 'i ~'"' uf ma nagt' menr. ..,, ... rem.;; :t n ah·s i ~. p ro gra mm ing a nd sales. { i.lt pr ice SlfJ.IJO INFORMATION DISPLAY 6105. MATHEMATICS DICTIONARY. Lditcd h!· J"" '<'.l & l wll<'l. D d incs
654 N. Sepulveda Blvd., Suite 5, Information Display Los Angeles, Calif. 90049 (213) 472-3550 OFFI CERS journal of the Society for Information Display President ...... William P. Bethke Vice-President ...... Peter Vlahos Secretary ...... Carl Mach over Treasurer ...... Fordyce Brown Executive Secretary ... Dr. H. R. Luxenberg REG IONAL D IRECTORS table of contents Northeast Region ...... G. ). Chafaris Burton Price Robert Klein Southeast Region ...... B. ). Lohr Ernest Storrs john M. Snuggs articles Central Region ...... Richard M. Beindorff High resolution cathode ray tubes for the system designer 39 ). E. Hoagbin by JIM E. WURTZ Robert N. Miller The high resolution cathode ray tube, a~ applied to scanning Western Region ...... Phillip Damon of film and recording W. R. Aiken Joseph Stafford Considerations in specifying display system CRT design objectives 46 COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN by A. D. JOHNSON and D. G. COWDEN Publications ...... L. M. Seeberger Parameters necessary for a composite cathode [Address inquiries re. feature articles to: ray system are discussed. 4661 Vandlden Ave., Tarzana, Calif. 91356] The display/ control complex of the Manned Space 52 Definitions & Standards ... Carlo Crocetti Honors & Awards ...... james Howard Missile Control Center Membership ...... Phillip Damon by HERBERT C. HENDRICKSON Nominating ...... Edith Bairdain The display/control system of the Mission Control Center Convention ...... Fordyce Brown at Houston is described and key technical decisions described. Planning ...... G. Whitham & R. Bern berg Using a standard television monitor 59 ED ITORI AL ADVISORY BOARD as an Alpha-Numeric Display William Ross Aiken Dr. Ruth M. Davis Dr. Edith M. Bairdain Theodore Hamburger by STANLEY GRAHAM How much less William P. Bethke Dr. H. R. Luxenberg Advantages of standard tv monitor over crt vector generators Dr. Carlo P. Crocetti Petro Vlahos as an alpha-numeric display medium are discussed. Dr. A. M. Zarem 1\ flexible and versatile display for command 62 programming time, and control: the BR -90 lnfarmatlan Display by FRANK J. BEACH Use of Bunker-Ramo's BR-90 Visual Analysis Console in conjunction Published bi-monthly by with automatic information handling systems, is described. computer time, Information Display Publications, Inc. 647 N. Sepulveda Blvd. (213) 476-4711 Characterization of light pen sensi tivity 67 Bel Air, Los Angeles, Calif. 90049 by TIMOTHY D. STUPAR {Correspondence regarding advertising, reprints Phenomena and definitions of the term "sensitivi ty" as plotting time, and non-membership subscriptions should be applied to ligh t pens are offered. directed to the above address./ EDITORS & PUBLISHERS .. Martin H. Waldman with Milgo DPS-6? Hal Spector FEATURE EDITORS ...... Clint Ostler features Other systems: 52 steps DPS-6: 16 steps C. Summer ART DIRECTOR ...... P. Rothman EDITORIAL: a fundamen tal of display use is discussed 35 Is the example shown typical? No. Nor is yours. But the savings are. In an PRODUCTION MANAGER ...... D. Carver actual case involving 600 program steps, DPS-6 beat the nearest competitor CIRCULATION MANAGER ...... M . Brown by Benjamin F. Lohr BUS INESS MANAGER ...... S. Graham PRESIDENT'S REPORT: W illiam Bethke reports on past, present 36 by an even 100 steps; in another: 1000 steps were reduced to 700. and future SID activities OFF ICE MANAGER ...... B. Campanaro How? With the Milgo Digital Plotting System you output only the end points ADVERTISING ...... Donald M eeker 8th NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: details on the 8th National SID 71 Ivan Berkoff Symposium, including complete technical program on lines to 42" long -the plotter does the rest. There is never a second tier SID ACTIVITIES: local and national news 75 subroutine to compute the length of a line! Result: reduced computer pro CLOSING DATES : Editorial closing date is fif READOUT: display industry news and innovations 77 teenth day of the month NEW PRODUCTS: innovations from many firms 85 gramming, reduced computer output time, reduced plotting time. preceding month of issue. NEW LITERATURE: data available on items and ideas 92 The Milgo DPS-6 includes a choice of off-line readers, plus either a vertical ON THE MOVE: people - their appointments, promotions 94a Advertising closing is first or horizontal plotter. And the system provides for all standard digital inputs day of the month of issue. SUSTAINING MEMBERS 97 CHANGE OF ADDRESS : To c hange address, CORRESPONDENCE: readers write to share th eir opinions 98 including magnetic tapes recorded in either gapped or gapless format on send old mailing label as ADVERTISERS' INDEX: for finding them quickly 102 7 or 9 tracks. It also accepts a straight analog input. well as new address. Allow 30 days for change. Send for brochure and copies of plots. SUBSCRIPTIONS : No charge to members of the Society for Information Display. All others $12 per the cover Milgo Electronic Corporation year. $20 for two years. Pay Symbols of display technique join with a representation 7620 N. W. 36th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33147 able in advance. of the San Francisco cable car in this distinctive Phone 305 - 691 -1 220. TWX 810-848-6588 ~1 967 BY INFORMATION DISPLAY PUBLICA 8th National Symposium design, conceived and executed by TIONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. REPRO artist Bruce Barley. The photographer was Karl Moore; DUCTION IN WHOLE O R PART WITHOUT both are members of the Phi/co-Ford WDL Division WRITTEN PERMISSION IS PROHIBITED. Graphic Art Stall. CONTROLLED C IRCULATION POSTAGE PAID AT LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA M-2 6 INFO RMATION DISPLAY, May/ j une 1967 INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/ June 1967 Circ le Reader Service Card No. 5 7 WHY PAY SOfa MOllE TO DltAW MSC Series 10E ... the lighted pushbutton switch for reliable answers to your toughest design problems!
PIC TUllES FltOM COMPUTEltS ? The MSC Series lOE Twist-Lite® Switch can provide an answer to virtually every func tional or environmental design requirement you might encounter. Standard and optional Why let money go down the drain . . . up to $1700 per unit features range from a positive hardmount, achieved without special brackets or ex traneous hardware, to the optional drip-proof seal for equipment destined for duty in severe environments. Four-lamp operation provides unlimited flexibility in color selec tion and control for performance under any ambient light condition. The front lens WHE~ ~::~ ~ O~~lt;RAPHIC :;corder provides maximum legend area. per panel spac~ occupied 1 with optional config~rat i ons ranging from full to 4-way spl1ts. Ease of mamtenance 1s assured by the tw1st/ lock principle for quick lamp, legend or color filter change from th.e pa nel front without t~ols offers every spec. every feature of competition? of any kind. These are the features t hat have made the Senes lOE the preferred Illu minated switch for critical aerospace and industrial control systems. Investigate the EXCLUSIVE TWIST/ LOCK RELAMPING WITHOUT Easily done without fear of acc idental switch actuation. advantages the Series l OE holds for you. Contact you r nearest MSC regional office or Lamp/Lens assembly remains connected to the housing write and ask for an operating demonstration. SEND FOR CATALOG NUMBER 2000. during relamplng to prevent transposing with adjacent units. ONLY $2850
Offering Z-fold chart paper with bidirectional movement ... requires only 3 volt signal of any shape ... and 18,000 increments/min. speed
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houston OEM inquiries invited from : OMNIGRAPHIC IBM UNIVAC CONTROL D ATA corporation BURROUGHS HONEYWELL RCA NCR GE a subsidiary of lwuston instrument corporation 4950 Terminal Ave./ Bellaire, Texas 77401 lf we missed you, (713) 667 7403/ cable HOI NCO Structure Designs Sorry - W rite anyway.
B Circle Reader Service Card No. 6 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ june 1967 IBM announces:
big computer features for the ''little'' 1130.
Now you can get a faster, more powerful, more Up to five disk drives. Now you can hook on SYSTEM/360 while retaining its stand-alone comput neering, programs for petroleum engineering and responsive IBM 1130 Computing System. We've just up to five disk drives for an on-line capacity of ing power. The adapter can t ransmit at 2400 bits per exploration, p rograms for gear and sp ring design. introduced five new CPU models. We've extended the 2,560,000 words. All five disks can be operated simul second in either of two modes- Synchronous Trans There are scientific subroutines, linear programming range of input/ output speeds and on-line storage taneously. Since the drives use interchangeable disk mit Receive (STR) or Binary Synchronous (BSC) de and project control programs. There are commercial capacities. And we've improved data communications cartridges, you can amass unlimited off-line storage. pending on your interfaces and programs. With the subroutines for applications like payroll and cost capab ilities for the 1130. Faster printers and readers. Take your pick addition of BSC, you get more efficient, more flexible accounting. In short, we've enhanced the present 1130 line so of three printers w ith speeds ran ging up to 600 lines data transmission because it is code-insensitive. Room for growth. W ith the expanded capabili it can grow as your needs grow. Now you can get an a minute. Choose one of four card readers with New Disk Monitor System. IBM supports the ties of the IBM 11 30, you have a system that will grow 11 30 that will tackle the big jobs-an 11 30 with bigger speeds ranging from 300 to 1000 ca rds a minute. You 11 30 with a Disk Monitor System which includes a w ith you. As your company or department grows, as capacities an d faster throughput. ca·n even add an optical mark page reader. W ith an FORTRAN compiler, a Supervisor Program, a D isk your data processing applications become more num Five new CPU's. Now you have a wider choice expanded line of 1/ 0 gear, you can put the 1130 to Utility Program, an Assembly Program and a Sub erous, your 1130 will keep right in step. Extended of co re sizes and speeds. We've added five new CPU's work on a w ider range of applications. routine Libra ry. capabilities, powerful programming support, versati l for a total of nine. You can get an 11 30 with 4K, 8K, Improved data communications. With the Then, there's quite an array of application programs ity, growth potential. These are the 16K or 32K words of core, depending on your req uire improved Synchronous Communications Adapter, the already available for the 1130. In the engineering th in gsyou get, alongwith IBM se rvice, IBM ments. And you have a choice of two memory speeds. 1130 ca n become an economical terminal for your fields, for example, there ate programs for civi l engi- from the 11 30, our " little" computer. ®
10 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION D ISPLAY, M ay/ june 1967 11 ~~ EMI/RFI-SHIELDED /} )'-~;, _ , ; > ":
PUSHBUTTTON SWITCHES I ' :..
Four models, one with wide button. Choice of two and four circuit momentary, plus DPDT push-push. Ratings of 1 to 10 amps at 28 vdc; 1 amp at 120 vac.
SUBMINIATURE EMI/RFI-SHIELDED INDICATOR LIGHTS Dome, flat and flush mounting. Lens diameter of 7/32', .22' and .383" respectively; 5v and 28v. Six lens colors, plus c lear.
STANDARD EMI/RFI-SHIELDED INDICATOR LIGHTS Translucent and tra nsparent dome-type lenses. In· candescent, sta ndard neon and high-iutensity neon lamps in a ll popular voltages. Six lens colors, plus clear. .
That's why you'll find our direct speeds-as fast as 0.5 millisec People who need view storage tubes in military onds without dunking. This uniformity, dual mode avionics systems, terrain-follow allows TV d isplays at standard These EMI/RFI-shielded switches ing radar, in terminal guidance frame rates without smearing. capability, and missile system display and com We're also specialists in get mercial aircraft weather radar ting involved in our customer's and indicator lights available at high resolution, indicators. problem s. We stick with the de We're specialists in meeting sign engineer until he has the focus on us. systems manufactu rers' specs, tube that meets his require which usually originate with ments. Whether it comes off the Control Switch distributors now! MIL specs. All our tubes have shelf or is a custom design. a unique weld-ring construction So if you can't tolerate flaws - that permits precise gun align and want a working partner who Still more new EMI/RFI-shlelded components on the way. m ent not affected by sealing. can't either, focus on us. Write: This means you get unusual Dept.ID, ITT Electron Tube Divi tube-to-tube uniformity. sion, International Telephone Our capability shows up as and Telegraph Corporation, P.O. Need shielding from EMI /RFI leaks in panels on the component you need and be able to help soon as you flip the on switch. Box 100, Easton, Penn. 18043. and systems? Look to Control Switch .. . first you fast. Order EMI / RFI-shielded switches and You get high resolution, up to to introduce the types of shielded switches and lights from your Control Switch distributor, or 130 written lines per inch; writ lights shown above. Now we are deep into the contact us direct. ing speed up to one m illion ips. development of still other shielded components. There are no halos to degrade FREE BULLETIN I the image. What's more, you Tell us your requirements. We may be working Check number on Reader Service Card corresponding to h ave a tube with superior edge number at left below for our Bulletin on EM I/RFI·shielded components. While you're at it, get all the items listed below. to-edg e lighting. Fast erase
# 8 EMI/RFI·shielded Component Bulletin 62A CONTROLS # 9 Condensed Switch Catalog 100 COMPANY #10 Basic Snap-Action Switch Catalog 110 OF AMERICA # 11 Toggle Catalog 180 ® # 12 Indicator Light Catalog 120 ·coNTROL SWITC H DIVISION 1420 Delmar Drive, Folcroft. Pennsylvania 19032 # 13 H ermetic Switch Cat alog 130 A S llb aidiary of # 14 Switchlite Catalog 220 @> General P reclalon Equipment Corp. # 15 Pushbutton Catalog 190 ELECTRON TUBE DIVISION ITT 12 INFORMATION DISPLAY, ,May/June 19q7 INFORMATION DISPLAY, M ay/June 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No . 144 12A another new development from Thomas Electronics BliND FIBST HIGH DEFINITION, LONG STORAGE MBANS IIPBIIINCB WITH DARK TRACE STORAGE TUBES RCA Victor Company, Ltd. was the first to develop digital-to-video conversion (DIVCON) apparatus. With this achievement, rests the responsibility of success.
First used by: The National Broadcasting Company, for US election coverage in November 1964. Used by: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, for both English and French election coverage in 1965. Used by: CBS, ABC, NBC, during the 1966 general elec tions. Used by: The British Broadcasting Corporation, during the 1966 British elections and budget programs; by Independent Television New-s in Great Britain for this year's budget speech. Used by: The Montreal and Canadian Stock Exchanges to provide 10 channels of up-to-the-second stock HAVE YOU REEXAMINED DTST's LATELY? quote prices to over 200 brokers, all on a single cable. High resolution information can be retained for • Each tube supplied with fluorescent lamp. Used by: hours, days ... even weeks with the standard Air Canada for the w-orld's first automatic flight 7- and 10-inch diameter dark trace storage tubes These magnetic deflection and focus tubes have information system announcing arrivals and de from Thomas Electronics. Important character potass ium chloride scotophor sc reens which partures, automatically up-dated from a computer. istics of both the Model 7M28P1 0 and Model develop a deep magenta when exposed to an To be used by: The Chicago Board of Trade to provide instant 10M55P10 tubes include: electron beam. Dark trace storage tubes are aneous price information to· members of the excellent for applications in avion ics systems, all w-orld's largest commodity exchange. • Resolution typically 6-mil line width; as low weather radars, anti-submarine warfare systems as 1-mil available and data processing displays. To be used by: British European Airw-ays at London's Heathrow • Excellent contrast for alpha-numeric displays Airport in the largest computer control flight • Dual mode operation for indefinite storage or Thomas Electronics also can provide other dark information system yet purchased. continuous erasure trace storage tubes with round or rectangular face plates up to 10 inches in diameter. For • Simple power supply requirements more detailed inform ation or quotations write Grow-ing out of this experience comes the RCA Victor Multiplex • Ruggedized for military applications Display System for recall of hundreds of frames of information or phone: to an unlimited number of users on but a single cable distribution • Lower cost system.
RCA VICTOR COMPANY, LTD. Technical Services Division 1001 Lenoir St., Montreal 30, Can.
12 B Ci rcle Reade r Service Card No . 145 INFORMATIO N D ISPlAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION D ISPl AY, May/june 1967 Ci rcle Reade r Service Ca rd No. 16 13 Data Display Devices from Raytheon
New Raytheon Projectoray* Tube pro Symbolray * CRT Tube. The new Ray Datavue* End-View Tubes. Raytheon duces more than doubl e the light theon CK1414 Symbolray tube provides makes round (CK8421) and rectangular o utput of standard p r ojection-type alphanumeric inputs for computer read (CK8422) Datavue indicator tubes on cathode ray tubes. The tube's light out out devices. The tube's 2" t arget can be automat ed equipment capable of high put is 30,000 foot lam berts, wh ich scanned electronically to select sym production rates and top quality. The re sults in a light level of 15-foot lam bols, characters, and punctuation marks CK8422 rectangular tube is also avail berts on a 3' x 4' lenticular screen. in sequence to f orm the readout on a able with decimal point, ± symbols, and The tube's expected minimum oper display tube. This type has applications in other special versions. B oth round and ating life is 500 hours- 20 times the with data processing equipment as ar"l rectangular types fit existing sockets life of a standard projection tube. economical method for generating char and conf orm t o EIA ratings. These ult ra The Projectoray's high light output acters for hard copy print-out or for long-life tubes are designed for 200,000 and long life are due to its novel cathode ray display. Design with 64 and hours or more of dynamic operation. design. The design incorporates liquid 100 characters are available. cooling of t he phosphor backplate. This allows the phosphor to be ener gized with a very intense electron beam. At high beam levels, very high peak light output i s o btained. T he light image is projected through a 5" optical window in the face of the tube. The electron gun is set at an angle to t he phosphor and the deflection sys tem compensates for keystone effects.
Send Reader Service Card for litera Dataray'' Cathode Ray Tubes. Raytheon ture on t he: makes a wi de range of industrial CRTs Recording Storage Tubes 17 - includ ing special types-in sc reen Projectoray CRT 18 si zes from 7" to 24". Electrostatic, mag Datavue Indicator Tubes 19 netic, and combination deflection types Symbolray CRT 20 are available for writing alphanumeric Dataray CRTs 21 characters wh i le raster scanning. All Or call your Raytheon regional sales New Raytheon Recording Storage Tubes standard phosphors are available and office. O r write to Raytheon Company, specific design requirements c an be Components Division, Quincy, Mass. met Combination deflection or "diddle 02169. extend your system capabilities plate" types include CK1395P (24" rec tangular tube), CK 1400P (21" rectangu Datavue* Side-View Tubes. New Type "Trademark of Raytheon Company CK8650, wi th numeral s c lose t o the lar), and CK1406P (17" rectangular) . Two new miniature types, new The new mi niature types- Ray devices which feature: fast write, front, permits wide-angle viewing. These high resolution tube added to theon's CK1516 and CK1518-are immediat e and nondestructive side-view, in-line visual readout tubes Raytheon's broad line. designed for compact packaging, read, long storage, high resolu display single numerals 0 through 9 or preselected symbols such as + and - Raytheon's wide range of Re suc h as in airborne and space tion, and fast erase. Information signs. Their 5/s''- high characters are cording Storage Tubes enable satellite applications. Both tubes can be written and stored using easily read from a d istance of 30 f eet. sequential scan techniques or by Less than $5 each in 500 lots, they also you to design additional capa provide high resolution and erase cost less to use because the bezel and bility into any syst em which stores capability in a fraction of a sec random access w riting. Erasure filter assembly can be eliminated and and transfers electronic informa ond. The CK1521 is a new stand can b e complet e o r selective. because their mating sockets are inex pensive. tion. Applications include: scan ard type featuring ultra-high Dual and single gun types ar e conversion, stop mot ion, integra resolution of 2500 TV lines and available. tion for signal-to-noise improve f ast erasure in milliseconds. For more inform ation or demon ment, time delay or phase shift, Raytheon Recording Storage strations, contact your Raytheon Industrial Components Operation- A single sc:>urce for Circuit Modules/ Control Knobs/ Display correlation and slow-down video. Tubes are electronic input-output Regional Sales Office. Devices/ Filters/ Hybrid Thick-Film Circuits/ Industrial Tubes/ Optoelectronic Devices/ Panel Hardware
14 INFO RMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFO RMATIO N DISPL AY, M ay/ June 1967 15 l TIME TD GD FDA AND GET THE ALL NEW AU TO-T ROL HIGH SPEED CURVE TRACER £ X-Y COORDINATE DIGITIZER
Syntronic Yoke Specialists provide a complete line of e positioning deflection yokes e high frequency character yokes e beam centering coils e anti-pincushion devices e focus coils for all t ypes of information displays used throughout the world.
From standard continuous line scan data displays to very special high "'"""l.l"'''u random character displays ... Syntronic's st aff of yoke specialists assists engineers in designing, specifying and procuring the right yoke or yokes for maximum results. An important "PLUS" is Syntronic's Production Capability. It backs up Syntronic's experienced engineering and For reducing analog graphic data and film records design services. This is vital to the engineer who to digital form for computer processing and analy eventually needs yokes in production quantities. sis. While the operator manually traces the curve, Call Syntronic Yoke Specialist s today for help with the X and/or Y absolute plus and minus coordinate design and production of your yokes. values are automatically recorded at switch se PHONE OR WRITE lected increments onto magnetic tape, punched auto-trol paper tape, or punched cards ..The data is formatted r;=.==~====~ corporation by way of an operator wired patch panel for direct computer entry. Use it for point digitizing from "-===::.J maps too! Resoiution is .001 " , accuracy is ± .004" . • digital graphic & data eyet ernstc3o3) 421-11670 e 6621 west 58th avenue, a~vad~ colorado 80002
16 Circle Read er Service Card No . 22 INFORM ATION D ISPLAY, May/june 1967 I NFORM ATIO N D ISPLAY, May/june 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No. 23 17 IC~Iet>l DEFLECTION COMPONENTS- To get 3 discrete levels for the DISPLAY INDUSTRY of dynamic information integrated on one display YOKES AMPLIFIERS INSTRUMENTS - depend on Stromberg-Carlson
OEFLECTRONS 20V All SILICON DRIVERS DISPLAY MEASUREMENT LAB Ultra High Resolution Yokes Type DA·PPN-3 Type HD Each advance in information manage 1: ment brings a new set of pressing de '·~ mands. For some time, the big question . has been how to get more different ~f/ types of intelligible data on one display STATIC ·"· r , -and at rates that represent real-time BACKGROUND events. As an early leader in display DATA (COLOR) engineering, Stromberg-Carlson has the Two-Slit CRT Spot Analyzer on X-Y experience to produce working hard REAL TIME Traverse qu ickly ascertains spot size, ware that does the job now. COMPUTER DATA 3, 6, 12 amp X·Y amplifiers line width, and X·Y coordinates. The new possibilities in S-C Multipur For 40° Flat Faced Scanners, matched t o your yoke and response Easily determ ines linearity and pose Displays are legion, offering qual Charactron Computer Readouts, requirements. Available with positional accuracies as well as ity, flexibility and convenience that Alphanumeric Side-looking Radar, Mapping. regulated power supplies phosphor characteristics. permit really efficient interaction be Symbols & Vectors tween man and machine- particularly PIN CUSHION CORRECTORS 40 VOLT DEFLECTION DRIVER X·Y TRAVELING MICROSCOPE in military situations. Mounted on X·Y Traverse. LOW SPEED Electromagnetic All Silicon Type RDA·PPSN-1 N ow S-C makes it feasible to inte TRACK DATA grate 3 levels of information efficiently (COLOR) Straight Sides on one display- effectively covering the to 0.1 %. entire dynamic range encountered in real-time tactical problems. An S-C dis Use with CELCO play with a rear-ported tube, employing Micropositioner for optimum accuracy the new scribe-projection technique, presents a variety of data, all at rates TV CAMERA COILS display has been operationally em Since the use of CRT displays first appropriate to real-time events. Here's ployed for some time, and Stromberg began to assume its current importance, for 3" Orthicons Type 1.0. a true situation display that helps the Carlson was recently awarded a con S-C has been a leader in development decision-maker. line Straightness, spot positions and tract by the Naval Air Systems Com and in producing finished hardware. mand to begin pilot production of the line positions measured with a high The principle is illustrated at the right. S-C supplied special displays for the equipment. With regulated Quadru-Power Supplies. degree of repeatibility. Let's take a military application as an SAGE air defense system, the U .S. Army War Room, the Navy's Sea Sur Deflection Yoke, Focus and Alignment 12 amp change in less than 9 ~J-S ec . Use for a ligning yokes, example, though the approach and The key to much of the flexibility of veillance tactical system. Coil Assemblies to meet your specs. 0.02% linearity. focus coils and field correctors. hardware would be equally valid for S-C D isplays r-ests in the versatile commercial use. Through a rear-port, CHARACTRON Shaped Beam Tube. One of the most widely used direct MAGNETIC LENS RASTER GENERATOR CRT DEFLECTION SYSTEM a pr ojector is used to present a S-C alphanumerics and symbols are view display consoles is the S-C 1090. slide of static information, such as a for High Resolution CRT's All Solid State Type 2 SG-1 generated entirely with one pu lse of the C u rrent eq u ipment includes sm all Type NC tactical map. At the same time, the electron gun through the matrix, rather screen interrogator display's, for mul scribe technique is used to generate the than being generated piece-meal. S-C tiple station use, giving many oper ators display of relatively low speed vehicles symbols offer definition and clarity of access to the same data. - such as ships- or slowly changing situ the highest order. Symbol resolution in ations-such as weather. This data ap S-C scientists and engineers are n ow excess of 5000 lines is achieved, pro probing the future - working on new pears in dynamic form and can include viding such definition and sharpness pin-matrix light-valves and projection lines. curves, symbols and characters. that data appears to stand out from the systems with an eye to improving reli The scribe system is essentially an display surface. ability, resolution and flow of dynamic x-y plotter fitted with a stylus which The spot-writing mode is used to gen information to large-screen displays in Contains all defl ection, focus and etches a moving trace on the opaque erate vectors, curves and lines on a sizes up to 20 feet square. corrective coils, micro-positioners for surface of a slide. Slides can be changed time-shared basis. Thus, with the addi Whatever your needs in displays, Two Ramp Units in one panel. each, your CRT, complete shielding as fast as data become obsolete. Final tion of the rear-port a single S-C dis count on Stromberg-Carlson experience For correction of CRT distortions. Ramps from 20 f.J-S ec to 100 msec. fro m all stray magn etic fields. ly, the versatile CHARACTRON® play can combine optical data with u n for real here-and-now hardware. For Consists of static and dynamic Adjustable de offset. Use for automating assembly lines, Shaped Beam Tube generates alpha excelled alphanumerics and graphics, informa tion, write : D ept. ID-100, focus and astigmatic coils. Compatible with CELCO Drivers. a reader of bubb le-chamb er photos. npmeric, graphical and raster data of plus highest-quality images of raster Stro m berg-C arlson, D a ta P r oducts highest quality at computer speeds. data from television, radar and scan Division, P . 0 . Box 2449, San D iego, Or how about this for a genuine ad converted information from other California 92112. vance-an airborne display which pre detectors. sents multiple, time shared inputs of MA HWA H, N. J. UP LAND, CAL. both digital and analog information 20 1-327-1123 714-982-02 15 from a variety of surveillance sensors? TWX 20 1-327-1435 TWX 714-556-9550 That's the S-C Multipurpose D isplay, developed for the A-NEW program as 18 Circl e Reader Service Ca rd No. 24 INFORM ATIO N D ISPLAY. M ay/J une 1967 a key element in an ASW system. This
INFO RM ATIO N D ISPLAY, M ay/ j une 1967 Circle Re ader Service Card No. 25 19 (WANT A CHANCE TO DISPLAY YOUR TALENTS~ No matter! THE DATA SYSTEMS DIVISION OF LITTON INDUSTRIES 0161TAL7 ANALOG? IS CURRENTLY OFFERING UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES FOR we can handle your computer output with INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS DISPLAY ENGINEERS
You will be involved in the design and development of advanced SCOPUS II microelectronic display systems utilizing multiple gun CRT A unique concept in high speed film plotting techniques. Your assignments will i nclude systems design, for front or rear projection development of overall specifications, and advanced circuitry WHAT YOU'LL BE DOING and electronics t o meet the system requirements. For these projects we need graduat e engineers with experience in high resolution cathode ray techniques, storage t ube display equip ment, scan convertor techniques and circuitry and application of m icroelectronic t echniques t o display equipment.
The Data Systems Division is notable for the design and devel opment of the highly mobile MTD S (Marine Tactical Data Sys tem) and the ATDS (Navy Airborne Tactical Data System) for WHAT WE'VE DONE t he E2A ai rcraft. We are engaged in the following systems 100 SLIDE RANDOM ACCESS wor k: air defense, air traffic control, command and control, data processing and display, reconnaissance, space informa tion and surveillance.
WHAT WE'RE DOING NOW Typica l of current DSD projects are these adva ncements:
LC-25, 25 Megacycle Radar Sweep Convertor Advanced Display Console Litton's Entry Query Control Console Thi s unit accepts radar sweep data from a The Advanced Display Console is a product Designed as an interface unit for Litton's Radar Azimuth Convertor. symbol position of Litton's continuing program to develop a L-300 line of Microelectronic Computers. the data from a computer. and converts these line of display modules. with which displays EQCC replaces the keyboards anrl push for application to a display console. The high to suit the varied applications can be con buttons usually found on Computer-control speed capability of t he unit, utilizing pri structed. Emphasis has been placed on consoles. With the advantage of being pro Actual photos taken of 7 foot Actual photos taken of 7 foot marily integrated circuits, permits display of standardization of components. reduction in grammable, it can be tailored to any type of by 7 foot display screen. by 7 foot display screen. high resolution sweeps at lower ranges than weight and power. and advanced display operation or level of operator skill. It is com previously possible. with no switching dis techniques. Modules designed and con pletely self contained. with microelectron turbances. Current mode integrated circuits structed include Radar Azimuth Convertor, symbol generat or and microelectron power and Digital-to-Analog convertors are used. Symbol Generators, Data Entry and Readout supplies. Units. and botti electromagnetic and electro static CRT Display Units. 2000 SLIDE UNI-DIRECTIONAL
The new SCOPUS II offers: Available as a - . . . Plotting on 70 mm stabilized polyester f ilm Plotting projector ... Low logistics cost Spotting projector ... Simplified storage and retrieval Reference projector ... Hi gh speed accurate display of dynamic track data, alphanumerics and specia l symbols in configuration as - ... Time sharing 100 slide random access . . . Acceptance of digital, analog and manual inputs 2000 slide uni-directional
INFORMATION DI SPLAY SYSTEMS (FORMER LY BE LOCK LITTON INDUSTRIES APPLIED DEVICES CORPORATION INSTRUMENT DATA SYSTEMS DIVIS ION rn - ... 1n Equal Oppm·lwlil\' Emplorer - 112-03 14th Avenue, College Point, N.Y. 11356 CORPORATION) INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/ June 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No. 74 20A 20 Circle Reader Se mce Card Nc. 26 INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/june 1967 MAGNETIC SHIELDING TAILOR-MADE ... QUICKLY... BY YOU
Ideal for initial laboratory or experimental evaluation. Also for production applications and automated operations. A fast, inexpensive empirical tool to solve shielding problems. Eliminate interference in your display or system by wrapping permanent ly effective Netic Co-Netic Magnetic Sh ielding Foils around t he offending components. It's done in seconds. Then, presto! No more interference. Use multiple layers when needed. Easily shaped with ordinary scissors to your outline. No tooling costs. Save t ime, space, weight , money. Co- Netic & Netic foils are not significantly affected by drop p ing, vi brat ion or shock, and do not req ui re periodic annealing. High attenuation to we ight ratio performance. Available in any required length in thickness from .004" in rolls 4", 15" and 19%" wide. New Photo Exposure Head for high New 6-Position Turret Drawing A few typical applications are illustrated . accuracy printed circuit masters. Head provides automatic selection Foil Performance Evaluation • provide direct exposure of circuit for six drawing tools. master on film • accepts wet ink or ball pens or • eliminates expensive tape-ups other scribing tools and photo reduction • choice of pen sizes and colors • exposes lines or pads directly on • quickly inter-changeab le with NEW fi lm or glass from .002" to .200 " other optional heads BLUE NETIC Magnetic Shielding Foils • Rust resistant; resistance material Coils Stocked Adhesive-backed Foil Spiral Count er added during hot In Various Widths Spiral Cable Shielding Two "heads" are better than one ... let's get our heads together process • 5db increased now and discuss how Baldwin Kongsberg Automatic Drafting can a!ten uation help you solve your jobs faster- easier- more profitably. You • Immediate stock delivery can buy, lease or simply rent time on the mach ines here at our In .004" thickness, new Automatic Drafting Center. up to 19%" width, and in any required length up to 100 feet. Miniature Write for "KINGMATIC File" and Automatic Drafting Center Component Sh ielding b rochure, or call collect. No obligation. Reed Relay Foil Shield
• • ••...... •• ....•• • • • • • •I . • • • ·~' -· • :. • • •• ••• • ••••• .• .... • •.. .. • • • • •l • .. • • • • -• • • • • • BALDWIN KONGSBERG COMPANY • Suite 802, Atkinson Sq. 11750 Cheste rdale Rd., Cincinnati, 0. 45246 • Phone(513)771 -7023
INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 Ci rcle Reade r SeJVi ce Ca rd No . 27 21 20 B Circle Reader SeJVice Card No. 72 INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/June 1967 TV convertible - 12 popular The news is out ... RAYTHEON line rates. does it again!
Closed-circuit system features Result: quick change to choice of rates Unusual career opportunities from 525 to 1225 lines. for growth minded engineers Why limit your research TV to a single line rate? Our Vl OOO system gives you wide "first choice" and lets you convert Raytheon- 10 year leader in electronics for Air Traffic Control - has economically to other line rates when nec been awarded a long-term multi-million dollar contract by the FAA for essary. Ideal for microscopy, ultraviolet, the development and installation of Computer Display Channel (CDC) infrared, image storage, X-ray, or any proj systems for the country's National Air Space System. This is the largest ect requ iring high precision and stability. Small, rugged, and reliable. In CCTV f lexi hardware contract ever assigned by the FAA. bility, G/ A has the answer now. Req uest This recognition of Raytheon's leadership and performance in a non-defense area has complete technica l informat ion. created an immediate need, for the following : ' LOGIC DESIGNERS DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGNERS PROJECT ENGINEERS SYSTEMS ENGINEERS
A 4-year engineering degree, plus applicable experience is required. Positions are available at all levels.
Consider this carefully - it could be Positions also available (all levels) in your most important career decision other non-defense programs such as : -to join the world leader in Display Systems. AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEMS HARBOR NAVIGATION SYSTEMS Send resume to Gardner H . Morris, Management & Professional Recruit AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ing, Equipment Division Headquart WEATHER WARNING SYSTEMS ers, Raytheon Company, Dept. 41 Box 520, Waltham, Mass. 02154.
NOTE: FOR INTERVIEW at the SID Symposium Call Gardner H. Morris at 776·9535 Thursday, May 25, 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Friday, May 26, 9 A.M. to 3 P.M. (RAYTHEON)
EX CELL ENCE IN ELECTRONICS An £qual Opportunity Employer
1601 California Avenue, Pa lo Alto, Ca lifornia 1 (415} 321·4175 • 8 18 18th Street NW, Wa shington, D.C. I (202} 298 -7125
22 Circ le Reader Service Ca rd No. 28 I N FORM ATIO N D ISPLA Y, May/ j une 1967 INFORM ATION DISPL AY, M ay/ j une 1967 Ci rc le Rea der Servi ce Card No. 29 23 A word to systems manufacturers YOU CAN STOP THINKING OF US AS JUST THE BEST STORAGE TUBE MAKERS ...... and think of us as manufacturers of complete age tube TV displays, MTI (moving target) and scan· displays. It's true that our experience/ has included converter vi deo processors, and- most recently thousands upon thousands of Tonotron and Multi large numbers of educational displays. Mode Tonotron halftone tubes. Typotron ® shaped Depend on Hughes' complete engineering and pro beam character-writing tubes, and Memotron® bi ducti on capability for display tubes and display stable display tubes. To this experience we have equipment. Call or write the following: added scan converter and recording storage tubes employing principles unique to Hughes (i.e., no RF Hughes Aircraft Company, Vacuum Tube Products, modulation requirement). We've worked with every 2020 Oceanside Blvd., Oceanside, Calif. 92054. conceivable application - weather and terrain avoid Phone: (714) 757-1200. TWX : 910-322-1380. ance radar, fire control, sonar, air traffic control, seismographic studies, ultra-sonic railroad track sur EAST: 1284 No . Broad Street, Hillside, N.J . 07205. vey and medical diagnostic displays. Phone: (201) 289-7770. TWX: 710-741-4737. At the same time, our experience in special displays INTERNATIONAL: Hughes International, Centinela & -complete equipments- includes ten-inch, 2-color Teale Sts., Culver City, Calif. 90230. Phone: (2 13) consoles, 5 and 10-inch alpha-numeric displays, star- 391-071 1. Telex number: 067-222.
Brought to you live and in color.
A static photo is not the best way to sell a display that display or individual console. r------, moves in 6 colors. (It's enough to give the NBC peacock Vigicon is available in 3-D and with sound. I I gray feathers.) It operates in airborne, shipboard, and mobile or fixed :HUGHESI :I L------J We're talking about Vigicon, a real-time information land installations. HU GHES A I RCRAFT CO M PA N Y display system for command and control. VACUUM T UBE PRODUCTS D IY. We're happy to say Vigicon is not a new product. Five OCEANSIDE, CALIFORNIA It lets you see what's happening over any size location years of installations allow us to document its reliability (as small as your back parking lot, as big as the earth) . (ask for case histories). And accuracy (to .002 of And you see it while it happens. screen size). From a variety of inputs, Vigicon combines fixed Crucial to Vigicon reliability is its servo mechanism. references with plotted tracking symbols and instantane And Northrop has been building these since they were ous target spotters. Plus any do-it-yourself graphics you first called servo mechanisms. can think of. All in color. Vigicon is simple to maintain. If something conks out, It even has a small digital processor and memory of your own people can quickly replace the offending module. its very own, replacing the traditional black box. For a Vigicon demonstration dealing with your prob And it comes very small (15 in. x 15 in.). Or very large lem, call us. (20ft. x 20ft.). Or any size in between. There's nothing like No RJH RD You can see it by front or rear projection, desk top getting the picture live. p 24 Circle Reader Service Card No. 30 I NFORMATION DISPLAY, M ay/june 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No. 31 25 We make Cathode Ray Tubes to your specification.
Start specifying.
Rank Electronic Tubes make custom built c.r.t's. They can be made with beams which are round, Just how you want them. Any shape. Any square, triangular, rectangular, etcetera. performance. We've just finished work on one with If your needs are more specialised than this, the ability to write high resolution lines of don't worry. Just tell us what kind of c.r.t's you less than 0.0007 inches. And another called the Matricon, which is a multiple beam tube capable of want and we'll make them up. producing many independent beams. Rank Electronic Tubes are also the makers of The Monocon range of electrostatically focused these c.r.t's: Ceramic air-borne display- c.r.t's, which are now becoming available, can Ceramic air-borne recording-Radar display- be tailored to your requir ements. These can supply Oscilloscope-Projection-Flying spot scanner- It's never a problem to read readouts word for it. Send for our new brochure, Write Polaroid Corp., Polarizer Sales, higher beam currents with substantially uniform High resolution 'micro-focus'-Matricon when they are equipped with Polaroid and we'll include 3 samp les of our ci r Dept. 59, Cambridge, Mass. 02139 electron distribution across the spot diameter. Alpha-Numeric-Multibeam complex raster. circu lar polarizers. Our polarizers im cular polarizers (amber, neutral, and See the Polaroid circular polarizers at prove readability from every angle by green) . They'll help you see very Booth 9-10 at the Sympos ium of the ELECTRONIC TUBES increas ing con trast. Even in brightly clearly why many major display and Society for Information Display, May ~RANK lighted room s. instrument manufacturers are now 24th through 26th. Cintel Works, Sidcup By-Pass, Sidcup, Kent, Eng land. Te lephone: 01-300-5541 , Cables: Cinte l Sidcup . But now you don't have to take our usi ng Polaroid circular polarizers. Polaroid Circular Polarizers. Circle Reader Service Ca rd No. 32
Circle Reader Service Card No. 33 ----~ Polaroid® IDTEiiRATED SYSTEmS SUPPORT
makes the BR-90 DISPLAY ANALYSIS CONSOLE the best friend your data base can have
New one-gun tube can read out in 2 colors.
We're systems people. That's why, when you add a BR-90 Display Analysis Console to your data handling system, we can back it up with a unified support program that begins anywhere along the line:
• thorough examination of systems objectives • operations analysis to translate user require- • simulation and test of operating problems ments into system function and design objec· and procedures in our On-Line Center-before tives your system is installed • integrated hardware and software imple· • installation and integration of the console mentation into your system • programming that will get the most out of • integrated field support to keep your system This is Sylvania's new type SC-4689. It features excel and pattern linearity as anode No. 3 is switched. your computer-BR-90 system operating at top efficiency. lent color separation from red to green by switching the Sylvania can apply the same principles used in the voltage on anode No. 3 from 6,000 to 12,000 V. SC-4689 to other sizes and to other types, such as a If you need to get data out where you can see it-manipulate it-store it-then a BR-90 Display Analysis Console It's a one-gun tube. Multilayer phosphors of red and 2-gun device, to meet users' specific needs. For example, belongs in your data handling system. The BR-90 is system-compatible. Not just for today. But right through the green produce the color outputs on the tube face. The a 2-gun device, when operated at the 2-voltage levels, years, modifiable as your system requirement changes. new tube has very high resolution, because it eliminates gives independent color display. the need for the shadow mask and the three dots of dif Sylvania Electronic Components Group, Sylvania If you want more information : ferent phosphors required for each information point in Electric Products Inc., Seneca Falls, New York 13148. Call H. A. Kirsch (213) 346-6000. Or contact your local Bunker-Ramo field representative. conventional three-gun color tubes. Thus, more infor mation can be displayed in a given area. THE BUNKER-RAMO CORPORATION The SC-4689 uses a 5" diameter screen and a ~ i gh l!i DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVI S ION SYI_JVANIA resolution gun- offering spiral post deflection accelera 1 8433 FALLBROOK AVENUE • CANOGA PARK, CALIFORN IA 9 1304 • (213) 346·6000 tion. This minimizes the changes in deflection sensitivity GEN ER~L TE LEPHONE & ELECTRONICS GT&E 28 Circle Reader Service Card No . 34
Circle Reader Service Card No. 35 ~ EXPANDABLE dollars-and-sense solutions to incremental plotting systems
~ benSOn•Iehner Corporati o n 14761 C.WFA STREET, VAN NUYS, C.WFORJIIA • 7817100
30 Circle Reader Service Card No . 36 INFORM!\ TION OISPL!\ Y, M ay/ june 1967 ------~ 1 Would you believe a CalComp plotter and any computer can draw pictures like these in seconds?
r-:J. ..- !::::r-.---- d ~ - - -= a perspective sketch of your new plant
oou ([l) c onuo•
Numbers your TV cameras can read without eye-strain.
Numbers letters, symbols. If they're in lights, they can Our Digital Display Units are the business end of a ca use prdblems. Ghosts appear and bulbs burn out. Their complete digital display system, including power supply images may permanently damage ca mera_ ~ubes._ Now and a compact digital display control that allow rapid selection of up t o 192 digits, letters or symbols. CBS Laboratories offers the way out: a D1g1tal Display molecular structure diagrams apparel patterns, graded for sizes and even the Mona Lisa System featuring Model DDU-1 A elect ro-mechanica l in Operating power of only 2.7 watts per unit means cool dicator units with characters displayed on a flat plane operation an d low power co ntrol circuitry. No power at for optimum readability with viewing angles as high as all is required between postings. 145°. Modu lar co nstruct ion permits high packing density Here's the pe rfect way to display daily information with significant spa ce savings and maximum f lexibility. such as stock market, ball scores, election return figures Custom cha racters and colors are available on special and similar information. order. A vertical split-flap "Book page" mechanism provides Custom design controls for special applicat ions are no uniform reflect ivity and maximum cha racter clarity un problem. Ou r Display System Engineers will help to plan der both high and low ambient lighting conditions. yo ur t ot al system.
For more information, write or ca ll collect : PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS (203) 327-2000 it can
~ ~a!~~o~!!~~!!n~ Call or write Dept. Y-6, California Computer Products, Inc. , 305 Muller, Anah eim, Ca liforn ia 92803. Phone (714) 774-9141. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
Standard of tbe Plotting Industry (Talented Enginee rs and Programmers req uired- right now.)
32 Circle Reader Service Card No. 38 INFO RMATION D ISPLAY, May/ June 1967 INFORMATIO N D ISPL AY, May/june 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No . 39 33 GUEST EDITORIAL Do you really know how to use displays?
A valid display requirement more easi ly missed than the ABSTRACT above example is one involving a variable number of itera A fundamental of display use is discussed which tions in order to complete a given action. It is usually missed is often overlooked or thwarted by non-essen because a superficial analysis does not uncover the worst tials. The prime function of display is to p rovide case situations which may occur with a frequency which is the means for fast, silent dialogue with a system not insignificant. Certainly, the analysis has been inade which incorporates a computer. By means of the quate if maloperation and special cases have not come to dialogue, the operator can then exercise an es light. There is no substitute for direct observation of the sential control function. The dialogue may either current system or for simulation of a radical departure from be simple repetition of closely similar sequences an existing system. Analytic error here is a human error in or it may be an iterative process with highly var the same class with trying to beat the red traffic light when iable sequences. the traffic cop is not around. For this analysis, the "traffic cop" should be the realization that the iterative sequ en ce to complete a given action has potential for being the most Future applications of displays will b e recognized with rewarding application of displays. It is the most rewarding greater frequency and display systems will be designed for because this classic situa ti on ha s two significan t elements: these applications with improved effectiveness if two basic the exercise of operator j udgement is best utilized in this capabili ties of displays are kept. firmly in mind: fast, silent fashion; and the speed inherent in displays may be the only presentation of information, supplemented usually by the capa bility permitting such exercise of judgement. light gun's ca pabiiity to iden tify a portion of the presented Several key cha racteristics often aid in identi fying the data upon which so me operation is to b e pel-formed. Both variable-iteration situation: low probability of completing of these capabili ties, for present purposes, may be sub the action in the first iteration, e.g., exploration of al terna sumed by the capability o f silent speed. Past failu res can tives; continued iterations dictated by high cost of failure often be traced to the fact that this basic capa bility has until a so lution is found; wide variation in the required not been cen tral in the design. Either the application did number of iterations required, e.g., an acceptable so lution not really demand silent speed, or else other capabilities found immediately; dependence of a given intermediate re Pay a Little. The price is as small as the product. It 's a o f the display were inadvertently emphasized at significant sult upon preceding steps and its probable modification by cost to essential speed. The above ideas are certainly not miniature rear projection readout, and it costs as little as $14.00. subsequent steps; an d finally, a time schedule wh ich must new, yet I feel stirred by eva ngelistic zeal to call upon de be met. The new lEE Series 345 Readout requires very little space, but it signers o f display systems to repent and to return to the Since all good sermons should con clude with a rousi ng offers the readabi lity and versatili ty available only with rear pro faith: when silent speed is required, design for it; when admonition to be carried away by the congregation as they not required, admit i t. jection readouts. And the price is comparable to other types of fi le out the door, I w ill add one last though t. Whereas dis just what, you may ask, is so complex and mysterious readouts with limited messages and cluttered displays. play applications are properly justified on the basis of silen t about this requirement of silent speed? True, it is not com speed, their performance is also evaluated on the same The Series 345 operates on the rear projection principle. A lamp plicated and you have heard about it long, long ago. grounds a~ their justification. Therefore, in the course of in the rear of the unit illuminates one of the 11 fi lm messages, and Baldly stated, I am describing the requirement for an developing the system, resist the temptation to add a bit operator, as a mandatory element of a system, to provide projects it to the front viewin g screen. A single plane display on the of sophistication here and a bit of elegance there. If you numerous system inputs which often are affected by or de yield, these tempting luxuries are likely to eat up so much non-glare screen, so you get no distortion or confusion. It is very penden t upon output data provided to him by the system, time that the speed finally achieved is no t speedy at all. versatile, since anything that can be put on fi lm can be displayed on all with in a period of time which must be minimized as the screen. You can display a variety of messages or colors. a criti tal requirement o f the sys tem. Although this require BENJAMIN F. LOHR men t description is certainly fami liar, there is a problem in National Science Foundation The Series 345 has a front plug-in feature. It can be quickly designing to meet it. As in the usual case, the problem is Wash ington, D.C. inserted into the housing. It can be just as easily removed to not one that is obvious. The problem is one of recognition. insert a new readout with a different display, or to replace a lamp. Perfunctory ana lysis of a system may not unearth the above classic requirement, while a more thorough and detailed THE AUTHOR Series 345 Readout: X" wide x %"high. Six digits will f it in a 3" wide analysis wi ll make the requirement quite plain. BENJAMIN F. LOHR, a National Director for the South East panel space. Depth, 2/j;". Character height, %". Weight, % oz. Six Operator functions which characteristically must be per Region, is a charter member of the organization and has formed in a repetitive fash ion on an obviously predictable available colors, including white, amber, yellow, blue, red or green. served as the first Mid-Atlantic Chapter Chairman. He has basis are easy enough to identify as proper candidates for been active in display for ten years as a Project Officer for Straight decimal input. Vertical and horizontal viewing angle 175° with V-1 display use, ass uming the time restriction exists and the the Navy's first command and control display system on viewing screen, or 160° with standard screen. economics are favorable. For example, in a system in which shore and subsequently with the Bunker-Ramo Corporation. an operator is required to monitor and edit communica He is now with the National Science Foundation as Associate " I double-E," the world's largest manufacturer of rear projection readouts. tions traffic for accuracy of address, precedence and the Program Director of Information Sys tems. Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc., 7720 Lemona Ave., Van Nuys, California like, the same functions would be performed for each message in a high ly repeti tive and predictable manner. 34 Circle Reader Service Card No . 40 INFORMATIO N DISPLAY, May/june 1967 INFO RMATION D ISPLAY, May/June 1967 . 35 its kind, the directory will be an annual project. The next YEAR ENDED JANUARY 31 President's annual report edition will include expanded addi tional membership in Receipts: 1967 1966 forma tion and special formating for chapter, regional and Dues $14,946 $12,941 state identification. Profit from sales o f journal 5,974 3,889 Interest on savings accou nt 702 427 April 1967 To tal receipts 21,622 17,257 Disbursements: Office management expenses 3,173 by WILLIAM P. BETHKE 2,100 Net cost of symposiums 2,868 1,010 President, Society for Information Display Chapter operati ons 1,973 1,516 Chief, Engineering Division Postage and mai ling 1,489 1,171 Rome Air Development Center El ection expenses 762 Rome, New York Professional fees 750 152 Execu tive board and officers' expenses 61 9 683 During the past year, SID engaged in a number of activi Printing o f directory 512 ties and projects. Each venture was interesting, challenging Lapel pins and tie tacks 467 and different. All, we feel, were worthwhile and pertinent. Insurance 385 We have progressed in two important aspects: (1) as a Stationery and office su p plies 148 870 veh icle for the exchange of technical information and ideas; Total disbursements 13,146 7,502 and (2) as a bonafide organization w ith workable structure Excess of receipts o ver d isbu rsements 8,476 9,755 and specific goals. We have realized a tran sition from the General fund balance level of ideals and philosophy to the solid ground of ideas at February 1, 1966 19,279 9,524 FIGURE 1: Exterio r of SID National O ffices in l os Angeles and implementation. . General fund balance The symposium held in Boston in October was a maJor, at j anuary 31, 1967 $27,755 $19,279 tangible indication of progress on the technical side of our activities; it produced an encouraging number of interest FI GURE 2: Statement o f Receipts and Disbursements ing and topical technica l papers. In addition, our Society journal continued to expand in cal ibre and content. On the organizational side, SID realized a long sought The area of honors and awa rds has been given specific for position. A revision o f the Articles of Incorporation es attention. A special Francis Darne Memorial Award was es tablished SID as a non-profit, scientific society, and not a tablished to be awarded an SID member for outstanding business league. In addition to the professional image II technical achievement in the Display field. A suitable plaque gai ned by this action, we accrued some practical benefits was des igned (see Fi g. 3), and several models purchased for in the form of tax deductions and mailing privileges . Ap future awards. We have al so designed and approved fabri proval of the revision was given by members at the annual ca tion of a membership pin for distribution to SID mem business meeting. bers. A quantity of th ese pins, tie-tack and lapel versions, In February o f this year we established a Central Office w as purchased. They' re avai lable to the SID membership with a fu ll-time manager. Located at 654 N. Sepulveda Blvd., at $3.00 each. in Los Angeles (see Fig. 1), it is comprised of three suites Recognition was given to a number of our ou tstanding serving as main business offices. In the final planning SID's members in the fo llowing manner. stage is an answering and request service which w ill r ~ ceive and record incoming ca lls 24 hours a day. The bust ness manager will act on these calls during normal working hours. Installation is anticipated w ithin the next few months. In addition, we are planning to establish a permuted index (author or key word in con text) for use by SID members. Although in the planning stage, the index should be a reali FIGU RE 1A: Mrs. Sha ron Satterfield, Office Manager zation so metime this year. When deemed necessary, other office equipment will be installed. We have retained the f irm of Seidman and Seidman, ac The finan cial resources and expenditures are indicated countants and auditors. They have established recognized in the accompanying chart (Fi g. 2) . O ur increase in fund accounting procedures which meet the requirements of balan ce has continued to rise and it is expected that this SID. We've prepared a new membership directo ry which w ill continue in spite of the increased operatin g costs o f ' w as distributed to our members last summer. The first of the new Central O ffice. FIGURE 3: Francis Darne Memorial Award
36 I NFORMATIO N DISPL AY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ j une 1967 37 ELEVATION TO FELLOW GRADE M r. W illiam Ross Aiken- for his development of the flat cathode-ray tube an d continued adva ncement of the display sta te-of-the-art. Dr. George H. Dorion - for his work in applying photo chromic techniques to display systems. Mr. Solomon Sherr - for his contributions in the areas ABSTRACT of display system analysis, generalized functional design, In this day when everybody is talking about and display system transfer functions. solid state devices, it appears that there is one Dr. Sid Deutsch - for his extensive work in television vacuum tube component which is not likely to systems, pattern recogni tion, and education. be replaced fo r some time. This is the cathode ra y tube. It is the prime transducer of informa tion from the intangible electrical medium to SP ECIAL CITATION human beings and is also widely used for film M r. Phillip Damon - for h is long and dedicated service scanning and recording. The cathode ray tube FIGURE 4: Membership Status of SID to the SID in both National and Chapter activities. today is fast, versatile, accurate, and is capable of demonstrating a resolving ability which chal Progress has been reported in the area of standards and lenges optical lenses. definitions. The committee is comprised of a member from The attendant duties and responsibilities of their respec High resolution each Chapter, who in turn is a Cha irman of a local Stand ti ve o ffices are a source of major concern to all elected Th e purpose of this paper is to discuss the cate ards and Defi nitions Committee. Si nce standards and defi oificials. In order to clarify the situation, a concerted effort gory of cathode ray tubes which are capable of nitions promulgated by the Society must represent the con by al l officers was undertaken during the past year. The resolving detail which is beyond that which the sensus o f the membersh ip, work performed by the local result was a specific "job description" of each officer, out cathode ray tubes human eye can appreciate. This is the class of Chapters and subm itted to the National Commi ttee should lining th e responsibilities entai led in his position. This ef t!Jbes used primarily for scanning of film or have received prior test o f acceptance by the local Chapter fort is the first step toward the preparation of an opera recording on photo sensitive materials. membersh ip. In this manner, a sa m ple o f the membership tions an d procedures manual for our Soc iety. The develop will at least have had an opportuni ty to interact with the ment and realization of such a manual w ill be accomplished for the High resolution gun designs will not be dis proposed standard and/or definition. Initia l activity has been during the coming year. cussed. The ma;or purpose here will be to give to emphasize definitions. Th is was due primarily because The objective of the Society's officers is to concentrate the designer who is interested in high-resolution a the issuance of standards is a large, time consuming activ on the areas of expansion and growth, from both a Chapter cathode-ray tube systems guide for use in intelligent selection and practical operation of ity and requires extensive procedural appa rati and coordina aspect and membership - total and sustaining. It is toward system designer tion with other agencies. Such activity was no t considered this end that our efforts wil l be directed during the com these tubes. an effective initial activity of the Society. In the area of ing year. defini tions, primary emphasis was placed upon those defi nitions w hich imply or define measurements of significant disp lay parameter£. by JIM E. .WURTZ Assignments made to Chap ters were: Appl ications Engineer Northeastern Chapter: Resolution Electron Tube Division Litton Industries Mid Atlantic Chapter: Colorimetry San Carlos, California Washington Chapter: Lu minance & Luminance Disc rimination WILLIAM P. BETHKE is Chi ef of the Engineering Divi sion, Rome Air D evelopment Center. A native of Mil Applications San Francisco Chapter: Colorimetry waukee, Wisconsin, he received his BEE from Marquette Be low are listed so me of the applications to which high Los Angeles Chapter: Resolu tion University College of Engineering and also studied radio resolution tubes are being put today: Sa n Diego Chapter: Luminance & Lum inance and microwave theo ry at the Illino is Institute of Tech Side looking radar processing and recording Discrimination nology. He was directly responsible for the Airport Sur fa ce Detection Equipment (AS DE o r Taxi Con tro l Radar) Atomic particle track sca nning which involved the use of K-band frequencies and ex Document scanning The emphas is and concentration on the areas mentioned tremely narrow pulses. (Th e equipment was subsequently Inspection of film recordings insta ll ed at Idlewild Tower in New York City where it res tri cted somewhat the attention to mem bership details by Pi cture recording, sa tellite our officers. Activi ties concerning the increase of either rema ined for operational evaluation for about a year). Since 1961, he has had complete responsibility for the Infra-red recording chapter or total membership, though not specifically as over-a ll planning, direction, coordination and manage Cell counting cented, did not remain sta tic. The Soc iety did grow in total ment of the Division program. He direc ts applied re Densitometry search and development in so lid sta te d evices, reliabi lity membership, and did increase the sustain ing memberships. Film based large screen displays The prese nt membership status is shown on the accompany and maintainabili ty, mechanical engineering and displays. Mr. Bethke is President of the Society for Information Scanning for simulators, radar land mass, etc. ing photo (F ig. 4). We might add that two organizational Display IS/D); a sen io r member and past Chairman, Mo Sca nning for photo-interpretation meetings were held - one in the Phi ladelphia-Delaware hawk Valley Sectio n, IEE E; Chairman, Scholarship Com Character recognition area, and the other in the Chicago area . Bo th areas seem mittee, National Communications Symposium; a mem TV scanning to offer extremely promi sing prospects as new chapters. ber of the Pro fessional and Technical Group on Engi neering ,v\anagement, as well as the Professional and Video recording The above terms (e.g., reso lu tion, etc.) were meant to Technica l Group on Military Electronics, IEEE; Chairman, Computer controlled scanning and recording denote broad areas of measures and terms (e .g., acui ty, Scientific and Professional Commit tee, RADC; Chairman, Document storage and retrieval. grating bar, sine-w ave, etc.) ra ther than a singu lar term to Vocational Advisory Committee, Board of Education, Rome, New York; past Northeast Re gional Director, SID; Before selecting and applying high reso lution cathode be defined. It is expected that the end product o f this ef past Chairman, Definitions and Standards Committee, ray tubes to a particular system, ca reful attention should be fort will be a comprehensive listing of the va rious defini SID; past member, National Editoria l Advisory Board, given to the subject matter in various sections of the follow tions already in use by o thers in each of these areas. Of SID; listed in Who's Who in the East, 1963. Mr. Bethke ing article covering the tube's geometrical outline, the course, if editorial comment and/or proposed revisions are received th e Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service phosphor face, and the electronic driving equipment. in 1964. Th is is the highest civi lian award made by the suggested by the Chapters, they will be considered. Air Force. He was elevated to Fellow in SID in 1966. It will be noted that th e majority of our efforts were of He has been nominated for Fellow in the IEEE in 1967. the organizational type. Th is was essentia l because our So Resolution ciety ha s rapidly expanded. It was apparent that specific The first question asked about high resolution tubes is: procedures were requi red for a number of organizational W hat is the spot size? The ·claims of manufacturers sou nd functions. In th is aspect, we consider our efforts in the p ast impressive in this respect. By reading the man ufacturer's year to have been extremely successful. data sheet i t would appear that there are several tubes on IN FORMATION DI SPLAY, M ay/ june 1967 38 IN FO RMATION DISPLAY, May/ Jun e 1967 39 ,,, the market with rated spot sizes o f under one one-thou ably the least recommended si nce it is difficult to determ ine sa ndths of an inch (0.001 in.) or, as it is referred to in the where the spot edge is. indust ry, 1 mil. Remember that in film recording system s, various film The system des igner then figu res that he has 1000 ele emulsions will "see" the spot profile at different levels. ments to the inch, extended over 4 in. of screen area on a In the final analys is, the tube which works best in the 5 in. tube, so he can realize over 4000 elements on a trace system is the one to buy and, i f possible, different tubes across the tube. Unfortunately, it is not as simple as that. should be t ried. There are several factors which w ill modify the ideal num Spot size at a particular ligh t output is most important ber to a more useful resolution f igure. These are: for scanning tubes where a large amount o f light ou tput is (1) The method by which the resolution is to be evaluated usually required. El ectrons repel each other and as the num (2) The degree o f response or modulation depth required ber of the electrons in the beam is increased by increasing for a given reso lution the beam current, the beam size, and consequently, the spot (3) The spot size at the light output (hence, beam cur size, grows. The reso lution given on mos t manufacturers' rent) required for the application data sheets is at beam currents of one microamp or less. (4) Deflection defocusi ng. Incidentally, it is not always a good idea to reference spot Measuring method and modulation depth are tied to size to beam current since some manufacturers employ gether. A number of metho ds are available for measuring anode aperturing w here the aperture is internally con resolution. The shrinking raster method is common, mostly nected to the anode. Because of this, it is not possi ble because it is easy to do. A raster with a known number of to accurately measure how much current is actually striking lines is generated on the tube face and the vertical size is and exci ting the phosphor. decreased until the lines disappear, or merge. The height D eflection defocusing is caused by: of the raster is measured at this point and the meas urement (1) The change in electron path length with deflection is divided by the number of lines. Th e method is valid as angle, thus requiring a differen t focus field strength long as the beam is no t distorted so that the spot is for each radial distance of the spot from center o f the w ide along the length of the raster lines and the evaluator screen is aware o f w hat level on the spot ligh t distribution curve (2) The non-uniformity of deflecting fields and electron he is measuring. mot ions Generally, the spot p rofile will be a gaussian curve. If the (3) The fac t that w hen a roughly cylindrical beam meets measurement at a particular level is know n, tho se adept at a f lat phosphor screen at an angle, the resulting fig math ematics can calculate their system resolution. ure is an ellipse. One o f the better method s of measuring resolution is to The ellipse effect is quite negligible compared to change actually make a p icture of the spot profile', as shown in in path length and field non-uniformities. Problems with the Fi gure 1. This is done by moving the spot pas t one or two latter two items can be compounded by astigmatism in the slits which are smal l compared to the spot. A pho to tube on beam. The change in path length is usually handled pretty the other side o f the siit w ill display the spot profile on an well by use of dynamic focus correction and relati vely oscilloscope. There is at least one slit analyzer now on the simple dri ving circuitry w hich compu tes the radial distance market for measu ring catho de ray tube resolution. of the bea m from ce nter of the face and introduces the Ano ther method i s to sca n the spot while it is being proper amount o f focal length correction. modulated w ith superimposed si ne waves in such a way Fi eld non-uniformity w ith beam astigmatism is the most Thus, as the focusing elemen t is moved closer to the size, and the resolution w hich can be ach ieved at the center that the output of a photo tube looking at the spot modula difficult to hand le. It is perhaps mo st expedient to in screen, the spot size gets smaller. O bviously, for best reso lu of the screen. tion thro ugh a small slit w ill produce a measurement of corporate a high quality deflection coil in the system. These tion for any ca thode ray tube, the focus element should be spatial frequency response in cycles per unit length. h igh quality yokes are expensive, but they are designed to as close to the screen as possib le w ithou t picking up stray PHOSPHOR SC REEN Several other variations o f these methods are availab le produce a uniform field which will minimize the defocusing coupling from the deflection coil. Ligh t Output and, of course, one can always measure the spot directly effects inherent in the deflection coil. The added ex pense of For practical ca thode ray tube des igns, it is not possible The ques tion most often asked after "What is the spot with a high power microscope. This latter method is prob- a high quali ty yoke is usua lly negligible compared to the to take fu ll advantage of this demagnifi ca tion. Fi rs t of all, size?" is "What is the light output?" For direct view ap system cost. Sta tic and dynamic astigmati sm correctors are there is a requirement for a given trace w idth or screen area plica tions, this is most commonly expressed in foo t-lamberts also ava ilable, but are so me times di fficult to drive w ith on the face of the tube. So, for a given tra ce w idth, as since this unit is oriented to human vision. Ways o f meas ur the proper waveform s. distance v is shortened, the deflection angle for the re ing include foot-lambert meters, such as the Weston 759, quired screen area becomes larger, thus taxing avai lable and spot brigh tness meters. The latter is preferred. W hen Resolution and Basic Tu be Geometry deflection power and giving rise to non-linearity and def lec using the foot-lambert meter, it is well to specify proper Disregarding the in trinsic capa bilities of different electron tion defocusing problem s. use of the hood or cylinder w hich spaces th e sensor from guns, there are certain bas ic gu ide lines to fo llow in se lect Then w hy no t increase dista nce u ? Th is is limited be the face of the cathode ray tube. W ith the sensor against ing the general outline o f a high resolution tube. ca use the longer beam path length allows too m uch spread the tube face, without the hood, the reading w ill be ap Fi gure 2 depicts a simple optical ray t racing diagram. In ing in the beam and i t has b een shown that this results in proximately 'ii times higher than with it. 2 this case, the object A is the so-ca lled cro ss-over point in aberrations in the beam. For recording or scanning ca tho de ray tu bes, the item o f the electron gun. Th e object A appea rs as the image B A lso, one must bear in mind that the electrons do not act interes t is radiant p ower out t he front of the tube. ~ For on the phosphor screen. The lens C is analogous to the precisely like light rays. Some are traveling at different gross estimates, foot-lamberts can be converted to radiant focus coil. It is apparent that as the lens C is moved toward velocities and so me are traveling sideways in the b ea m. power if the luminous efficiency of the phosphor is know n. B, and the st re ngth or focal length of the lens is rea djusted, Each electron also repels its neighbors thus setting a prac Information w hich is ava ilable on phosphor effi ciency can B w ill become smaller. ti ca l lim it on how tigh t the beam bundle can be for a given be m is leading, especially for high resolution tubes where anode voltage. the screen is usually th in. Ava ilable figures usually do not This is accordi ng to the fo rmula: A ll of the foregoing indicates why, generally, the beam take into account the effect on efficiency of va rious screen size seems to grow w ith the tube size. That is, if the deflec X y dep os ition meth ods or the portion o f actual power radia ted tion is held constant and the scan distance s is increased out the front of a ca thode ray tube. Actual phos phor u v to s', then distance v is increased to v', thus making the efficiency in radiated watts out the front o f the tube, per optica l reduction ratio more un favorable. A lso, one can see w here watt of excitation, w ill va ry considerably in differen t tubes FIGURE 1 : Spot profile taken wi th a CELCO two sli t analyzer using the trade-off w hich exists between deflecti on angle, screen slits to produce 0.0005" per centimeter. x - object size as a function o f anode voltage, screen thickness, t he y image size 2 1 John M . Constantine, Two-Slit Spot Measuremen t, 7th National Sym u = object distance So ller, Starr and Valley, Cathode Ray Tube D isplay. MIT Radiation ~ Leo Deiser, Energy Transfe r from CRT to Photo Sensitive Med ia. Lab Series, No . 22, McGraw Hill, 1948, page 97. posium, Society for Information Display. v - image distance In formation Display, Septe mber-O ctob e r, 1965.
40 INFORMATION DISPLAY, M ay/ june 1967 INFORMATION DISPl AY, May/June 1967 41 -
out of the area of interest. Tubes using this approach are blanked for half the trace length. The noise is observed as itself and how it affects resolution, light output, etc., is dis either not available or not well publicized. "grass" on the step produced when the phototube output cussed in the following paragraphs. The solution to the halo problem, which is actually find- is observed on an osci lloscope and its percentage of the Generally, the principal advantage of a fiber optic face ing its way into some systems, is to decrease the face thick step can be measured. Select a sweep frequency slow is additional light. The film to be scanned or exposed is laid ness. Since a thin glass face cannot support the vacu um enough so th at phosphor decay will not mask the noise. directly on the tube face, thereby capturing a much larger load, the phosphor is deposited on a very thin plate which Phosphor non-uniformity shows up as a gradual change percentage of the phosphor light than can be realized is sub-mounted behind a regular thick faceplate. The dis in light output or color over the entire screen. This is some through a lens. The light gain over a typical conventional advantage to this approach is the relative fragility of the times called shading and is easily observed with a photo optical system is approximately 30. Because of this increase sub-mounted glass which is usually in the neighborhood tube and oscilloscope. in light transferred to the film plane, it is possible to: of only 0.020 in. thick. (1) Expose relatively insensitive dry-process films Use of a fiber optic tube is probably the best, and also The Faceplate (2) Increase the writing speed for high speed trace the most expensive, solution. The expense is part icularly The cathode ray tube faceplate is actually part of the recordings unattractive for larger tubes. optical system and its quality should be commensurate. (3) Reduce beam current for conventional fi lm emulsions, The faceplate glass is generally specified for optical quality thus resulting in better spot size Phosphors with minimum seeds, bubbles, chill wrinkles, and uneven (4) Reduce anode voltage, thus decreasing deflection Although there are a few variations on the market, the surface. In optical systems employing low f number lenses, power and total system power consumption. two most popular phosphors for scanning and recording are the depth of focus is very short, thus requiring a high Additionally, elimination of the lens makes the optical P16 and P11 , respectively. Although the output of P16 is degree of flatness in the faceplate. .system more compact. Disadvantages are that it is no longer FIGURE 3: Cathode ray tube with a sub-mounted screen to reduce in the ultra-violet and it generally ages under excitation to possible to use optical reduction to achieve a better spot halo. a lower light output," its overall characteristics seem to con Screen Size size at the film plane, and the higher cost of the tube, tinue to hold an edge over other newer fast decay phos Although, as pointed out1 spot size tends to grow with although the latter disadvantage can be offset by the lens aluminum coating - if any, and the phosphor deposition phors. It would appear that P16 aging is a function of cur tube size, there is some net gain in resolution with the cost. method. As the screen is made thicker, it will reach its peak rent and time only and it thus looks desirable to run P16 larger tube sizes. Aside from resolution, other advantages The numerical aperture, the type of glass, and the fiber efficiency at a higher anode voltage. A thin screen at too at higher anode voltages in order to obtain longer tube life. to larger screen sizes include reduced phosphor noise and size used in construction of the fiber optic plate determines high a voltage would allow the electrons to go on through 9 P16 is also used to expose UV activated dry process films reduced phosphor loading. Of course, the larger sizes are the transmission efficiency and resolution of the plate.8 • without giving up maximum energy to the phosphor. The such as photochromicsu and Kalvar. Some effort is being more expensive and usually require a more expensive lens. Plates are readily available for sealing on to cathode ray aluminum coa ting, if any, will affect the electron's energy directed toward increasing t he efficiency of P16 for this For a given size at the film plane, the spot will cover tubes with a numerical aperture of .66 and 81.1 pitch fibers. and, of course, contribute to the light out the front of the use. more area on the phosphor plane with a larger cathode ray Limiting resolution for this kind of plate is around 60 1p/mm tube through optical reflection. P11 makes a good, fine grain screen but it is more tube, than with a smaller one. Since phosphor noise is (0.3 mils). Plates with a limiting resolution of 100 1p/mm With optimum anode voltage, various screen deposition susceptible to contamination and when loaded too heavy, inversely proportional to spot size, noise with the larger are available. The quality of fiber optic plates has improved methods and phosphor treatment will have a large affect will saturate. The decay time of P11 also varies with loading. tube will be les s. Also, with a larger ca thode ray tube, markedly in the last year or so to the point where blemishes on spot size. Larger particle sizes tend to have more For color scanning, P24 is used because of its broad more phosphor area is utilized so that for phosphors which can be controlled well enough for most system- applications. efficiency and, in a thick layer, will produce the most spectrum and relatively fast decay. age, like P16, tube life will be longer. Another use of fiber optic plates is for intrinsic correction efficient screen . Of course, this screen w ill not have good Because of vacuum loading and the req ui re ment for a of spot position linearity on the face of the cathode ray resolution. On the other end of the sca le are evaporated truly flat face dictated by optical systems, the limit on tube tube by curving the inside of th e plate to the radius of de phosphor techniques which produce ve ry high resolution Phosphor Blemishes size appears to be around 9 or 10 in. in dia!"leter. flection.10 Experience so far has shown that electronic cor screens w ith poor light output. The high resolution tube On a typical 5 in. tube, there are around 14 million, rection is usua lly a better way to go from the standpoint of manufacturer must compromise screen thickness and par 1-mil square elemen ts. In many applications, it is important Stray Emission cost and flexibility. ticle size to achieve the highest light output possible that all, if not a very large percentage, of the phosphor area Because of the intense electric fields which exist in a Fiber optic tubes may also be used wi th conventional consistent with desired resolution. be free of blemishes that would affect performance on the ca thode ray tube gun, it is so metimes possi ble th at there optical sys tems or for direct vi ew work where it is desired system. Typica l manufacturer's specifications d ivide the w ill be field em ission from microscopic particles or surface to enhance contra st by elimination of spot halo. On direct Contrast screen into quality areas - usually three concentric circles. irregularities in the lower electron gun structure. Sometimes view displays, which require an overlay, parallax is also Contrast on a cathode ray tube, a typical example of there w ill be secondary electron emission from apertures eliminated. w hich is shown in Figure 3, is degraded by spot halo which The area near the center is the cleanest. Blemishes are usually defined as bright specks, dark specks, or color in the gun. In the latter case, the secondary or "ghost spot" is caused by internally reflected light trapped inside the will be cut-off when the primary beam is cut-off. In the 4 specks and their size is taken as the largest dimension or, faceplate. In flying spot scanner applications, this halo former case, a spot can be seen when the high voltage is decreases signal-to-noise ratio and in reco rding applica often, a ratio of dimensions is specified. Inspection methods include visual observation, and actual sca nning of the entire on, regardless of electron gun bias level. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT tions, it reduces contrast. Exi stence of stray emission can, of course, have an ad There are five ways of attacking the problem: screen using a phototube with a sweep frequency that verse effect on cathode ray tube recording or sca nning (1) Decrease the transmission of the faceplate allows the phosphor to decay from element to element to a performance. Careful examination of the cathode ray tube General (2) Use a transparent phosphor specified bandwidth. The size of the speck shows up as the screen in a darkened room will usually reveal this defect. The cathode ray tube can be no better than the equip (3) Increase the thickness of the faceplate height of a spike on the osci lloscope used to monitor the ment that drives it. Therefore, a high quality cathode ray Most ca thode ray tube manufacturers have methods for (4) Make the faceplate very thin output of the phototube. This method is also used to evalu- eliminating this condition, should it arise. tube will require high quality electronic equipment if the (5) Use a f iber optic faceplate. ate phosphor noise. maximum yield is to be realized. Also, in the case of photo recording sys tems, don't Since halo light must pass through the face at least three Phosphor Noise and Uniformity forget that the glow cau sed by the ca thode heater can The major cathode ray tube driving components are: times while the primary ray goes through only once, any (1) High voltage supply Phosp hor noise is caused by variation in light from sometimes fog the film. decrease in faceplate transmission will have a marked effect (2) Electron gun supply particle to particle or groups of particles. The noise usually on halo. There will, of course, be a sac rifice in light from (3) Focus coil and/or focus supply is inversely proportional to spot size and, as the spot is the primary spot. Although some tubes have been available Fiber Optic Tubes (4) Deflection coil and deflection amplifier. run through focus by varying the focus strength, the noise with low transmitting glass faces, the solution is not popular Since fiber optic bundles have become available for sea l w ill hit a peak. because of the reduced light output. ing onto cathode ray tubes, many system designers are Different sc reen deposition methods will produce vary Transparen t phosphors which are evaporated on the turning to high resolution fiber optic tubes to so lve unique The High Voltage Supply ing amounts of noise. Settling of particles which are not cathode ray tube faceplate have been mentioned as one problems. The largest number of applications are those Generally, the anode voltage should be as high as pos- classified or sized will usua lly produce the noisier sc reen. solution to halo. Unfortunately, the phosphor types that involving relatively insensi tive dry-process films and high sible, taking into consideration: Phosphor noise can be measured by placing an appropriate 7 can be used in this way are limited and the light output is speed recording on conventional film. (1) Tu be rating phototube in front of the cathode ray tube on which is usually quite low. Up to the phosphor sc reen, the same comments con {2) Deflection power running a single line trace electronically or physically The faceplate can be increased in thickness to the point tained in the rest of this article apply. The fiber optic plate (3) Environment where the reflected light comes back to the phosphQr plane 5 Pfahnl, Properties of Fast-Decay Cathode Ray Tu be Phosphors. Bell s ). Wilbur Hicks and Paul Kiritsy, Fiber Optics. Glass Industry, April System Technical j ournal, j anuary, 1963. 7 Fred L. Katzman, Improving Ultra Fast Transient Recording Using and May, 1962. 4 Zw orykin and M orton, Television, 2nd Edition. Wiley, 1954, pages r. Dorion, Roth, Stafford, Cox, CRT Phosphor A ctiva tion of Photo Fi ber Optic Cathode Ray Tubes. Electronic Instrument Digest, Oc n Mosaic Fabrications, Bulletin Se ries 100. 415-425. chromic Fi lm. t ober, 1966. 10 Litton type L-4198 Cathode Ray Tube.
42 INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 43 the high voltage supply, the form ula can be used to calculate (4) Possible X-ray problems. Equipment for Fiber Optic Tubes Because electrons repel each other, the sma ller spot size regulation and stability requirements for display linearity. will be achieved at lower beam cu rrents. This means that if A special note is in order rega rding fiber optic tubes. the user can run the tube at 30 kv instead of 20 kv the Each interstitial space between fibers on fiber optic plates current required for the sa me brightness will be less, re The Electron Gun Supply is a potential weak point electrically speaking. That is, if a su l ting in some reduction of the spot size, as long as the In a tetrode type gun, the gap between the No. 2 grid large voltage po tential is placed across the plate as would screen th ickness is such that efficiency is not lost. It is and the anode forms an electrostatic focus lens that is part be the case on a cathode ray tube, there may be an arc al so tru e that at higher voltages there is less tendency for 'of the tube's electron optical system. For this reason, the through the faceplate which will destroy the t ube. the beam to spread in the first place due to the shorter G2 voltage supply should be reasonably well regulated. Because o f this, fiber opti c tubes should be run grounded time each electron remains in the field of its nearest neigh Changes in the G2 voltage w ill also cause changes in the anode. In many cases, grounded anode operation is con boring electrons. A further advantage to higher voltages is drive characteristics of the gun thus modulating the beam venient anyway, since it allows one to put his hands that the decrease in beam cu rrent for a given brightness current. In some gun designs, the G2 collects a relatively around the face of the tube w ithout danger of shock; it adds to the tube life, especi ally in the case of P16 phosphor. large amount of current. Check with the ca thode ray tube reduces dust collection and facilitates co upling to the aux It can now be seen that there is a trade-off of resol ution manufacturer on G2 supply impedance. iliary plates on dual deflection tube types. with deflection power. For, as the anode voltage is rai sed, The bias vol tage should be well regulated to eliminate Video can be fed to the electron gun at the high nega the beam becomes "stiffer" and requires more power in unwanted modulation of the beam current. In some cases, tive potential through an rf coupling, a light diode coupler, order to be deflected through a given angle. The deflection it is al so advisable to use de on the filament. Care should be or a coupling capacitor; the latter being the least desirable exercised in modulating the ca thode itself since a defocus FIGURE 4 : Aligning a h igh re solution cathode ra y tube using a mi approach because o f energy storage and poor de response. could be decreased to make up for a higher anode voltage croscope. but then, as previously pointed ou t, there may be a sacri ing action is experienced on the phosphor screen due to fice in spot size. the apparent change of distance u Figure 2. Stability Fortunately, new h igh power deflection amplifiers make If careful attention is devoted to mounting configu ration Mechanical Equipment it possible to use higher anode voltages while new insulat and power supply stability, the only remai ning stability The Focus Coil and Focus Supply In order to achieve mmtmum spot size, the electrica l ing materials and potting techniques have reduced t he problem is a possible drift in amount of beam curren t For best resolution, a high quality focus coil is required. center of the focus coil and deflection yoke must coincide hazard of shock. caused by heating and subsequent shifting of the gun ele Also, since the focus is a function of the curren t flowing w ith the electrical center of the tube. The electrical centers High vol tage supply regulation, hum and ripple specifica men ts. If the sys tem requires a steady light output and does through the coil, a well regulated current supply which and the mechanical centers of the coils and tubes are not tions are very important for high resolution displays. Su p not employ automatic bri gh tness control, 1 2 i t may be well matches the coil should be employed. It is further important necessarily coincident. The author/ shown in Figure 4, is posing a stationary focused spot is located on a cathode to discuss drift with the prospective tube supplier. that the coil be properly aligned for optimum spot size over seen following the procedure described in the following raye tube screen. Suppose further that this spot is deflected the entire screen area. Good regulation and alignment is material. Packaging off cen ter by several inches. Now, if the high voltage control also requ ired for electrostatic focus tubes. Note that ali gn A relatively simple procedure will allow alignment of the A trend in high resolution cathode ray tube applications is varied, the spot will be seen to move in toward the cen ter ment can not be readily adjusted after tu be assembly for electrical centers o f the coils with the tube. This procedure today is toward the integrated t ube package where the of the tube if the anode voltage is increased, and ou t toward an electrosta tic lens which is inside t he cathode ray tube calls for the ability to move the coils in a precise way with cathode ray tu be, deflection yoke and focus coil are pre the edge if the voltage is decreased. Supposing now that the envelope. respect to the tube. The. t ube should be firmly fixed in a aligned wi th the tube and potted inside a magnetic shield. high vol tage control is moved bac k and forth at a high There is a running argument in the industry on the rela mount which also holds the focus coil and deflection coil. Some tubes are available with an intrinsic mounting ring frequency. A point w ill be reached w here one will no longer tive merits of electrostati c vs. electromagnetic focus. Theo The method of holding the coils should be such that the on the face which is drilled and taped so the tube may be be able to detect spot movement, but the spo t w i II appear retically at least, electromagnetic focus is better, especially coils can be adjusted in X translati on, Y translation, pitch bolted into the optical system. The su rfaces on the mounting larger. for higher cu rrent applications. On the o ther hand, electro and yaw separately. Means of rotational and." longitudinal ring are machined in such a way that when the tube is The spot will look larger as governed by the following stati c focus appea rs simpler and is favored where there is a adjustment is al so a desirable feature. bol ted in place, perpendicularity and concentricity of the formula: high sensitivity to volume and w eight. It is essen tial that there should be no unwanted move faceplate to the center line of the optical system is assured. ment or vibration of the coils with res pect to the tube while The potted package is particularly popu lar in military ciV - 2 Cos2 9 dD -y - D the tube is operating. This may cause spot wobble which systems. Other techniques are incorporated which prevent Th e D eflection Coil and D eflection Amplifier will degrade resolution. Ins tructions for al.igning the coils gun movement while undergoing shock and vibration. Although change in beam path length is the maj or con w here are available from tube and coil manufacturers. The author acknowledges t he help and encou ragement tributor to deflection defocusing, it is al so true that in many D distance of the spot from the cen ter of the tube A magnetic shield is another essential for high resolution of Dr. Joseph Stafford in preparing this paper. cases, poor resolution can be traced to non-uniformities in J. 9 deflection angle of the spot (from center) displays. This is especially true if the tube is in an area the deflecting fields. Thus, as w as previous mentioned, only V accelerating voltage where there are tra nsformers or solenoids nea rby. It takes high quality deflection yokes should be used. The deflect This formula can be used to calculate required high voltage only a very small movement (due to stray magnetic fields) ing fields themselves can introduce as tigmatism which is supply hum and ripple characteristics for maximum allow to wobble a 0.001 in. beam to a 0.0015 in. beam, a change difficult to correct for, w ithout a d ynamic astigmatism cor able spo t growth due to this effect. A typical example would in resolution of 50% . rector. It is reported to be more difficult for the deflection be the allowable high voltage hum and ripple for a 5-in, Some high resolution tubes today require a cen tering THE A U THOR coil manufacturers to hold field uniformity wi th lower in JIM E. WURTZ received his BA d egree from San Jose 40° high reso lution cathode ray tube. magnet or coil. Tubes which employ an aperture in the G3 ductance yokes. It would thus appea r that there is a trade State College in California. Having jo ined Litto n In Th e follow ing assumptions are made : barrel (see Fi gu re 2) to achieve small spot si ze require a d ustries in 1957, he is now an off in this respect between speed and reso lution. App li ca tions En gineer in the (1) The spo t size at the cen ter of the screen is 0.001 in. cen tering device to center the beam in the aperture. The The trade-off which is possible between deflecti on power Electron Tu be Division, Display (2) Allowable grow th due to the high voltage supply is centering device also ce nters the beam on the phosphor and resolution has been previously pointed out. It is also Devices and Equ ipment Depart sc reen prior to alignment. Generally, it is desirable to avoid ment, w orking on applica tions 10% or 0.0001 in. at the sc reen edge advisable to eliminate any hum in the deflection circuitry (3) The useful screen for 40° total angle deflection is the use of a centering device si nce the magneti c field can of high reso lution CRT, fiber op which can wobble the beam w ith the res ult o f an apparent ti c CRT, and specia l p urpose CRT 41/4 in or 20° for 2.125 in. introduce astigmatism on the beam. Electromagnetic center ly large spot size. ing coils are available which are reported to have a lesser to scanning and reco rding sub (4) A ccelerating voltage is 25 kv. It is generally conceded that electromagnetic deflection is syst ems. He formerly supervised effect on the beam uniformity. produc tio n of special electron superior to electrostatic deflection for high resolution ap dV 9 dO The intrinsic, unfocused, undeflected, spot landing posi guns in the fi rm's Disp lay De = 2 Co s~ plica tions. This is so mainly because of the small deflection V D tion on a typical 5 in, 40° tube is w ithin a 5 mm radius vices Department. He ho lds a patent on a CRT construc- tion technique, an d is co-author o f a paper on direct angles required for electrostatic deflection thus placing the from the mechanical cen ter o f the screen. The reason for Solve fo r dV: focusing element further from the screen, the lower anode electrostatic w riting cathode ray tubes. He is one of the the variation in spot landing position is that, as pointed out o rganizers of the Society for In formation D isplay and voltages required, and the non-uni formity of the fields in 2 Cos2 9 dDV before, the electrical center and mechanica l center of the p resently serves as secretary-treasurer of the Bay A re a dV = the electrostati c deflection region. tube do no t necessarily coincide. Chapter. He is a member o f the IEEE, and is organizer D of the display matenals session in the upcoming 8th Si nce high resolution cathode ray tube screens are easily Most manufacturers will supply tubes w ith closer spot 1 National SID Sym posium. 2 Co s2 20° x 10-4 x 25 x 10'l burned/ it is w ise to provide some form of sweep fai lure landing specifica tions for a premium. If a centering magnetic protection. 2.1 25 or coil must be used, so me manufac turers require the magnet to be used over the gun, and some do not. There 2.079 volts peak-to-peak 11 W. R. Elliot, Li m ita tions on High Energy Cathode Ray Tube Beams does no t seem to be a hard and fast rule in this respect and W ith Regard to Phospho r Life. 6th National Symposium, Society th e bes t advi ce is to do that which gets the required Substituting aga in for allowable spo t position error due to /or In formatio n Disp lay. 1 2 Fred C. Billings l ey, Pro cessing Ranger and Mariner Photography. res ult. SPIE Journal, April-M ay, 1966. 44 I NFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/ June 1967 I NFO RMATIO N D ISPL AY, May/ June 1967 45
- '' Where: yd deflection distance from center K constant L throw distance from yoke to phosphor INTRODUCTION Considerations 1n b length of deflecting field Cathode ray tubes are used widely in many of B = magnetic flux in glass today's information display systems. Interfacing Vo = operating voltage of the beam the system to the observer, they not only por specifying display The formula for deflection in an electrostatic field re tray a considerable amount of information, but by A. D. JOHNSON veals that if the tube is designed so lely for sens itivity, length also the quality of the system. It is imperative Engineer-in-Charge of both the tube (L) and its plates (b) must be long; spac of course that the tube selected be designed for and D. G. COWDEN ing between the plates (a) small, and operating voltage the ultimate in function for the type of system. system CRT Manager (Vo) low. As the spacing between the plates (a) is reduced Industrial and Military Cathode Ray Tubes however, the usable scan i~ also reduced due to inter Th e designer must consider many factors in Electronic Tube Division ception of the electron beam by the deflection plate. The selecting the optimum tube for his application. Sylvania Electri c Products Inc. design objectives designer must also consider that low beam potential (Vo) No longer is he limited to a few "off-the-shelf" Seneca Falls, New Yo rk will result in red.uced brightness and resolution. To con items. He has to consider such factors as size clude, in order to achieve high sensitivity employing elec of display, deflection, and focusing method, trostatic deflection, the tube selected would normally be sensitivity, resolution, brightness, power require a long, sma ll diameter, low anode voltage type. m ents, phosphor responses and receptors. Many As shown in the applicable formula, deflection in a of these may be in opposition to one another In general, the large size el ectrostatic tubes are round and the optimized tube is often "a compromise TABLE 2: Available bulb sizes. magnetic field is inversely proportional to the square root face types and the magnetic tubes are rectangular. Tube of the operati ng voltage (Vo) instead of directly propor of many compromises"; or "a cathode ray tube length also has to be considered with the aspect of display can be peaked to near perfection of any of its tional in an electrostatic field. If the designer decides to size versus deflection method. M agnetic deflection tube MAGNETIC DEFLECTION: specific capabilities providing the designer can increase Vo for better brightness and higher resolution, types ca n have much wider deflection angles than electro 8" Rect. 90" Deflection 19" Rect. 92" Deflection deflection sensitivity is of course reduced. accept the necessary trade-offs". static types and can therefore be made shorter. The relative 8" Rect. n o· Deflection 19" Rect. n4 • Deflection In general, magnetic deflection tubes can operate at cost of magnetic versus electrostatic deflection circuitry To assist the designer, this paper discusses the n " Rect. 110" Deflection 21" Rect. 72" Deflection higher Vo and provide better brigh tness and resol ution. may also be a factor. various parameters which must be considered 14" Rect. 90 " Deflection 21 " Rect. 90" Deflection However, of late, several electrostatic deflection tube de to arrive at the composite cathode ray tube for Another factor to consider is availability. For example, 16" Round so· Deflection 21" Rect. no· Deflection signs have incorporated high volta·ges in the order of a given information display system. Due to the some types designed for TV are becoming obsolete. The 16" Rect. n4" Deflection 23 " Rect. 92" Deflection En2 = 10 kv and Ea 3 = 18 kv and are approaching the resolu interrelationship of the parameters, the optimum magnetic and electrostatic deflection tubes that are cur 17" Rect. 70" Deflection 23" Rect. 114" Deflection tion capabilities of the large screen magnetic deflection position the designer must take lies within the ren tly available with bulb diameters of 8 inches or greater 17" Rect. 90" Deflection 24" Rect. 110" Deflection types. boundaries presented in Figure 1. are listed in Tables 1 and 2. 17" Rect. 114" Deflection 27" Rect. 90" Deflection If alphanumeric information is the prominent display feature of a system it is possible to have both electrostatic and magnetic deflection in one tube. This is done by plac ing two sets of deflection plates on top of the standard DEFLECTION SENSITIVITY magnetic deflection gun. The electrostatic deflection per To properly consider deflection sensitivity with re mits the high speed character writing while the standard FACE SIZE AND TUBE LENGTH spect to tube design, it is essential to exam ine the formula magnetic yoke positions the character. Character writing One of the first parameters to consider in selecting a for deflection in both electrostatic and magnetic fields. could also be accomplished using a separate low inductance cathode ray tube for an information display system is the Correlating w ith Figure 2, the formulaes are: w riting yoke. In this case however, the tube is lengthened minimum screen area on which the information can be Electrostatic Deflection approximately 11/2 inches to allow room for the writing displayed. Available screen size however, is, in part, de L b Vd yoke behind the primary positioning yoke. termined by the type of deflection method considered for yd = 2 aVo A further hybriding of deflection and focusing can be the sys tem : electrostatic or magnetic. Where: yd = deflection from center accomplished by mounting the electrostatic deflection plates The primary factor for determining the deflection method L the throw distance from deflection within the focusing element of a bipotential focusing gun. used is the writing rate which the beam must experi plate to screen This arrangement provides higher resolution and allows the ence during display periods. For rapid random access dis b = deflection plate length deflection plates to operate at the focusing voltage value. play, electrostatic deflection is normally used ; i.e., w riting Vd = deflecting potential Since the Vo val ue for this type of deflection system is the rates in the order of a million inches per second are quite a deflection plate spacing focus voltage which may be 20% of the anode voltage, common. If the display can be w ritten in a ras ter form at, Vo = beam potential considerable improvement in deflection sensitivity for the magnetic deflection can be utilized. electrostatic deflection plates can be achieved. The limita Historically, electrostatic tubes have generally .been those FIGURE 1: Interrelationship of CRT parameters. Magnetic Deflection tion of this design is the scan produced by the deflection L b B that were originally designed for use in oscilloscopes. The yd K' plates w hich must be rather limited in order to retain majority of these were limited to round face types with Vo sharp focus of the full character. The advan tages of a diameters from 1 to 8 inches. In later yea rs, several TABLE 1: Avai lable bulb sizes. v hybrid tube of this sort are better deflection sensitivity electrostatic tubes were designed w ith 10, 12, 16, and 19 and improved resolution. Character height however, w ill inch diameter bulbs. In contrast, the magnetic deflection ELECTROSTATIC DEFLECTION : be limited to approximately 1/4 inch on the face of the tube. tubes have historically been those bulbs w hich have been designed for the TV entertainment field. Many of the dis 10" Round ...... Length of tube approximately 20" DEFLECTION DEFOCUSING 12" Round ...... Length of tube approximately 24" play systems in operation today use bulbs identical to As a focused beam is deflected, either electrostatically 16" Round ...... Length of tube approximately 28" those used by the TV industry, and in part, a good sha re or magnetically, the electron is acted upon as described in of the decision on which tube and which size to use rests 19" Round ...... Length of tube approxim ately 32" 8" R'ect.• the formulaes presented in the discussion of deflection solely on the avai lability of bulbs which were originally sensitivity. However, due to nonuniform fields at the 12" Rect. • used for TV. It is true that many new bulbs have been entrance and exit of the deflection system, the electron 14" Rect. • designed an d built in the small sizes, but for the large, beam experiences a premature crossover before arrival 17" Rect. • ...... • • • • • • • · magnetic deflection tube, the display sys tem engineer at the screen . must pick those bu lbs which were previously used for TV. *These types can be made ava ilable by using the same face An electron beam has a finite width as it passes through The alternate of designing a new bulb is generally con plate panel as used on the magnetic deflection bulb. the deflection plates. As shown in Fi gure 3, one plate is sidered economically unfeasible. FIGURE 2: Electrostatic deflection. p osit i v ~ with respect to the other. Therefore, electrons. in 46 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 47 the border of the beam see different voltage gradient depending on its position across th e beam. An electron RESOLUTION image distance automatically becomes very long, thus driv at "a" is at a lower field than "b" and will therefore Resolution is that characteristic which defines the number ing the magnification to rather high limits. Therefore, it experience a greater deflection. This difference in deflec of individual bits of information that can be displayed in is a limitation that high sensitivity tubes cannot be high tion causes the beam to focus before it reaches the a unit length on the tube face. Major contributing factors resolution tubes also. phosphor. to resolution are the re lationship of the image and object FOCUSING MEANS Th is premature crossover of the focused electron beam distances of the focus lens, anode voltage and gun design. Electron guns incorporating electrostatic focus break appea rs to be caused by too strong a focus lens. To One of the easiest ways to visualize the effects of resolu- down into two discrete design types. The first type is often counteract this, the focusing field must be weakened. For tion is to consider the physical optics formulaes: referred to as the unipotential electron gun at which magnetic focus, the focus coil current would have to be 1 1 1 the focus electrode generally operates near ground poten -=- + tial. The advantage of this type is the possible compact reduced. In the electrostatic focus lens, the voltage gradien t FIGURE 4: Monoaccelerator beam path. f p q of th e lens would have to be lowered. This is accomplished electron gun for small display types and the ease in finding available low voltage sources within the circuitry. The by increas ing focus voltage; i.e., the difference between th e q anode and focus voltage is decreased. mechanical measurement of th e tube, however, would show M= a rather high magnification figure. Therefore, the reso lution All large sc reen deflection display tubes require dynamic p of this type is generally lim ited. correction of both focus and astigmatism electrodes to Where: focal length produce their full capability of resolution. In magnetic p object distance The second type of electrostatic focus gun is referred focus and deflection tube types, deflection defocusing or q image distance to as the bipotential focus. The focus voltage of this type spot growth ratios are minimized by mainta ining low de M magnification genera lly runs at approximately 20% of the anode voltage. flection angles. Figure 7 shows two tubes of equal length w ith one It usually draws a percentage of the cathode current, but having a greater deflection angle. We would expect tube 1 due to the increase in the diameter of the lens itself, it to have the higher resolution and, due to the increased generally performs better than the unipotential focus and deflection angle, to have greater deflection focusing. In is usually used for higher resolution applications. If we th e case of magnetic focusing, it is possible to see that examine the three types of focusing: magnetic, bipotential the magnetic focus coil is not an integral part of the electrostatic, and unipotential electrostatic, we find that, electron gun and therefore, by placing the gun in a neck for resolution purposes, magnetic focus is preferred. From the standpoint of spot growth with deflection, however, FIGURE 5: Single step post deflection beam path. considerably fu rther back from the face of the tube, the characteristics of magnification can be peaked for low the magnetic focus gun is l{;!ast preferred. Examination of magnification. By keeping the anode voltage above 10 kv a large screen, magnetic deflected, magnetica lly focus tube would show good resolution at the center, but rather poor and the ratio of £ to produce small magnification, resolu- q center to edge distribution of resolution. On the other ti ons of better than 1 mil can be achieved. hand, a unipotential electrostatic focus, while not as W ith electrostatic focusing, the focusing lens is an in sharp at the center, would appear to be more uniform in tegral part of the electron gun and is mounted therefore focus across the full width of the tube. on the same structure as the electron source. Since the In the high resolution area, a considerable amount of electron gun contains both the electron squrce and the interest' o'f late has been placed in the bipotential elec focusing field, there is a practical limitation in its length. trostatic focus tube. Primarily, this is because a magnetic In addition, the electrostatic lens is smaller, and the beam focus tube, while inherently having better resolution re must be smaller to avoid spot growth due to abberations. FIGURE 3: Deflection defocusing. quires a complex setup and adjustment of the electrical Consequently, the electrostatic focus tubes, whether they axis of the focusing coil with respect to the electron beam. - have magnetic or electrostatic deflection, have less resolu In the bipotential electrostati c focus tube, the focusing tion capability than the magnetic focus types. Except for electrode is built into the tube and does not have to be laboratory curiosi ties, almost all electrostatic deflection BR IGHTNESS aligned by the system engineer. However, a separate high tubes incorporate electrostatic focus. It can be concluded Screen brightness is basica lly determined by the power voltage power supply is required for the focusing electrode. th at electrostatic deflection and electrostatic focus tubes The power supply must have the capability of supplying of the beam striking the phosphor. Better results are cannot compete in resolution to the magnetic deflection, obtained from a low current, high vol tage beam than from sufficient current for the operation of the gun and be FIGURE 6: Spiral accelerator beam path. magnetic focus types. Referring to the formula for electro a high current, low voltage beam as the space charge well regulated. Since the electron optics of the bipotential static deflection, if the term " L" (throw distance from the focus are an integral part of the electron gun, the electron effects in a high current beam tend to cause intolerable deflection plate to the screen) is to be long then the beam dispersion. guns are generally longer than the unipotential. The over all tube length for th is type of device, however, is gen In general, brightness can be equated to bea m potential PATTERN DISTORTION erally less than the magnetic focus tube. (Vo). With magneti c deflection, th e only fac tor to consider Pattern distortion is an inherent characteristi c of any is that increased Vo requires grea ter deflection power. The electrosta tic deflected ca th ode ray tube. Every electron POWER CONSIDERATIONS desired higher Vo in electrostatic deflected tubes has led lens that a beam has to pass through will contribute to A further compromise that must be considered in the to th e development of the post deflection accelerator. case of the magnetic deflection types is neck diameter distortion. This is also true of the Ea31Ea2 lens used in any In this case, voltage on the phosphor (Ed is maintained at form of post deflection accelerator even though the lens versus power and neck diameter versus reso lution. a high level while th e gun and deflection plate sys tems permits greater sensitivities and higher screen brightness. The values presented in the following table are for are maintained at a low voltage Ea2. The compromise taken It is shown in Figure 5 of the standard post deflection hypothetical magnetic deflection unipotential electrostatic focus cathode ray tubes of go• deflection. here is that th e deflection plates can function in the low accelerator, that the addition of the Ea3 / Ea2 lens has caused voltage field for maximum sensi tivity, while the phosphor th e spot to move from point 2 to point b (l':.y). As the is maintained at a high volrage field for brightness. A one amount of deflection (yd) increases so will l':.y which means Neck Gun Parts Relative Relative Defl ection step post deflection accelerator of this type is limited to that if a square raster is to be displayed on the tube face, Diameter Diameter Resolution Power a practical ratio va lue of 2:1. Instead of making the trans i a greater value of l':.y will be experienced in the corners 1·7 /16" .520 100% 100% tion from the gun vol tage to screen vol tage in one discrete of the square than on its axis. 1·118" .395 75% 75% .788" .315 65% 55% step, it is possible to lengthen this area out and put sev To specify th e maximum pattern distortion allowed, an eral disc rete steps of slowly increasing vol tages or a inscribed square test is made. Two inscribed squares are The values given in the table show that, as neck diameter multiple band post accelerator. Such a tube ca n have a used. The space between them delineates the maxim um decreases, the physical space left for the electron gun also ratio of Ena to Ea2 value of approximately 4:1. A further curving which the beam trace can exhibi t. For any given pea king of th is design is in the spiral accelerator tube type decreases and the re lative reso lution decreases to ap pattern distorti on level, higher ratio va lues of Ea31Ea2 can proximat~ly 65% . Th is is because, as the electron gun parts which has approached values as high as 8:1 (Fi gures 4, 5, be obtained by mea ns of the sp ira l post deflection accelera and 6). diminish in size, the smaller diameter fields are prone to tion design. FIGURE 7: Relationship of image-object distances. higher sp herical abberation and the percentage tolerance 48 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/J une 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/J une 1967 49 of alignment becomes more critical. But, going to the 1 The curves usua lly shown for phosphor persistence are 2. High sensitivity - 30 V/in. both axes smaller diameter neck will provide a useful gain in rela generally obtained from the EIA suggested technique of Spi ral Accelerator - EA2 = 100 V for max. sensitivity and tive deflection power. EA3 = 3000 V for max. light output measurement on a pulsed spot. For visual application, this 3. Short length for hand carried 'scope With regard to filament power for the electron gun, m ust be kept in mind since two w idely differing sensors COMPROMISES : several variations in heater power combinations are avail are involved. 1. Added cost for low heater power 2. Only 2Vz" of useful scan able: 6.3 volts at 600 millamperes (a standard heater for While only a relatively few phosphors are listed, con I 3. Line width only .45 mm some time), 6.3 volts at 300 milliamperes and 12.6 volts ------tinuous effort is being made to produce more adequate at 150 milliamperes. The biggest gain for portable equip 1 0° types. Investigation continues for long persistence, rugged, TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS ment is achieved with a recently developed low heater efficient phosphors, an d UV and infrared producing ma Anode No. 3 (Post Accelerator) Voltage.. 18,000 Volts de Anode No. 2 Voltage ...... 10,000 Volts de power assembly operating at 1.5 volts, 140 milliamperes terials are also receiving much atten'tion. Grid No. 2 Voltage ...... 500 Volts de maximum. With th is new hea ter, when compared w ith the CONCLUSION Anode No. 1 Voltage for Focus ...... 4800 to 5200 Volts de 6.3 volts, 600 milliamperes heater, a gain in heater power Deflection Factors of approximately 16 is achieved. It will also provide the In this article, the designer is acquainted with the various Deflecting Plates 1-2 ...... 90 to 140 Volts ddlnch FIGURE 9: High resolution CRT with high deflection linearity. same life, emission and reliability obtained from the stand factors that must be considered in cathode ray tube de Deflecting Plates 3-4 ...... 90 to 140 Volts de/Inch sign. Each has been discussed ·not only independently, but Trace Width ard heater sizes. Center ...... O.D25 Inch in the interrelationship to other parameters which influence Corners ...... 0.040 Inch PHOSPHOR SELECTION optimum tube design. Figures 8 through 12 are examples of Focus Correction ...... •...... 0 to 1000 Volts Max. The display tube phosphor must be selected on the typical designs presenting both desired " peaked" and Astigmatism Correction ...... • ...... 0 to 350 Volts Max. basis of the receptors: the eye, film, or photo pickup device. necessary "compromised" parameters. PEAKED: 1. Large screen area The human eye has a pea k sensitivity near 5500 A w ith In selecting an optimum cathode ray tu be for a dis 2. Fast random access, computer readout - 800,000"/sec. at good response down to blue (4500 A) and up to red play system, the designer must have: (1) an ideal tube in 30 Hz. (6500 A). Human factors may dictate se lection on the basis mind; (2) a knowledge of the features of the ideal tube that 3. High brightness of character at this w riting rate of color alone or on historica l response to TV (P4) . If 4. High resolution - trace width above is full stroke width of are most essential and those that can be compromised individual character maximum brightness, in adverse conditions such as aircraft without significan tly affecting system performance; and (3) 5. Minimum deflection defocusing cockpit display, is uppermost, phosphor types P20 or P31 a know ledge of how performance w ill be affected by COMPROMISED: have proved useful. changes in various tube parameters. 1. Deep cabinet length 2. 18 KV requ ired for brightness, EA3:EA2 ratio maintained low Long persistence displays without going to storage for deflection defocusing, therefore EA2 is high. Poor deflec tubes, continues to be limited to amber filtered P7 w hen tion sensitivity. viewed in normal ambient. However, to the eye, P12 or 3. Requires full program correction o f fo cus and astigmatism. TYPICAL O PERATING CONDITIONS P19 w ill " hold" information longer if operated in dark Anode Voltage ...... •...... 20,000 Volts de ness. High density disp lays which operate at low frame Grid No. 2 Voltage ...... •...... •...... 2000 Volts de rates (15 frames per second) ca n make use of P12. Phosphor FIGURE 10: Compact CRT. Li ne Width ...... 0.001 Inch types P12, P19, P21, and P26 are all in the fluoride family PEAKED: 1. Very long neck to funnel length; resolution of 0.001" and suffer from low efficiency and ease of phosphor burn COMPROMISED: ing. For medium frame riltes, 30 frames per second, P28 1. Long tube length THE AUTHORS 2. High deflection angle has been useful. The published persistence figures of P28 ALFRED D. JOHNSON is Chief Engineer, I ndustrial and 3. Corrected center to edge defocusing about 1:1.5 have not been verified. P1, P2 in all its varieties and P4, Military Cathode Ray Tube Department of Sylvania's P20 and P31 are all usable for general purpose displays. ____....,.,,..... Electronic Tube Div., Seneca Falls, TYPI CAL OPERATING CONDITIONS N.Y., a position he has held si nce For film recording, the selection of the phosphor is Anode Voltage ...... •...... •...... 20,000 Volts de 1962. He joined Sylvania in 1950 based on film color sens itivity and display speed. The Grid No. 2 Voltage ....•...... •...... 2000 Volts de upon graduation from college, as phosphor decay must not fag the film. The phosphors used Line Width ...... • 0.002 Inch an engineer in the firm's Gener PEAKED: most often are va riations of P11 which can be controlled al Engineering Group Design De 1. High deflection linearity and minimum p in cushion partment, with responsibility for to some degree in persistence from 10 to 200 f.lsec. to 10% 2. Minimum defocusing. Corrected center to edge defocusing electron gun design for black and of initial brightness. A vast number of films are available better than 1 :1.2. white picture tubes. In 1956, he and considerable improvements have been achieved for COMPROMISES: . was made group leader for the 1. Deflection angle reduced to 16 degrees high efficiency, high resolution (minimum diffusion in the design and development of in 2. Resolution down to 0.002" dustrial and military CRTs, a position he held until phosphor) and low noise. P11 is a rugged phosphor, slow 3. Very long length promoted to his present post. He holds four patents in to burn, has a minimum of aging characteristics and well the field of CRT guns, has presented numerous techni matched to a w ide va riety of film. TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITI ONS cal papers, and is the author of several titles. He is a Anode No. 2 Voltage ...... • . . . . . • . . . . 2000 Volts de For photomultiplier pickup application, P16 has been member of SID and the I EEE. FI GURE 11 : High sensitivity CRT. Deflection Factors w idely used. It peaks at 3800 A and decays to 10% of Deflection Plates 1-2 ...... •...... 68 to 92 Volts dell nch initial brightness in approximately 0.1f.lsec. It does burn Deflection Plates 3-4 ...... 28 to 38 Volts dd lnch DAVID G. COWDEN is General Manager, Industrial and readily, however, and has a marked aging characteristic. Line Width ...... 0.65 mm Max. M ilitary CRT Department, in Sylvania s Electron Tube PEAKED: Division at Seneca Falls, N.Y., a position he has held 1. Very compact indicator ------...... si nce 1962. He has responsibility 2. M inimum length for all phases of the operation, 3. High vertical sensi tivity less than 38 V/in. (by contrast, hori including engineering, man ufac zontal scan of 23/4" means horizo ntal sensitivity must go down turing, and sales support. He to 92 V/in.) joined Sylvania in 1951 as an en 4. Low heater power - for portable 'scope gineer in the Hydrogen Thyratron COMPROMISED: Department which he headed 1. Only 11/s" of vertical scan (1954-56) until appointed Head 2. High aspect ratio of face and extreme short length make it of Masking Operations for the impractical to employ spiral accelerator firm's Co lor Picture Tube Pro gram. In 1958, he became Manu TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS facturing Head of the Industrial and Military Cathode Anode No. 3 Voltage ...... 3000 Vo lts Ray Tube Department and subsequently had responsibility Anode No. 2 Voltage ...... 1000 Volts for all sales coordination. Earlier, he held engineering Anode No. 1 Voltage for Focus ...... 0 to 300 Volts positions with General Electric, and Kuthe Laboratory, Deflection Factors and served 3Vz years with the Navy. He belongs to SID Deflecting Plates 1-2 ...... 27 to 33 Volts de/Inch and IEEE. Deflection Plates 3-4 ...... 23 to 29 Volts ddlnch Line Width "A" at lb3 = 10 f.la .•...... 45 mm Max. PEAKED: FIGURE 8: High re solution CRT. FIGURE 12: Large-screen CRT. 1. Low heater power uses 1.5 V/140 ma heater/cathode 50 51 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 The display/control complex of the Manned Space Mission Control Center
by HERBERT C. HENDRICKSON Manager, Display/Control Systems Engineering Philco Western Development Laboratories Palo Alto, California
[The following paper was prese nted at the Eleventh AGARD-NATO discrete events indicators, 6 television hard copy printers, Symposium at Munich, W est Germany, Nov. 7-10, 1966. It is presented .here through the courtesy o1 Dr. Irving Gabe/man, Director, Advanced and numerous digital readout displays of countdowns, Studies Group, Rome Air Development Center, who was chairman elapsed times, Greenwich Mean Time, and system sta tus. of the m eeting, and with the author's permission. The editors wish The flexibility can be appreciated by the fact that the same to thank Phi/co-Ford Corp., Phi/co WDL, lor its assistance in the display system serves all types of Gemini and Apollo mis preparation of this mat erial.] sions. The most dramatic demonstration of flexibility oc curred in December, 1965. O n only a few days' notice, the system was adapted to permit simultaneous control of the GT-7 miss ion and the GT-6 mission for space rendezvous, in addition to performing a full-scale Apollo mission simulation. The physical size and arrangement of MCC-H is illus ABSTRACT trated by the sca le model shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. The top of the model has been removed in Figure 1 .to show the third floor of the control center. The large central room This paper describes the display/control system is the Gemini Control Center. It is surrounded by the of the Mission Control Center at Houston and Recovery Control Room, the Flight Dynamics Staff Support FIGURE 1: Miss ion Control Center- Houston, Gemini Control. FIGURE 2: Mission Control Center - Houston, Apollo Control. discusses the key technical decisions that had to Room, the Vehicle Systems Staff Support Room, the Bio be made in the selection, design, fabrication, and medical Staff Support Room, the Operations an d Procedures integration of the many diverse display subsys Staff Support Room, the Network Staff Support Room, equipment rooms, service areas, weather room, and a tems required for support of flexible, complex Simulation, Checkout, and Training Control Room. The missions and required to meet stringent schedule size may be appreciated by noting that the combined w idth requirements. of the group displays at the front of the Gemini Control Room is 60 feet, or 18.3 meters. Figure 2 shows the second floor of MCC-H. It is nearly identical to the third floor, except that the main control room controls Apollo mis sions; and the Recovery Control Room, network room, and weather room are not duplicated. Figure 3 shows the first floor containing the communications terminals, intercom INTRODUCTION munications central, data recording, real-time computers, The Mission Control Center- Houston (MCC-H) is a and communications processing computers. large, powerful, and flexible command and control facility KEY DESIGN DECISIONS which directs Gemini and Apollo manned space flights. There were five key design decisions made by Philco Its capacity is demonstrated by the fact that MCC-H con and NASA which permitted this system to have great tains 140 command consoles, most of which have two power and flexibility: real-time high resolution CRT displays. Th ese are supple mented by 350 larger CRT group displays, 7 large-screen First Key Decision projection television Eidophor displays, 5 seven-projector It was decided that the consoles should be truly modu large-screen Xenon projection plotting displays, 10 large lar. That is, any size panel which is a multiple of 13/4" FIGURE 3: Mission Control Center- Houston, communications and X-Y plotboards, 16 multi-channel chart recorders, 20,000 high by 43/4" wide can be mounted in any position on computers. FI GURE 4: Typical modular console. INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 53 52 I NFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 distracted from their tasks by repair of a disp lay hardware problem. Typical electronic cabinets containing system electronics which tie the system together are shown in Fi gure 11. The particular cabinets shown contain a por tion of the electronics to allow independent operation of over 20,000 status lights by the computers.
Third Key Decision Computer-generated television was chosen as the main source of display data. The beneficial effects of this deci sion are great. Actually, no one really appreciated just how valuable the benefits would be at the time the decision was made. In summary, the benefits are these:
1. The conso les are an order of magnitude cheaper and simpler than analog CRT consoles. A new console can be created merely by putting two television monitors FIGURE 8: Vehicle systems staff support room . in a sheet metal she ll, together with a general-purpose FIGURE 5: Details of typical console arrangement. FIGURE 6: Gemini Control consoles. control keyboa rd. the surface of the console (even over the boundary be Figure 4 shows the configure of a typical console. The printers mounted in modular consoles together with match tween bays). Each module connects to a flat ribbon cable drawer module is easily mounted at either left or right for ing pneumatic tube terminals. Use of a number of sma ll long enough to reach any position on the front of the con operator convenience. Some drawer modules are on rollers modules is illustrated by Figure 7, the Video Engineer's so le. This permits complete conso le rearrangement in a to allow reference documents to be rapidly switched along Console. Incorporation of multichan nel chart recorders is matter of minutes to accommodate left-handed operators, with programmed console function changes and change of shown in Fi gure 8, typical Vehicle Systems Staff Support .new module types, or replacement of defective modules. console operator. Figure 5 shows an actual console in Room consoles. Operation with a large communications It allows " sliding a new console shell" around the module position with two controllers. The variation in module sizes status board is shown in Figure 9. Incorporation of control in a single morning when a console is changed from a and locations can be seen. Modules can be any height which sticks, known in the U.S.A. as ''joy sticks", to con trol pan 3-bay, one-man console to a 4-bay, two-man console. It is an integral multiple of 1.75 inches (4.44 em). Modules tilt and zoom of TV cameras monitoring X-Y plot-boards is allows the operators and human engineers to rearrange can be any width which is an integral multiple of 4.75 shown in Figure 10, Flight Dynamics Staff Support Room controls and displays to optimize locations at essentially inches (12.06 em). The variety of arrangements and modules Consoles. no cost. A typical resu lt was that most operators selected can be seen from the photograph of the Gemini Control a 3-bay, two-CRT console with the CRT's directly straddling Room, Figure 6. This figure shows cathode ray tube dis Second Key· Decision w hat would normally be bay boundaries. plays, status lights, keyboards, control switches, and quieted It was decided thai it should be easy to see over the consoles and that they be cool, silent, and as empty of equipment as possible. By using cool chassis design of all modules, no blowers or fans are requirea in conso les. Electromechanical devices have been eliminated from most FIGURE 10: Flight Dynamics Staff Support Room. consoles. Complex equipment is mounted in special equip ment rooms and directly attended by trained maintenance and operation personnel. Thus, console users are rarely 2. The display distribution became extremely simple and inexpensive. Digital television display generators are selected on an "as available" basis by the computer. The computer also selects the proper crosspoint of a large video switch matrix to which all TV sources and all TV displays are connected. Thus, failure of any TV generator, monitor, or crosspoint has only a momentary effect until a spare unit is switched in. The entire display connection to a TV monitor can
FIGURE 7: Video Engineer Console. FIGURE 9: Communications status board and console. FIGURE 11 : Digital display driver cabinets. 54 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ june 1967 55 be a si ngle, small 75-ohm coaxial line. This fl exible, • ME'TER quarter-inch-diameter line can be 1,000 feet long. Fi gure 13 illustrates some typica l types of display formats It can mix with other cables in any manner without used. By these techniques, the display system relieves the producing crossta lk problems. computer of from SO% to 90% of the burden of display generation. Multiple meter displays can be seen on one 3. Since TV monitors are so inexpensive, displays can be projection te levision group display at the left in Figure 14. duplicated an d continuously monitored for quality in The colored projection plotting group displays are shown special maintenance area s. This allows most display at the center and right undergoing functional tests. As can hardware malfunctions to be anticipated. They can be noted from this figure, ca reful design of throw dista nces, then be corrected without conso le users even know • ALPHA NUMERIC screen positions, audience configuration, projector bright ing that a potential problem existed. COMMAND FORWAT ness, and screen material eliminates the " hot spots" often 4. Since the console and group displays can also directly ~ FUNCTION TIME TAG ROW seen in rea r projection displays. Yet, the contrast is excel use inputs from TV cameras and flying spot scanners, lent even w ith 30 foot ca ndles of ambient light on all a number of powerful, yet inexpensive, display inputs consoles. became possible. Th ose implemented included zoom lens TV cameras viewing: books, slides, papers, chart recorders, countdown clocks, plot ting displays, and other console use rs. It should be of interest to note FIGURE 13: Types of computer-genera ted TV displays. that TV cameras allow direct displ ay on console CRT's of all manual backup displays. controller with a low-cost video polarity control FIGURE 15: Control Room cable term inations. 5. The choice of television CRT's allows providing each switch to allow viewing black-on-white for high data content displays or white-on-black for low data con tent displays. The presence of a large number of w hite symbols on a black background dazzles and confuses most controllers. By choosing black on w hite, much more data ca n be simulta neously viewed. Con verse ly, if only a few symbols and vectors are dis played si multa neously, white on black is often pre ferred. Figure 12 shows the precision 945 line television monitors with polarity reversal switches undergoing initial checkou t in the MCC-t-1 television maintenance area. Fourth Key Decision FIGURE 12: Precision television monitor checkout. The displays are all designed so that the computer does
FIGURE 16: Cable termination cabinets; terminations complete.
FIGURE 18: Cross-connects completed.
FIGURE 17: First cross-connects installed.
not have to generate display background data such as si tuation display maps, coordinate axes for graphs, columns and headings for tables, and scales for synthetic meter dis plays. Symbol and vector generation is implemented outside the computer. Thu s, the computer has only to handle con cise ly-coded real-time dynamic data and si ngle code words for background selection. The dynamic computer-gen erated data are automatically registered to the se lected pre-stored backgrou nd data by all displays. These include both tele FI GURE 14: Three types of group d isplay in use. vision displays and analog plotting displays. FIGURE 19: Making a change. 56 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/j une 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ june 1967 57 ... : ~~~v~··i:~~J ~-;~ .~~:: ' -· ';.. . ~.
Using a standard television monitor
as an alpha-numeric display
FIGURE 20 : Gemi ni Contro l consoles in use.
Fifth Key Decision th is largest of all command and contro l centers to be in It was decided that all digital data cables among system operation controlling a complex mission only 18 months by STAN GRAHAM after contract award. (Figure 20 shows consoles in use.) Industrial Applications equipment cabi nets and consoles should be identica l and Fairchi ld Semiconductor contain no " Y" branches. The five or six cables from each This control center will be able to be economica lly and Mountain View, California SUMMARY major item of equipment are brought to a wide, shallow rapidly reconfigured to meet rapidly changing Gemini and The system described was no t built for manufac central termination cabi net and terminated. All interconnec Apollo control requrrements for years to come. turing purposes, but only as a study to demon tions were made here using separate cross-connect w ires strate the feasibility of using various families of termina ted in taper pins. Very extensive system reconfigura integrated circuits in a television-type display sys tions have been made in only a few hours or days merely tem, and to gain some insight into the limitations by moving these easi ly accessible cross-connects. A big THE AUTHO R of this type of system . With the advent of farge time advantage was real ized because the entire cable plant scale arrays th is type of system would be even was installed and terminated before the various equipment HERBERT C. HENDRICKSON is Manager, Display/Control more attractive for a low cost alpha-numeric dis designs were final. W hen each piece of separately built Systems Engineering, Philco Western Development Labor play. hardware arrived at M CC-H, the set of standard ca bles w ith atories, Palo Alto, California. He holds BS and M S de grees in EE from the Unive rsity standard connectors was installed and waitin g. A rapid of Colorado and the Univ'ersity matching of the fi nal wire lists accompanying each "checked o f Southern California, respec out" eq uipment provided the cross-connect list. As a result tively. Prior to this assignment, of this, plus good specifications, most interfaces exchanged he directed design and imple INTRODUCTIO N mentation of the complete NASA The standard television monitor or domesti c se t, w hen data successfu lly the first day after installation. Subseq uent Gem ini and Apollo M ission Con system reconfigurations have similarly resulted in negligible trol Center/Houston display/con used as an alpha-numeric display medium, has many tech cable problems, since cables never have to be reworked. trol system. Th is work extended nical and economic advan tages over a cathode ray tube vec from the prelim inary study phase Figure 15 shows a set of standard ca bles for one console tor generator an d charactron type units. Th e continuing low through p r opos a I preparation, cost and availability of industrial television monitors permits awaiting the insta llation in late 1963 of that console in the contract award, system design, fabrication, checkout, and · Gemini Control Room. Figure 16 shows the other end of technical support during the first missions actually con the installation and expans ion of displays at low costs. The the cables terminated in multi-hole taper pin blocks. Fi gure trolled from MCC/H (GT-4 and GT-5). Earlier, as a sen deflection circuitry is already built into the monito r, requir 17 shows the fi rst group of cross connects (red w ires) con ior member of the technic.al staff at Ph ilco Aeronu ing the display-system manufacturer to build only a digital tronic, he designed command and control systems and system to produce the video and control signals needed. In necting display and control interface equipment to the con digital data processing and display equipment. Simul soles an d to the computers. Fi gure 18 shows the inter taneously, he taught graduate courses in digital computer addition to being inexpensive, this type of display system connection completed. In Fi gure 19, a console reconfigura logic design at USC, and later at UCLA. Earlier he was also requires a minim um of skilled mai ntenance. Trouble tion is made by changing cross-connections. In normal responsible for system analysis and logic design fo r ad shooting in the control section is limited to " remove and vanced digital track systems, computer consoles, and replace" type maintenance, and at the receiver, to the nor operation, these cables are concealed by closed doors. advanced d igital arithmetic units at Hughes Ground Sys tems, Fullerton, Calif. He is an honorary member of mal adjustments of a home television set. Sigma Tau and Eta Kappa Nu. The domestic television receiver has not been fully util CO NCLUSION ized as an alpha-numeri c disp lay medium because of the Th ese five key decisions by Phil co and NASA allowed requirement of a high-s peed memory for format stora ge. 58 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 INFORMATION DISPl AY, May/june 1967 59 The method used to generate the vi deo is as follows: "Y" signals, i.e. vertical timing signals corresponding to the par T ticular display line, are generated. For a 9 x 9 dot matrix 9 Scan lines of======::==:;;;;;::= Displayed on these would be th rough "Y '. These " Y" signals are Channel "A" "Yo" 8 FIELD ''A'' " anded" w ith the code of the next chara cter to be dis A fngle Field ~~~~~~~~§~~~~~-- fiELD "I" played. These functions are placed into a parallel to serial 10 bit shift register and, at display time, clocked out at 8 Displayed on mHz. On completion of the character line display period, Channel "8" the next "X" dot decode, which in the display period has been read from memory and decoded, is read into th e reg : ======- ChaBlanknne onl "A" ister. The time available to read memory, decode and place l into the register is approximately 1.56 microsec. A 1.5 mi } Channel "A" crosec cycle time memory has an access time in the order --- - of 800 to 1000 nanoseconds, leaving 560 to 760 nanosec onds for decoding and setting the shift register. Th ese FIGURE 5: Method of displaying two channels simultaneously speeds are well within the capabilities of TTL and DTilL. Th e sys tem fabricated by Fairchild Indus trial Applications used DTilL throughout and no problems were encountered CONCLUSION due to propagation delay, etc. . The size of memory and number of generators is a func LETTER "S" USING 5x7 MATRIX tion of system and channel size. For 16 lines of 32 characters Rounding of Characters WITH DELAYED DOTS. a standa rd 512 x 8 memory is required. The two extra bit; could be used for parity check and/or underline, flashing or If the display screen is larger than 19", the actual dots FIGURE 3: Rounding of Characters cursor. Two channels, of course, would require a x forming the character can be seen and. al though the char 1024 8 ac ters are very readable, they may not be as aesthetically bit memory, although 16 lines of 9 x 9 matrix characters could not be displayed. The method of displaying two chan pleasing as the user requires. It may then be necessa ry to nels simultaneously is shown in Fi gure 5. Channel A is "round" or "smooth" the characters. This ca n be accom on black background, depending upon from which side of interleaved with channel B, the spacing between display plished by making use of the inte rl acing fields of the stand the register th e signal is taken. Grey sca le ca n be added as an optional feature. By gating the output through various ~mes of a channel being the sa me as the character height - FIGURE 1: Block Diagram of Display System ard television frame, at the cost of extra decoding circuitry. 1f the characters are 9 lines high, 9 lines are left between It now becomes necessary to detect and sepa rate field " A" gates whose outputs are divided down, color can be accom characters in th e vertical direction. Th ese 9 blank lines are from field "B" and delay th e dots on "B" relative to "A" modated in a similar fashion. If it is required to transmit the video over a greate r distance th an is poss ible with digital in used to display the information on the alternate channel. Until recently, core memories of the necessary cycle time (Figure 2). This is not quite as difficult as it first appears. formation, or give th e monitor th e capability of displaying Four channels ca n be accommodated by the use of a 1024 were quite expensive. Recently, however, memories of 1.5 The "rounding" of characters could be offered as an option several channels using only one cable, it is only necess ary x 16 bit memory- reading two channels in parallel and so microsec cycle time and better have dropped to approxi to a standard system. (Exa mple Figure 3) One method of to modulate th e signal in the sa me manner as the output of on, up to maybe eight (1 024 x 32) individual channels. Writ mately ·10 ce nts a bit, and it is now possi ble to implement a producing delayed dots is to use a l wu-phase clock lo drive a camera, no ca mera being used in the process, ing into the system now becomes more complex, as we have ve ry versatile display system, using core memories having the output register and se lect the phase according to which t ~ l evis ion as IS the case with a normal cathode ray tube type display. to be ab le to address a particular byte of memory. This random updating of multiple channels displayed on televi field the television scan is in. Th is makes a 5 x 7 dot matrix The information ca n also be passed, over shielded cable, as could be accomplished by reading all 32 bits from memory, sion monitors. (A block diagram of a typica l system is shown effectively 9 x 14 and a much more pleasi ng character shape direct video where an existing closed circuit system exists, changing eight determined by the channel address and re in Fi gure 1.) can be generated. (Characters on a 9 x 9 matrix are dem say, in an ai r-terminal. turning th em to memory - thus making th e effective sys onstrated in Fi gure 4) . Inpu t of data to the system can be adapted to any rate tem write time twice the memory cycle time, i.e. 3 micro Display Chara cteristics wi!hin the confines of th e memory cycle-time, i.e., type sees. The displayed cha racters are in the form of a dot matrix. Register Output writer, tape-reader, teletype or computer. Th is could be or It has been shown that using a television type display The actual matrix is decided upon by the display manufac The output of the register only requires m1xmg with ganized on a priority interrupt basis where several inputs are does not necessarily place any res trictions on the system's turer, the mos t usual being a 5 x 7 (i.e. 5 dots horizontally synchroniza ti on and blanking signals, all produced by a required. Th e interrupt would show as a blink or flicker on perform ance or capabi lity. It is ve ry attractive from a design by 7 dots vertica lly), although 9 x 9 and 9 x 11 are also used. standard television synchronization generator, to feed di the display, un less it was arranged to occur only during th e point of view, due to the use of integrated circuits, and also Spacing between characters is usually of three dot dura rectly to the video amplifiers of the television monitor, si nce blank periods. Readout of memory for hard copy, or trans from man ufacturing cost point of view. tion giving, for 32 characters, a display time per character the output of the register is already in the form of black and miss ion via, say, a teletype line, could be accomplished by of 1.56 microsecs. This would display 32 characters in ap white video - ei ther blac k on white background or w hite blanking the screen during transmission and re-enabling on proxi mately 50 microsecs of th e available 63 .5 microsecs of co mpletion, thus indicating to the operator that transmission the horizontal scan and would avoid distortion due to over was complete. scanning of the monitor. Th e system clock rate t or a 9 x 9 or 9 x 11, both with three dot spac ing, would be 8 mHz, and for a 5 x 7 with three dot spacing, 5.1 mH z. This is CLOCK THE AUTHOR quite w ithin the operating range of economical integrated STAN GRAHAM has been with Fairchild Semiconductor circuitry, any of the families being suitable in the industrial since September, 1966. He was educated in the Royal package. The sys tem clock has to be synchronized with the (English) Navy and holds an EE horizontal drive pulses of the television monitor. This is to Degree from Manchester College ensure a " jitter" free display due to short term va ri ations in of Science and Technology. He worked on computer digital de the master oscillator, there being no need to incorporate a sign for Farranti in England be crystal controlled oscillator. fore going on to R.C.A. (England) Most of the system does not have to operate at the clock where he worked on automatic checkout systems. He moved to frequency. This frequency only appears at the front end of R.C.A. Montreal where he was the timing counters and at the output of the system. The project engineer for digital d is remainder of the system works at a much slower rate (e.g. ®'"---.....1 play systems. He is a member of character rate for memory address signals is approximately Fairchild's Industrial Applications Department. shifted out of re1ister by phase 1 clock. 666K Hz). Two counters are required- one counting char @Dot acter position horizontally at 666K Hz and one counting ver @ Same dot's delayed by uain1 phaae 2 clock. tical line position at 15.750K Hz. This latter counter is reset at the beginning of each frame by ve rtica l drive from the FIGURE 2 : A. Dot Shifted out of Register by Phase 1 clock FIGURE 4: Characters on a 9 x 9 matrix television synchronization. B. Same dots delayec;l by using Phase 2 clock IN.FORMATION D ISPLAY, May/june 1967 60 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 61 A flexible and versatile display for command and control: the BR-90
by FRANK j . BEACH Manager Advanced Display Systems Group Information Technology Laboratory Bunker-Ramo Corp. Canoga Park, California
content as compared to that provided by conventional Display data is read from memory in synchronism with the CRT graphic d isplays. Th e film backgrounds, which can input power line frequency. If, for example, 60 cycle per This Paper was presented at the 11th Technical Symposium contain almost any amount of information desired, provide second power is used, the display processor is interrupted "Displays for Command and Control" of the Avionics reference information that would otherwise be omitted or every 1/60 of a second by a display interrupt, and one Panel of the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research drawn electronically as gross outlines. Electronic generation frame of display data (i.e., one pass through memory) is and Development, 7-10 November, 1966, Munich, Germany. of background data is not always practical because digital read to the CRT display control circuits. Between display -Ed. storage must be avai lable for that purpose, and, since there frames, the processor services the remaining console devices is always a limit on the total amount of data that can be represented by th e blocks shown on the common data bus. ABSTRACT displayed on a CRT, a reduction in the quantity of dynamic information will be experienced. The Bunker-Ramo Corporation's BR-90 (AN/FYQ- DISPLAYS 37) Visual Analysis Console was developed in conjunction with automatic information handling Th e type of information that can be displayed by the 4,096 WORD console is illustrated in figure 3. Displays can be generated systems to provide rapid data display and opera MEYORY· CONT ROL at the console entirely off-line or they may be received as tor communications with high-speed digital com PROGRAM STORAGE DISPLAY display data from the sys tem computer. Any display can puters. System operators can query a computer PROCESSOR 4,098 WORD in turn be transmitted to the system computer including by simple keyboard operations to selectively MEMORY· CRT DISPLAY DISPLAY background slide identification. obtain information; this information when re DATA ~ CONTROL trieved and transmitted to the console, is im STOR AGE The background map is a film slide which is projected mediately displayed in textual or graphic form. ~ onto the inside surface of the CRT through an optical port In addition, the system operator can create his located at the rear of the tube on the central axis. Th e FILM electronic data consists of alphanumerics and special sym own displays off-line from the computer and PROJECTOR KEYBOARDS subsequently up-date the computer information K:_ bols, vectors, ci rcles and plotting points. The useable dis files or store the data for later use. play area on the tube is 13.2 inches high by 13.2 inches wide. Because the image on the film slide is rectangular,
STATUS CURSOR INDICATOR CONTROL CONTROL
INTRODUCTIO N sole functions can be changed and added to by modi The BR-90 displays information on a cathode ray tube fying this program. SOPS SOPS liGHT COMPUTER INTERFACE GLO< screen; all the necessary controls for the manipulation of The BR-90 is particularly suited for command and con .- CONTROL this information are included as part of the display's control trol systems where a number of requirements must be met panel. The unit is complete as shown in figure 1; no addi including: tional equipment is required for operation. digital computer information must be displayed in In addition to the capabilities associated with conven textual and graphic form. FIGURE 2: Simplified Functional Block Diagram of Console tional displays, the console has two unique features: the console user must have the ca pability to operate • photographic information stored on film slides is on the displayed data and generate new displays. projected onto the phosphor surface of the CRT real-time communication with an associated computer The logica l organization of the console is illustrated in sc reen for simultaneous presentation with the elec system is desired. the simplified block diagram of figure 2. The display proces tronically generated display. This is accomplished by sor contains an 8192 word, 12 bits per word, magnetic core optical projection through a clear glass port located CAPABI LITIES memory. Th e memory is functionally divided into two por in the rear of the CRT. tions; one half is dedicated to storage of the console pro the control of console functions resides in a program The console's capability to overlay electronic data on gram; the other to storage of data for display on the CRT. stored in the console's magnetic core memory. . Con- film slide backgrounds greatly improves the information FI GURE 3: Type of Information Disp layed INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ june 1967 63 62 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 The " Clear Blink" key, used in conjunction with the light the complete h_e ight of the useable area is not filled by gun, stops electronic displays from blinking. The console the prOJected 1mage. However, electronic data can be has a continuous audible alarm that can be turned on by writt~ n anywhere on the screen. Th e CRT uses P-4 phosphor, the system computer. The "Clear A larm" key simply turns prov1 des 20 foot lamberts of image brightness, and pro this off. Th e " Error/ Reset" indicator, by illuminating and duces a blue-white color for electronic images. Visually sounding a bell, informs the operator that he has performed the phos phor is white, providing a neutral color screen a procedural error. The key labeled " Clear" is used to for the projection system. erase display data from console memory. The "Clear" func A low-gain sc reen is necessary in any rear projections tion can be tested before permanently erasing data by system to reduce what would otherwise be an uncomfort ·usi ng the " Test" key. The " Mode" keys provide both dis ably bright area when looking directly at the display. This play mode and page selection control. The random mode projector " hot-spot" has been consi derably reduced on is selected when graphic displ ays are to be generated. the BR-90's screen by a special process that produces a Th e formatted text mode is used when on ly textual dis low gain pr~j ec ti_o n screen without affecting the quality of plays are required. Text data is displayed in a 44-row by the electron1c d1 splay. The projection sys tem produces a 64-character-per-row format. Two display pages are avail maximum brightness of 40 foot lamberts · since this is too able in ei th er mode. For the random mode, display memory high for normal viewing, brightness co nt~ o l s are provided. is divided into two equal-size pages, labeled Page A and A font of 63 alphanumeric symbols ca n be displayed in Page B; each page holding 2048 words for disp lay. In the two adjustable sizes, vectors and circles and in two dif form atted text mode, pages are labeled "Main Display" ferent stroke widths. Any elemen t can be made to blink. and " Scratchpad". In thi s particular application, the main FIGURE 4 : D isplay and Control su rface of Console Size, stroke width, and blinking are specified digitally as display is 40 rows of characters; the stratchpad is the part of the display data stored in memory. Vector end bottom 4 rows. Th e key labeled " Maximum Display" points an d circle ce nters are positioned at any one of 1.024 causes both pages in either mode to be displayed si mul symbols are typed from th e keyboard by using the shift points in the horizontal (X) axis and 1.024 points in the taneously. The divisions described here represe nt particular key. The keys just to the right of the typewriter keyboard vertical (Y) axis. The initial character of an alphanumeric user requirements. Any form of page division can be ac are. the " Marker" control keys and allow the operator to or symbol group is positioned to the same resolution. Posi commodated within the 4096 words of display memory. pos1t1on typewriter keyboard en tries on the sc reen. On th e tion data is specified digitally as 10 bit binary weighted The ed it keys indicate various conditions and provide FIGURE 6: Projector Control Keys and Indicators right side of the screen panel are the controls and indica numbers. The maximum amount of electronic data disp lay control of the displays. The " Delete", "Relocate", and tors for th e projection sys tem. A light gun is used to select able on any CRT is a function of frame rate an d deflection "Copy" keys perform the functions which the names imply. and identify electronic display elements to the console speed. At a frame rate of 60 cycles per second, any one They are used with either the "Word'' or "Line Text" keys Of particular interest is the group of nine keys shown in logic for editing purposes. Two swi tches are available for of the following groups of displays would be a maxi mum to indicate the length of the message to be operated on. the center of the panel. These keys, when operated, mag manual se le ~ ti on of 64 different circle sizes. Immediately allowable quantity on th e BR-90: Vectors are drawn by using the " Draw Vector" key in co n nify any one of nine overlapping quad rants of the slide below the Circle s1ze control keys is a cursor ball control. (1) 2816 alphanumeri cs and special symbols. junction with the cursor ball control to locate vector origin to full screen size for a 2 times magni fication. Th e elec This is a manual control used to move a special cursor (2) 115 circles. and terminal points on the sc reen. Circles are generated tronic display also cha nges scale and cen tering to maintain symbol (electronic cross-hairs) about the screen to locate (3) 444 connected vectors. in the same manner using ball control to located circle reg istration with the magni fied slide image. The precision position vectors, circles and symbols. The cursor symbol (4) 222 unconnected vectors. centers. Th e "Cursor" key causes the cursor symbol to be of registration accuracy between the electronic information Identifies positions on the screen in CRT coordinates. (5) 444 plotting points or individually positioned symbols. displayed when operated. The "Wide Vector" keys will an d th e photographic information i ~ 1% uf screen width Figur_e 5 is a close-up of the console keyboard showing If these quantities are exceeded, the frame rate will auto- cause vectors or circles to be drawn with a wide stroke. The at full sca le. Test patterns, test sl ides and operator adjust the vanous off-line control functions that have been imple m atical l ~ drop to 30 cycles per second. If SO cycle per " Blink" key causes vectors and circles to blink when th ey ments are used for checking registration and making adjust mented for the fi rst console application. second mput power was used, the above quantities would are generated by the operator at the keyboard. The " Vector ments as required. The remaining keys provide brightness, be increased by approximately 20 percent. Direction Tes t" key blanks the first ha lf of all vectors dis focus, and projection lamp control. played indicating to the operator which end is th e origin The light gun, a manua lly operated device, is used to point and which end is the terminal point. Th e " Light select alphanumeric characters, points, circles, or vectors Console Gun" indicator illuminates whenever a display element for editing operations. When an element is light-gunned, it flickers at a discernable rate providing feedback to the Fi gu re 4 shows the display and control surface of the con is ljght-gunned. F1 gure 6 shows a close-up of the projector control keys operator. In addition to internal identification, any light so l ~. Th e keyboard on th e left side of the control panel is and indicators. The console projection system allows auto gunned element can be iden tified to the system computer. des1gned for communication with the system computer. matic random selection of 70 mm black and white or full Th e circle size switches allow selection of 64 different R_e moveable ove rl a~s uniquely code the 30 keys and pro color slides from a 100-slide capacity magazine. The maxi diameter circles. The sizes range between 1/10-inch in VIde labels appropnate for each application. One hundred mum slide select time is 10 seconds. No distortion of the and twenty eight differently coded and labelled overlays image or special photographic techniques are employed in can be used. With 128 overlays and 30 keys, over 3800 the preparation of sl ides . Th e image area on the slide is different digital messages can be transmitted to the external 2.1 inches by 3.0 inches. Th e system recognizes and operates computer sys tem. A group of twen ty-five indicators on the with 5 machine coded magazines for a total system capa left side. of the screen panel, used to present sys tem sta tus bility of 500 slides; however, only one magazine ca n be on 1nformat1on, are also labelled w ith changeab le overlays. the proJector at one time. The numerals along the top of the This overlay and the keyboa rd overlay can be a matched PAG[ PAGE panel identify the magazine in place and the slide being A 8 p a~ r, presen ting labels with su itable te rms for th e problem projected from that magazi ne:; - the first digit indicates the bemg worked on. Individual lights under the overl ays magazi ne and the last two digits indicate the slide manner. are controlled by commands received from the sys tem Slide select switches allow for manual selection of sl ides computer. for viewing. The system computer can also select slides by Th_e ~roup of keys to the right of the computer com transmitting a special command which includes the slide mumca tlon keyboard are used for internal console control. VECTOR number. When a slide is se lected from a magaz ine that is The opera tor uses these keys to perform the various off DIRICTIOII TUT not in the projector, the console automatically retracts the line display-generating and editing functions such as draw ma gazine to an unloading position so that the operator ing lines and circles or deleting and copying information. can exchange magazines. The operator is given the proper Of particular importance is the fact that each one of these magazine number and informed to change magazines by keys cal l up a program subroutine stored in the conso le the indicators. The new magazine, when inserted, is auto memory to perform the indicated operation. Th e blank matically positioned to the proper slide position and the keys can be used for additional key assignments. slide projected. the whole operation taki ng no more than . The t ~pewrite r keyboard is used to en te r alphanumeric 30 to 45 seconds. Storage space for five magazines is pro- · mformat1on onto the screen in a normal typewritten man vided in the console cabinet. FIGURE 7: Ful l Sl ide display with electronic display overlayed ner. Th e keyboa rd's alphanumeric layout is standard; special FIGURE 5: Console Control Keyboard INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ June 1967 65 64 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 ------~------
diameter to 61/2-inches in diameter. Intermediate sizes vary Send status between these two limits in equal increments. Read display memory Figu res 7 and 8 illustrate the magnification feature men W rite display memory tioned above. Figure 7 is a normal full slide display w ith Clear display memory an electronic d isplay overlayed. Figure 8 shows the center, Set display mode left-hand quadrant of the display magnified to twice its size. Select slide The electronic image has changed sca le and centering to Inhibit console interrupts mainta in registration w ith the film image; however, the Set console lights size of the characters and the continuous spacing of the In turn, the console sends data to the computer, such as characters has not been changed, only their overall position. display data in resp onse to a read display command, inter rupt signals, overlay keyboard messages and status messages. The status message can include such items as: Present display mode Active page being displayed Sl ide number bei ng projected (a nd magazine number) Cursor coordinates Light gunned symbol address (in console memory) Marker locati on (in console memory) The command stru cture is reasonably flexible as far as Characterization of light pen sensitivity the console is concerned since it is the console program that responds to the commands rather than wired logic.
CONCLUSION by TIMOTHY STUPAR The console uses a 12 bit word to define an X or Y Information Control Corporation coordinate, a circle and an alphanumeric symbol. The El Segundo, California actual alphanumeric code within the 12 bit word is only 6 bits, an d any coding system can be used to provide compatibility with the computer. The remaining bits of each word are used for control purposes and other features such as blink, blank, wide stroke, large size, etc. Within the system computer, other functions must be INTRODUCTION electron beam current density and to the number of ex performed such as the formatting o f data for the console, citable electrons w hich are unexcited. FIGURE 8: Center, lef t-hand quadrant of display magnified to twi.ce its size operating on keyboard queri es, controlling of console Thus: ligh ts, etc. However, the techniques employed here, are There is often confusion about w hat is meant by the outside the province of this discuss ion. term "sensitivity" as applied to light pens. Th is paper will ~~ = 7'] 1 (M-N) -aN (1) Applica tions discuss the salient phenomena and sugge?t definitions In summary, the BR-90 console disp lays electronic data in where: the form of vectors, circles, points, and alphanumeric which which may be interpreted unambiguously. The console can be considered for a nu mber of compu ter N number of exci ted electrons can be superimposed on fi lm slide images projected onto sys tem applications. Computer communications are simpli M number of exci table electrons the CRT screen through the rea r of the cathode ray tube. fied by using the overlay keyboard to en ter computer com J beam current densi ty The console is a stored program device that allows disp lay Phosphor Luminescent Action mand and queries for data retrieval. Since the key func a reciprocal of mean excited li fetime functions to be changed without costly hardware modifica tions can be labelled with the use r's terminology, compli The electronic structure of a phosphor is such that inter 1J excitation quantum efficiency constant tions. In addition, different computer systems with varying cated codes and query languages need not be learned. stitial impurity atoms are contained which have the prop The so lution of this equation is data formats and interfacing features can be more readi ly Analysis of textual and graphic data can be performed using erty that va lence electrons may be excited to a metastable, accommodated because of th is fea ture. high-energy state. Once excited, the electrons remain in N =~ 11 - f -(l']J+a) tl (2) the intelligence and judgment of a human operator com 71J+a L J bined with the high speed computation capability of the this sta te until the addition of slightly more energy, which system computer. Systems requiring rapid human compre is usually thermal in origin, ca talyzes a fall-back to normal; This equa tion represents the luminous bu ild-up charac this fall may be accompanied by the emission of a photon. teristic for monomolecular p hosphors under electron bom hension of a changing geographica l situation can be im 8 proved by photographic presentations of maps, aerial photo If the excited electron is bound to the atom to which it bardment, and holds true for t as small as t = 10- s graphs, or charts combined with electronic generated was attached before excitation, the phosphorescent process The decay characteristic is found by letting J = 0 in the images depicting the variable elemen ts. Message handling THE AUTHOR is said to be monomolecular, whereas i f the electron may differential equation, and so lving: and editing ca n be performed independently of the system wander through the lattice w hen in the excited state and FRANK J. BEACH is Manager of the Advanced Display N = N f·at (3) computer. Different console operational programs can be Systems Group of the Info rmation Technology Labora fall down into an atom other than the one from w hence 0 prepared to allow use rs to experimen t w ithout any hard tory at The Bunker-Ramo Corporation, Canoga Park, it ca me, the process is sa id to be polymolecular. Examples w here California. He had b een a Project Manager in the Data war.e modifications other than the changing of key labels. of monomolecular phosphors include the alkali halides, No = number of excited electrons present at beam Integrating the BR-90 console into a system requ ires both Display Departmen t of TRW's Computer Division when while sulphide phosphors are polymolecular. As will be that organization became part of the newly-formed sh ut-off. see n, these ' two processes give rise to different luminous an electrical interface, w hich con nects the console and the Bunker-Ramo Corporation in 1964. For a time, he held There is a usefu l similarity between pho sp hor action, and system computer, and a software interface. In a new system the same position with the new company, and then decay characteristics. the ac ti on of a low-pass electrical filter. consideration should be given to the use of a channel was promoted to Department Manager of the Data Si nce the action which results in photon production is The two equations w hich describe output voltage build-up that allows relatively high speed data rates. The console Equipment Departmen t. In this role, he assumed re the return of an excited electron to the natural state, phos sponsibility for the design, development and p roject and decay for a low-pass fi lter in response to a step f unc can, for example, transmit and receive 12-bit display words phor light output is proportional to the number of recom managemen t for military computers, peripheral equ ip tion are: at a 250,000 word per second rate. Where a computing ment and display devices. Now, as Manager of the binations per unit time. In the monomolecular process, sys tem already exists, the selection of a data channel is Advanced D isplay Systems Group, he provides customer where the recombination probability for an excited elec application studies for display systems. Mr. Beach ob tron is constant with time, the recombination rate will E = E usually resolved by avai lability considera tions. The soft tained a BA in Psychology from the University of New 0 ~-f- ;J (4) ware interface defines, in a more pertinent way, that man York in 1951, and went on to advanced studies in experi simply be proportional to the number of excited electrons. ner in which the console and computer will function to mental psychology at the University of Arizona. Since, The number of excited electrons in ex istence may be satisfy the system requiremen t. A command structure must he has continued his education at th e University of found by so lving a differential equation containing two Southern California and Pierce College, where he has be es tablished that allows the system compu ter to com specialized in mathematics and electronics. competing rates: a decremen t due to thermal attrition of (5) municate w ith the console. Th e following list is typical of excited electrons and an incremen t due to the exciting the type of commands the computer would send to the agent, which is an electron beam in the present context. where conso le: · The rate of increment w ill be proportional to both the Eo applied step amplitude
66 INFO RMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 I NFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ june 1967 67 r = filter time constant I" = average brightness . the total light falling on " is Spot Size: 30 mil diameter N~te t ~at an ar?itra_rily high ?utput voltage E may be It is assumed that the excitation time is so short that the Repetition Rate : 60 Hz obtamed m an arbttranly short ttme simply by making Eo, light give n off in that time interval is negligible compared 2AB~ = ABa mw 2 5 the applied step, large enough. to the average. For the monomolecular case: 2D D2 Light Pen Sensitivity: 1 o- cmz @ 7000 A Light Pen Spectral Response: Assumed constant In equation (2), however, analogously increasing J does and the luminous intensity is from 3000 A to 7000 not have th e sa me effect, si nce the quantity: I =1 { E·bt = Io £•bt IT = .1. (11) F = AB lm (13) A T bt o bT A, zero elsewhere. qJM 0 D2 m2 Pen Position: Four inches in front of 111 +a for large T, and or spot approaches a limit, while the quantity R = bt F = 2. 919 x 10·5 AB lm (14) From (12), and since where T is the period between intensifications. b = .OS for P4, D2 cm2 1 For the polymolecular case: R (.05) (16,667) 834 where B is measured in foot-lamberts and length is meas = 17J +a which indicates that the instantaneous brightness is 834 ured in centimeters. which is ana logous to r in (4) and (5), becomes smaller I / dt ·Io / Io (12) times the average. =~ Before proceeding, it is further necessary to take into with increasing J. Thus, a monomolecular phosphor may A T 0 (l+bt)2 bT(l+bT)o =bT Transposing (14) and taking into account the instan taneous account the relative spectral efficiencies of the phosphor, be regarded as a low-pass filter with the property that for for large T, and the light pen, and the eye. If the ligh t pen sens itivity is brightn ess factor: large L increasing the input signal amplitude resu l ts in de R bt specified in ~ at a given wave length, the spec- 2 2 2 creasing the tim_e constant rather than increasing the out = cm2 B'=F'(D') = 8.34x l0 = 2•86x l07 F'(D') put stgnal amplttude. For small L action is exactly like a just as before, which indicates that b is a direct measure tra l sensitivity cha racteristic S will of cou rse have the units A' 2.919xl0·5 A' low-pass e~ectrical filter. of available light pen signal from a phosphor, all other mw things being equal (spectral emission characteri stic, etc.), cm 2 as a function of wave length. The spectral emtsston Noting that . Fo~ polymolecular proce~s phosphors, the build-up equa regardless of whether the phosphor is monomolecular or characteristic of the phosphor may be written as K • P, 2 = 2 cm 2 tton ts much more complicated, since the decrement rate (D') (4x 2.54) = 113.2 polymolecular. Also indicated is the fa ct that light pen of excited electrons is proportional both to the number of where K is a number having the units of mw . , and P is and signal varies inversely with repetition rate of intensifica . em- excited electrons and to the number of electron vacancies. tion. The differential equation then becomes, for polymolecular a unit-area function having the units of i th · process phosphors: It is apparent that the conditions th at enhance light pen wave eng operation also work aga inst optimizing the display for a In this terminology, the total (all wave length) power given (6) viewer; for light pen operation, a fast phosphor and a low off by a phosphor in mw , is: repetition rate is ideal, whereas a slow phosphor and a cm2 2 7 The sq uare of the solution to this equation is the desired high repetition rate is desirable from the standpoint of the 00 B, = F' (2.86 x 10 )(1.132x 10 )= 7.07 x 105 F, Total power (15) luminous build-up This yields an implicit operator. Both ends can be achieved at once, however, by =K f Pd>. 3 cl~aracterist i c: 0 4.58 x l o- sol utton t = t(N) whtch ts unwteldy; however, i t can be the use of composite phosphors which are a mixture of w here suitable slow and fas t phosphors. In (18), r is taken to equal 1, and the integral shown that polymolecular process phosphors have in com 00 f Pd,\ = 1 mon wi~h monomolecular process phosphors the proper 2 ttes of ltght ou tput saturatton and response time enhance 0 j P d,\ = s cm Light Pen Response Number 10 ment. as a function of increasing beam current density. We introduce the term light pen response r, defined as 0 S mw . In light of the foregoing, it is meaningless to specify The decay characteristic, however, is easily obtained oop light pen sensitivity in terms of apparent brightness. An r = K f- d,\ (16) since S is assumed constant. The integration when J = o: 0 s 00 unambiguous measu re o f se nsitivity is one in terms of EPd,\ 2 This number, which is dimensionless, has the significance f luminous intensity change at a given. wavelength; this num 0 ·No that when it is greater than one, the light pen responds. N2=---- (7) ber, along with the spectral sensi tivity characteristic of the is performed graphically, yielding the number .42 -1!!!_ for light pen, provides sufficient information to deduce per It also provides a measure of available signal margin. [l+N0at]2 ~- ~ formance under any given conditions of apparent bright lm Thus, It is useful to lump together the various constants in this ness. To tllustrate this, it is first necessary to relate lumin If the eye responsivi ty characteristic in mw as a function 5 equation in order to put it in the following form: ous intensity to source brightness. As a model, consider a of wavelength is E, then the luminous intensi ty F of the F = .42x 10· ~ Lambertian spot of area Am2 and with surface brightness radiant signal due to a phosphor in l m ,is: cm 2 I = Io of cm2 (8) B cd 00 and 2 F = K EP d,\ (17) (l+bt) f B= (7.07) (.42)x 10·5 x 105 = 3ft. lamberts w here m2 lm 0 I = instantaneous luminous output It is desired to determine the luminous intensity F~ By eliminating K from (16) and (1llt a relationship between lo = initial luminous output at a point which is coaxial with the spot and at a dis luminous intensi ty and light pen response is obtained: b = decay constant tance of Dm. Analogously, (3) becomes Si nce one candela per square meter equals one lumen per F (P dA square meter per steradian, the ligh t emitted by the spot I = I E·b t r = _...:o;...... ;S::...... _ (18) 0 (9) would be AB lm (EPdA 0 THE AUTHOR Phosphor Brightness Ratio sr TIMOTHY STUPAR is a Senior Staff member at Informa if the spot were a point source radiating omnidirectionally. tion Control Corporation, where he is in charge of light It is often overlooked that while light pens respond to Since the spot is assumed a Lambertian source, the direc Example Pen development and applica the instantaneous brightness of phosphor, the eye averages tion of maximum radiation will be coaxial with the so urce, The preceding derivations can be used to deduce light tions exploitation. Prior to join phosphor output. There is not, therefore , a one-to-one cor ing Information Control Corpor and in that direction, be of twice the intensity as in the pen performance from stated conditions of apparent bright res~onden~e betwee~ apparent phosphor brightness and ation, his activities included re corresponding spheri cally distributed case. Thus, the light ness. In general, three quantities must be determined: search on va rious opto-electronic available light pen stgnal. A measure of the effectiveness emitted within a small solid angle coaxial with the source 1) The instantaneous brightness as a function of appar phenomena under the auspices of a phosphor for producing a light pen signal is given by is ent brightness, using (12). of the military agency ARPA. Mr. R, defined as: Stupar has been involved in the 2ABlm 2) The luminous intensity at the light pen, usi ng (13) or design an d specifica tion of dis Io sr (14). play and film scanning sys tems R = - (10) since 1963. IA Since the solid angle subtended by a sma ll area " at a dis 3) The response, using (18). As an example, consider the problem of determining the where tanceD from the origin is minimum brightness that a light pen wi ll respond to, given In = initial phosphor brightness, as before _.!!._ sr, the following condi tions: and 2 2D Phosphor: P4 68 INFORMATION DISPL AY, May/june 1967 INFORMATI ON DISPLAY, May/June 1967 69 II DITIINTO PICTURES? PICTURES INTO Dill? USE LINK® Dill CONVERSION SYSTEMS. Eighth National 51 D Sy111posiu111
SAMPLE INPUTS OUTPUTS Spacecratt Video Data Updated Aperture Cards Microfilmed Data High Resolution Space Photos caHDil Aperture Cards Computer Output Plots Strip Chart Data Magnetic Tape Micro Photographs Punched Cards San Francisco Oil Well Log Charts Paper Tape Frequency Spectrum Data 3-D Computer Graphics to Host Meeting Tracking Films Seismograms May 24-26 Radar Film Data Telemetry Signals Bubble Chamber Films Mathematical Models
Scanner/ Recorder
Response to the 8th National Symposium of the Society TECHNICAL EXHIB ITS t for Information Display, at the jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, (partial listing) Calif., May 24-26, has been most gra tifyi ng. Theme of the Symposium is "Modern Technologies 1n Information Adams Associates Inc. Litton Industries Display." Beta Instrument Corp. Perfection Mica Co. According to Donald Cone (Stanford Research Institute), CBS Laboratories Polaroid Corp. Chairman, members of the Steering Committee have worked CELCO Inc Raytheon Corp. h ~rd to guaran tee a suitable fram ework for a cha llengi ng Clare-Pendar Co. Stromberg Carlson Corp. and stimulating meeting. Keynote address will be presented Data Disc Inc. Sylvania Electric Products Inc. by Dr. Arthur L. Aden, Vice President and Director of Re Ferranti Electric Inc. Thomas Electronics Inc. search and Development, Electro Optical Systems Inc. Gamma Scientific Inc. Tung-So l Speakers at the Banquet include John F. White, President Granger Assoc iates Video Color Corp. of the National Educa tional Television Association, and ITT Industrial Products Professor Charles Susskind, of the University of California. EXHIBIT SC HEDULE Com outer Control/ Monitor Console PROGRAMMING Wednesday, May 24 9:00 a.m.· 8:00 p.m. According to Dr. Joseph Stafford, (Sequoia Instrument Co.), Vice Chairman for Arrangements, no formal plans Thursday, May 25 9:00 a.m.· 8:00 p.m. have been made for a Ladies' Program. However, he states, Friday, May 26 9:00 a.m. · 5:00 p.m. the Symposium has been plan ned to coincide with Memorial You can convert data into pictures or pictures into signals transmitted from Mars and the Moon were Day to allow those who ca n to take advantage of the long data with Link Flying Spot Scanner Conversion converted into photos by our systems. Maybe you'll weekend and fully explore the attractions of San Francisco. TECHNICAL PROGRAM Systems. Just examine these applications:- recognize some of Link's Data Conversion Systems: Host members' wives will be on hand to serve as guides Spacecraft TV Ground Data Handling System. Video j an Engel (IBM Corp.), Technical Program Chairman, sta tes • Precision CRT film recording and offer assistance to those who desire this service. Host Film Converter. Waveform Display/ Analyzer. Radar that 8th SID Symposium Proceedings will be available at • Precision film read ing chapter to the Symposium is the Bay Area Chapter, whose Land Mass Simulator. Kinescope Recorder. Graphic the Symposi um to all members without charge. Others • Updating and regeneration of microfilmed data officers are Dr. j oseph Stafford, President; john Dusterberry, SID Recorder and Processor. Automated Microfilm Aper who wish may obtain them at $15 per copy, from Western • High-density filmed data storage and retrieval Vice Pres ident; and jim Wurtz, Secretary/Treasurer. ture Card Updating System. Periodicals, North Hollywood, Calif. • Filmed data conversion As you can see, our data conversion systems have Members of the Technical Program Committee include • Analysis of strip-chart data EXH IBITS the versatility to meet the most va ried needs. We Ca lvin K. Clauer, IBM Corp.; Donald Cone, Stanford Re • High-speed computer output on film also custom-design video/ photographic reduction According to Dale Fuller (Lockheed), Symposium Exhibi ts search Institute; john Dusterberry, NASA; Lester Earnest, (such as 3-D projections) systems for specific requirements. If we can ass ist Chairman, early exhibits registrants include Adams Asso Stanford University; Robert Miner, Ampex Corp.; Phillip • Frequency spectrum film recording in any way or if additional information is desired, ciates, Inc.; Be ta Instru ment Corp .; CBS Laboratories; CELCO Rice, Stanford Research Institute; Ralph Seitle, Phi/co-Ford • Automatic X-ray scanning please write to: Advanced Products Sa les, General Inc.; Clare-Pendar Co.; Data Disc Inc.; Ferranti El ectric In c.; Corp.; Joseph Stafford, Sequoia Instrument Co.; Robert • H igh-resol uti on, broadband facsim i letransm iss ion Precision, Inc., Link Group, 1451 California Avenue, Gam ma Scientific Inc.; Granger Associates; ITT Industrial Woh l, IBM Corp.; and jim Wurtz, Litton Industries. For example, the Mariner, Surveyor and Ranger Palo Alto, Ca lifornia. Products; Litton Industries; Perfection Mica Co.; Po laroid Mr. Engel has announced plans for six sess ions at which Inc.; Thomas El ectronics Inc.; Tung-Sol; and Video Color 30 technical presen tations will be made. In addition, three Corp. short papers containing "Late News" will be presented at Exh ibit hours are 9:00 a.m. to 8 :00 p.m. on Wednesday, the fifth technical session, on Friday, May 26. The fi rst paper May 24; 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. on Thursday, May 25; and is "Tactile Image Projection" by Carter Compton Coll ins, LINK GROUP 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Friday, May 26. Exhibits and PhD; the second paper is "Motor Be a ring Breakthroughs GENERAL PREC ISION INC IS A SuOSIO.ART OF GENERAL PRECISION lOUII'M( Nf CnRP()AAtiQN technical sess ions are conveniently located at the j ack Tar in U ltra High Speed Laser Bea m Scanners" by Randy Sher in adjacent areas on the sa me floor. man ; third p aper is "Rea l Time, Reduced Bandwidth Tele- 70 Circle Rea der Service Card No. 41 I NFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 INFO RMATION DISPLAY, May/lune 19&7 71 vision System Employing Dot Interlace Techniques" by 12:30 p.m. LUNCHEON selectively extracting numerical information from ex Edward S. Smierciak. These papers will appear in forth Luncheon Address: i s.ting sequential files and summari zing it as a graph coming issues of Information Display. Tech nical program is Professor Patrik Suppes d1spl.ayed o.n the IBM 2250. Au tomatic scaling and dy as follows: Stanford University namic on-lrne plotting are provided. TECHNICAL SESS ION II 2:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. W. D. Fuller "Physician-Machine Interface PROGRAM Information Systems in a Hospital Information WEDNESDAY, MAY 24, 1967 DISPLAY MATERIALS Organization System'/ REGISTRATION OPEN 8:00 a.m.- 8:00 p.m. Organizer Jim E. W urtz, Li tton Industries Lockheed Missiles & Space 9:00 a. m . WELCOME Inc. Company A terminal, ca lled a "Video-Matrix Terminal 11 allows Don Cone Chairman E. M. Gardiner, The Boeing 1 Stanford Research Institute Company direct interaction. between professional health Care per sonnel and real-t1me rn formation systems . This terminal Symposium Chairman W. A. Stein "The Application of Photo 1 based upon a raster scan display presents pages of 9:15 a.m. KEYNOTE ADDRESS Electronics Division chromics to Color Display" 1 med1cal terminology to the physician who se lects terms, Dr. Arthur L. Aden, The Na tional Cash Register - Invited Paper usrng a l1ght pen, to assemble medical orders for patient Vice President and Director Co. management. Research & Development, Based on results of earlier work on Monochromatic Electro Optical Systems Inc. Photoch romic-CRT Displays, the USAECOM, Ft. Mon B: F. jackson, D. jackson "The Link Automated Micro- mouth, New Jersey, awarded the National Cash Regis Ltnk Croup film Aperture Card Up-dating ter Company a study con tract to investigate the appli General Precisi?n Inc. . System'! - Invited Paper 10:00 a.m. - noon TECHNICAL SESSION I FI GURE 1: San Fran cisco's skyl ine after dark; Telegraph Hill, topped cation of photochromics to color display. by Coit Tower, looms above t he Embarcadero. (Photo by Lrnk, GPI, 1s constructrng a system for computer-aided San Franc1sco Convention & Visitors Bureau). aperture card updating. The card is scanned and stored DISPLAY DEVICES The photoch romic materials' properties and systems concepts pertinent to the construction of a feasible rn d1g1tal form. An operator views a continuously up date.d d 1sp lay of this digital representation, modifyi ng Organizer Robert J. Wahl, IBM Corpor- model color display are presented. Bi as so urce form the limits of output hues. Advantages 1t With keyboard or l1ght pen. The modified digital rep ation C. j. Chafaris "Surface Deformable Media resentation is then transferred onto another aperture Electronics Laboratory as Applied to the Generation of the system are .s implicity and low cos t, high bright Chairman Thomas J. Carr, ness, and un1mpa1red resolution. card. Aerospace Corporation General Electric Co. of Projection Command and Control Displays" 8:15 p.m. SPECIAL EVENING SESSION B. M. Arora, D. L. Bitzer, "The Plasma Display Panel - This paper wi ll deal with the application of surface de "Unusual Color Techniques 12 :30 p.m. LUNCHEON H. C . Slottow, R. H. Willson* A New Device for /nforma- formable media, represented by thermoplastic and oil for Displays" Luncheon Address: Coordinated Science Lab, tion Display and Storage" films, to the generation of large high brightness and Dr. Arthur Karp, Stanford LCDR C. C. Drenkard, USN University of Illinois high resolution projection disp lays. Specific applica Research Institute The Pl asma Display Panel, invented at the University TECHNICAL SESSION IV tions of these media, currently under development, Dr. Dieter P. Paris, 2:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. of Illinois, is a rectangular array of bistable gas-discharge w ill be covered to illustrate the capabili ty of these IBM Corporation cells which are insulated from exciting electrodes by thin DISPLAY TECHN IQUES media as well as the performance specifications de panels. Combining properties of memory rfi,rl<~y, and TH URSDAY, MAY 2S, 1%7 si red for fu ture operational display equipment. Organizer Phi lip Rice, Stanford Research high brightness in a simple structure, it is an effective, 8:00 a.m. - 8:00 p.m. REGISTRATION OPEN Institute economical device for information display. D . A. Morgan, T. j . Werner "Dry Silver Recording and W. H. Libby Materials For Display 9:00 a.m. -12:00 noon TECHNICAL SESSION Ill Chai rman Ross Aiken, Electronix-Ten R. DuBois "A Low Cost Alpha-Numeric Duplicating Products Divi- Purposes" Inc. Tung-So/ Division Display Device Requiring Neg- sian, 3M Company D ISPLAY SYSTEMS AND APP LI CATIONS - 1 C. N. Winningstad "The Simplified Direct-View Wagner Electric Corp. ligible Switching Power" The Dry Si lver sys tem is a new negative-operating pho Tektronix Inc. Bistable Storage Tube in This paper describes a new display device - a small O rganizer Robert A. Miner, Ampex to-sensitive system which requires only moderate heat Computer-Output grid-contro lled numeric readout which requires no Corporation ing for development. High con trast images on either Applications" beam deflection and which featu res single-plane char Chairman To be announced film or paper are produced with exposu res as short as A brief applica tion history, principles of operation and acter generation. Structural fea tures required to meet 5 foot candle second s. Peak spectral sensitivity can R. A. Aziz "An Instructional Display ~ons truc ti on wi ll be given. The advan tages of this tube the design problems posed by digital instrumentation range from the near ultraviolet throughout the visible Advanced Systems Develop- Terminal" 111 comparison with memory-refreshed conventional are discussed, and the physical and electrical charac spectrum and gamma can be controlled by heat devel ment Div. cathode-ray t~be s will also be given along w i th the teri stics of the device are presented. opment conditions. Extremely high resol ution is another IBM Corporation limitations.. Th1s ~pproac h is most advantageous in ap R. Sinnott "A Novel Application of Mag- C. important fea ture of this system . This paper will descri be technical details of the IBM pl1ca t1ons rnvolvrng large amounts of alphanumerics Consulting Engineer netic Technology to Electron- Instructional Display Terminal. The general terminal de }. H. Fletcher, C. H. Dorion " Improvement of Photo- and/or graphics. ic Display D evices" scription includes deflection and video circuits, CRT 11 American Cyanamid Co. chromic Film for D ata D. j. Hilt Automated Display Chart for Magnetic fields may be used to control and posi tion phosph?r selection, character and image generator. The Display" The Boeing Company Program Managemene~ small magnetic p articles to generate displays. These Continued research on the chemistry of photochromic magnetic storage of video information, organization of This disp lay sys tem uses dry-processed Kalvar fi lm ex disp lay devices may be made over a wide range of materials and their incorporation into various types of the displayed data, and principles of the ligh t pen will directly from a fiber optic cathode-ray as sizes, possess high visi bility, have memory even in the ~osed tub~~ plastic matrices has resu l ted in formulations having also be covered. 1ts storage medium. The display sys tem acquires its data absence of power and are of very high reliability, Improved properties with respect to data display ap R. ':· Stotz, T. B. Cheek "A Low-Cost Graphic Display from a small computer and data link to a large com possessing intrinsic resis tance to shock and vibration. plications. In particular, photochromic materials of ProJect MAC, Massachusetts for a Computer Time-Sharing puter which contains the program data base. The in L. S. Yaggy, N. j. Koda "A Versatile High-Perform- greater sensitivi ty and stability than those presen tly of Institute of Technology Console" formation is presented on a 4 x 4 foot rear-projection Vacuum Tube Products ance Scan Converter Storage fered by Cyanamid will be described. These new ma A n~ed exists for an improved time-sharing display screen and also as hardcopy from the same 70mm film Division, Hughes Aircraft Co. Tube" terials should provide the electro-optica l engineer with term 1n al to 1ncrease operating speed and eliminate frame. Structure, modes of operation, and performance char significantly increased latitude in the design of photo rigid information formats. R. C. LaFrance 1'16 Earth Orbit Film for the acteristics of a double-ended storage tube are de chromic display systems. This paper discusses the effort at Project MAC to de 5&10, North American Apollo Mission Simulator" . scribed. Developed to accommodate extremely diverse " An Inexpensive Color Tech frne the elements of an improved terminal and to Aviation Inc. inputs from multi-se nsor displays, performance exceeds ]. S. Frost nique for Color Electrolumi build experimental working hardware. earlier tubes, and combines featu res of several: input Autonetics Division A strip fi lm photograph of the most accurately detailed North American Aviation, nes cence Display" C. C. Beatty "Graphic Approach to earth model today fulfills a requirement that cannot be output isolation, non-destructive readout, high-speed, Systems Development Div. Numerical Information h igh-resolution, se lective erasure, milliseconds to min Inc. satisfied w ith spacecraft photography. Out-the-window A dynamic color electroluminescent display suitable IBM Corporation Processing" utes continuously-adjustable decay, man y hal ftone an? .telescope scenes are continuously generated for for a wide variety o f applications has been developed. An experimental program known as Graphic Approach trarn1ng the astronau ts in the Apollo Mission Simulator. levels. Th e common frequency-color characteristic of Zns: to Numerica l Information Processing (CATNI P) uses the This paper cove rs the preparation and application of *Now with Electronics Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Cu, Cl phosphors, together with a separate Chromatic computer to transform numerica l data into graphs by this fi lm.
72 INFORMATION DI SPLAY, May/june 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 73 S. M. Stone "Experimental Multi-Co/or }. M. Ketchel " The Effect of High The Bayside Laboratory Real-Time Laser Display Kaiser Aerospace and Background Luminance General Telephone and System" Electronics Corporation Adaptation Levels on the Electronic Labs Inc. Visibility of Electronic A need exists for a real-time, multi-color, large-area in Displays" formation display system capable of high brightness, A study was performed to determine the required breakaway high intensity and high resolution. Lasers, with their brightness and contrast of a CRT display so that an high-intensity output at many possible wavelengths, observer subjected to very high ambient light levels and devices for modulating and deflecting laser beams can immediately identify a small target. It was found Activities have been utilized 1n the development of an experi that much low er brightness and contrast levels than techniques mental system. previously thought necessary are adequate under cer }. Wolvin "Anaglyph Stereoscopic CRT tain conditions. CHAPTER NEWS • Chicago Aerial Display System" T. Cold "Analysis of Saturation and The Los Angel es Chapter had a turnout of over fifty people Industries Inc. Information & Communica- Reliability in a Shared Display at their March meeting. A field trip to System Development 1n This paper describes a technique of 3D display of elec tion Div., Sperry Gyroscope System" Corporation was preceded by dinner at the well renowned tronica lly stored information. A CRT displays the data, Co., Sperry Rand Corp. Bat Rack restaurant ih Santa Monica. SOC's facilities for and a stereo image of the display is photographically The utility of the windshield projection display for the customer su bscribed compu ter time shared services was recorded in what is essentially real-time. Th e " hard pilot in low weather landing was evaluated in flight demonstrated. Another interesting field trip was made to machine-man copy" is then projected and viewed to obtain a 3D tests. The resu lts indicate that pilots exhibit superior the Western Airlines Corporate offices and maintenance image virtually free of conventional distortions. assessment and con trol capabilities with this display facility at Los Angeles International Airport. Again, fifty 6:30 p.m. COCKTAILS compared with panel instruments. The extent of this members were prese nt to enjoy dinner and the tou r. Al (No Host) enhanced performance and its basis are discussed in though the eighth largest airline in size, Western lays claim communications .. . detail. 7:00 p.m. BANQUET to being the oldest airline in the world. Preceding the din In the electronic control of electroluminescence, APRC's tech ner, the L. A. chapter officers met to lay plans for the March Speakers: 2:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. TECHNICAL SESSION VI nological advances provide products that have, uniformly, the John F. W hite, President 1968 Ninth National Symposium to be held in Los Angeles. National Educational DISPLAY SYSTEMS AND APP LI CATIONS- II Tentative decisions were reached regarding dates and key following characteristics: Television Association Organizer Robert A. Miner, Ampex personnel. - Fred Sm ith, Publicity, L. A. Chapter. • Flexibility and versatility. Professor Charles Susskind Corporation • High reliability, based on simplicity. FRI DAY, MAY 26, 1967 Chairman To be announced • Simple maintainability. 9:00 a.m. -·noon TECHNICAL SESSION V The Bily Area Chapter has been very busy preparing for W. F. Miller, }. van der Lans "System D esign for CRT Film Because of APRC's long-term experience in R&D programs and Stanford University Scanning and Measuring" the 8th National SID Symposium which wi ll be held at the DISPLAY EVALUATION advanced instrumentation, we offer more for your R&D dollar. A high precision cathode-ray tube operating under di Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco, May 24-26, 1967. Th ere O rganizer C. K. Clauer, IBM Advanced rect control of a general purpose computer is uti lized has, however, been time in the last few months to hold Systems Development to digitize data recorded on film. The film digitizer is some very interesting meetings. Mr. Ca l Clauer of IBM, APRC's Vertical-Scale Indicators - a specific example: Division treated like any other peripheral device by both user the Meeting Program Chairman, arranged a talk and dem Chairman Prof. D avi d A. Thompson, progra ms and development engineers while testi ng and onstration on computer controlled teaching by Dr. Patrick Low-power, solid-state, Stanford University debugging. Suppes of Stan ford University. The latest meeting featured digital-computer-driven an extremely interesting presen tation on color perception E. A. Schmidt · "Design and Development o f C. R. Dickens "Display Control of a CRT instruments, adaptable to by Dr. Arthur Karp of Stanford Research Institute. D. A. Naurath a Prototype Photo-Optical Stanford Linear Accelerator Film Scann ing System" aircraft and spacecraft. Nominated for next year's officers are John Dusterberry, Laboratory Department Display Data Analyzer" Center, Stanford University Operation compatible with NASA Ames Lab, President, Jim Wurtz, Litton Industries, U. S. Naval Missile Center Data-reduction systems wi th on-line film digitizers re compute r speed, 1 msec Vice President, and Don Cone, Stanford Research Institute, Airborne photographic recording systems have created update t ime typical. Weight quire ex tensive human interaction during initial setup. Sec retary-Treasurer. Don is presen tly Chai rman of the 8th requirements to develop analytica l devices which will approx imately 5 pounds, less As fi lm reduction progresses, less interaction is re National Symposium. - Jim Wurtz, Publicity, Bay Area expeditiously enable observers to fu lly display and ana quired. in "nonstandard " models. Chapter. lyze in-flight information. A prototype radarscope pho This paper describes a relatively si mple display inter This new generation of to-data analyzer was deve loped to resolve film analysis action structure to con tro l such systems at the lowest vertical-scale indicators problems, investigate principles for quantifying and level initially, relinquishing progress ively this faci lity as requires approximately 2.5 analyzing optical data on systems performance, and de the experimen t continues. watts total power. Bargraph, BOARD OF DIRECTORS M EETI NG on command, is transformed ve lop design characteristics. E. T. johnson "Graphic Output Adapter for P. R. Fuller "Development and Eva luation Systems Development Div. Remote Plotting" The SID Board of Directors met in New York on 22 March into a po inte r or marker. Instrument Division of a Two-Color Solid-State IBM Corporation 1967. W . Bethke reported the res ults of the election. W. Automatic scaling and flasher-warning mode can be Lear Siegler Inc. VSTOL Hover Display" A graphic output adapter, drive over voice-grade lines, Bethke, Pres ident; P. Vlahos, Vice President; C. Machover, A two-colo r (green, yellow) electroluminescent hover has been constructed for use on the IBM 1051 /2741 Secretary; F. Brown, Treasurer; J. Sta fford, Western Regional provided. High-contrast EL display was developed through several design phases. typewriter terminal. The adapter drives a plotter or stor Director; J. Sn uggs, So utheastern Regional Director; R. maintai ned with automatic It was tested in a counter-balanced experiment by ex age CRT, asynchronously; and draws points and X, Y, Klein, Northeastern Regional Director; and R. V. Miller, brightness control for perienced pilots in a 6-degree-of-freedom VSTOL simu 45° vectors. It offers a potentially low-cost alternative Central Regional Director. The Board appointed B. Price to constant light output and lator. Seven dependent variables were recorded and the to on-line display sys tems. fi ll one year of the unexpired Northeastern Regional Term extended life. of F. Brown. Committee Chairmen for the coming year were difference on each criterion between the EL and other R. Winfield "A Computer Controlled appointed. These were: Membership, P. Damon; Nominat types hover displays found to be sta tistically significant. Information & Communica- Multichannel CRT Television ing, Dr. Bairdain; Convention, F. Brown; Honors and A S. Goldstein "Anal ys is of Saturation and tion Div., Sperry Crroscope Symbol Generator" Awards, J. Howard ; Publications, L. Seebe rger; Definitions C. B. Hawthorne, }r. Reliability in a Shared Display Co., Sperry Rand Corporation and Standards, Dr. Crocetti; Publicity, A. Langer. The follow The M itre Corporation System" An improved cathode-ray tube video signal generator ing were elevated to fellow; W. Ross Aiken, Dr. G. Dorion, Several techniques· developed for assessing the per is described; 40 switchable matrix segm en ts form an V) S. Sherr, Dr. S. Deutsch. P. Damon received a certificate of formance of large, mul tiple-user display systems con a I ph anu m eric composite target. Desired character ...___...-" citation for service to the Society. The establishment of the taining ti me- and space-shared subsystems are de shapes are formed by turning on only those elements new SID Su i te of offices at 654 North Sepulveda, Los An Aerospace Products Research Corporation scribed. The results of applying these techniques to forming the desired character. geles, Ca lifornia 90049 - (213) 472-3550 was announced. analyzing the performance of such a system (the dis Target beam scanning by television synchronous wave M rs. Sharon Satterfield was hired as Office Manager. Dr. 1707 Nineteenth Street, Santa Monica, California 90404 play/control sys tem at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Cen forms produces compatible television Z-axis video sig H. Luxenberg continues as Executive Secretary. Telephones: 213/870-9894, 393-7283 ter) under operational conditions are presented. nals. Circle Reader Servic e Card No. 42 75 74 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/ june 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 A cash balance increase for the Society from $19,000 in 1965 to $27,800 in 1966 was reported. The Board passed the necessary resolutions to amend the Articles of Incor poration so that SID can be converted from a business league to a not-for-profit professional society. SID parti cipation with other tech nical societies was discussed and it was announced that SID had been asked to provide a COMPARE LITTON at 500 watts display sess ion for the Fall joint Computer Conference. The display tu torial course tentatively scheduled with NYU ID Readout or 30 KW... in June 1967 has been cancelled. However, plans are under way for such a cou;se to be sponsored in conj unction with PHOSPHOR Brooklyn Polytechnic in June 1968. P. Damon reported that as of 31 january 1966 the Society had 1200 members. AUTOMATED M ICROFILM APERTURE CARD The Board discussed two proposed amendments to the By UPDATING SYSTEM (AMACUS) laws and voted to recommend the acceptance of these SCREEN DUALITY IPEKI by the membership. One amendment would provide a slate of at least one candidate for each elective executive office and at least two candidates for each other elective [;;1 ~~ ~ [oJI ~~ office (i nstead of the current requirement of at least two •J[u 0 ~ candidates for each elective offi ce). The other prOposed G ~tal~ [8][8] means reliability ~ G.::' amendmen t would allow the annual general business meet [[ ":ill ~ [Z]QJQ ~ IGl ~ ~ J( u ,. .. = ~~ ing to be conducted any time during the first five months .. M .. .. N in high pressure of each fiscal year (instead of during the first two mon ths [;B] D DJ~D~ lEi!~ D (oJI of each fiscal year) . A committee was established to study D DD~ D~ Xenon Arc Lamps the suggestion of a New England Chapter that provisions be made to have the regional directors more directly repre There are approximately fourteen sent chapter interests. million .001 " square elements on The next Board o f Directors meeting is scheduled for the PEK high wattage xenon arc Th is General Precision Inc., Li nk Group, Systems Division Eighth National Symposium in San Francisco on 23 May sys te m will allow an operator to make additions and cor the face of a 5" CRT. It is impor lamps are manufactured 1967. rections to technical drawings and data sheets which have tant in many scanning and record with just one criterion in been stored on microfilm aperture cards. The revision work ing systems that a large portion, is accomplished electronically without the usual se ries of if not all , of these elements are mind-reli able perform intermediate steps which involve the creation of a print The Society for Information Disp lay w ishes to welcome ance. And, when we say per from the film, updating the print manually and then finally blemish f ree. the following new members to its expanding ranks: formance we mean such photographing the print when the changes are completed. That's why you should compare BEARCE, W. Scolt-Cardion Electronics, In c.; BET, Donald The filmed data on the aperture card is scanr1ed with a features as long life . . . constant-/eve/ Autonetics; BLOOMSBURGH, Ralph- Phi/co-Ford; CASTEL high precision CRT flying spot scanner, and digi tized for Li tton q uality, for o ur special luminous output ... maximum arc sta LANI, Aida- Raytheon Co.; CENNAMO, A.- Xerox Corp.; storage on a 30 Megabit magnetic drum. The entire drawing m ethod of depositing phosphors bility . .. dependable glass-to-metal CLARK, Robert- Argonne National Laboratory; EDWARDS, or selected portions will be presented on a display to an res ults in the cleanest screens Daniel-Department o f Defense; GETTINGER, Ted, )r. operator who w ill accomplish his revision work by means ava ilable in t he industry. In addi seals. 0 In short, PEK lamps are built to Honeywell Inc. ; GOTHAM, Fred-Stromberg Carlson; HILL, of a light pen and keyboard. These corrections will direct do their jobs-engineered to perform up Richard-Genera/ Electric Co.; HOFER, j ack L.-Litton In ly modify the digitally stored information on the drum and tion, faceplate glass is precision dustries; KAITZ, M arvin-Cia Graphics; KEEFFE, Wi lliam the new data w ill be presen ted immediately on the display to and beyond today's exacting require ground and poli shed from a spe CBS Laboratories; KING, joe-Stromberg-Carlson; STOD for veri fication. cial optica l melt, then selected for ments in solar simulation, color projec DARD, Robert- Sanders Associates; LAZET, Andries-Na W ith the updating accomplished in this manner, the highest quality. tion, instrumentation, searchlight and tional Defence Research Organization TNO; LOELLBACH, operator will be able to view the results of his work and He rman-Chicago Aerial Industries; BOTTICELLI , Robert when all necessary changes have been completed, the pre Typic·al of the hi g h q uality beacon design, or wherever high order CBS Laboratories; MAH ER, Frank-Ritchie, Inc.; RE ISER, cisi on CRT system will create a new film recording. The radiant energy sources are employed. 0 )ames- Hughes Aircraft Co.; SCHUMACHER, Arnold-Sand newly created aperture ca rd will be au tomatically processed screens prod uced at Litton is that and a second generation microfilm document ca rd is then Whether your need is 500 watts or as ers Associates In c.; SMALL, D onald-The Gerber Scientific found on the L-41 23 high resolu lnst. Co.; SPAK, Paul- The Gerber Scientific lnst Co.; ava ilable. For the scann ing and recording of the fi lmed data, t ion CRT shown here. Spot size high as 30 KW, you can count on reliable STEARNS, Howard- Binghamton, New York Link is using a spot matrix of 6144 x 4096 bits . is. 0008". If you want information xenon arc lamp performance when you To provide the flicker-free operators display, a second STUDENTS memory drum is incorporated. Th is display drum will handle on the co mplete line of Litton specify PEK. 0 Send for our new Prod OLSEN, Richard-Penn. State University; SOBOLEWSKI, Vic 1.2 Megabits at 6000 RPM and provide a rate of 50 frames/ CRT's, contact: Electron Tube uct Reference Guide, or tell us wha t your tor-University of Adelaide (Australia); ATWATER, James W. second. Through the use of rear projection TV techniques, Di vision, 960 Industrial Road, special interest is. There's a PEK lamp - Heliodyne Corp.; BERSSON, Betty- N ew York University; th is electronic operators disp lay will have a working area BENNETT, Richard-Autonetics; BRADBURY, Robert-Gen of 26 inches x 17 inches and a spot size of 3 mi Is. For the Sa n Ca rl os, Ca lifornia (415) 591· to fit your application. era/ Electric; CHARLES, Daniel R.-Compagnie Generate de insertion o f alphanumeric data by means of the typewriter, 8411. Telegraphie Sans Fi l (CSF); DURST, james E.-Sanders As sys tem performance w ill be o f such speed that the new in sociates; GAGAN, Richard-Wolf Research & Development formati on will be stored and displayed as fast as the oper Corp.; GOOD, W illiam-Genera/ Electric; KEL LER, Dwain ator can turn his head to view the screen. Data erasure or -Dynair Electronics, Inc.; M A LLORY, Kenneth- Genera/ insertion o f a 15 place alphanumeric entry or an equiva len t IPEKI Dynamics; MOWER, Irving- Federal Aviation Agency (NA line length will take place in less than 5 seconds. FEC); NOPANEN, Esko-Corning Glass Works; PARKER, To insure system flexibility, a programmable cen tral pro LITTON INDUSTRIES Edgar-Army Missile Command; PUDER, Allen-Pasadena, cesso r has been incorporated to control the sys tem func PEK I 825 E. Evelyn Aven ue, Sunnyvale, California ELECTRON TUBE DIVISION tions. This approach utilizing a DDP 116 will facilitate the rn Calif.; RUBENSTEIN, Seymour- Sa nders Associates; STEPH Phone (408) 245-4111 I TWX 737-9973 ENS, )ames-Westinghouse Electric Corp.; STIEFEL, Rudy ad dition of a second and third operator station. Optional lnfotran In c.; SE IGE L, D avid-Bolt, Beranek & Newman, equipment which has been included is the high speed m ul tiply/divide function and a direct data channel. In c.; STOUT, Robert- Sanders Associates In c. Circle Reader Service Card No . 44 Circle Reader Service Ca rd No. 43 77 76 INFORMATION D ISPL AY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY. May/june 1967 CALL FOR PAPERS DESIGN COURSE ON AUTOMATIC TEST EQUI PMENT A request for papers to be presented at the 1967 UAIDE A five-day summer cou rse will be given July 24-28 on been submitted annual meeting has gone out to more than 1,000 members. " Built-In Test Equipment for the Maintenance of Complex of the 20th an Technical papers for oral presenta tion of 20 to 25 minu tes Electronic Systems" at the United Engineering Center, 345 ciation for Com can cover hardware, software, application innovations and East 47 St., N.Y. The course is sponsored by New York Uni osenthal, general developments of graphic output generated on computer versi ty's School of Engineering and Science in conjunction be se lected for con trolled display and recording devices. Output generated with the operations of Project SETE (Secretariat to the Elec :ust 29-31 at the by cathode ray tubes is of particular interest. The meeting tronic Test Equipment Co-ordination Group) w hich is a 1ers are expected is set for October 16-19 at the Statler Hilton Hotel, Wash scientific information center operated by and for various the 80-plus ex ington, D.C. Prel iminary, one-paragraph abstracts of pro U.S. Government agencies. David M. Goodman, Senior Re tions concern ed posed papers must be sent to George E. Perez, Box 6749, search Scientist, is the Project Director. The program is di senthal said. This Fort Davis Station, Washi ngton, D.C. 20020 before Ju ly 15, vided into three main parts: the first reviews the his to ry e," to emphasize according to UAIDE officials. Audio-visual equipment will and state-of-the-art in Automatic Test and Checkou t as it 1e computer and be available for presentation of the papers. UAIDE, which perta ins to both DoD and NASA; the second provides de iques. The tech stands for Users of Automatic Information Disp lay Equ ip tails on transducers, multiplexers, an d disp lay devices ap l urdle in screen- ment, is a nationwide group of data processi ng perso nnel plicable to built-in test; and the th ird describes electronic of each session. from organizations usi ng equipment for record ing com sys tems which typify the most recent applications of built e program co m puter-generated data in graphic or alphanumeric forms. in test. Further information may be obtained from David
Data Coupler Miniature Indicators Anderson jacobson, Mountain View, Ca lif., Alco Elec tronic Products Inc., La w rence, offers the ADC 260 Acoustic Data Coupler, a Mass., o ffers a numeric readout indicator. device for sen ding and receiving data between Illuminated 'I< in. digits are indicated on an a remote terminal and a computer using any engraved lucile plate which is edge lighted ordinary telephone desk set and phone line. by a new type, long-life incandescent lamp. It is used typically with a Model 33 or 35 The figures are marked as a series of white Teletypewriter but can also be used with any dots and are clearly displayed. Function o f Common denominator machine or display which ca n o perate w i th the lamps is to provide life up to 30,000- a 103A Dataphone. Used with a Teletypewriter, 50.000 hours. They are said to be soldered in the combination is said to provide a re place to el iminate improper con tact problems. mote computer terminal ·which can easily be Type 2181 or 2182 lamps are physically mount wheeled from one room to another wherever ed in odd and even sectors. Narrow width of an o rdinary telephone is available. Coupling the indicators is said to allow for more with the telephone system is acoustic both numeric readou ts to be displayed and in into and ou t of the t elephone sys tem, assu r stalled in limited space are as. Overall size is ing compatiblity with telephone handsets of 2V> in. high x lf• in. wide. various magnetic field configurations. No di rect connection to telephone equipment is Circle Reader Service Card No. 60 required. Operation is independent of signal level, above a required m inimum, an d no ad justment is required. Space Control D.E.C. Associates, Los Alamitos, Calif., of Circle Reader Service Card No. 56 fers Model 61 2, an addition to the firm's line for: of Opti-Man Space Control Cen ters. The mod • Mechanical Interface Deflection Amplifiers el, designed as a tool holder, measures 10 x 19 x 5 1h in. and weighs 2 lb. A ll tool holders Beta Instrument Co., Newton Upper Falls, • Electrical Interface and parts compartments are within the user's Mass., has announced a new family of deflec • Human Factors normal reach pattern in contoured tiers to tion amplifiers, Models DA113, DA114, and provide a quick natural grasp of tools and • Form Factors DA115. These all silicon solid state modular pa rJs. All models are molded of polyethylene packages are said to feature high deflection • Exterior Finish pla5t ic and are said to be chip and rust proof performance characteristics at low cost. They and resist acids, alkalis, pa in ts and stains of Why compromise your All are D C coupled operational-type difference all types. amplifiers and are designed for applica tion in MIL A/ N system by using a any cathode ray tube or storage tube disp lay Ci rcle Reader Service Card No . 61 commercial 'scope? system employing magnetic deflection. The units are said to be capable of supplying plus All-MIL (to MIL-E-16400), or minus 2.5, 4.5, and 8.0 amperes of deflec Plotting System fully transistorized fJ!) ~ tion current re spectively to a directly-coupled California Comp uter Products Inc., Anaheim, deflection coil. The modules have two identi Calif., offers the Model 835 electronic digital 'scopes are now available in ca l channels of power amplification - one for plotting sys tem, which is sa id to add a new standard rack and portable X deflection and one for Y deflection. di mension to th e concept of digital plotting. (18 lbs.) bench models-in 6 Circle Reader Service Card No. 57 Th e high-speed, fully-incremental digital plot ting system provides a CRT plotter with pro to 10 MHz bandwidth-com vision· for photographic recording, and oper plete with accessories and ates at about 300 times the plot speed of the Multiple Switch electro-mechanical pen-on-paper plotters. plug-ins for non-obsolescence. American Zettler Inc., Costa M esa, Calif., offers Series T-596 m ultiple switch. The device Circle Reader Service Card No. 62 Wider bandwidths and un What's a cathode ray tube got to do with Planes, Power features six PDT contacts in less than one sq usual form factors and per in.; overall d epth behind panel is 1.5 in. Sq uare buttons can be mounted in tight Button Switch formance characteristics are Plants, Punch tape and Physiology ... ? Plenty ! parallel rows to form a block. All contacts are Tra nsistor Electronics Corp., Minneapolis, available on a customized said to be inside a plastic housing, which pro Minn ., has developed a new subminiature basis. build a tube with special resistance of industry applications. To our vides protection against penetration of foreign pushbutton switch, the SBS Series, to conserve A good case in point is the special particles. The firm claims that no lubrican t is panel space on instruments, computers, data In Preplanning Your Next four-gun electrostatically deflected to extreme shock, severe vibration knowledge we haven't yet built a needed as metal parts rub against nylon. processing, industrial control, and missile guid System Design, Why Not CRT we developed to display four and altitudes of 50,000 feet. special CRT for the Peanut, Para Circle Reader Service Card No. 58 ance systems. The unit's body measures only 0.360 in diameter by 0.468 in. long. It mounts Leave the Display Work to chute or Petticoat industries. But if phenomena simultaneously- a And for Power Plants-the from the rear with a knurled nut in a 1/4 in. Us? great assist in Physiological studies. they need one-we will. Why not hole on mounting centers as close as 3/8 in. Atomic kind-we supply a 5-inch Vacuum Tube Readout It will fit 1/16 in. to 3/16 in. thick pan els. Call or write for free con call us today ... or write for our Industrial Electronic Engineers Inc., Van The switch is said to be rated for one million sultation on YOUR 'scope Another is the 19-inch CRT we fl at-faced CRT which features a complete capability story. Nuys, Calif., has announced a single-plane, cycles of operation whi le carrying its full rated problem. developed foe high precision appli helical resistance winding to insure a Vacuum Tube Readout. The tube, a 10 Gun de~ign cu rrent of 100 rna at 115VAC, non-in smooth voltage gradient over there CRT, possesses an electron projection system ductive load. Gold finished brass turret termin OII! NfAAL cations. Its aluminized screen in that is said to display chara cters with clarity als are electrically isolated from the switch creases light output, making it a gion of post-deflection acceleration. and brightness onto a fluorescent screen. body. Plasti c pushbuttons are offered in seven cA~ natural for the Computer field. Easily viewed under direct sun light, features different colors and may be hot stamped with There are many more " for in are sa id to include powerless control grid one cha racter up to 1/8 in. high. Operating GENERAL stances" in our ever-growing list switching, low power consumption (approx. and storage temperature range is from - 40 For the Aviation industry we 300 milli watts). and small grid swing. deg to +65 deg. at 95% humidity, maximum . ATRONICS Circle Readec Service Card No . 59 Circle Reader Service Card No. 63 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT DIVISION Sales representative areas available in U.S. and abroad. PHILADELPHI~ PENN SYLVANIA 19118 Circle Reader Service Card No. 64 INFO RMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 85 84 Circle Reader Service Card No . 55 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 - High Precision System Brower Laboratories Inc. Westboro, Mass., offers the 131 Lock-In Vol tmeter, a new de vice for measuring very weak radiant energy. Depending upon the detector, the system op erates over the entire spectrum from ultra violet to far infrared. The device is used in Our assignments demand fresh futuristic thinking as laboratories for spectro-chemical analysis, de DISPLAY we are developing a new line of display products in tector evaluations, measu rement of fi lter trans both color and black and white fo r new Govern missions, and for reflectivity measurements. It is designed to function directly wi th any mental and Industrial applications. monochromator, light source, or detector. The ENGINEERS company supplies a full line of accessories in Philco Houston started in the display field as the cluding beam splitters, choppers, chart re prime contractor for the NASA Mission Control Cen corders, synchroscopes, ratio measuring sys ter, and is presently providing to NASA a new digita l tems, and main tains a technical staff to pro HAVE A FUTURE vide ass istance in customer applications. color television system. Circle Reader Service Card No. 66 In addition, development is in progress on small AT PHILCO-FORD. alphanumeric displays and large high performance Binary Encoder System digital systems with a full graphics capability. These Baldwin Electronics In c., Little Rock, Arkan will be used in new industrial applications and gov sas, offers a small size parallel natural binary ernment installations. encoder system which uses a Baldwin photo electric absolute position, direct reading, single Qualified app licants must have background in circuit turn encoder with a lamp life in excess of 50,000 hours. The system has a capacity of design, logic design, digital TV Raster and / or Stroke 11-bits per turn, outputs compatible to most Writing systems. Positions are also available for D.T. L. and T.T.L.I. C. Logic and requires only professionals with rotating Drum / Disc design. Expe two supply voltages including the lamp volt age. rience in computer design or periphera l equipment Circle Reader Service Card No. 67 desirable. If you qualify for these interesting projects you are Light Pen invited to send your resume for prom pt and confi Information Control Corp., El Segundo, dential consideration to Mr. H. S. McDonald, Philco Calif., offers a new high sensi,tivity light pen. Through the- use o f a phototransistor as the Ford Corporation, Houston Operations, 1002 Gemini light sensing element, the fiber-optic bundle Avenue, Houston, Texas 77058. usually employed in such devices has been eliminated, which is said to have resulted in a unit lighter in weight and not requiring high vo ltages. Designated Model LP-200, the pen also features a touch-sensitive actuator PHILCO which has no moving parts. In order to per mi t the device to see light, the operator touches a metall ic band placed where the WESTERN DEVELOPMEN T LABORATORIES index finger naturally falls during an operation. An equal opportunity employer. Circle Reader Service Card No. 68
TV Disc Recorder General El ectrodynamics Corp., Garland,Texas, offers a television disc recorder said to be capable of recording on one disc up to 1,000 individual pictures. The selection and instant display of any desired frame on one or more standard television monitors is done by dialing new light on control panel design a 3-digit number as on a telephone. The recorder is the nucleus of several new GEC Marco-Oak Presslite® switches give you ins tant light and product lines whose markets will be banks, color check of system statu s. They're the smallest illumi insurance companies, and other commercial nated pushbuttons available with contact ratings of 5 or enterprises. Information can be stored on the 15 amps up to 120 vac ... maximum body width or recc;rder indefinite ly. Both recording and era diameter is less than %'." Independent and isolated sure can be performed automaticall y by press ing the appropriate button on a remote con lamp circuits to indicate switch mode or remot e sys trol push button control box. tem statu s mean less panel space, greater design latitude. Snap-action assures long contact life with a Circle Reader Service Card No. 69 wide safety marg in even beyond rated currents. Presslite switches are available with a variety of op Tandem Typing tions: SPDT or DPDT, alternate or momentary action, A four-i n. square electronic attachment is m idget flange base, incandescent or neon lamps (with sa id to double the output of MATE, Mil go ballast resistors built into switch base). Ten basic cap Electronic Corp.'s Automatic typing equip styles (including P ress-in caps in six s izes and shapes) give ment. The new accessory, Bi -Type, attaches to you a full color range. Matching indicators and recess panel a MATE reader, th e memory device for the typi ng system. Two electric typewriters with a monnting •d•pto" ru,. .ire :::·~h:~·~ :6:P,..,Jire ~truog. Bi-Type attachment operate simultaneously, at speeds up to 150 wpm. One operator can produce over 300 original typewritten sheets in one day, according to the company. Circle Reader Service Card No. 70 A d ivision of OAK ELECT RO/NETICS CORP 207 S. Helena St.. Anaheim. California 92805 86 Circle Reader Service Card No. 65 INFO RMATI O N DISPLAY, May/june 1967 - INFORMATi O N DI SPL AY, May/june 1967 Circle Read er Se rvic e Card No. 78 l17 Hi-Q Deflection Yoke Display Converter Film Viewer CELCO, M ahwah, N.J., offers the VA De Pacific Measurements Inc., Palo Alto, Calif., Northrop Corp.'s Nortronics Div., Palos Strip Printer W ith flection Yoke, des igned for ~a in. neck CRTs offers two new CRT Display Converters. The Verdes, Calif., offers a film viewer wh ich mag Miniature Display Pushbutton Controls with 52, 70, or 90 deg deflection angles. I t basic converter enables a recorder to provide nifies images up to 70 times fo r precisio n in Bowmar Instrument Corp., Fort Wayne, In Unimax Switch Div., Maxson Electronics Take-Up Spooler is avai lable as a yoke and in combination with a large, precisely scaled plot of a CRT display. terpretation and evaluation of film. The M odel- Corp., Wallingford, Conn., has announced a diana, o ffers a new m iniature readout which is Clary Corp., San Gabriel, Calif., offers the a pincushion corrector or a centering device, li is an interface device which fits between 100 uses the zoom lens for continuous variable operated directly from digital computer codes, new line, the Unimax LPB Series 9. It con AN-16 Strip Printer, which utilizes " on-the or both. The Front Flare is said to el iminate any oscilloscope and X-Y or strip chart re magnification between the 3 to 70 times eliminating from the display any mechan ical sists of four-lamp l ighted panel controls de fly" printing techniques as used in large on borderline neck shadow and glass enve lope corder. The first new device, the PM 1001-02, ranges, and p rovides close-up study of any signed to meet the requirements of M IL-S- or analog-to-digital assemblies, drives or servos. line computer output printers. The mechan interference problems. The special high Q enables the instrument to operate properly part of any frame. Suggested applications in Wholly electrical, the DA3300 Logicator is said 22885. Features include single screw mounting, isms have been reduced to five functional sub ferrite core is cla imed to provide high sensi with curve tracers. New circuitry senses the clude: reconnaissance imagery analysis; field to incorporate any solid state modules re two-step relamping and factory- installed in assemblies. Complete uni t with electronics tivity in resonant drive ci rcu its. absence of a sampling pulse which causes the map evaluation and preparation ; meteorolog ternal lamp buss ing. The line is offered with quired for interfacing with BCD, LBC, or any has been m iniaturized to easily install in in pen-lift relay to energize and the re trace cir ical satellite photo evaluation ; geophys ical sur cus tomized messages in a wide range of dis Circle Reader Service Card No. 88 other available digital signal information. The strument panels of large systems where hard cuit to cycle. The device senses the end of veys and studies; and photointerpretation train play styles and color coding. They are avail package is avai lable with from three to eight copy data recording is req uired. The unit the CRT trace, lifts the recorder pen and in i ing. Data on film rolls up to 1000 ft long, be able with two, three or four pole momentary 12-position readout drums, and contains its weighs 5 1/2 lb and occup ies 200 cubic in.; it Film Processor tiates retrace. An additional control allows the tween 70-mm and 91/2 in. wide can be ac own gating ci rcuits, time-sharing capabil ity, or alternate action switching. The swi tches are was designed to meet applicable sections of A machine that processes CRT reco rding operator to set the recorder vertical start cepted, and all types of film can be handled , data storage and suppression ci rcui ts . Drums of modular design. An added feature is an Mii-E-5400 and M i l-1-26600. Printed information film at up to 30 in. per minut e, and permits point even though the CRT trace starts after such as infrared, thin o r standard base, o r radar are internally backlighted, adjustable for any ordering system which permits the switches is p resented serially to the operator at up to access moments after p rocessing, has been the fi rst vertical graticule line. sensor film. dark or bright environment. The 0.2 in. high to be chosen by component groups, whether 25 characters per second with a selection of developed by Mark Systems Inc., Santa Clara, characters are white on black fields, but are for a complete assembly or for a separate sub 64 characters; printer can be adapted to ac Calif. Called Model 1200 Rap id Access Film Circle Rea der Service Ca rd No. 93 Circle Reader Service Ca rd No, 94 translucent for typical red display in darkness. assembly. cept any parallel 6 line BCD code at several Processor, the machine accepts any 35mm Circle Re ad er Service Ca rd No. 81 Ci rcle Reader Service Card No. 82 interface logic voltage options requiring low films used in CRT cameras. Semi-arch ival ~ driving currents limited by the 5 K ohm input quality is said to be achieved without post impedance. processing. Up to 2400 ft of film can be .. Ci rcle Re ad er Service Card No. 83 processed with one loading of commercially ava ilable, high-energy chemicals. Two units make up Model 1200. A chem ical supply Display Line module houses the necessary processing chem A new line of position displays, Vu-Point II, icals (developer, clearing solutio n, rinse solu has been introduced by Remex Electronics, tion) and pumping apparatus. Devices for Hawthorne, Cal if., a unit of Ex-Cell-O Corp. transporting, processing, and storing the film Vu-Point II is a sea led unit utilizing inte arc contained in a p rocessor module. The Now ... grated ci rcuitry. Readout is obtained through modules are connected by short lengths of display tubes framed by a black panel for cab le and plas tic tubing. maximum contrast. Size and weight of the units is said to allow installation in a variety Circle Reader Service Card No. 89 of locations to facil itate convenien t viewing. The Displays are said to be appl icable to almost any manually operated and/or numer Solid State EL Instrument ically controlled machine tool. Applications Aerospace Products Research Corp., Santa also are being made to inspection and layout Monica, Calif., has developed a low-power, equipment. solid-state, digi tal-computer-driven, electro luminescent (EL), multimode digital display. Circle Reader Service Card No . 84 The instrument was developed for NASA's add light pen A111 es Research Center for use in laboratory simu lations. The unit, the Ve rtical Scale I ndi Miniature Switches ca tor Model VSI -DSP. is a bargraph that can, capability to your display Alcoswitch, Lawrence, Mass., offers a new on computer command, be transformed into double pole ON-ON-ON miniature switch. a pointer or marker. Au tomatic sca ling, a They are design ed to have "on" positions at flashe r-warning mode, and parameter title in opposi te ends of the lever throw with an dicator for multimode operation are included for less than $1 ,000 active Center position. They are avai lab le in in the instrument. A constant light output for three series : Premium E Series, Standard MST the l ifetime of the display is said to be pro the ran ge f rom 4000 to 11,000 Series, and M ustang Series with 15/32 in. hole. vided by automatic brightness control. Sanders new solid state PH O TOPEN"' Current ratings are 6 Amps at 125 VAC, M odel EO - PT system ena bles you to A ngstroms. MST Se ries 3 Amps at 115 VAC. Circle Reader Service Card No. 90 perform all symbol sensing functions Foolproof ••• special circuitry elimi in high data rate CRT dis plays usi ng nates false o r multiple triggering from Circle Reader Service Card No. 85 a wide variety of c haracter generation long persistence phosphors , ambient Indicator lights techniques with pus h butto n ease. light a nd CRT face and i mplosio n - Digitizer Ci rcon Component Corp., Santa Barbara, • • • Y ou g et all these features for less s hield reflectio ns . Calif., offers a new line of Bug Eye shaped tha n $1,000. Pinpoint accuracy • . • a n i lluminated DATA Technology Inc., Watertown, Mass., indicator lights. O ffered in 24 di fferent shapes, finder-circle " zeros in" the exact offers a coordinate digitizer with a resolution Fast resp onse • • • o utput pulse is including stars, circles, diamonds and squares, practically coincident w ith the leading C RT a rea bein g sampled. of 0.005 in. and accuracy of ± 0.001 in. The the indicators are sa id to provide message ed ge of the CRT light pulse. Typical unit is intended primarily for use as an No special pow er supplies •• • power flexibility through various shapes and colors of time delay is less tha n 1 mic rosecond ~ This new Phosphor has shorter persistence. Image Plane Digitizer, as well as for Graphical requ irement is 117 volts, available at lens. They are 29/32 in. overall length, with a - matc hes fastest CRT writing speed . any standard ac o utlet . Digitizing. Positioning is accomplished by barrel diameter of 3/8 in., and are furnished in V ersatility • •• can be used with a For less than $1000, you can get ~ Greater resistance to Screen Burning than P16. means of stee l scales ruled with 500 lines incandescent and neon, in single and double variety o f character generati on t ech greater flexibility a nd performance per inch and mounted on the carriage-way contact models. They can also be used to re niques, i ncluding shaped beam, from your data display equipment - ~ The Narrow Band Emission is in the visible range in the X axis and along the sl ide-arm in the place existing lamps. Y axis. Linear incremental encoders are cou monoscope, stroke and dot matrix w ith Sanders new PHOTOPEN pled in the X and Y axes to produce 2000 bi Circle Reader Service Card No. 91 types. system. For further inf o rmation o r a no complicated optics required. directional counts per inch of travel. Resultant High sensitivity • • • adjustable t o demonstratio n, contact Sander s position is disp layed in six digits. Digital Drafting System trigger on CRT symbols too di m for A ssociates, Inc., M icrowave D ivisio n , TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS human eye detection , yet accommo Nashua, New Ha mpshire 03060. Ci rcle Reade r Service Ca rd No . 86 Benson- Lehner, Van Nuys, Ca l if., has an dates inten sit ies above the comfortable Pho ne: (603) 883-3321 . Ext. 7291. Persistence Decay to 1 /e 30 nS nounced a new digital drafting system wh ich viewing level. Spectral respo nse spans T W X : 228-1887, S A M icrowave. Socket operates at speeds over 700 in. per minute, •r.M., Sanders Associates, Inc. Spectral Peak 555 nm (5550.&.) with an overall system accuracy of 0.002-i n. Augat Inc., Attleboro, Mass., has announced Reso lution is 0.001 in. The DDS is designed tes t sockets which have large chamfered entry If you do want ultra-violet, specify Ferranti Type 'W' phosphor w hich speci fically for automated drafting, numerical SANDERS Assoc iATES, INc. holes that guide component leads into sock control, configuration lofting, engineering ets. Pin circles match those of I C's; wiping MICROWAVE DIVISION is more efficient than P16. fabrication and artwork masters used in stack gold-plated contacts are sa id to assure low ing of integrated circuits and wafer-thin com Creating New Directions in Electronics contact resistance after 100,000 insertions. The ponents, as well as other production engineer teflon body is designed for "push-fit" installa ing requiring exact registration and ultra-close tion. Continuous operating temperatures up tolerances. FERRANTI to 150 deg may be attained; the sockets are First into the Future available in 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 contact ar Circle Reader Service Card No. 92 FERRANTI lTD., GEM MILL, CHADDERTDN, OLDHAM, LANCA SH IRE, ENGLAND. Te l: (061) MAin 6661. rangements. Circle Reader Service Card No. 95 U.S.A.: FERRANTI ELECTRIC INC., EAST BETHPAGE RD., PLAINVIEW, NEW YORK 11803. Tel: 516 293 -8383. Ci rcle Read er Service Card No. 87 CA ilADA: FERRANTI- PACKARD ELECTRIC LIMITED, INDUSTRY ST. , TORONTO 15, ONTARIO. Tel : 762-3661 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/j une 1967 89
Circle Reader Service Card No. 80 88 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 Television Camera A new so lid-state television camera for con tinuous operation in untended locations and COMPUTER DISPLAYS under extreme environmental conditions has Lack of panel space been introduced by Raytheon Co., Lexington, State of the Art Computer Controlled Displays - Mass. The RGS-20 camera is a commercially available version of a simi lar camera devel Computer Grade Quality and Reliability- Industrial Price oped for monitoring hazardo us areas and for causing headaches? information transfer in the nation's space pro gram. It is sa id to be well adapted to military CRT DISPLAY UNITS for Graphic and Alpha-Numeric Display and industrial security installations, and to p rocess observation in difficult areas such as high temperature areas in foundries. Measur CG 202 CHARACTER GENERATOR Try the new MINISWITCH (j) ing 5'h in. in diameter by 10 in. long, the came ra is said to have a minimum horizontal For alpha-numeric display use. Permits computer control of character resolution o f BOO lines. Produces character display waveforms intensity and size. Circle Reader Service Card No. 97 from BCD input codes. Is supplied with 36 user-designated Draws high quality characters, using characters, expandable to 128 char stroke techniques w ith automatic acters. Binary Input Display corner-rounding. Industrial Electronic Engineers Inc., Van Full Alpha-Numeric Character Set. =- Nuys, Calif., offers a to tal display package Uses plug-in character codes to facili· utilizing Silicon Controlled Rectifiers as the tate changes in symbols or input 40 microsecond average character CG 202 basic solid ctate component. Accepting a bi codes. drawing time. na ry input, a 1 in. message is automatically projected on the viewing screen. Operating on a rea r projection principle, the display unit is sai d to be one half the cost of comparable KM 906 THREE-COlOR DISPlAY OSCillOSCOPE equipment. Requiring an eight line input (BCD Code). the display ut ilizes ten outputs Model Usable to drive ten lamps with a twelve output option CRT Resolution Sensitivity Video Jump avai lable. External voltage is requ ired for the No. Size Screen Area Bandwidth Scan Time logic circuit as well as for the lamps. A ll of ±5 volts For KM 906 19" 10 X 10" 15 line/ em DC to 10 mHz 25 l'sec. the SCR units are designed with forbidden full screen code rejection. Should an improper code be appli ed, a blank viewing screen is indicated. . . . . 1 KM 906 Ci rcle Reader Service Card No . 98 KM 105 COMPUTER DISPlAY OSCillOSCOPE
Model CRT Usable Radar Simulator Resolution Linearity Sensitivity Jump No. Size Screen Area Scan Trme Canoga El ectronics Corp., Chatsworth, Cal if., offers a new Video Target Simulator designed ± 5 volts for KM 105 21" 10 X 10" 25 line/em 12 l'sec. for use as first echelon field maintenance 1% full screen (f) TRADEMARK equipment. The M odel MRP-1 80 Radar Signal ' Simulator is one of the latest in a family of video target si mulators designed for servicing Rear-ported CRT Displays J tactical aircraft exercising terrain-avoidance and Hybrid Deflection CRT Displays air-to -ground rada r m odes. The MRP-180, Special Size CRT Displays Available on special request. which generates simulated air- to-ground video KM 105 Hi Speed Character Writing Yoke targets and range marker targets for use wit h Hi Speed Character Writing Deflection Amplifier monopu lse radar systems, is said to feature sum, bi-polar di fference and MRI video pulses whose widths and slopes vary as a function of range and grazing angle for use in the main DISPLAY SYSTEMS tenance and calibratio n of the latest terrain follow ing radar systems; video pulse charac Custom system design using st andard teristics are continuously varied over a dy assemblies. namic range of 300 to 1. Complete display system capability. • May be assembled rapidly and eco Circle Reader Service Card No. 99 VG 201 VECTOR GENERATOR DD101 DISPLAY CONTROLLER The New 800 Series Miniswitch nomically from standard equipment. For graphic CRT displays . • May include other elements, such as Comput er control of switching between . . . the smallest thumbwheel switch available Draws straight line vectors of any . local memories, console keyboards, cha ra cter, vectors and points. Map and Chart Digitizer length. etc. Interfaces available with most com The Series 800 Miniswitch is specifically designed for instruments, Calma Co., Santa Clara, Ca lif., has int ro Uses absolute coordinate input data. • Vary widely in application and scope. puters. duced its Model 480 Digitizer, a device for Normally mounts in the DD-101 Inter An inter ested and rapid response For computer-display linkage. controls or systems where panel space is limited. Each module reducing analog graphical data from large face Unit. awaits your inquiry. Converts binary inputs to precision ana requires an opening of .96" high x .5" wide. Any number of maps and charts to digital magnetic tape for Full screen vectors. log positioning voltages and internal modules may be ganged into a single unit ized assembly. Spacers computer processing and analysis. It is said control signals. are available for functional separation. Large, white dial numbers to feature Variable Interva l Programmed digi Automatic intensity compensation for tizing, a solution to the limitation on graphical writing beam speed. Interact s with the computer on a re are set in a non-glare black background for easy reading. data reduction speed imposed by the relat ive 100 microsecond vect or time. quest-response basis. Accepts any polarity computer input Features include: Two, 8 or 10-position setting dials-direct con ly low speed o f available output devices . As LP 303 LIGHT PEN the op erator manually traces the graphical signals. version of dial position to 4-bit coded outputs. Provision for com data wit h a stylus, the movements of the stylus AND AMPLIFIER . Operates directly from 36-bit or 48-bit input-output data channels. ponent mounting in output terminals on some models. NEW-5 or are converted to digital si gnals for reco rding For operator use with CRT-displayed May be supplied with an assembly reg 28 volt replaceable lighting-any color-requires no solder or tools on the output (computer-compatible, 7-chan data. nel, 556 bpi) magnet ic tape recorder. The VI P ister for use with narrow 1/ 0 chan to replace lamps. Send for new Miniswitch Series 800 data sheet. Provides computer identification of spe digitizing system al lows an overall maximum nels. digitizing speed of 937 in. per minute with a cific symbols or character. resolution of 0.005 in. Accessories are availab le Uses flexible fiber-optics cable. ) THE DIGITRAN COMPANY to permit reduction of data from projected + 16mm, 35mm, and 70mrn film images, paper A Division of Endevco Corporation tape output, direct interface to an IBM 1130 855 South Arroyo Parkway, Pasadena, California computer. Phone: 213/449-3110 Circle Reader Service Card No . I 00
Circle Reader Se rvi ce Card No. 96 .____------I!E!E 9ngt~umentg____, 90 INFORMATION DISP LAY, M ay/ Ju ne 1967 IN DUSTRIAL PRODUCTS DIVISION • 15191 BLEDSOE STREET • SAN FERNANDO, CALIFORNIA 91342 • PHONE EMpire 7-6161 Circle Reader Service Card No. 149 CONVERT B1w llt1ratur1 CRT SMALLEST RELAMPABLE COMPUTER DATA REFRESHER T-1 CONFIGURATIONS TO TV DISPLAY VALVES BULLETIN. Walworth-Aioyco Ball Valve SWITCH CATALOG. Trompeter Electronics Inc., Div., N.Y., offers a new 4- Chatsworth, Cal if., offers page bulletin describing their stainless steel a new Catalog M-4, which describes the firm's WITH THE screwed end ball valves for 960 WOG service. line of coax, twinax and triax matrix and new from Eldemo Bulletin SS-661 includes illustrations, drawings, multi-pole , multi-throw switches. The items acrual size ELECTRO STORE® pressure/temperature charts, dimensions and are used for switching and/or programming, parts lists for valves ranging in size from '/• video data and RF signals, as used in TV com • • • • • • • • • • • • • to 2 in. Valves feature reinforced TFE in seats puters, telemetry, and other data transmiss ion systems. This TV Display shows a high resolution and floating ball design for tight closure, fire H-Lites, a new safe construction through stem, seat and body Ci rcle Reader Service Card No. 112 ~ terminal style; alphanumeric presentation derived from and locked in stem constructi on as safety Eldema series~~ 1I 4" for single against blow-out. The bulletin offers a list The DDI Model SBSE-1000 Cathode Ray Tube Refresher is a low
TAYLOR STEVENS Now available to users of Baird-Atomic's D1G1T UBE Display Tubes• are these space-saving, compact DRIVERS. Well-designed and rea listically priced, they will drive a digital display tube directly from low level natural VAN M . STE VENS JR. has been appointed corporate advertising manager for Raytheon binary coded decimal input, and are adaptable to any size tube - from %" Co., Lex ington, Mass. He will plan and imple to 2" dia. tube bases! All Baird-Atomic DRIVERS utilize TTL monolithic inte ment advertising and promotional programs grated circuits to combine max imum reliability with minimum size! as an integral part of the company's overall public relations activi ties. Stevens has been DIGtTUBE DISPLAY TUBE DRIVERS feature ' advertising manager for Raytheo n's Compo • 15 MHz COUNTING RATE nents Division since 1965. • COMPATIBLE WITH ALL SIDE VIEW AND END VIEW DIGITAL DISPLAY TUBES Astrodata Inc., Anaheim, Cal if., has an • TIL MONOLITH IC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS nounced three new executive appointments. • ADAPTABLE TO ANY SIZE TUBE- %" to 2" DIA. TUBE BASES WALLACE E. RIANDA has been elected chair • BCD INPUTS; OTHER CODES AVAILABLE ON REQUEST man o f the board of directors and chief ex ecutive officer. THOMAS ALLINSON was elect Write or call today for descriptive literature! ed president and a director, and GRANVILLE K. HERSHEY JR., was elected treasurer. D1G1TUBE® DISPLAY TUBES PETER V. BELLINO JR., has been assigned Baird-Atomic cold cathode neon glow D1GlTUBES provide per marketing l iaison responsibilities in the East fect performance, long-life, and ern US fo r Motorola's Government Electronics bright digital display In a wide Division instrumentation products line. CARL range of character sizes, round or rectangular t ube shapes, both P. NIERZW ICK I, director of marketing, an end and side viewing ! nounced that Bell ino will retain his p resent Bulletins also available on re posi tion of sen ior representative, and wi ll con· quest. tinue representing Motorola with industrial contractors and some government agencies in the greater N.Y. area. C. GORDON MURPHY, d ivision president, AMP has announced the appointment of H ERMAN S. DICHTER as director of Advanced Ai rborne INCORPORATED Command and Control Systems at the Data ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS AND COMPONENTS DIVISION Systems division o f Litton Industries, Van Nuys, CA P ITRON DIVISION Calif. Dichter was previo usly associated with 1 5 5 P ark Street • E liza b et h t ow n , Pa. • 717-3 67-11 0 5 Hughes Aircraft Co., where his most recent 33 UN IVE RSITY ROA O, CAMBRIDGE. MASSACHUSETTS 02138, Telephone : 617 864 -7420 assignment involved management of the Tow m1BAIRD-ATOMIC 1 Wire Gu ided Anti-Tank Weapons System Pro SALES REPRESENTATIVES AND OfnCES lN All MAJDft U.S.A. CITIES, AND tUAOPE Circle Reader Service Card No. 130 gram. 94 B INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/june 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/j une 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No. 131 95 The appointment of CARL M. KLUG to the MICHAEL V. BURRI DGE, commercial mana years; he previously was with General Foods keting and planning in Northrop Corp .'s Ven technical staff of h nu systems inc., Menlo ger for Radio Engineering Laboratories, L. l., Corp. for eight years. tura Division, according to GEORGE F. DOUG Park, Calif., has been announced by H. G. N.Y., has been nameo director of marketing, W ILLIAM H. MYERS has been appointed LAS, corporate vp/general manager. ENGINEERS HEARD, vpltechnical director. Klug was previ according to FRANK A. GUNTHER, REL presi manager/marketing department, RCA Television DR. ROBERT MORRIS PAGE, who built the ously with the Ame r i~a n Optical Co. and dent. Burridge will be responsible for coordi Picture Tube Division, New York, it was an Pe rkin-Elmer. The firm is a subsidiary of the na tion of all marketing activities, including nounced by H. R. SEELEN, division vp/general fi rst pulse rada r system for the detectio n of O hio Steel Foundry Co., Lima, Ohio. military and commercial sales for domestic and manager. Myers w ill be responsible for the aircraft by radio, retired as director of re REAR ADMIRAL SAMUEL FRANKE L (USN international customers. overall marketing activities for RCA television search for the Naval Research Laboratory, Exacting, Ret.) has been named manager of System De Computing and Software Inc., Panorama City, picture tubes. He joined RCA in 1930 at the Washington, D.C., ending nearly 40 years' velopment Corp.'s Technical Information Sys Calif., has announced the appointment of Harrison, N. j . tube plant. service with the Laboratory. tems Department, Santa Monica, Calif., it was FRANK D. RUSSE LL as general manager of its ROBERT H. SCHERER has been appointed RONALD W. LACKIE has been appointed announced by DR. THOMAS C. ROWAN, SOC Biodata Division, located at Edwards, Calif. vp/general manager of Control Data Corp.'s contracts m gr. for Ph ilco Corp.'s Aeronutronic He was most recently data systems supervisor Space and Defense Systems Group, Minneapo vp/manager o f the Advanced Systems Division. Div. Tactical Weapons Systems. R. T. WISE Adm. Frankel is re spo nsible for SOC's con at C & S Maryland Division, Greenbelt, Md. lis, Minn. During the past 13 years Scherer scientific will assume Lackie's former position as con tractual operations and work in l ibrary sys The appointment of DR. C. THOMAS GOLD has held several key positions in the Federal tems, documentation systems, natural language SMITH to head the newly formed systems and Government. Since 1963, he has been assist tracts mgr. for Re-Entry and Space Systems. data systems, and information systems in sup analysis section for the Paramus operation ot ant director for command and control in the DR. W ILLIAM HAYWARD PICKERING, dir. port of science and technology. Fai rchild Space and Defense Systems division Office of the Director of Defense Research of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the Cal i challenges The Board of D irectors of D. B. M illiken Co., · of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. has and Engineering (Department of Defense). fornia Institute of Technology, has been deco Arcadia, Calif., has named THEODORE H. been an nounced by FRANKLI N I. BOLNICK, EDWARD MEAGHER, vp/marketing, has an rated with the " Commander" of the order nounced three new appointments by the Sem i TRUESDELL president. He was formerly First director of engineering. Dr. Goldsmith will of merit of the Italian Republic, in recognition head a group which develops concepts and conductor and Receiving Tube Division of vp of the company. DONALD B. M l LLI KEN. o f his cooperation with the International Join a sophisticated team of engi formerly president and chairman of the board, prel iminary designs of systems, performs sys Amperex Electronic Corp., Slatersville, R.I. Institute of Communications. in Genoa. neers and scientists at UNIVAC will continue as chairman of the board. tems synthesis and analysis, conducts experi E. ALVI N RICH has been named marketing ANDREW J. FORSTER has been appointed mental studies for the company and the gov manager, Industrial and M i litary Sa les, and LLOYD THOMPSON has been appointed dir. Twin Cities. We build computer corporate manager of Management Info rma ernment, and engages in applied research. CARLO j . SABETTI has been promoted to of Military Escape System Technologies at equipment of special design for tion Systems at Electronic Associates Inc., DR. GILBERT KASKEY has been named to product manager, Instrument Control and Data Weber Ai rcraft, a div. of Walter Kidde & Co. exacting applications. West Long Branch, N.J. Forster will direct the the newly-created position of director of sys Processing. WALTER F. BOSSE has been named Inc., assuming the position of the late WAL development and implementation of compu· tems for Sperry Rand Corp.'s UNIVAC Da ta product manager, Entertainment Tubes. Our computer syst ems are being LACE ZI EGLER. ler-ori ented information systems for manage Process ing Centers Division, Philadelphia, Pa., EDGAR A. POST has been appointed to the used by agencies of the Federal ROBERT N. JO HNS, mgr. of Advanced Lo ment planning and contro l functions within according to an announcement by FRANCIS A. newly-created position of program mgr. for the company. Prior to joining EAI, Forster was ROWE, general manager of the division. Dr. gistics, MSSD, Douglas Aircraft Co., Santa Government such as NASA. Bureau aviation products at Granger Associates. an associate with the Computer Systems Divi Kaskey w i II be responsi ble for systems and Monica, Calif., has been named the recipient of Census. Department of Defense. sion of Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc. application development and other activi ties JOHN STONE has been named ch ief re of the 8th Annual Greer Award by the Na Federal Aviation Agency and by ROBERT B. FORSYTH has joined Union Car concerned with increasing the service capabili search and development engineer for Parker tional Security Industrial Association in recog • Couples remote terminal prime contractors for use in scien bide Corp.'s Ca rbon Products Divisio n, New ties of the Data Processing Centers D ivision. Seal Company, Culver City, Cal if., according nition of his contribution to Department of to time-sha red computer York, as applications manager in the advanced GEORGE FLI NT, manager of the Central Cali to PAT PARKER, president. Stone will be v ia ordinary telephon e tific ap plications. Defense (DOD) product support systems. materials department. He will concentrate his fornia Coast Chapter of the National Electrica l responsible for all R&D activities of the main DONALD j . MURPHY has been appointed without attachment or We have developed dozens of ad efforts on Thornel graphite yarn and other Contractors Association has reported that EARL Parker plant as well as the facilities in Los VP/Operations and KENDAL I. DAZEY has been carbon and graphite tex tile materials used pri D. COYNE, formerly head of the Montana spec ial phone line. vanced products for national de Angeles, Kentucky and Mexico City. marily by the aerospace industry. For the past N.E.C.A. chapter, has been appointed director appointed VP/ Finance for Applied Techno logy • Connects to Teletype Mod fense and space programs .. . rang 15 years, Forsyth has been with Owens-Corning o f publ ic an d labor relations. Coyne was THOMAS E. FLANNIGAN, a Northrop em Inc., Palo A lto, Calif., it was announced by 33 or 35, IBM 2741, or ing from room-sized computers to Fiberglas Corp. manager of the Montana chapter for nine ployee since 1953, has been named vp/mar- DR. WILLIAM E. AYER, president. display or other terminals mic ro-miniature aero-space com with EIA Spec. interface. puters ruggedized to m eet extreme • Mates interchangeab ly environmental conditions. with all time-shared com A lready acknowledged as world Sustaining members puters. leader in advanced computer tech Up to 48 [DJ ffi~ u [[[m • Ca n be moved to a ny nology, we are looking for talented ,1·~ ADAMS ASSOCIATES, Bedford, Massachusetts room wh e re th er e is a engineers and scientists to lengthen __ phone. Does not have to e11.~ AEROSPACE CORPORATION, San Bernardi no, Cali forni a --· ·-- l;i' --:•.• 19" RACK OR st ay f i xed to a special o ur lead. If you want to feel useful. BENSON·LEHNER CORP., Van Nuys, California COLUMNS CABINET phone outlet. come to UNIVAC and work in B UNKER·~AMO CORPORATION, Ca noga Pa rk, Ca lifornia Random • Pays for itself in a little areas like . . . . 0---~- -·-- ·- BURROUGHS CORPORATION access INSTALLATION ove r a year in savi ngs on • Computer Systems Design Defense, Space & Speci al Systems Group, Paoli , Pa . installation charges and and Analysis 40 LINES CELCO (Constan tine Engineering Labs. Co.) monthly rentals. • Computer Graphics and Mahwah, New Jersey • Data rate is 200 BAUD. Displays COMMUNICATIONS & ELECTRONICS DIV. Philco·Ford Co rporation Write for brochure on ADC • Electronic Packaging and PER SEC. A Subsidiary of Ford Motor Co., Willow Grove, Pa. 35mm 260 Acoustic Data Coupler. Thermo Analysis CONRAC DIVISION, Giannini Controls Corp. • Magnetic Memories (Thin SHEPARD 848 Covina, California Film and Ferrite Core) ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS GROUP Div., Sylvania Electronic Products, Inc. film Seneca Fa lls, New York 13080 • W rite now and tell us your goals for -=== HIGH=SPEED PRINTERS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY today and tomorrow. Write to: R. K. Vacuum Tube Products Div., Oceanside, California Patterson. Employment Manager. Rack or Table Mounted ITT FEDERAL LABORATORIES loop ClOP Dept. 11 5. address below: A Division of International Telephone and Telegraph Corp. Size 1 to 24 columns 83/4 H x 19 W x 22 D Nutley, New Je rsey • 1DD , 2DD, 3DD frame capacity 25 to 48 columns 2 drawers 83/4 x 19 x 22 each LING TEMCO VOUGHT • choice of controls: dual dial, Codes- BCD- ASC11 -Baudot or your choice Military Electron ics Division, Dallas, Texas push buttons or computer • 3.5 sec. max. to project any one of lDD frames Data Rates- up to 600,000 char. per sec. NAC INCORPORATED, 7·1 Ginzanishi UNIVAC Chuo·Ku, To kyo, Japan • 1D" x15 " rear projection daylight screen DIVISION O F SPI!RAY RAND CORP. Speed- numerics only- 40 lines per sec. RADIATION, INC., Melbourne. Florida Phone Collect 319·323·9729 FEDERAL SYSTEMS DIVISION Alpha-numeric 20 lines per second. STROMBERG CARLSON CORP. 2750 WEST SEVENTH BLVD. Data Products, Sa n Diego. California MAST DEVELOPMENT ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 55116 SYNTRONIC INSTRUMENTS INC. An eq ual opportunity employer M/F T.M. M o rris Aven ue COMPANY I A480 100 Industrial Road, Add is~n. Illinois S h e p a. r C1. LABORATORIES INC Summit, N . J. 07901 EDUCATION AL SYSTEMS OIV . o 2212 E. 12TH ST. ' • Te l. : (201) 273-5255 TELEVISO ELECTRONICS DIVI SION DAVE NPORT, I OWA 52803 Doughboy Industries, Wheeling, Illinois Circle Reader Service Card No. 132 Circle Reader Service Ca rd No. 133 Circle Reader Servi ce Card No. Circ le Reader Service Card. No. 135 97 96 I NFORMATION DISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, May/june 1967 134 Correspondence
IN PRAISE OF ID fu rther " Let's put more of our com The staff of Information Display has municating skill to work w ithin the so been very helpful in providing request ciety." This can be done most expedi ed information. For thi s, I thank you tiously by dropping sans-serif type in very much. your ma gazine. Advertisers want a good The magazine, along w ith SID Techni medium in which to advertise. This is ca l Proceedings, has provided me a one reason why I ta ke th is in itiative in very so lid technical foundation for my writing to publishers. work in the field of group displays. The I'd love to see you really live up to appropriate articles are excellent refer the truest implications of your name! ence material and the advertisements ROBERT C. HEYDA provide a ready source for vendor data. Vice President In short, I find the magazine very val Caroe Marketing, Inc. uable. Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. DAVE FYFFE General Dynamics Convair (Before ordering conversion to Optima San Diego, Calif. type, the staff of Information Disp lay carefully res earched the points raised by SER IF VS. SANS-SERIF Mr. Heyda. Result: Optima provided It always saddens me to see a re readability and density (no. of charac spected, r esponsi bl e, and otherwise ters per line) comparable or superior to competent publication fall prey to the any serif _typeface. It is interesting to new current compulsion of a m i sg uide d note that Li fe Magazine, which is de :.~:The Ultrabrfght signed for the largest possible audience, illumination system, developed for school of art directors and their camp followers in designing an entire format has extensively employed Optima in re SELECTROSLIDE 2 x 2 slide pro around th e worst possible of all type cent months. Readers possessing non subjective evidence to the contrary are styles for pure readabi lity, namely, the jectors, delivers twice as much illu urged to communicate with ID - Ed.) mination as presently available sans seri f faces. Optima is a beautiful European type Xenon slide projector modifications; face of the modern school and can ID USEFUL four times as much as previous create u nu s u a II y attractive resu Its Sir: We have followed the development Typical high-resolution cathode-ray tubes, through judicious use and handling. But including a completely packaged l-inch tube. Selectroslide models; six times as let's not spoil its inherent beau ty by of Information Display with great inter much as 500-watt projectors. Now consigning it to a long, working text. es t and have found it very usefu l to our company. I feel that you are making a available on all "SL" series SELEC That's like having a tau t racing horse harnessed up to a farmer's plow, with significant editorial contribution to a TROSLIDE projectors except the equally unfortunate results. growing field. To get that extra hit of resolution from every SLM . Write for complete information. Serifs play an extremely vital role in Your recen t editorial on labor-man reading. They provide the minute dis agemen t relations was well worth read cathode-ray tube, call on Fairchild-DuMont engineers. tinctions in letter formation and con ing. figuration that enable the brain (through John L. Selover the medium of the eye) to recognize the Granger Associates Of course, resolution in any particular tube depends upon Add the experience of DuMont engineers to your own specific identity of each letter and, in Palo Alto, California many factors: screen diameter, type of focus and deflection, technology. turn, th e words. The greater the ease in screen material, post acceleration, beam current and de Write or call Fairchild-DuMont· for your specific CRT recognition, the more comfort one ex flection angle to name a few. Here are some of our accom INFORMATION REQUESTED requirements and for our own complete technical catalog. plishments in the area of excellent resolution characteristics. periences in reading - and vice versa. Please advise the availability and price We call letters with se rifs "Roman" let covering " Binary to Decimal decoding ters. They have been with us now for 11 system using Neon Lamps and a photo A 5-inch tube with a resolution of 0.3 mil. several centuries but have been refined conductor Matrix," by Marvin Willrodt, • The "Clean Beam" tube (excellent edge to edge focus). WORLD'S LEADING MANUFACTURER over the years by generations of type as described in Nov/Dec. '66 Informa • Fiber optics tubes for direct contact photography. OF DISPLAY TUBES designers. Refinements are still going on tion Display. • High resolution in multi-gun tubes. by the type houses. J. W. BELL The chairman of publications for your • Pinpoint resolution on flying-spot scanner tubes. Bell Engineering • Fine grain phosphors. spindler e. sauppe inc. society says in his editoria l of your jan Knoxville, Tenn. 1 329 grand central uary issue that " Information Display is • Sharp character display. avenue/ glendale a communications medium." I agree and (Mr. Bell and other ID readers interested • The finest resolution in tubes from 1 to 22 inches in DUMONT ELECTRON TUBES 9 1201 diameter. california/ I would hope you would not interpose in product particulars are invited to A DI V ISION 0 , FA I RCHILD CAM ERA AND INSTRUMENT CORPORATION • ~ any handicaps between yoursel f and contact the author directly at Hewlett • Complete CRT packaged assemblies. CLIFTON, N. J. your reader in making it the best poss Packard Co., 1501 Page Mill Rd., Palo ible communications med ium. He says Alto, Calif. 94304. - Ed.) Circle Reader Service Card No. 136 98 INFORMATION D ISPLAY, May/June 1967 INFORMATION DISPLAY, l'ylay/Ju ne 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No. 137 99 ------~~.. .------~-,
0 COMPACT DESIGN
0 HIGH RELIABILITY Need a CRT Display
S ERIES 13 to fi.t your system? 0 HIGH BRIGHTNESS/ CONTRAST
0 LOW VOLT AGE/ Talk to Floyd Raasch Director of Systems Research CURRENT Phone(612) 941-1100
0 LIGHT WEIGHT The New TEC CRT Display SERIES 16 System (available October 1) 0 BU ILT TO MIL SPECS
0 IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
S ERIES 10 ACT UAL S IZE
Disc on's DiGiCATOR is a 7 se&mented inc ande s cent A better way t o achieve a m eeting of minds between man and machine reado ut, featuring a host of exclus ive design a nd per -that was Fl oyd Raasch's prime objective. He did it with the TEC CRT Di splay System. An d he designed a big bu ilt- in difference - a flexibility f o rmance c h aract e ristics . H ere is a brig ht-w hite display of interface capabilities to m eet special req uirements. In fact. there clearly rea d a ble under a ll n o rma l a mbie nt lig hting c on are several other differences, such as styli ng and mounting f lexibility, ditions . . . a truly w ide a ngle disp lay w itho ut para llax or you'll find important and helpful when incorporating the CRT into your tot al system. It'll bend to f it your needs rather t han t he other way distort io n . Its unique con structio n a llows easy disas around. sembly f or quic k re placem e nt o f lamps. Why not give Floyd a ca ll? He ca n t ell yo u about t he new TEC CRT Display System. He can also describe some pretty in tere sting int erface capa bilit ies such as t eletype, linotype, t elephone and a host of usual Incid ently, DISCO N a ls o m a nufac tures a c o mplet e f a m and unusual other on es. ily of integrat ed c ircuit, m a t c h ed D ecod er/Drivers in Deli ve ry time on certa in models of t he TEC CRT Display Syst em is as either plug-in or c h a ssis c onfiguratio ns. close as October 1. Now is t he t ime to ta lk over your system's needs. Call Floyd. Or send for information.
D ISCON CORPORATION
4250 NORTHWEST 10th AVE. • FT. L A U DERDAL E , FLORIDA 33309 P H O N E: CAREA CODE 3051 565-5511 Box 6 191 • Minneapolis, Minnesota 55424 • Phone ( 612) 941· 1100
100 Circle Reader Service Card No. 138 INFORMATION DISP LAY, May/)une 1967 INFO RMATIO N DISPLAY, May/June 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No . 139 10'1 - A ID Advertisers r NOW! "ILLUMINATE" remember the name Aerospace Products Research Corp ...... 75 YOUR NON-ILLUMINATED Academic Press ...... 4 American Data Processing ...... 83 Anderson-Jacobson Inc...... 97 SWITCHES! ~~~· ~~~c~~ i -- :::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: :: :::::::::::::::::::::~~~ ~~ff~~~i:~~~~-~~~~~: .. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: !~ 2 gs~1~~:i~~;~, ll California Computer Prod ucts ...... 33 CBS Labs ...... 32 CELCO (Constantine En gineering Labs, Co.) ...... 18 Computer Communications, Inc...... 78 Control Data, Inc...... : ...... Back Cover Control Switch Division, Controls Co. of America ...... 12 Croweii-Collier-McMillian ...... 2
ECONOMICALLY ... WITHOUT ~~~;:~:ff:e ~a.t:H Eldema Div., Genisco Technology Corp...... 93 Fairchild DuMont Labs ...... 99 LAMPS, WIRING OR HEAT Ferranti Ltd ...... 88 Gamma Scientific ...... 82 General Atronics ...... 84 & 85 Geo Space Computer Div...... 105 SWITCHCRAFT 'S REVOLU TI ONARY NEW General Precision Inc., Link Group ...... 70 Granger Associates ...... 22 Houston Omnigraphic Corp...... 8 d [] ~(y]lfiJ@~ * Hughes Aircraft Field Service & Support Div...... - 94 Hughes Aircraft, Vacuum Tube Products Div ...... 25 THE NEW THIRD DIMENSION IN SWITCH BU TTONS IBM Corporation, DP Div...... 10 & 11 Get this: no lamps, no wiring, no heat, no separate Image Instruments, Inc ...... 92 Industrial Electronic Engineers ...... 34 power supply-yet, when you push these ingenious buttons they "glow" brightly giving a clear, visual in Information Displays, Inc...... 80 dication of the circuit's condition! They add a bril ITT Electron Tube ...... 12A liant, problem-solving third choice to the engineer ITT Industrial Products Div...... 91 who's looking for the instant visibility of illuminated Kollsman Instrument ...... 31 buttons (especially on crowded control panels) with Litton Industries Data Syst ems Division...... 20A the multiple economies and simplicity of non-illumi Litton Industries, Electron Tube Div...... 77 nated buttons. Magnetic Radiation Labs, Inc ...... 81 SI MPLE, FOOL-PROO F, POSITIVE OPERATION . . . Marco-Oak Industries, A Div. of Oak Electro; Netics ...... 86 Mast Development Co ...... 97 Pusher "legs" on back of button are con Master Specialties Co...... 9 ALL SOLID STATE nected to internal fluorescent illumi Milgo Electronic Corp...... 7 nator which actuates the "glow." When you push the button "in" the internal Miratel Electronics ...... 103 fluorescent illuminator is put in contact National Electronics ...... 83 with the front screen and legend glows Northrop ...... 24 brightly ... even in very high or very low PEK Labs ...... 76 HIGH RESOLUTION DISPLAYS ••• ambient light situations. Release, it's out. Won't lose its brilliance. 2 types: Perfection Mica Co., Magnetic Shield Div ...... 2 1 white-face button has visible legend Philco Ford ...... 8 7 ideal computer read-out whether button is "in" or "out," black Polaroid ...... 27 lor face button has visible legend on ly when button is "in." RCA VICTOR COMPANY, LTD., Technical Products Div...... 12B ol ALPHA-NUMERICAL DATA VIRTUALLY UNLIMITED APPLICATIONS .. . ~:~~r:~~~:i~i~:: ~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : ::::: _:9~~ This new TH Series gives you photographic clarity at 200 lines P.er inch on a 17 Use the "Gio-Button" Series X on all pushbutton switches Raytheon ...... 14 & 15 with standard .050" x .187" plungers, such as Switch inch kinescoP.e. It features plug-in modular card construction and has 30 MHZ craft Series 7000, 8000 and 35000 "Multi-Switches," or Raytheon Equipment Co...... 23 other switches with maintained plunger action and maxi Sanders Associates ...... 89 video band width. Scanned raster line rates from 15KHZ to 35KHZ horizontal mum fallback of 1/ 16". Idea l for computers, control pan Shepard Laboratories, Inc ...... 96 and 15 hz to 180 hz vertical. Geometric and deflection distortion less than 1 %~ els, instrumentation, commercial and industrial Source EDP ...... 82 Regulated power supplies for both high and low voltages. Special stabilization for equipment, or any place that pushbutton switches must be combined with economical, reliable visual signaling. long term drift. The TH Series provides excellent P.hoto copy characteristics for Write on your letterhead for a sample. ~fri;:~e~-- ~-- ~~- ~- ~~~--:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::: :7~~ data as well as pictorial displays since it delivers more than three times the res Stromberg-Carlson ...... 19 SEND FOR BULLETIN 155, or see your local Switchcraft olution of a newspaper photo. Special semi-storage phosP.hors are available for Authorized Industrial Distributor for immediate delivery · Switchcraft, Inc...... 102 low frequency rep. rates. Performance and reliability are backed by Miratel's 12 at factory prices. Sylvania ...... 29 Syntronic Instruments, Inc...... 17 years of disPill.Y. manufacturing~perience for commercial and technical applica Thomas Electronics, Inc...... 13 tions. Let us send you the full story - write today! Transistor Elect ronics Corp ...... 101 Tra nsitron Electronic Corp...... 3 5531 North Elston Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60630 Tung Sol Electronics ...... 79 CANADA: Atlas Radio Corp., Ltd., 50 Wingold Ave., Toronto, Ontario Univac Div. of Sperry Rand Corp ...... 96 Vid eo Color Corp ...... 81 Miratel Electronics Company, 3612 Richardson Street Walden Electronics ...... 94 St. Paul, Minnesota 55112 -Telephone 612- 633-1742 102 Circle Reader Service Card No. 140 INFORMATIO N DISPLAY, May/ June 1967 INfORM AT ION D ISPLAY, May/June 1967 Circle Reader Service Card No . 141 1()3 ------.,.. ... ~------Introducing This is the Geo Space DP-203 Digital PloHer
the DATA 620·1 new systems computer
The DATA/ 620-1 integrated circuit computer is the newest member of the DATA/ 620 family of system computers. DATA/ 620-1 fills the gap between general purpose and special purpose computers. It belongs in a system, and solves problems previously considered too difficult or expensive for computer solution. Designed for faster problem solution the DATA/ 620-1 has a bigger instruction set, integrated circuit reliability, is smaller, has one-half the components, and costs less than any computer in its class. DATA/ 620-1 comes complete with software, field-proven and refined on the DATA/ 620. It's an on-line plotter for System/360, Extremely compact, the DATA/ 620-1 requires only 10" of 19" rac k space. It's available with memory modules from 1130 and CDC 3000/6000 users 1024 to 32,768 words of 16 or 18 bits, and with a selection of control, arithmetic Behind the name plate is the only digital ers or controllers. Positive or negative film or and 1/ 0 facilities, including D.M.I.'s plotter that, w hen coupled with a digital com paper images. 32 levels of grey scale under unique Micro-Exec. puter, has produced a digita l hologram image. program control. Price: $13,900 with 4096 words of 16 bit And it's a w hiz of a time saver. One customer For a look inside, order one today. Or two. memory, including ASR 33 teletype. increased his p lotter out.put 6 times. But, if a ll you want for a procurement starter We are very proud of our new DATA/ 620-1 , and The DP-203 uses a 400 KC CRT electron beam is information, drop us a line. Or better yet, would like to tell you more in a fact filled brochure. to plot up to 96 X 1 06 va ria ble intensity data Please write for one. call us at 713/NA 2-4570. Geo Space Com points over a 40" x 60" surface. It's a total on puter Div ision, Computer Products Marketing, line plotter that doesn't need special core buff- 3009 S. Post Oak Rd ., Houston, Texa s 77027. DAT A MACHINES 1590 Monrovia Avenue, Newport Beach, California Tel. (714 ) 646-9371 T WX (910) 596-1358 Divis io n of D ECI SION Cont rol, Inc.
104 Circle Reader Service Card No . 142 INFORMATIO N DISPLAY, May/j une 1967 Ci rcle Reader Servi ce Card No. 143 105