UNIVAC 1101 MANUFACTURER Universal Automatic Scientific ~101 Univac Division Sperry-Rand Corporation

Photo by Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Experiment Station, Rich Electronic Computer Center APPLICATIONS STORAGE Georgia Tech Media Words Access Microsec Gommercial and scientific data processing. F.ducation Magnetic Drum 16,384 32 - 17,000 and research in all fields of engineering and science. Magnetic Core 4,096 10 Provides research assistance to commercial and indus­ Georgia Tech trial sponsors. A modified 1103A Magnetic Core System has been in­ stalled on the 1101. The computer has a 24 binary PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM digit word which is transferred and operated on in a Internal number system Binary parallel mode. Binary digits/word 24 Binary digits/instruction 24 Instructions per word 1 INPUT Instructions decoded 48 Medium Instructions used 43 Paper Tape (35 words, 140 frames, 14 in)/sec Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address OUTPUT Number range 1_223 to 223_ 1 Media Speed Negative numbers used are in the ones complement r Paper Tape (Teletype) arithmetic. +5 00000005 and -5 TIm(72 octal. 60 char/sec = = Typewriter (Flexowriter) 10 cha:r/sec ARITHMETIC UNIT CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Exclud Stor Access Tubes MiCI'osec 2,695 (18 types) 2,385 Add time 5 Mult time ::!60 Diy time 324 Construction Vacuum tubes CHECKI NG FEATURES Basic pulse repetition rate 400 Kc/sec Improper command stops the machine. Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Asynchronous PRODUCTION RECORD Operation Sequential Total number of Univac 1100 Series (all models) deliv­ ered is 45. UNIVAO 1101 900 Photo by Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Experiment Station, Rich Electronic Computer Center

Operation tends toward open shop. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION Technician training is conducted at scheduled times Power, computer 16 KVA 0.95 pf and programming courses are offered in the Mathematics Power, air conditioner 1.2 KVA (Gas operated) Space, computer 2,880 cu ft, 360 sq ft DepartR£YlAB IlITY, OPERATI NG EXPERI ENeE. Space, air conditioner 384 cu ft, 48 sq ft AND T ME AVAILABILITY Room size, computer 720 sq ft Average error-free running period 5.6 Hours Room size, air conditioner 192 sq ft Good time 34.5 Hours/Week (Average) Floor loading 44 lbs/sq ft Attempted to run time 38.0 Hours/Week (Average) Capacity, air conditioner 5 Tons Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.80 Weight, computer 16,000 lbs Above figures based on period 1 May 60 to 1 Aug 60 Weight, air conditioner 1,500 lbs Passed Customer Acceptance Test Aug 55 False floor (plenum for A.C.). Separate room for Time is available for rent to outside organizations. M.G. and A.C. Distribution duct from A.C. to computer. Rental is $75.00 per hour (including operator). ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Outstanding features include a large library of sub­ Machine donated to Georgia Institute of Technology routines, including fixed point, floating point, (evaluated at $500,000). function evaluation, etc., and stop address interrupt Magnetic Core System $39,000 feature. Bull Equipment 4,000 (approx) Maintenance performed by Georgia Tech staff. FUTURE PLANS PER SONNEl REQU I REMENTS The addition of index registers and floating point One 8-Hour Shift hardware is being considered and modifications are in Used Recommended progress to add punch card input-output with the Bull Supervisors 1 1 Controlled Reproducer with independent input and out­ Analysts 2 2 put buffers. Programmers, Coders 4 6 INSTALLATIONS Librarians 1 1 Georgia Institute of Technology Operators 1 1 Engineering Experimental Station Engineers 1 1 Rich Electronic Computing Center Technicians 2 2 Atlanta, Georgia 901 UNIVAC 1101 UNIVAC 1102 MANUF ACTU RER Universal Automatic Scientific Computer 1102 Sperry Rand Corporation Remington Rand Univac Division

Photo by Arnold Engineering Development Center, ARDC, Tullahoma, Tennessee APPLICATIONS ARITHMETIC UNIT Arnold Engineering Development Center Exclud Stor Access Data reduction in Wind Tunnel and Engine Test Facil­ Microsec ities. Three are used on-line during wind­ Add time 17 max. tunnel and aerodynamic testing. Mult time 264 max. Div time 340 max. Construction Vacuum tubes PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Rapid access word registers I Internal number system Binary Basic pulse repetition rate 500 Kc/sec Binary digits per word 24 Arithmetic mode Parallel Binary digits/instruction 24 Instructions per word I STORAGE Instructions decoded Depends upon program Octal digits/instruction not decoded 8 Media Words Access Microsec Arithmetic system Left circular shift Magnetic Drum 8,192 8,500 max. Instruction type One address Number range Accumulator holds 48 binary digits INPUT Media Speed Tape Reader 200 lines/sec Raw Data Scanner Scans 252 channels in 12.5 sec or 20/sec. The raw data scanner is connected to transducers measuring test data.

UNIVAC ll02 902 RELIAB IlITY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE, OUTPUT AND TIME AVAILABILITY Media Speed Arnold Engineering Development Center Automatic Typewriter 10 char/sec The following performance figures are given for the Automatic Plotter three computers for the period January through Sep­ tember 1956. The last of the three computers was accepted on 1 March 1956. Each column is for a CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM separate engineering facility at the Arnold Engineer­ Tubes 2,700 ing Development Center. Diodes 3,000 ETF WI' G))F Magnetic elements 700 relays Manned Time 57.0% 25.6% 30.1% Number of separate cabinets 3 Utilization 51.4% 20.3% 24.8% Number of different kinds of plug-in units 47 Computer Efficiency 87.5% 89.3% 84.4% Reliability 96.8% 99.310 97.9% Scheduled Maintenance 9.5% 10.0% 13.9% Unscheduled Maintenance 3.0% 0.7% 1.7% CHECKI NG FEATURES Maintenance Factor 0.331 0.301 0.388 Accumulator overflow indicator "Oversize quotient" check Terms and Definitions of Computer Performance Improper operation code check o - Operational Time - Productive computer hours used Address check on tape loading in data reduction, engineering problems, program checking, or other productive computations. It does not include hours used in running of check problems for maintenance purposes. POWER, SPACE,. WEIGHT. AND SITE. PREPARATION I - Idle Time - Computer hours during which the com­ Power, computer 22 Kw puter is manned and in condition for productive opera­ tion but not in use for such purposes. Volume, computer 772 cu n Area, computer 122 sq n U - Unused and Unmanned Time - Hours during which Weight, computer 14,000 lbs personnel are not scheduled for computer operation. Power, air conditioner 9 Kw C - Marginal Checking - Daily routine testing prior Volume, air conditioner 80 cu n to operation to determine that the computer is in Area, air conditioner 12 sq n operable condition. Weight, air conditioner 3,000 lbs P - Preventive Maintenance - Computer hours used for Capacity, air conditioner 25 Tons testing of the computer to improve its performance and which does not detract from scheduled operation­ al time. PRODUCTION RECORD R - Unscheduled Maintenance - Hours consumed in re­ Number produced 3 storing the computer to operating condition wheh Number in current operation 3 failure occurs. C.M. - Concurrent Maintenance - Hours spent in repair and testing of computer components which does not consume computer time. COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES E.M. - Engineering Modifications - Computer hours Three computing systems were developed and manufac­ used in accomplishing engineering modifications to tured under contract. Total cost was approximately the computer and its circuitry. $1,400,000. T - Total Time = 0 + I + U + C + P + R + E.M. On a daily basis Total Time is twenty-four hours. PER SONNEl REQU I REMENTS Manned Time 100 (T-U)/T Daily Operation No. of Eng. No. of Tech. Utilization One 8 Hour Shift 5 2 Above totals are for one computer. 100 (O+E.M.)/(O+I+U+E.M.) Computer Efficiency 100 (O+I+E.M.)/(T-U) Reliability 100 (O+I+E.M. )/(O+I+R+E.M.) Scheduled Maintenance 100 (C+P)/(T-U) Unscheduled Maintenance 100 R/(T-U) Maintenance Factor (C+P+C.M.+R)/T-U+C.M.)

903 UlfIVAC 1102 U N I V A C I I 0 3 I I 03 A MANUFACTURER Universal Automatic Computer Model 1103 - 1103A Remington Rand Univac Division Sperry Rand Corporation

Photo by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation APPLICATIONS systems, e.g. gyro error coefficients, vibration Manufacturer analysis, acceleration and velocity translation to Scientific computation. tangent plane coordinates, satellite orbit calcula­ White Sands Missile Range tions, and missile performance analysis. Systems Integrated Range Mission-DRD, N. M. are integrated into the Real Time Data Assimilator. Located in Building 1512, White Sands Missile Range, Digital Computation Branch (WWDCD) WADD, W-P AFB the primary use of the ERA 1103A, is for computations Located in Building 57, WADD, W-P AFB, Ohio, the sys­ incident to conversion of range flight test data to tem is used in the solution of scientific and other engineering formats and computations of problems R&D problems, in conducting research in numerical associated with flight simulation and a small amount analYSis and digital techniques. of general purpose computing for range custcmers. National Aeronautics & Space Administration, 3208th Test Gp (TF), APGC (roVMC) Lewis Research Center Eglin AFB, Florida Located at the NASA-Lewis Research Center, 21000 Located in Building 625, Eglin AFB, Florida, the Brookpark Road, 35, OhiO, the system is used l103A is used for impact predictions (real time), for reduction of experimental data from wind tunnels, slew testing of radars and ballistics. test stands, rocket stands, etc., engineering and Air Force Missile Development Center scientific analysis-type problems. Holloman AFB, New Mexico Experimental data is recorded on automatic recorders Both systems are used for reduction of data obtained of our own design. The punched paper tapes and/or during high speed track tests of inertial guidance magnetic tapes are fed into the computer, calibrated,

UNIVAC 1103 1103A 904 Photo by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and mathematical operations carried out to produce sity of Minnesota, the 1103 is being used in statis­ the quantities specified by the test engineer. tical work to do such things as factor analysis (16 Scientific problems of all types are punched into variables), multiple regreSSion, analysis of variance, paper tapes by a Flexowriter, fed into the computer, item analysis of tests, product moment correlations, and the mathematical operations specified by the linear and quadratic discriminant finctions, recip­ programmer are performed. rocal average analysis, and several specialized pro­ Lockheed Missile and Space Division jects. It is used in crystallography to determine Located at Palo Alto, California, the 1l03AF (2 com­ atomic structure of crystals from X-ray diffraction puters) systems are primarily used for trajectory data; in aerodynamics to analyse transonic flow calculations and real time orbital predictions. boundary layers, buckling of sandwich panels, detona­ Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab. tion wave structure; in electrical engineering to Located at Johns Hopkins Road, Scaggsville, Howard study acoustic coupling, micromagnetics, and ferr­ County, Maryland, the 1l03A is used for scientific magnetic microstructure; in mathematics to do contin­ computations in support of the Laboratory's research ued fraction expanSions, analyse the four-color map and development programs. problem; in mechanical engineering to study mass Johns Hopkins Univ., Operating Research Office transfer cooling, non-circular duct flow, to design Located at the Computing Laboratory DiviSion, 6935 a probe for measurement of flame temperature, to Arlington Road, Bethesda 14, Md., the 1l03A is used study the transport properties of helium-air mixtures; for operational Simulation, including war gaming, in chemistry to study the kinetics of chemical re­ and scientific data processing. actions, light scattering, and energy levels of linear Computing Laboratory, Southern Methodist Univ. molecules; in chemical engineering to study nuclear Located at 3175 Yale, S. M. U. Campus, Dallas, the reactor simulation and control, kinetics of polymer­ 1103 is used for education and research. ization, stability of loop processes, optimum design Numerical Analysis Center, University of of a chemical reactor, perturbation transients in a Minnesota distillation tower, kinetics of a nuclear reactor; in Located in Room 230, Exp. Engineering Building, Univer- physics to compute instrument corrections for data on

905 UNIVAC 1103 1l03A Photo by NASA Lewis Research Center

black body radiation taken from numerous balloon program, and a smaller repertoire of instructions flights, to compute cosmic ray orbits in the earth's has to be learned by the programmer. magnetic field and proton trajectories in an optical potential, analysis of nuclear stripping reactions, compute the IGY cosmic ray index, analyse the Van ARITHMETIC UNIT Allen zones; in agronomy and plant genetics to analyse Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access hybrid corn performance; in animal husbandry to study Microsec Micro sec breeding programs involving large populations and many Add 32-60 12-28 generations; and in physical chemistry to determine Mu.lt 116-410 92-386 normal coordinates of molecular vibration. Div 482-490 466-474 Construction Vacuum tubes Basic pulse repetition rate 500 Kc/sec PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Arithmetic mode Parallel Internal number system Binary Timing Synchronous Binary digits/word 36 Operation Sequential Binary digitS/instruction 36 Operation times given above are average values. Instructions per word 1 Add time includes transmitting result to V address. Instructions decoded Model 1103 41 Mu.ltiply time is for product to form in accumulator Model 1l03A 50 with multiplier in "a" register. Divide time includes Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point quotient in "a" register and positive remainder in Instruction type Two address the accumulator. The arithmetic unit is constructed Number range Fixed point (1_235 ) < n < (235_1) of Eccles-Jordan flip-flop type circuits triggered 127 12 by pulses from ligate" circuit"! which are Floating point _2 ~ : ~ ; 7 "enabled" by either other flip flops or signals from The instruction consists of a 2-character operating "AND" or "OR" circuits. The flip flops may be man­ code (command), a 5-character First Address and a ually controlled from the console. Although the arith­ 5-character' Second Address. metic mode is parallel, all operations pass through The floating point system utilizes nine instructions. the exchange register "X". The "X", "0", and "A" Fixed point operation utilizes 41 instructions. registers separately and in combination are used to There are two 15 addresses per word. ThIs facil­ form eleven distinct logical and arithmetic sequences. ities writing of programs, since less instructions are required, less storage is consumed in storing

UNIVAC 1103 1l03A 906 Photo by WWDCD Wright Air Development Division

No. of No. of Access STORAGE Media Words Digits Microsec Manufacturer W-P .AFB No. of No. of Acces~ Drum 16,384 Media Words Digits Microse;: Core 12,288 Magnetic Core 4,096 147,456 8 NASA Lewis Magnetic Core 4,096 147,456 8 Magnetic Core 4,096 6.0 Magnetic Core 4,096 147,456 8 Magnetic Drum 16,384 17,000 avg. Magnetic Drum 16,384 589,824 17,500 Lockheed The magnetic core matrix is 64 x 64 . The Magnetic Core 8,192 294,912 8 matrices are stacked in groups of 36. Up to three Magnetic Drum 16,384 589,824 17,000 stacks may be used as high speed storage. The mag­ Magnetic Tape 1,500,000 54,000,000 20,000 netic drum is a medium speed storage system. The Internal Registers 3 108 4 magnetic tape Uniservos store 326,000 words of low Tape access time depends on the position of the speed storage. Up to 10 Uniservos can be accommodated. tape. In most cases, however, the access time is 20 WSMR IRM milliseconds. Magnetic Core 8,192 8 Johns Hopkins APL Magnetic Drum 16,384 Core 8,192 284,912 8 o to 34 milliseconds for 1st word, 32 micro sec/word Drum 16,384 589,824 17,500 thereafter. Floating point a feature. Magnetic Tape 326,000 words/tape Johns Hopkins ORO Computer is equipped with 10 Uniservo I's up to 8 Magnetic Core 4,096 of which may be used for information storage at pro­ Magnetic Drum 16,384 grammer's discretion. Southern Methodist Eglin AFB Magnetic Core 1,024 8 Drum 16,384 Magnetic Drum 16,384 33,000 Core 4,096 Magnetic Tape 65,536 Holloman .AFB Magnetic Core 4,096 8 Magnetic Drum 16,384 17,500

907 UNIVAC 1103 1103A Photo by Air Force Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB Ho. of Access Media Words Microsec Media Speed Electrostatic (CRT) 1,024 8 Eglin AFB Magnetic Drum 16,384 17,000 (av~) Control Reproducer 120 80 column IBM cards/ Magnetic Tape 262,144 2 min (avg) min (on-line) Uniservo Magnetic Tape 2,137 words/min (on-line) Ferranti Paper Tape Reader 220 frames/sec (on-line) Milgo . INPUT Holloman AFB Manufacturer Magnetic Tape (Uniservo) 2,130 words/sec Media Speed Continuous read. Magnetic Tape 2,130 words/sec Paper Tape 200 frames/sec 'rape Reader 200 frames/sec Punched Cards 120 cards/min Card Reproducer 120 cards/min Magnetic Tape (IBM Format) 5,000 words/sec The magnetic tape speed is given for the continuous Continuous read. input mode. The tape reader senses 2 octal digits/ Magnetic Tape 450,000 bits/sec frame. The card reproducer uses 80-colunm cards, Ampex FR 316. placing 24 words on a card. Special equipment, such W-P AFB as analog-to-digital converters can be used as option­ Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec al equipment. By means of input-output buffer reg­ 12,000 Char/sec isters, a variety of input or output equipment can Paper Tape 200 frames/sec be accommodated by the computers. 400 char/sec octal WSMR IRM 120 cards/min Uni servo s 1,800 words/sec NASA Lewis IBM Card Punch 48 words/sec Magnetic Tape (2 channel) 320 char/sec (data tape) High Speed Paper Tape Reader 35 words/sec Magnetic Tape (7 channel) 8,000 32,000 Char/sec BRL High/O Magnetic Tape 555 words/sec (data tapes) Reader Magnetic Tape (Buffered) 33,000 char/sec (I/O or intermediate tape) Paper Tape 200 Char/sec (programs and/or data)

UNIVAC 1103 1l03A 908 Photo by White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico

Media Speed Lockheed OUTPUT Paper Tape 400 octal dig/sec Manufacturer Magnetic Tape 25,600 octal dig/sec Media Speed Punched Cards (80 column) 120 cards/min Magnetic Tape (Uniservo) 2,130 words/sec Johns Hopkins .APL Continuous write. Card 120 cards/min High Speed Printer 600 lines/min Magnetic Tapes (8 units) 12,500 char/sec 130 char/line Paper Tape 200 char/sec High Speed Punch 60 frames/sec Johns Hopkins ORO 2 char/frame Punched Cards Card Reproducer (80 Col.) 120 cards/min Paper Tape 24 words/card Magnetic Tape Flexowriter Supplied as monitor Southern Methodist WSMR IRM Paper Tape (Ferranti) 200 char/sec Uniservo I Magnetic Tape 1,800 words/sec Card Reader (Bull) 120 cards/min IBM Card Punch 48 words/sec U of Minn Paper Tape 10 words/sec Paper Tape (7 channel) 200 frames/sec Eglin .AFB (Ferranti Mark II Photoelectric) High Speed Punch 120 frames/sec (on-line) Cards (80 col.) 120 cards/min Charactron Display & 10,000 times/sec (on-line) (Bull controlled reproducer) Manual Intervention Sys. High Speed Printer 600 lines/sec (off-line) Flexowriter 10 char/sec (on-line) Variplotter

909 UlITVAC 1103 1103A Photo by White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico

Media Speed Media Speed Holloman AFB W-P AFB Magnetic Tape (Uniservo) 2,130 words/sec Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec Continuous write. 12,000 char/sec Paper Tape 60 frames/sec Paper Tape 60 frames/sec Punched Cards 120 cards/min 120 char/sec, octal Ms.gnetic Tape (IBM Format) 5,000 words/see Punched Cards 120 cards/min Continuous write. On Line MOnitor Flex 10 char/sec The system contains special buffers, so-called Off-line tape to printer is main output method{ us­ loading platforms, for real time input of test data, ing the Univac High Speed Printer (600 lines/min). a common memory for comnunication between two Univac NASA Lewis Scientifics and on-line equipment for output, like Paper Tape Punch (3) 60 char/sec, each digial, analog converters, display. Magnetic Tape (Buffered) 33,000 char/sec

UNIVAC 1103 1l03A 910 Photo by Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (APaC)

Media Speed Lockheed CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Paper Tape 400 digits/sec Tubes 3,907 Magnetic Tape 25,600 octal digits/sec Tube types 12 Punched Cards (80 Column) 120 cards/min Crystal diodes 8,956 Flexowriter 60 char/min Magnetic cores 147,456 Johns Hopkins APL Uniservo Magnetic Tape Units 77 tubes, each addll Cards 100 cards/min Card Reproducer Unit 211 tubes, add I 1 Magnetic Tape 12,500 char/sec Paper Tape 60 Char/sec On Line Printer 600 lines/min POWER. SPACE. WEIGHT. AND SITE. PREPARATION 120 char/line Manufacturer Johns Hopkins ORO Power, computer 82 KVA 0.9 pf Punched Cards 220 volt, 3 phase, 100 KVA min, including cooling Paper Tape blower. Magnetic Tape Space, computer 946.3 sq ft Off-line High Speed Printer Minimum room size 58 ft Southern Methodist 6 1/4 in x 30 ft 6 in Paper Tape 3,500 char/min Weight, computer 38,543 lbs Cards (Bull) 120 cards/min Floor loading 40.7 lbs/sq ft Flexowriter (On-line) 160 char/min CapaCity, air conditioner Required equivalent capac­ U of Minn ity is 20 Tons. Paper Tape (7 channel) 60 frames/sec Two voltage regulators, 3 phase, 45 KVA, required. (Teletype Punch) Customer furnished cooling water 500 F 65 gal/min, Cards (80 Col.) 120 cardS/min required. (Bull controlled reproducer) Separate maintenance area approximately 14 x 24 ft, required.

911 UNIVAC 1103 1103A WSMR IRM NASA Lewis Power, computer & air 100 KVA 0.90 pf est. Power, computer 50 KVA conditioner Power, air conditioner 18 KVA Area, computer & periph­ 1,047 sq ft Volume, computer 12,500 cu ft eral equipment Volume, air conditioner 3,000 cu ft Area, air conditioner 55 sq ft Area, computer 1,250 sq ft Area does not include roof space for cooling towers Area, air conditioner 300 sq ft Room size, maint area & 40 ft x 80 ft (approx) Room size, computer 65 ft x 30 ft computer proper Room size, air conditioner 20 ft x 15 ft Floor loading 35 lbs/sq ft Floor loading 100 Ibs/sq ft 80 lbs concen max Capacity, air conditioner 25 Tons Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons Platforms used as plenum chamber and cable space. Weight, computer & 51,610 lbs Separate power feeder. Insulated water lines from peripheral equipment basement to second floor. Concrete pad for water Air conditioner is water cooled type. Heat exchang­ chiller. Existing building construction was rein­ ers may be located remotely from computer. forced concrete. No special provision is required since plenums, Lockheed false floors, etc. are included as part of the sys­ Power, computer 60 Kw 60 KVA 1.0 pf tem. Also motor alternator for providing constant Power, air cond 4.05 Kw 5.05 KVA 0.8 pf voltage power to pulsing circuits is provided. Prep­ Volume, computer 9,000 cu ft aration is confined to 2 inch pipe lines for delivery Area, computer 1,500 sq ft of chilled water from computer to heat exchanger and Room size 60 ft x 26 ft from heat exchanger to room cooling towers and pro­ Capacity, air conditioner 15 Tons vision for power distribution. Separate Weight, computer 34,000 lbs vaults are provided from post primary system for com­ False floor, motor generator and alternator for puter in order to stabilize voltage. Separate volt­ each computer, air conditioning unit for each com- age alternator is provided by manufacturer for pulsing puter, and room air conditioning. circuits. 50 hp. If newly designed room should pro­ Johns Hopkins APL vide a minimum of 30 ft clear span with no columns; Power, computer 130 Kw 130 KVA 0.9 pf however, machine can be installed around columns if Power, air cond 60 Kw 60 KVA 0.9 pf required. Volume, computer 10,500 cu ft Eglin AFB Volume, air conditioner 1,500 cu ft Power, computer 60 Kw 55 KVA 0.92 pf Area, computer 1,500 sq ft Power, air cond 28 Kw 26.6 KVA 0.95 pf Area, air conditioner 250 sq ft Volume, computer 9,360 cu ft Room size, computer 2,000 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 432 cu ft Room size, air conditioner 400 sq ft Area, computer 1,560 sq ft Floor loading 36.6 lbs/sq ft Area, air conditioner 72 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons Room size 10 ft (height) Weight, computer 55,000 Ibs 60 ft (length) Weight, air conditioner 8,000 lbs 33 ft (width) ~refabricated metal Butler building. Floor loading 21.5 lbs/sq ft Johns Hopkins ORO Capacity, air conditioner 30 Tons Power, computer 60 Kw 45 KVA 0.9 pf Weight, computer 33,600 lbs Power, air cond 30 KVA Weight, air conditioner 10,790lbs Area, computer 1,200 sq ft False floor 15 1/2 in. above sub-floor level. Re­ Area, air conditioner 300 sq ft quires a motor room to house the motor-alternator Room size 58ftx30ft which is supplied with 208 v, 60 cycles/sec, three Floor loading 40.7 lbs/sq ft phase, four arrangement for power to the com­ Capacity, air conditioner 3 - 20 Ton units puter and air conditioning system. Shielded room 40 Tons required or screen room used to keep out the electromagnetic Weight, computer 38,543 lbs radiations of nearby electronic equipment. Present 1103A Computing System replaced an ERA 1103 Holloman AFB Computer; therefore, installation costs and building Power, computer appro x 50 Kw 55 KVA 0.90 :pf modifications were minor - amounting only to install­ Volume, computer 3,000 cu ft (approx) ing 2 additional 20 ton water chillers and additional Area, computer 925 sq ft (approx) electric power. Total cost of present installation Room size 56 ft 6 1/4 in x 31 ft 2 1/2 in min. was less than $30,000. Cost of initial 1103 installa­ Floor loading 40.7 lbs/sq ft tion was also under $30,000 since the 1103 series 500 lbs concen max equipment is provided with a raised floor plenum and Chilled water supply: 65 gallon/minute maximum at air handler. 500F maximum. Condensation drain. Installation Southern Methodist and wiring of motor alternator. Power, computer 41.5 Kw 0.9 Lag pf W-P AFB Volume, air conditioner 126 cu ft Power, computer 100 KVA Area, computer 755.5 sq ft Volume, computer 10,700 cu ft Area, air conditioner 21 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 575 cu ft Room Size, computer 26 ft x 60 ft Area, computer 1,780 sq ft Room size, air conditioner 6 ft x 7 ft Area, air conditioner 82.5 sq ft Floor loading 46.1 lbs/sq ft Room size 70 ft x 40 ft Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons Floor loading 40.7 Ibs/sq ft Weight, computer 34,7471bs Capacity, air conditioner 30 Tons 3 phase, 220 volt, 60 cycle and 115, single phase, Weight, computer 38,540 Ibs 60 cycle power to building. Cooling tower is required Provided partitions to enclose room for humidity with building to supply water for air conditioner. control.

UNIVAC 1103 1103A 912 U of Minn Lockheed Power, computer 44.0 Kw 0.9 induct. pf Type Unit Serial MOnthly Hourly Extra Shift Power, air conditioner 22.0 Kw No. Rental Rate per Hour Area, computer 710 sq ft Univac 22 $20,980.00 $119.20 $59.60 Area, air cond & motor gen. 280 sq ft Core Storage 4,500.00 25·57 12.79 Room size, computer 58.5 ft x 25.75 ft min Floating Point 1,545.00 8.78 4.39 Room size, air conditioner 14 ft x 20 ft Variable Block 290.00 1.65 .83 Floor loading 46.1 lbs/sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons min. Total Main Frame 27,315·00 155·20 77.61 Weight, computer 34,7471bs Uniservo (10) 3,200.00 18.18 9·09 The required space on the second floor of a labora­ Read Punch 890.00 5.06 2.53 tory building was given a false ceiling and a strength­ Total On Line ening sub-floor, and partitions were erected to fOI~ 4,090.00 23.24 11.62 three offices and an off-line input-output prepara­ Total EDP No. 22 31,405.00 178.44 89.23 tion room for three Flexowriters and a card punch. Partitions in the basement were erected to form a Univac 27 20,980.00 119·20 56.60 room for the motor-generators and the air condition­ Core Storage 4,500.00 25·57 12.79 ing chiller and a room for the air conditioning con­ Floating Point 1,545.00 8.78 4.39 denser. Variable Block 290.00 1.65 .83 Total Main Frame 27,315·00 155.20 77.61 COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Uniservo (10) 3,200.00 18.18 9·09 WSMR IRM Read Punch 890.00 5.06 2.53 Computer with card input output from 10 Uniservos Total On Line 4,090.00 23.24 11.62 and floating point with two cores approx. cost $32,115. Total EDP No. 27 31,405.00 178.44 89.23 Card-to-tape converter, tape-to-card converter, (C+D) high-speed printer (600 lines/min with plotting fea­ High Speed Printer 3,300.00 18·75 9.38 ture) $8,815. High Speed Printer 3,300.00 18.75 9.38 Service is provided with basic rental rate. Card to Tape 2,605.00 14.80 7.40 Eglin AFB Total cost $922,000. Total Off Line 9,205.00 52·30 26.16 Magnetic Core Storage (4,096 words) Total EDP Systems 72,015.00 409.18 26.16 Magnetic Drum Storage (16,384 words) Magnetic Tape Control 026 Key Punch 19133 77.00 .43 .22 Power Supply 026 Key Punch 30566 71·50 .41 .20 Desk Console 026 Key Punch 30624 71·50 .41 .21 Arithmetic Section 056 Verifier 40595 60.50 37 .19 Main Control Section Total Key Punch 280.50 1.62 .82 Air Conditioning Section The direct connected input/output units are: 077 Collator 36399 126.50 ./2 .36 (1) Photo-electric punched paper tape reader 082 Sorter 36338 68.20 .39 .20 (2) High Speed Paper Tape Punch 407 Acctg. Mach. 16001 915·75 5.20 2.60 (3) MOnitoring Flexowriter 519 Reproducer 17299 1'(8.20 1.01 ·51 Additional Equipment Cost 552 Interpreter 25483 99·00 .56 .23 Controlled Reproducer $ 55,000 Total Auxiliary 1,387.65 7.98 3.90 High Speed Printer 185,000 Charactron Display & Manual Interven- 325,000 Total EAM 1,668.15 9·60 4.72 tion System Total system 73,683.15 6 Uniservo Tape Units and 1 Unityper II (without maintenance) rents for $27,000/year. MOnthly rental includes 10% F.E.T.where applicable. Vitro maintenance engineer plus spare parts is Hourly rate is 1/176th of monthly rental. $115,000. Extra shift per hour is 50% of 1/176th of monthly Holloman AFB rate. Basic system Johns Hopkins APL Computer including one core bay (4,096 words, 5 Uni­ $35,135 per month for baSic system on prime shift servos, one punched card input-output unit $1,029,500. and at 50% rate for extra shift use. Additional equipment Maintenance service, included in monthly rental One Uniservo $18,000 shown above. One additional core bay, approx. $200,000 Johns Hopkins ORO High Speed Printer $3, 890/month Basic system $4,370.50/month for eight-hour shift. 4,096 magnetic core, 16,384 magnetic drum, 6 magnetic W-P AFB tape units, Fixed point arith., ~unched card in-out, 1103A w/float point, 12K core, 16K drum, 10 Uni­ and high speed printer (off -line) • Single shift cost servo I, Bull Card I/O (80 col), Univac HS Printer $24, 838/month. rent at $41,000/month. Additional equipment Maintenance service included in rental. Three 026, one 024, one 082, one 519, one 552, one NASA Lewis 077, and one 407 rents for $1,709.00. Basic system cost $920,094. Maintenance service included in rental rates. Additional equipment cost $313,939, including Flexo­ Southern Methodist writers, input-output equipment and circuitry, buffer­ Rental traded for building space. ed tape installation, new memory.

913 UNIVAC ll03 ll03l\ U of Minn Operation tends toward closed shop. $250,000 for complete 1103 (Serial 4). Methods of training used are for programmers: Rem­ $100,000 for installation and air conditioning. ington Rand programming course plus on-the-job train­ $60,000 for REAC installation (Reeves Electronic ing; and others: on-the-job training. Analog Computer). W-P AFB $40,000 for ADDALINK Analog-Digital, Digital-Analog Three 8-Hour Shifts Converter. Used Recommended Supervisors 5 5 Analysts 5 9 Programmers & Coders 25 30 PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS m~~ 2 3 WSMR IRM Librarians 0 1 Two 8-Hour Shifts Operators 8 8 Used RecOImnended In-Output Oper 4 6 Supervisors 5 5 Methods of training used includes formal classes Analysts 5 8 by company representatives and by operating installa­ Programmers 8 12 tion and extensive "on-the-job" training. Clerks 1 1 Open shop operation attempted with limited success, Operators 9 9 probably due to training in machine coding. Plan to Engineers 6 6 use extensively on open-shop basis with the Technicians 1 2 IBM 7090. In-Output Oper 4 4 NASA Lewis Operation tends toward closed shop. Three 8-Hour Shifts Operators after a 90 day indoctrination assignment Used Recommended elsewhere within the division are assigned to the Supervisors 2 3 computer with a combination of on-the-job and a six Analysts 2 4 week course taught periodically by our own personnel. Programmers 18 30 Programmers are normally hired as professional mathe­ Coders 12 20 maticians with strong physics background and are Clerks 0 1/2 assigned initially in other sections of the organiza­ Librarians 0 1/2 tion to familiarize themselves with the mathematical Operators 7 9 and physical problems which they are concerned with. Engineers 2 4 At the conclusion of approximately 1 year assignment Technicians 8 8 in this area programmer trainees are selected and Operation tends toward closed shop. after attending a six week training course either SuperVisors, analysts, programmers, engineers taught in house or at the manufacturer's plant are should have professional degrees, then on-the-job given on-the-job assignments. Six months to a year training. All others can be subprofessional or wage are required to provde proficient programmers for board, with on-the-job training. our operation after selection and assignment to the Lockheed computing laboratory. Training of technicians and Three 8-Hour Shifts engineers is a responsibility of the manufacttlTer Used Recommended and are provided by him. Supervisors 1 1 Programmer training in this activity is more con­ Analysts 2 2 cerned with teaching new employees the techniques Programmers 15 15 and approaches used in solution of range instl~en­ m~~ 1 1 tat ion problems. This is more difficult than teach­ Librarians 1 1 ing the art of programming of computers. The period Operators 11 11 prior to assignment to computers is used to screen Engineers 6 7 out prospective programmers who do not have what our Teclmicians 3 4 management considers to be desirable qualities and In-Output Oper 4 5 traits for this particular type of operation. TIlese systems are currently operating on production Eglin AFB jobs, with little check out on new programming. Above One 8-Hour Shift figtlTes are for two computers. Used Recommended Operation tends toward closed shop. Supervisors 1 1 Operator training is primarily done on-the-job. Operators 2 2 Johns Hopkins APL In-Output Oper 1 1 One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Operation tends toward closed shop. Shift Shifts Shifts Methods of training used includes on-the-job train­ Supervisors 3 4 5 ing, organized programming classes, and contractor Analysts 1 2 3 courses. Programmers 15 20 25 Holloman AFB Clerks 2 3 4 One 8-Hour Shift Librarians 1 1 2 Used Recommended Operators 4 6 9 Supervisors 4 4 In-Output Oper 3 4 6 Analysts 4 6 Tape Handlers 1 1 1 Programmers 12 20 Operation tends toward closed shop. Coders o 2 Methods of training used includes formal instruc­ Clerks 1 2 tion, provided by computer manufacturer, formal in- Librarians 2 3 struction provided by our training officer, and on­ Operators 3 5 the-job training at own installation. Engineers 2 2 Technicians 5 5 In-Output Oper 1 2

UNIVAC 1103 l103A 914 Johns Hopkins ORO Holloman AFB One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Good time 57.34 Hours/Week (Average) Shift Shifts Shifts Attempted to run time 60 Hours/Week (Average) U R U R U R Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 Supervisors 1 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 30 Apr 60 Analysts 6 10 Passed Customer Acceptance Test (1) Mar 57 (2)Nov 57 Programmers 20 30 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Engineers 3 3 2 2 2 2 ganizations. The personnel listed above reflect only the Comput­ W-P AFB ing Laboratory staff. Throughout the organization Jood time 101. 58 Hours/Week (Average) there are approximately 60 persons classified as Attempted to run time 103.66 Hours/Week (Average) analysts or research assistants who are highly com­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.979 petent programmers. Personnel in the machine opera­ Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 1 Oct 60 ting group perform 1103A operations, IBM machine wir­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 58 ing and operations and key punching as required. Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Operation tends toward open shop. ganizations. All personnel hired by ORO are given a two-month NASA Lewis training assignment in the Computing Laboratory prior Good time 77.5 Hours/Week (Average) to an assignment to a research task. The two-month Attempted to run time 93.0 Hours/Week (Average) training is divided as follows: one month devoted Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.834 to 1103A characteristics and general programming Above figures based on period 1 Jan 59 to 1 Jan 60 techniques, one month development of a practical prob­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Sep 55 lem. Operators, engineers and technicians are supplied Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ as required by Remington Rand. tions. Southern Methodist Lockheed One 8-Hour Shift Average error-free running period 30 Hours Used Recommended Good time 272.4 Hours/Week (Average) Supervisors 1 2 Attempted to run time 280.2 Hours/Week (Average) Analysts 6 10 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.966 Clerks 3 4 Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 27 Mar 60 Engineers 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test (1) Apr 58 (2) Jul 58 Operation tends toward open shop. Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Methods of training used includes credit courses The above figures are based on a two computer sys- in the university and on-the-job training. tem. U of Minn Johns Hopkins APL Staff consists of: Average error-free running period 19.6 Hours One department head Operating ratio 0.98 One research fellow Above figures based on period 20 May 57 to present One junior engineer (maintenance) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 20 May 57 One secretary Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Seven research assistants (part time) ganizations. Three maintenance technicians (part time) Johns Hopkins ORO With this staff 12 to 14 hours of computing time is Good time 113.7 Hours/Week (Average) available daily, when needed. Attempted to run time 115.7 Hours/Week (Average) Clients are urged to do as much programming, codlng, Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.982 and operating as possible with all non-routine prob­ Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to Jul 60 lems. Any routine or standardized problem, such as Passed Customer Acceptance Test Sep 57 matrix inversion, is done by the staff (if a program Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ is available for the problem). ganizations. Southern Methodist RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Good time 45 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 45.5 Hoursjweek (Average) AND TlMEAVAILABILITY Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.99 WSMR IRM Above figures based on period 1 Jul 59 to 1 Jul 60 Average error-free running period 4 Hours Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Good time 60 HourS/Week (Average) ganizations. Attempted to run time 70 Hours/Week (Average) U of Minn Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.85 Average error-free running period 18.67 Hours Above figures based on period 1 Jan 59 to 31 Mar 60 Good time 51.10 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 17 Feb 58 Attempted to run time 55.30 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.924 tions. Above figures based on period 1 Jul 59 to 30 Jun 60 Most difficulties account for the difference be­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 58 tween good time and attempted to run time were caused Time is available for rent to outslde organizations. by mechanical malfunction of Uniservos. Until very recently it was necessary to write programs utilizing all available Uniservos and a malfunction of anyone would result in an attempt to run resulting in fail­ ure. Recently the nUlUber of Uniservos have been in­ creased to 10 which will tend to eliminate this source of difficulty.

UNIVAC ll03 l103A 915 and one Remington Rand Card-to-Tape Converter. Johns Hopkins ORO ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features are considerable memory capacity, WSMR IRM high internal operating speed, and great versatility The water cooled design of this equipment virtually in transferring information to and from external eliminates difficulties associated with refrigeration equipment. and air conditioning. As a matter of actual. fact U of Minn the computer room is cooler than is maintained in Electronic Associates DATALINK provides 6 channels most offices. of conversion from analog to digital (13 bits/word) Magnetic tapes are stored in wall cabinets within and 4 channels of conversion from digital to analog. the computer room. The number required is small as The DATALINK connects the 1103 with a REAC (Reeves compared with most installations of this type. Normal Electronic Analog Computer) containing two computer building conditioning provides adequate protection cabinets (20 in each) and a cabinet of from humidity temperature, etc. Security against four servos. loss of operating ability due to fire is accomplished The 1103 has been modified to include two special by providing duplicate tapes to other installations instructions for work with polynomials, an instruc­ under this command such that in case 1 ta:pe is dam­ tion for transmission of a word from the left half aged it could be replaced within a matter of an hour of the accumulator, and an interrupt feature to in­ or two and by duplicate programming of problems on crease system efficiency when external equipment is other machines in the neighborhood, such as the IBM used. 704 located at DRD-N and the IBM 704 Computer opera­ ted by the Flight Simulation Laboratory at WSMR. For the particular applications involved at WSMR loss of data tapes is not as critical as the loss of program­ FUTURE PLANS ming tapes. No special care is taken to insure Holloman AFB against loss of data tapes. An output platform is being designed which allows Integrated Range Mission of White Sands Missile an automatic recording, i.e. without computer control, Range operates two computing facilities. The 1l03A of all real-time computer outputs and a digital and reported in this questionnaire and an IBM 704 Computer analog display of real-time computer outputs. physically located at Holloman Air Force Base are W-P AFB reported on separately. Both computers are used for The 1103A will be phased out by June 1961 due to the same type of activity, namely the conversion of the installation of the IBM 7090 in November 1960. raw range flight test measurements to engineering NASA Lewis forms of data. It is anticipated that about January Additional tape handlers, floating-point arithmetic 1962 it will become necessary to replace the existing hardware, high-speed line printer, compiler, and 1103A Computer with a solid state computer baving high-speed plotting are planned. much greater internal speed and greater capacity. Lockheed Machines of the CDC 1604, IBM 7090, Philco 2000, etc. LMSD is in the process of converting all 1l03AF work type are being considered. A feasibility study is to IBM 7090 and CDC 1604 Systems. Both 1l03AF' s under way to ascertain whether at that time it will will be released. be feasible to replace the 704 Computer at Holloman Johns Hopkins APL with a high speed data link. and utilize the one IBM 7090 Computer System with 1401 C3 planned for high speed computing facility in place of the two installation. now in operation. Southern Methodist It is planned to replace the card-to-tape converter, On line printer for 1103. the tape-to-card converter, and. the high speed printer Addition of Solid State 90 with six tapes, computer with a USS 80 Computer. In so doing the overall and full complement of Remington Rand tabulation operation will be speeded up, economy in floor space equipment. will be achieved, and an increase computing capacity will be provided while at the same time the cost of operation will be reduced. Egltn AFB INSTALLATIONS Additional equipment can be connected by controlled White Sands Missile Range bits on a selector board (colloquially designated Integrated Range Mission-DRD OR board). White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico NASA Lewis 3208th Test Group (TF) Simultaneous input, output, and computing on prob­ Computer Operations lems. Concurrent operation on two separate problems, APGC (roVMC) each with its own input, output, and computer. Eglin Air Force Base, Florida The machine, its peripheral equipment and its pro­ gramm:i.ng aids are tailored to do data reduction in Air Force Missile Development Center the most efficient manner, with the lowest level Analysis and Computation Division (MDWC) programmers possible. Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico Lockheed Wright Air Development Division A library system for reserved tapes is maintained. Digital Computation Branch (WWDCD) No particular protection for tapes due to durability Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio of metal tapes. Fireproof storage media :ls currently undergoing evaluation. National Aeronautics & Space Administration The 1l03AF system is composed of the following Lewis Research Center components: 2 Univac Scientific 1l03AF Computers 21000 Brookpark Road each with floating point, variable block, 8,192 words Cleveland 35, Ohio of core storage and 16,}84 words of drum storage. There are two Remington Rand 600 lineS/min printers,

UNIVAC 1103 1103A 916 Lockheed Missile and Space Division Southern Methodist Digital Computer Operations Computing Laboratory Sunnyvale, California Dallas 22, Texas Johns Hopkins University University of Minnesota Applied Physics Laboratory Numerical Analysis Center 8621 Georgia Avenue Minneapolis 14, Minnesota S11 ver Spring, Maryland Johns Hopkins University Operations Research Office PRODUCTION RECORD 6935 Arlington Road Number of Univac llOO Series Systems (all models) Bethesda 14, Maryland delivered is 45.

917 UNIVAC ll03 l103A UNIVAC 1105 MANUFACTURER Univac 1105 Computing System Remington Rand Univac Division Sperry Rand Corporation

Photo by Remington Rand Univac APPLI CAT IONS Stock Control and Distribution - Inventory Management Manufacturer Method of controlling and distributing material by System is used for both scientific and commercial Air Material Gommand Supply Depots and AMA I S to Air applications, for example, satellite tracking and Force activities, maintenance contractors and other trajectory calculations, linear programmlng, logictics, military services world-wide. The system provides a scheduling, inventory control, and census. data processing technique which enables AMC to admin­ The Univac 1105 Computing System is a synchronous, ister a timely, accurate and effective supply logis­ large scale, high speed, general purpose, automatic tics system. It provides item accounting, including data processing computing system. Programs of in­ inventory position and various products for effective ternally stored instructions, capable of self-modifi­ management of serviceable, reparable and excess mater­ cation, determine the sequence of operations. Inter­ ial. By-products which are the basis for dollar ac­ nal storage is afforded by directly addressable mag­ counting and Air Force assets management, inputs for netic cores and drums. The system is designed to requirements computation and other stock control pur­ use magnetic tape, punched cards, punched paper tape, poses are provided. el.ectric typewriter, analog-to-digital and digital-to­ Management and Control of Due-In-Assets analog converters, visual displays, plotters and real Recording of assets due in from contractual pro­ time instrumentation as input-output. curement, Department of Defense excesses or other Air U. S. Air Force, Dayton AF Depot Force activities. The depot having responsibility Located at Dayton Air Force Depot, Wilmington Pike, for a commodity class or specified weapons system Dayton, Ohio, the system is used for the following fields of application: utilizes this data system to administer a more timely and effective logictical support system. Item account-

UNIVAC 1105 918 Photo by Remington Rand Univac ing providing due-in status data for utilization in data; consolidated asset and item information data material distribution, requirements computation and summary products; item-dollar inventory segmentation buying programs, are included in this system. and requirements support effectiveness data; and wea­ Requirements Computation - Replacement Type Items pon and support systems. The purpose of this application is to design, de­ Product 'Performance Analysis Airborne Armament and velop, and implement a data flow and data processing Electronic Items system by which various types of replacement item A data processing system that will measure the wea­ data products, required at appropriate AMA/AFD, Hq pon and/or commodity performance and meet the needs AMC, and higher headquarters management levels may of the reliability and the product improvement and be periodically computed on an AF world-wide basis. USAF Acturial programs; provide serviceability and The system as designed is to be capable of promptly reliability indicators, acturial life expectancies reacting to changes in the many elements which'affect and failure pattern; and correlate configuration data, AF requirements for items (e.g., program changes, reliability, usage, failure and consumption data, and authorization changes, support policy changes, fund­ other historical data into a data system for the air ing limitations, etc.) is also to be compatible with vehicle. the latest data handling and processing technological Covers the system that will measure the weapon IS improvements. The system as presently implemented performance and provide an early warning and ready is designed to provide the following major types of reference master record of failure trends by system replacement item requirements and related management and component within the weapon system; provide maxi­ data summarized by weapons/support system, funds pro­ mum automatic analysis; provide for the weapon mana­ gram/project; program group, mission code, property gers, serviceability and reliability indicators such class, AMA/AFD, or total AMC, as appropriate for the as acturial usage data, service life factors, failure products involved. Data now output from the system rate grpahs, economic life factors, and condemnation are: time-phased projections of "gross" and "net" rates that are essential to product improvement, pro­ item requirements; procurement program and budget Visioning, and the computation of requirements, and estimates item and/or dollar stumnaries of the above; evaluation of periodic inspection intervals. contract termination and retention/disposal level

919 UNIVAC 1105 Technology Center Photo by Remington Rand Univac

The following applications are scheduled to be pro­ Master Material Support Record duction runs in the near future. This project will develop procedures to establish IM/FSC Cataloging, Standardization and File Maintenance and maintain a master material Support Record that This project is to develop a system which will estab­ will provide a complete source-coded range of parts lish, maintain and distribute Federal Catalog and re­ and materials with replacement rates required for all levels of repair support. This record will be lated data applicable to all inventory manager items, developed from initial prOVisioning source-coded including, but not limited to, the following: Federal, documents and up-dated based upon engineering changes, Ca.talog, EAM Detail and Trailor Cards, Stock Control source code changes, stock list changes, changes to Data Cards, Packaging and Transportation Data Cards replacement factors derived from improved methods of Interchangeability Record Cards, and Family Group ~b­ computation, and changes to specialized repair activ­ lication EAM Cards. The system will provide for the: ity material standards and contractual material re­ initiation and distribution of stock list change, quirement lists. The record will serve as a basis initiate suspense and follow-up on request for Federal for initial SRA material standards and contractual stock number, notification of stock number assignment MRLls and provide a means whereby the Inventory Mana­ to Air Force contractors; publication of stock control ger can analyze these documents and establish an data sections; cross-reference sections; transporta­ acceptable relationship between SRA and contractor tion and packaging data sections; interchangeability material projections and the Master Material Support and substitution data sections and possibly the iden­ Record. This project will furnish source data for tification section of AF stock list. Initially the ADP systems utilizing outputs from this project'for computation of the Buyers Guide for operations and maintenance parts and material. the updating of catalog data are restricted to: In­ ventory Manager Stock Control and Distribution Manage­ Manpower Management (Personnel and Labor .Accounting) ment and control of Due-in Assets, maintenance opera­ This project involves a recording of employee skills, ting stock support; requirements computation for con­ abilities, education, training, experience and test sumption-type items. Weapons systems control and scores as a basis for selecting out of five (5) best distribution; and base support class stock control qualified personnel for a given position vacancy. and distribution.

UNIVAC 1105 920 Photo by MCClellan Air Force Base

Normally, this process will occur within a single formance evaluations; Unit Manning Document; all depot, but for certain categories the entire command statistical reports; automatic print-out to indicate will serve as the selection base. Related products, any condition reflected by statistics, requiring required periodically, would be Reduction in Force administrative action, i.e., sick leave, turnover, Registers, data on skills losses (turn-over), ski11s­ tardiness, unused annual leave, grade levels, job­ usage trends, and on inventory of skills levels as shortage categories, etc.; classification survey a basis for determining proper station assignment of schedules; rosters of all persons who have received new missions or functions. training by s~ecific courses and rosters of all train­ Automation of Item Schedules for Procurement Docu­ ing received tall courses) by specific individU&1s; ments skills rosters, for purposes of Merit Promotion Pro­ This project visualizes optional automation of the gram, detailing employees, reaSSignment, training, FR coordination cycle as a continuous flow from gen­ recruitment, etc.; profiles for merit promotion pro­ eration of a requirements to the subsequent automatic gram in rank order; print-out of entire service his­ preparation of IFB/RFP schedules. Areas to be in­ tory of any employee for any reason needed; payrolls; corporated within the project include: the automatic and leave, bond, retirement records currently main­ grouping of items for procurement purposes, automatic tained manually. initiation of funds, standardization of procurement USAF ROAMA. Griffiss MB, N. Y. data, precoordination of FR's, and automatic prepara­ Located in Building No. 311, system is used for stock tion of item schedules. control and distribution, requirements computation, and Ground C&E Management. Civilian Personnel and Labor Accounting USAF Sacramento Air Materiel Comd, McClellan AFB The objective of this project is to permit machine Located at MCClellan AFB, California, the system is preparation of the following in lieu of the present used for weapons system inventory control and distri­ manual systems: bution and requirements computation. SF 50's Personnel Action; periodic pay increases; Bureau of the Census notification of automatic actions, 1. e., age, retire­ Located in WaShington D.C., the system is used for ment, service awards, detail expirations, annual per- statistical data processing for current statistical

921 UNIVAC 1105 Photo by University of North Carolina surveys of population, trade, and industry, decennial Number range Fixed point 235 - 1 > X > 0 censuses of population and housing, and other major 12 Floating point 7 > X 2-129 and 0 periodic censuses involving editing and rearranging 2 ~ of input, sorting and merging of records, tallying, Instruction word format tabulating, and summarizing data, computing percent­ ages, medians, means, weights, variances, etc. for Operation Code 1st Address 2nd Address data, and arranging and preparing tables, listings, labels, etc. for high speed printer. 35 30 29 15 14 o Bureau of the Census - Armour Research Foundation Automatic built-in include automatic of Illinois Institute of Technology, Chtcago, Ill. interrupt feature, external function instructions, Same as for Bureau of Census in Washington, D. C. repeat instruction, floating point polynomial multiply Bureau of Census - University of North Carolina and inner product instructions. Chapel Hill, North Carolina ' Automatic coding includes UNICODE algebraic compiler Same as Bureau of Census in Washington, D. C. USE compiler, IT algebraic compiler, GAT compiler, ' UniverSity of North Carolina AIMACO business compiler, and 650 Simulator. Located in Phillips Hall, University of North Carolina, Registers include a 72 bit directly addressable Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the system is used for accumulator, a bit directly addressable multiplier­ data processing for the Bureau of the Census, Wash­ 36 ington, D. C., scientific research, statistical appli­ quotient register, a 36 bit input-output register, cations, automatic programming research, and teaching. and an 8 bit input/output register. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Internal number system Binary Microsec Micro sec Binary digits/word 36 Add Binary digitS/instruction 32-60 12-28 36 Mult 116-410 Instructions per word 1 92-386 Div 482-490 466-474 Instructions decoded 41 fixed point and Arithmetic mode Parallel 9 floating point Timing Synchronous Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point Operation Sequential 1 bit sign, 35 bit number 1 bit sign, 8 bit characteristic, 27 bit mantissa Instruction type Two address 6 bit operation code and two 15-bit operand addresses

UNIVAC 1105 922 STORAGE USAF DAFD Media Speed Manufacturer Punch Cards 120 cards/min No. of No. of Access Punch Paper Tapes 17 words/sec Media Words Binary(Digits Microsec Magnetic Tape 3,300 words/sec Magnetic Core 4,096 147, 56 8 ROAMA 8,192 294,912 Photoelectric Reader 12,000 char/min 12,288 442,368 Magnetic Tape 100 inChes/sec Magnetic Drum 16,384 589,824 17,000 Magnetic tape reading any density. 32,768 1,179,648 USAF SAMe Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape 300 micro sec/word No. of units that can be connected 24 Units Paper Tape 200 frames/sec No. of char/linear inch of tape 250 Char/inch There are 20 magnetic tape unit. Channels or tracks on the tape 8 Tracks/tape Census Washington, Census-Armour, Census-U of NC Blank tape separating each record 1.2 or 2.4 Inches Magnetic Tape 20,000 Char/sec Tape speed 100 InChes/sec (2 independent channels) Transfer rate 25,000 Char/sec Paper Tape (Ferranti) 200 char/sec Start time 3.5 Mi11isec Keyboard Insert Manual Stop time 3.5 Mi11isec Two independent channels of magnetic tape. Magnetic Average time for experienced tape is utilized in the buffered free-run mode. operator to change reel of tape 10-15 Seconds Census-U of NC has 120 cards/min reader. Physical properties of tape U of NC Width 0.5 Inches Cards 120 cards/min Length of reel 2,400 Feet Paper Tape 230 frames/sec Composition Mylar or metallic Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec USAF DAFD 128 lines per inch - low density No. of No. of Access 200 lines per inch - high density Media Words Digits/Word Microsec Magnetic Core 12,288 12 Octal 8 Magnetic Drum 32,768 12 Octal 17,000 Magnetic Tapes Up to 12 Octal 50,000 OUTPUT 720,000 (120 words) Manufacturer (95% free for computation) Media Speed USAF ROAMA. Cards 120 cards/min No. of No. of Access Paper Tape 60 bit char/sec Media Words Binary/Dig Micro sec Typewriter (Flexowriter) 10 Char/sec Magnetic Core 0 4,096 36 8 High Speed Printer 600 lines/mia Magnetic Core 1 4,096 36 8 120 char/line Magnetic Core 2 4,096 36 8 Cathode ray tube (visual display) read-out may be Magnetic Drum 32,768 36 17,000 added. 80 column cards are used. Six bit characters, Magnetic Tape Unlimited seven channel paper tape. The high speed printer is USAF SAMe operated off-line. It can be adapted for plotting. No. of No. of Access USAF DAFD Media Words Digits Micro sec Punch Cards 120 cards/min Magnetic Core 12,288 73,748 12 Paper Tape 5 words/sec Magnetic Drum 32,768 196,608 17,000 Magnetic Tape 3,300 words/sec Magnetic Tape Typewriter 10 char/sec Census Washington; Census-Armour; Census U of NC ROAMA Magnetic Core 8,192 49,152 6 Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec Magnetic Drum 16,384 98,304 2-34,000 High Speed Paper Tape 3,600 char/min U of NC Punch No. of Access Magnetic tape writing at a density of 128 or 200 Media Words Microsec lines/inch. Magnetic Cores (2) 8,192 8 USAF SAMC Magnetic Drum (Double) 32,768 0-34,000 Magnetic Tape 300 micro sec/word 17 buffered tape units in the system Paper Tape 60 frames/sec Typewriter 100 words/min Census Washington, Census-Armour, Census-U of NC INPUT Magnetic Tape 20,000 Char/sec Paper Tape (Teletype) 60 char/sec Manufacturer MOnitoring Typewriter 10 Char/sec Media Speed (Flexowriter) Cards 120 cards/min U of NC Magnetic Tape 25,000 char/sec Cards 120 cards/min Paper Tape 200 char/sec Paper Tape GO frames/sec Magnetic tape block length is variable. Tape may Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec be read backward. Six bit characters are used on Typewriter 10 Char/sec both paper and magnetic tape. Paper tape is seven Cards are not in use. channel tape. 80 column cards are used.

UNIVAC 1105 maintenance area is supplied with 115V, 15 amp. single CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM place outlets at each bench and three phase, 208V, 15 Manufacturer amp, four wire, 60 cps. service for the chassis test Type Quantity unit. The line-to-line voltage is 208v ± 10% during Tubes normal operation. All three line-to-line voltages 7AK7 3,261 are balanced to within 2% during normal operations. 5963 3,066 The basic equipment load consists of a 100 hp motor, 6AN5 947 3 hp blower motors, a 3/4 hp drum motor, and 70 KVA 5'r25 252 stabeline. The 100 hp motor, which drives a 75 KVA All others 767 alternator, is started with no load and has a reduced Diodes voltage starter control. IID2261 12,789 The floor space for the 1105 computer is approximate­ lN143 2,112 ly 3,752 sq ft. The power, refrigeration and equip­ 1N117 1,208 ment room uses approximately 2,450 sq ft. The cooling system requires 500 F cooling water and All others 306 0 a room temperature of approximately 80 F maximum at 2N414 724 60% relative humidity or lower. This system consists T1677 288 of three fans cabinets which cool the room air and a 2N315 136 plenum which distributes the cooled air to the elec­ Magnetic Cores tronic computer. In addition to the computer, each S-4 294,912 uniservo requires 3.5 gallons of water per minute. All others 9,138 Requirements and data for the air cooling system are A total of 21 tube types are used. as follows: Eleven types of diodes are used. Cooling water temperature (Input) 500 F max. Ten types of transistors are used. Cooling water pressure (Input) 60 Ibs/sq in, gage Three types of cores are used. Water flow through entire system 168 gal/min, max 0 Components for Uniservo II (MOdel 102), a 3rd Core Exhaust air temperature from computer 74°F-80 F. Bank, and floating point circuiting are not included Maximum allowable relative humidity 600 • in the above figures, but are listed below- Blower capacity 12,750 cu ft/min 3rd Core Bank ROAMA Vacuum Tubes Diodes Cores Transistors Power, computer 170 Kw 170 KVA 8 types- 3 types- 147,456 None Power, air condi 40.4 Kw 40.7 KVA total 471 total 2,267 Type S-4 Volume, computer 41,000 cu f't Floating Point Volume, air conditioner 42.0 cu ft 3 types- 5 types- None None Area, computer 4,100 sq ft total 244 total 678 Area, air conditioner 84 sq ft Uniservo II Floor loading 200 Ibs/sq ft 7 types- 4 types- None None 4,800 Ibs concen max total 43 total 9 CapaCity, air conditioner 75 Tons Weight, computer 63,253 Ibs Weight, air conditioner 8,000 lbs 208, 3 phase, 4 , 60 cps for computer. 220V, CHECKI NG FEATURES 3 phase, 4 wire for air conditioner. Constructed Manufacturer new permanent building designed specifically for the Checking features include overflow, timing, in-out­ computer. put, illegal operation codes and addresses, and USAF SAMC safety interlocks. Power, computer 146 Kw 170 KVA 0.86 pf Power, air condi 160 Kw 200 KVA 0.86 pf Volume, computer 3.246 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 846 cu ft POWER, SPACED WEI GHT o AND SITE PREPARATION Area, computer 3.600 sq ft Manufacturer Area, air conditioner 1,881 sq ft Power, entire computer system 160 Kw, 175 KVA, 0.9 pf Room size, computer 60 ft x 60 ft Room size 49 ft x 64 ft x 10 ft Room size. air conditioner 42 ft x 65 ft Floor loading 47 Ibs/sq ft Floor loading 150 Ibs/ sq ft Weight, computer 35 Tons 700 Ibs concen max Air conditioning unit for cooling input water Weight, computer 57,089 Ibs should be at least 35 tons capacity. Weight, air conditioner 75,000 Ibs USAF DAFD Floor is cement and was trenched for cables and Floor loading size of plenum 22 ft x 50 ft x 13 ft chilled water pipes. Acoustical tile was applied Weight, computer 63,7531bs to a false ceiling and walls of the room. It was Computer is installed in a warehouse type building necessary to increase the power to meet the demands with plywood temporary constructed walls. The light­ of the UFC and 1105. Site preparation for both systems ing, floor and power supply is that of a typical was done simultaneously. Air conditioning was in­ office. creased and necessary duct work installed. The Univac 1105 Computer System is operated from a Census WaShington 208V, 3 phase, 4 wire, 60 cps. supply. Isolation Power, computer 150 Kw 170 KVA 0.9 pf from line transients is achieved by use of a motor­ Volume, computer 30,000 cu ft alternator set and 70 KVA stabeline supplied with Area, computer 3,000 sq ft the equipment. The motor-alternator, together with Room size 100 ft x 30 ft x 10 ft its controls, is located in a separate room. The Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft connection to the computer is below the floor. The Weight, computer 60,450 Ibs, each

UNIVAC li05 924 Alteration of area from previously subdivided sec­ The following Directly Connected tions into the large enclosed area lOOx60. Provision Input/Output Units: of chilled water lines, power conduits and space, air l-Photo-electric Punched Paper conditioning e~uipment and air ducts. Alteration of Tape Reader lighting fixtures. Area enclosed in fire wall con­ l-High Speed Paper Tape Punch struction. Air conditioner part of integrated system. l-Monitoring Electric Typewriter Census - Armour Additional E~uipment: Power, air cond 25 Kw 29 J.CVA Monthly Room size, computer 50 ft x 60 ft x 10 ft Cost Site specifications included on plans for newly Rental 1 - Additional Bank of $ 195,000 $ 4,500 constructed building. 4,096 Word Core Storage Census - U of NC 1 - Additional Magnetic 60,000 1,500 Power, air condition 29 J.CVA 25 Kw Drum Storage 16,384 Words Room Size, computer 40 ft x 75 ft x 10 ft 20 - Uniservo II Magnetic 400,000 9,000 Site specifications included in plans for newly Tape Units constructed building. U of NC 5 - Unityper II 22,500 450 1 - Univac Verifier (Non- 15,000 250 Power, computer llO Kw 170 J.CVA 0.9 pf inductive printing Type) Power, air cond 100 J.CVA 1 - Card to Metallic Tape 143,300 2,540 Volume, computer 17,000 cu ft Converter, 80 column Area, computer 2,816 s~ ft 1 - High Speed Printer - 185,000 3,300 Area, air conditioner 600 s~ ft Off-Line (Water Cooled) Floor loading 70 lbs/s~ ft (600 lines per minute) Capacity, air conditioner 75 Tons 1 - Metallic Tape to Card Quoted on 2,385 Weight, computer 35 Tons Converter - 80 column Computer was installed in the basement of a new re9,uest building and the space Was specifically constructed $1,020,000 $23,925 for this purpose, i.e. with a recessed floor and Total approx. Selling Price $2,632,800 plenum type of installation. (Basic and Additional E~uipment) Total monthly rental $ 56,985 PRODUCTION RECORD Manufacturer Maintenance/Service Contracting: Number produced to date 45 incl. all 1100 models Remington Rand will keep the e~uipment in good operating condition, all costs of maintenance will be borne by the contractor unless the re~uired mainte­ nance is due to the fault or negligence of the in­ COSTv PRICE AND RENTAL RATES stallation. Manufacturer Remington Rand shall have its personnel in attend­ Monthly ance during all periods of operation unless other Cost mutually agreeable ~rangements have been made. The Rental maintenance personnel during a principal period of Basic system, consisting of $1,932,000 $33,060 8,192 words Magnetic Core, maintenance which is any eight consecutive hours per 16,384 words Magnetic Drum, day plus an official meal period not to exceed one Central , Peripheral hour per day, Monday thru Friday, excluding holidays. By giving seven days notice to the contractor, ~di­ Control, and 16 UNISERVO II tional maintenance service periods of time other than Additional E~uipment the designated Principal Period of maintenance can 4,096 Magnetic Core $195,000 $4,500 be arranged. 16,384 Magnetic Drum 60,000 1,500 All preventive (scheduled) maintenance will be per­ Floating Point 65,000 1,545 formed at a time other than during working hours, Uniservo II 20,000 450 unless otherwise arranged. Card In-Output 55,000 1,310 The installation will be charged for maintenance High Speed Printer 185,000 3,300 whenever (1) maintenance personnel are re~uired out­ Printer is off-line, 80 column card unit. side the principal period of maintenance, and the Training courses and manuals are provided for all total operational use time on the main frame (or cen­ computers whether purchased or rented. tral computer) during the Principal Period of main­ USAF DAFD tenance, is less than 176 hours during a calendar Model ll05 Univac Computer $1,612,000 $33,060 month. However, there will be no extra maintenance (Basic) includes: charge for periods of preventive or remedial mainte­ Magnetic Core Storage (8,192 words) nance. Extra maintenance will be at the rate of Magnetic Drum Storage (16,384 words) twelve dollars per man hour computed to the nearest Two Section Tape Input/Output one-half hour. Buffer; 120 words/Section ROAMA. Variable Block Length Feature Central Computer $33,060 Magnetic Tape Control (Accommo­ Addition Bank Word Core Storage 4,500 dates up to 24 magnetic tape units) Additional Magnetic Drum Storage 1,500 Power Supply Twenty Uniservos 9,000 Desk Console with Monitorial Bi-Directional Converter 4,275 Oscilloscope High Speed Printer 3,300 Arithmetic Section Main Control Section Air Conditioning Section (Re~uires Customer-Furnished 500 Water)

925 UNIVAC ll05 USAF SAMC USAF DAFD 1105 Basic, Magnetic Core Storage, Magnetic Drum One 8-Hour Shift Btorage, Uniservo II, $48,060 per month. Used Recommended Flexowriter $110 per month. Supervisors 4 5 Maintenance is included in rental price. Analysts 17 20 Census Washington Programmers 31 44 2 Univac 1105 Computers, 18 tape units each, site Clerks 4 2 preparation and installation, spare chassis, initial Librarians 2 2 parts inventory, test equipment $3,080,000 total. Operators 4 1 Unityper Mod II, 3 Flexowriters, 1 high speed 4 Engineers and 3 Technicians used on three 8-hour printer buffered with extra print head $258,000. shifts. Card-to-tape converter $2,600 per month. The Dayton AF Depot currently has two large scale Own maintenance is performed. electronic computers in operation viz., Univac I and Census - Armour Model 1105. Univac I is scheduled to be discontinued Equipment owned by University but shared with Bureau in the near future. At the present time there are of the Census on pro rata cost basis. Equipment twenty-one (21) civilians and five (5) airmen assigned includes 1 Univac 1105 Computer with 17 tape units, to the operation of these computers. 1 high-speed printer, 1 unityper, 2 Flexowriters. 3 Supervisors Census share of total installation current cost and 1 Unit Chief equipment amortization (for 90 to 100 hours per week 1 Supervisory Tape Librarian of computer time) equals $320,000 yr. 1 Peripheral Equipment Supervisor Census - U of NC 10 Civilian computer operators Equipment owned by University but shared with Bureau 6 Operate both Univac I and 1105 of the Census on pro rata cost basis. Equipment 4 Operate only Univac I includes 1 Univac 1105 Computer with 17 tape units, 5 Airmen computer operators 1 high-speed printer, 1 unityper, 2 Flexowriters. 1 Operates both Univac I and 1105 Census share of total installation current cost and 3 Operate only Univac I equipment amortization (for 90 to 100 ho~~s per week 1 Operates only peripheral equipment of computer time) equals $320,000 yr. 2 Civilian tape librarians U of NC 2 Civilian clerks The system was purchased for $2,450,000. 4 Civilian peripheral equipment operators The Univac 1105 Data Automation System at the A one eight-hour shift is scheduled with available University of North Carolina is made up of the follow­ time on two other shifts depending upon the nature ing: of the work and its priority. 1 Univac Scientific Computer Model 1l03A consisting Methods of training used includes training by the of 4,096 words of core storage, 16,384 words of equipment manufacturer, Remington Rand Corp, and on­ drum storage, photo-electric paper tape reader, high the-job training. speed paper tape punch, on line Flexowriter, super­ ROAMA visory control console, motor alternator set, plenum One 8-Hour Shift type construction, air conditioning fan bay. Used Recommended 2 120 word core buffer units Supervisors 1 1 1 Additional bank of 4,096 word core memory Librarians 1 1 1 Variable block feature for magnetic tape recording Operators 3 3 17 Uniservo II, high density tape units In-Output Oper 3 3 1 Off Line High Speed Printer Methods of training used includes manufacturer's 1 Unityper II courses. 1 Additional Drum, 16,384 word capacity USAF SAMC 1 1105 operational test unit One 8-Hour Three 8-Hour 1 Complement of 1105 replacement chassis Shift Shifts 1 Floating Point Feature Used Recom Used Recomm 4 Off Line Flexowriters Supervisors 4 4 1 Spare Photo Electric Paper Tape Reader Analysts 52 52 1 Spare High Speed Paper Tape Punch Programmers 63 63 Librarians 3 4 Operators 12 12 PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Personnel support the 650, UFC and 1105 systems. Manufacturer Operation tends toward closed shop. One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Manufacturer training and on-the-job training is Shift Shifts Shifts utilized. Supervisors 4 5 6 Census Washington Analysts . 7 7 7 Three 8-Hour Shifts Program & Coders 15 16 17 Supervisors 3 Clerks 2 2 1/2 .3 Analysts, Programmers & Coders 40 Librarians 1/2 1/2 1/2 Clerks 8 Operator s 3 4 5 Librarians 5 Engineers 3 4 5 Operators 12 Technicians 3 5 7 Engineers 2 In-Output Oper 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 Technicians 15 Free courses are provided to the customer to in­ In-Output Oper 8 struct its personnel in programming for and mainte­ Tape Handlers 20 nance of the computer. Other 4 Most programmers shown are customer employees; tape handlers are customer employees.

UNIVAC 1105 926 Operation tends toward open shop. RELIABILITY p OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Training Branch conducts formal classroom sessions for programmers, operators (followed by on-the-job AND TIME AVAILABILITY training) executive orientation, brush-up seminars. Manufacturer Classroom and on-the-job training also conducted for Regularly scheduled preventive maintenance procedures engineers and technicians. designed to detect failing components before errors Census - Armour occur. Three 8-Hour Shifts USAF DAFD Supervisors 3 Good time 60 HourS/Week (Average) Analysts, Programmers & Coders 20 Attempted to run time 71 Hours/Week (Average) Clerks 2 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.8 to 1.0 Operators 6 Above figures based on period from May 60 to Jul 60 Engineers 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 30 Apr 60 Technicians 10 Time is not available for rent to outside organi~a­ In-Output Oper 2 tions. Tape Handlers 5 USAF SAMC Programmers shown are customer employees, tape Good time 98 HourS/Week (Average) handlers are customer employees; all others are Attempted to run time 100 Hours/Week (Average) University employees. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.98 Operation tends toward open shop. Above figures based on Mar and Apr 60 Training Branch conducts formal classroom sessions Passed Customer Acceptance Test 30 Apr 60 for programmers, operators (followed by on-the-job Time is not available for rent to outside organi~a­ training) executive orientation, brush-up seminars. tions. Classroom and on-the-job training also conducted for Good time includes Set-up time. The 2 hours J,.ost engineers and technicians. time is unscheduled maintenance. Census - U of NC Census WaShington Three 8-Hour Shifts Good time (each machine) 126 Hours/Week (Average) Supervisors 3 includes lost time from non-machine causes) Analysts, Programmers & Coders 20 Attempted to run time 136 Hours/Week (Average) Clerks 2 (each machine; excludes scheduled maintenance) Operators 6 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.927 Engineers 1 Above figures based on period 3 Apr 60 to 23 Apr 60 Technicians 10 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Feb 59 and Jun 59 In-Output Oper 2 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- Tape Handlers 5 tions. Programmers shown are customer employees, tape Census - Armour handlers are customer employees; all others are Uni­ Good time 85 Hours/Week (Average) versity employees. Attempted to run time 101 Hours/Week (Average) Operation tends toward open shop. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.85 Training Branch conducts formal classroom sessions Above figures based on period 28 Feb 60 to 1 May 60 for programmers, operators (followed by on-t.he-job Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jul 59 training) executive orientation, brush-up seminars. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Classroom and on-the-job training also conducted for tions. engineers and technicians. Good time includes lost time from non-machine U of NC causes. Attempted to run time excludes scheduled One 8-Hour Three 8-Hour maintenance. Shift Shifts Census - U of NC Supervisors 1 Good time 85 Hours/Week (Average) Analysts 2 Attempted to run time 101 Hours/Week (Average) Programmers 6 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.85 Clerks 1 Above figures based on period 28 Feb 60 to 1 May 60 Librarians 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jul 59 Operators 4 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Engineers 5 tions. Technicians 8 Good time includes lost time from non-machine In-Output Oper 3 causes. Attempted to run time excludes scheduled Tape Handlers 4 maintenance. The 8 hour shift figures represent UniverSity re­ U of NC quirements only. The three 8 hour shifts requirem.ents Good time ].07.4 Hours/Week (Average) represent University and Bureau of the Census per­ Attempted to run time 122 Hours/Week (Average) sonnel needs since the University supplies all per­ Operating Ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0,88 sonnel in these particular categories. Above figures based on period 1 Jul 60 to 1 Oct 60 Operation tends toward open shop. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 22 Aug 59 Methods of training used includes training course Time is available for rent to qualified outside organ­ conducted by the Bureau of the Census for Computer izations. Approximately 15 hours per week is aYail­ Operators, vourses conducted by the Computation Cen­ able for outside organizations. ter for training maintenance personnel (This is not an accredited University course.), on-the-job train­ ing, accredited UniverSity courses and Graduate Sem­ inars on Computer Usage and Programming. (These courses at present are oriented towards scientific applications.), and special short courses on program­ ming (Not accredited University courses.).

927 UNIVAC 1105 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS FUTURE PLANS Manufacturer USAF SAMC Outstanding features are interrupt feature, simul­ SMAMA will acquire another 1105 in FY61 to support taneous read-write-compute, two address logic, 2 in­ an advanced weapon system. put-output registers for a large variety of on-line U of NC equipment, and repeat command. A unique system ad­ Proposed new components include a locally designed vantage is continuous input format capability on mag­ and constructed 400 card/min reader and a programmer netic tape. controlled clock and stop watch. Special recommended procedures for magnetic tape labelling, storing, shipping, and protect:lon from humidity, temperature, electrical, fire, or other INSTALLATIONS damage are described in the Users Guide for Care and Preservation of Metallic Tape. U. S. Air Force Dayton AF Depot USAF DAFD Wilmington Pike The 1105 Univac Computer is specifically designed Dayton, Ohio for applications requiring great programm:lng versatil­ ity, high operating speed, and large storage capacity. U. S. Air Force ROAMA Griffiss Air Force Base, New York Maximum use of the high speed inherent in this com­ puter is per.mitted by the unusual logical design and U. S. A. F. Sacramento Air Materiel Command its unique Program Interrupt feature. In addition to Data Systems Division, Comptroller perfor.ming large scale calculations, the system is McClellan Air Force Base, California adaptable to a wide variety of applications including Bureau of the Census simulation and control in real time. Washington 25, Programs of internally stored instructions, capable D. c. of self-modification, deter.mine the sequence of opera­ Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute tions. Thus, the computing system is fuLly automatic. of Technology Its high speed results from parallel mode operation Chicago, Illinois whereby all digits of a number are operated upon sim­ Bureau of the Census ultaneously. University of North Carolina Magnetic tapes are stored in a specially constructed Chapel Hill, North Carolina concrete block vault and lined with copper screened wire to avoid any magnetic disturbance. Atmospheric University of North Carolina conditions are 700F and 50% R.H. Approximately 7,336 Computation Center tapes are stored in cabinets elevated from the floor. P. O. Box 929 Tape management is under the supervision of the tape Chapel Hill, North Carolina librarian. Peripheral Equipment - Space required is approxi- The Prudential Insurance Company of America mately 1,525 sq ft for the following equipment: Post Office Drawer 594 Card-to-Tape Converter Newark 1, New Jersey Tape-to-Card Converter High Speed Printer The above components have an independent chilled water system and require 220 volts, single phase 60 cycle current. USAF SAMC The 1105 1 s two bi-directional tape buffers, twenty Uniservo tape units and "interrupt" feature facilitate efficient simultaneous input, output and computation fUnctions. The automatic programming in use on the 1105 provides for optimum use of its data processing capabllities. Census Washington, Census-Armour, Census U of NC Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, stor­ age, shipping, and protection from humidi'ty, tempera­ ture and physical, electrical, fire, or other damage include fire wall construction; metallic containers for magnetic tape, fire fighting organization and training, control system for defective and damaged tapes, and standardization of tape reel lengths and markings.

UNIVAC 1105 928 UNIVAC 1107 MANUFACTU RER UNIVAC Thin Film Memory Computer 1107 Sperry Rand Corporation Remington Rand Univac Division

APPLICATIONS Photo by Remington Rand Univac Division, Sperry Rand Corporation Manufacturer PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Basically, the UNIVAC 1107 is an advanced solid state Internal number system Binary data processing system designed and developed to pro­ Binary digits/word 36 vide reliable solutions to complex problems. This Binary digits/instruction 36 computer system is well suited to off-line, on-line Instructions/word 1 and real-time problems in commercial, scientific, and Instructions decoded 114 military applications. With a versatile input-output Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point section and a larger internal memory backed by a Partial and multiple arithmetic may be performed. powerful instruction repertoire, the UNIVAC 1107 has In partial arithmetic any 1/2, 1/3, or 1/6 of a word capabilities not found in former systems. may be added in an entire (A) Register, giving one The 1107 can efficiently and economically handle a sum. Fields or Partial Words may be used in all the wide range of applications, such as tactical data arithmetic operations. In multiple arithmetic, the systems, command and control systems, digital COmmtUl­ two halves or three thirds of a word may be added in ication and switching systems, data reduction and analy­ an (A) Register, giving two or three sums respect­ sis, logistics, scientific computation, traffic con­ fully. Subtraction may also be performed in a simi­ trol, reservation systems, computational analysis, lar manner. inventory and schedulj.ng systems, intelligence systems, Instruction type One address (Modified) systems simulation, missile and satellite dynamics, Number range From - (235_ 1) to + (2~5_ 1) and process control.

929 UNIVAC 1107 Instruction word format designed to be adaptable to future peripheral equip­ 1 26 22 ments. 27 23 Sixteen bi-directional channels are provided. ~z 3 : 130 j 1 a 1 b '91':E~ 16 u 1 Up to 12 tape units may be connected to one channel. Legend One magnetic tape control unit is required per u - Base Operand Address Designator (16 Bits) channel. i-Indirect Address Designator (1 Bit) h - Increment Designator (1 Bit) CHECKI NG FEATURES b - (B) Register Designator (4 Bits) a - (A) Register Designator (4 Bits) I~gical checks include parity bits checking on mag­ netic tape. Transfer checks are made on all other j - Partial Word or Minor Function Code (4 Bits) f - Function Code ( 6 Bits) peripheral devices. Special instructions facilitate Automatic coding includes ALGOL, with }l'ortran Trans­ program parity checks. lator and COBOL. Basic Utility Library includes an executive routine and an Aivanced Computer-Oriented PRODUCTION RECORD Mnemonic Code Assembly System; also sort--merge and debugging programs. Time required for delivery 18 months Registers and B-boxes include 16 (A) Registers (accumulators), 15 Index Registers and 36 Special Control Registers. PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Appropriate training courses will be made available ARITHMETIC UNIT to all users. Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Add 4.0 0.8 Outstanding features and unique system advantages Mult 7.4 12.7 include: Div 31 ~~4 Arithmetic mode Parallel A thin-film control memory is used for arithmetic Timing· Synchronous and index registers, for input-output access control Operation Concurrent and for special controls and for auxiliary storage. The thin-film storage has a 300 nanosecond (milli~­ STORAGE second) access time with a complete cycle time of Total No. or 600 nanoseconds (millimicroseconds). No. of Bin Coded Access A memory for instructions and oper­ Media Words Dec Digits Microsec ands available in capacities of 16,384 words in one Magnetic Core 65,536 max 589,824 1.8 bank; or of 16,384, 32,768, 49,152,or 65,536 words Thin Film 128 '1,152 0.3 j.n two separately accessed banks. Drum, FH 500 ea 262,144 2,359,296 8,500 avg Two microsecond effective cycle time for core Drum, FH 800 ea 786,432 7,077,888 17,000 avg storage (overlapping of two banks). There are 36-bit words in both the magnetic film Models I~ III No. of units that can be Up to 12 tape units may be and core memories. connected connected to one channel. Computer system has an extremely powerful instruc­ One magnetic tape control tion repertoire, including fixed and floating point, unit required per channel. lnteger and fractional arithmetic. No. of char/linear inch 250 1,000 Pulses/in Design includes 16 bi-directional channels, Channels or tracks (includes 8 - Tracks/tape capable of concurrent input-output transmissions up parity and timing track) to 250,000 words per second, without direct super­ Blank tape between records 1.0 0.75 Inches vision of the main program. Tape speed 100 100 Inches/sec ALGOL and COBOL compiling programs and a FORTRAN Transfer rate 25,000 120,000 Char/sec translating program will be provided. (The 1107 Start time 12 6.3 Millisec will accommodate all routines previously coded in FORTRAN. ) Stop time 9 6.3 Millisec Average time for experienced 30 30 Seconds Also provided is an executive routine capable operator to change reel of tape of integrating routines of multiple programs. Physical properties of tape The 1107 instruction word format provides for Width 0.500 0.500 Inches j,ndexing, automatic index-register incrementation, Length of reel 2,400 2,400 Feet partial word transfers and indirect addressing along Composition Metallic and Metallic and with a current operand reference and specification Mylar Mylar of an arithmetic register. I NPUT OUTPUT Media Speed Magnetic Tape (Model lIA) 25,000 kilocydes/sec Magnetic Tape (Model III) 120,000 kilocycles/sec Paper Tape Reader 400 frames/sec Card Reader 600 or 700 cards/min Paper Tape Punch 110 frames/sec Card Punch 150 or 300 card.s/min Printer 600 or 700 lines/min The complete line of Univac peripheral devices as well as specialized devices may be used j.f so desired. The input-output section of the computer has been

UNIVAC 1107 930 POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Weight ( INCHES ) KVA Lbs. Width Depth Height BTU per Hr. Central Computer 7.5 1,850 74 34.5 82 19.9 Power Control Center 800 48 34.5 82 * Operator Console 550 54 35 50 * Core Memory (65,000 words) 5 2,000 36 34.5 82 14 Magnetic Tape Control 1.9 125 20 34.5 82 5·1 Uniservo IIA Power Supply 12 Units Max. 3,000 57 32.75 82 10 (for 12 units) 40.6 Uniservo IIA 3.1 800 31 34 82 8.5 Magnetic Drum Control 1.5 125 20 34.5 82 4.1 FH 880 Drum Cabinet 1.9 800 50 32.5 49.75 5.1 FH 500 Drum Cabinet 1.6 600 38.25 29·5 46.75 4.5 MOdel 46 Line Printer Control 1.5 125 20 34.5 82 4.1 MOdel 46 Line Printer 4.4 1,613 72.25 32 52·5 12 Card Control Cabinet 1.5 125 20 34.5 82 4.1 P19 Card Punch - 80 Column 1.5 1,100 27 49 54.5 4.1 P19 Card Punch - 90 Column 1.5 1,100 27 49 54.5 4.1 M45 Card Reader - 80 Column 1.3 400 27 51 49.25 3·5 M45 Card Reader - 90 Column 1.3 400 27 51 49.25 3·5 Paper Tape Control Cabinet 1.2 800 24 34.5 82 2.6 Note: Tape Reader and Punch included in the Paper Tape Control Unit. * Included in Central Computer. Voltages Frequency 208 ! % 384-440 cps (208-220) ! 10% 57-63 cps (208-120) 59.5-60.5 cps

CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM No. of Transistors No. of Diodes Central Processor 12,000 60,000 Core Memory (65,000 words) 6,676 10,608 Magnetic Tape Control 1,014 2,894 Uniservo IIA Power Supply 0 o Uniservo IIA 0 15 Magnetic Drum Control 1,100 3,500 FH 880 Drum Control 1,100 700 FH 500 Drum Cabinet 600 700 Model 46 Line Printer 1,250 4,500 Control Model 46 Line Printer 12 500 Card Control Cabinet 1,000 3,000 Card Punch - 80 Column 75 1,000 Card Punch - 90 Column 75 600 Card Reader - 80 Column 75 500 Card Reader - 90 Column 75 400 Paper Tape Control Cabinet 500 1,500

931 UNIVAC 1107 UNIVAC FILE 0 MANUFACTU RER Univac File Computer Model 0 Remington Rand Division Sperry Rand Corporation

Photo by Michigan Bell Telephone Company

for cost accounting and payroll, including payroll for personal services and printing of payroll checks. APPLICATIONS ROAMA, Griffiss AFB, New York Manufacturer Located in Depot Supply Bldg. No.1, East Wing, the system is used for requirements computation, approp­ The Univac File Computer is a general purpose, medium­ riation accounting, and CESAC. priced electronic data processing system with a mag­ Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co. of Maryland netic . Automatic tape collat:lng and sort­ Located at 5711 York Road, Baltimore 12, Maryland, j.ng may be performed without requiring computer time, the system is used for the rating of long distance which, during the process, may be spent on other opera­ messages. Terminating point information is stored tions. Random access is provided to 180,000 alpha­ on the drums. Calculation of rate is based on loca­ numeric characters on one drum and to the magnetic tion of originating and terminating points, duration core memory. A maximum. of eight drums may be added and class of call. Rate and miscellaneous billing to one system. The system is controlled by external and statictical data are punched into the message panel wiring. Input/output devices consist of an card. electric typewriter, a punched card unit and a perfora­ Douglas Aircraft Company, Dept. G-3l8, Santa Monica ted tape unit, a magnetic tape unit and a high-speed Located at C-107, Long Beach, the system is used for printer. general accounting, labor distribution, cost and ex­ Frankford Arsenal, Comptroller's Office pense ledgers, material, and payroll. I~cated in Building 51, 2nd Floor, the system is used

UNIVAC FILE 0 932 Photo by Michigan Bell Telephone Company

Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Tulsa Division Located at 2000 North Memorial Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma, PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM the system is used for work determination (search Internal number system Bin coded dec (excess 3) stored master files for technical orders and planned Digits per word 12 digits including sign jobs applicable to aircraft coming in for modifica­ Digits/instruction 12 characterS/instruction tion), payroll (create payroll working cards and com­ Instructions per word 1 plus sub command pute earnings and taxes. Update earnings, total-to­ All instructions are programmed by external plugboard. date records, and vacation/sick leave records. Create Arithmetic system Fixed point quarterly and year-end tax report cards), cost labor Instruction type Three address and estimating (summarize hours worked, allocating Number range 99,999,999,999- to 99,999,999,999+ indirect time to applicable direct charge and create Instruction word format cards for accounting cost labor reports and manufac­ turing control performance reports and work history), VI V2 R and cost ledger (perform allocations and create cards Address of Address of Address for Process Special showing cost of work charged to other divisions of first operand 2nd operand Result Char. the company. Storage Sub- Michigan Bell Telephone Company Command Located at 105 E. Bethune, Detroit, Michigan and 3530 Eastern S. E., Grand Rapids, Ydchigan, the 3 digits 3 digits 3 digits 2 digits computers are used to rate "long distance" toll messages. Automatic built-in subroutines includes tape search. Each register is a 12 character shift register with lower position reserved for algebraic sign. Register A Receives first operand Register B Receives second operand

933 UNIVAC FILE 0 INPUT­ INPUT­ INPUT· INPUT· INPUT· UP TO 24 UNITS OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT

Adding and subtracting Multiplying and dividing Comparing and trandarrln, Random Marching Verifying 01 ..,ui ..

Functional diagram UNIVAC File· Computer

Register C Accumulates the result in add and subtract opera­ tion, in division it receives the remaj.nder, in mul­ tiplication it receives most significant product STORAGE digits. Manufacturer Register D No. of No. of Access Accumulates the result in add and subtract opera­ Media Words Alphanum Char Microsec tions, in division it stores the quotient, in multi­ Drum (High Speed) 1,070 12,840 2,500 avg plication it stores the least significant product Drum (Mass Mem­ l5,000/unit l80,000/unit 17,000 digits. ory) (optional) Max. 8 units Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 10 Units ARITHMETIC UNIT No. of char/linear inch of tape 139 Char/inch Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Track/tape Micro sec Microsec Blank tape separating each record 0.5 Inches Add 8,610 1,200 Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Mult 23,800 16,300 Transfer rate 10,425 Char/sec Multiplier = 55555 Start time 7 Millisec Div 27,500 approx 20,000 Stop time 10 Millisec 6 digit dividend & Average time for experienced 6 dig:i t divisor operator to change reel of tape 30 Seconds The storage access for add, multiply & divide operations Physical properties of tape includes accessing of the two operands and the result. Width 0.5 Inches Arithmetic mode Serial Length of reel 2,400 Feet Timing Synchronous Composition Mylar or metal Operation (System) Concurrent 900 microseconds, above, inlcudes time to transfer one word to an arithmetic register.

UNIVAC FILE 0 934 DRUM I DRUM 2

08 21 98 Input machine address

Up to 20 selection fields per unit record area. Maximum of II characters plus sign (.:!:) per field.

FIELD 2 FIELD 3 ---'------L-----'----'----"-----~__L_[6 1~ 3- 6- _~oplTT91- 0 -61~J!J ~ ~ I~ ITEM DESCRIPTION INVENTORY BALANCE SALES TO-DATE HIGH-CAPACITY GENERAL STORAGE

The following installation utilizes 1 General Stor­ age Drum of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: Frankford The following installation utilizes 4 General Stor­ INPUT age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: Manufacturer Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids Media Speed The following installation utilizes 5 General Stor­ Magnetic Tape 10,425 char/sec age Drums of 15,000 12 characters/word, each: Paper Tape 200 Char/sec Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit Card Read/Punch Unit 150 cards/sec The following installations utilize 6 General Stor­ All input devices are on line. 80 or 90 colump age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: cards may be used. Douglas Santa Monica The following organizations utilize the input de- Douglas Tulsa vices indicated: Six large-capacity drums are used. Each drum has Frankford 300 "tracks" of 600 digits. "Unit Record" lengths Cards and magnetic tape of 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50!J 60, 75, 100, or 120 ROAMA digits are available. "Field I, or word, lengths Cards, magnetic tape and inquiry typewriter within a unit record may vary from 1 to 20 digits, C and P Telephone entirely at the discretion of the programmer. Alpha­ Cards betic characters require only one digit of storage. Douglas Santa Monica The following installations utilize 8 General Stor­ Cards age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: Douglas Tulsa ROAMA Cards. An input speed of 600 cards/min. is poss­ C and P Telephone ible, using all units. Each drum has a capacity of 180,000 digits. This Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit is divided into 4500 - 40 digit words. Therefore, Cards the total storage available on the 8 drums is Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids 1,440,000 digits. Cards

935 UNIVAC FILE 0 OUTPUT Manufacturer HOAMA. Media Speed Power, computer 94 Kw 3 phase, 4 wire Magnetic Tape 10,425 char/sec Power, air condi 27.5 Kw 27.5 KVA 220V, 3 phase, Paper Tape 60 char/ sec 4 wire Card Punch 80 or 90 150 cards/min Volume, computer 21,600 cu ft High Speed Printer 600 lines/min Volume, air conditioner 1,180 cu ft Inquiry Typewriter 10 char/sec Area, computer 2,400 sq ft Compatibility of tapes is possible with other Area, air conditioner 150 sq ft Univac tape systems. ?Tinter may be operated on or F'loor loading 150 Ibs/sq ft off line. 2,200 1bs concen max The following organizations utilize the output de­ Capacity, air conditioner 48 Tons vices indicated: Weight, com.puter 38,210 Ibs Frankford Weight, air conditioner 7,500 Ibs Cards, magnetic tape and high speed printer. Modified portion of existing permanent type ware­ ROAMA. liouse including installation of raised wood floor Cards, magnetic tape and inquiry typewriter. with asphalt tile, new partitions to segregate area, C and P Telephone air conditioning, lighting and electrical power and Cards. Speed on two 1.0. units - approx. 160 cards/ distribution. min. Speed on three 1.0. units - approx. 180 cards/ C and P Telephone min. Application calls for read and punch in same Power, computer 27.0 Kw 29.7 KVA 0.90 pf card. Maximum speeds per 1.0. are read and/or punch Volume, computer 678 cu ft 150 cards/min. Volume, air conditioner 96 cu ft Douglas Santa Monica Area, computer 129.1 sq ft Cards Area, air conditioner 9.7 sq ft Douglas Tulsa Hoom size, computer 20 ft x 38 ft Cards. An output speed of 600 cards/min. is poss­ Hoom size, air conditioner Located in same room ible, using all units. Floor loading 133.1 Ibs/sq ft Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit 150 Ibs concen max Cards Capacity, air conditioner 10 Tons Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids Weight, computer 17,1771bs Cards 3 phase, 208 volt, 4 wire circuit required for com­ puter . Hequired - (Line voltage variations exceeded ± 5%) 40 K.V.A. 3-phase 113 Amp­ Stabiline purchased through Remington Rand. CHECKI NG FEATURES Partitioning and ventilating hoods erected. Manufacturer Douglas Santa Monica Checking features include odd parity, execution of Power, computer 29.5 KVA arithmetic and some transfer instruction with built Area, computer 180 sq ft in checks, complete tape read checks, and logical Hoom size 60 ft x 20 ft checks. Floor loading 150 Ibs/sq ft 2,050 Ibs concen max Capacity, air conditioner 15 Tons Weight, computer 20,050 Ibs POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Weight, air conditioner 1,500 1bs Manufacturer Six inch raised false floor installed over power Power, computer 74.4 KVA 0.95 pf cables. Exhaust diffusers installed in ceiling for Power, air conditioner 14.9 Kw heat dissipation/air conditioning. Room size 1,400 sq ft Douglas Tulsa Capacity, air conditioner 19.8 Tons Power, computer 29.5 KVA 0.85 pf 3 phase, 208/230V reg. Weight, computer 8,000-10,000 Ibs Power, air cond 11.2 Kw 15 KVA 0.70 pf No special facilities are required. Standard 3 Volume, computer 900 cu ft phase 220 volt power is used. Volume, air conditioner 112 cu ft Frankford Area, computer 180 sq ft Power, computer 100 Kw 112 KVA 0.90 pf Area, air conditioner 16 sq ft Power, air co·l 98.8 Kw 70 KVA 0.85 pf Room size, computer 60 ft x 20 ft Volume, computer 26,640 cu ft Room size, air conditioner 8 ft x 8 ft Volume, air condition 1,530 cu ft Floor loading 150 Ibs/sq ft Area, computer 1,800 sq ft 2,050 Ibs concen max Area, air conditioner 255 sq ft Cape,city, air conditioner 15 Tons Floor loading 100 Ibs/sq ft Weight, computer 20,050 Ibs 100 Ibs concen max Weight, air conditioner 1,500 Ibs Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons F1oor-to-ceiling partitions installed around com­ Weight, computer 19,430 Ibs puter area. Six-inch raised false floor installed Weight, air conditioner 16,900 Ibs, incl cooling tower over power cables. Three sixty-inch combination Plenums - length 48 ft, width 37, height 15 (48 1 x exhaust-diffusers installed in ceiling for heat dissi­ 37 x 15 = 26,640 cu ft.). Building type - manufact­ pation/air conditioning. uring type of pre-World War II Type. Building modi­ Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit fications - installation of air conditioner and elec­ Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids trical receptacles. 480V, 60 cycle, 3 phase, stepped Power, computer 13.2 Kw 23.3 KVA 0.75 pf down to 230V. Power, air cond 11.1 Kw 14 KVA 0.75 pf Above power includes peripheral equipm.ent. Volume, computer 12,000 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 72 cu ft

UNIVAC FILE 0 936 Area, computer 750 sq ft One Input/Output Unit $55,000 ea. Area, air conditioner 36 sq ft Four General Storage DrumG 21,000 ea. Room size, computer 24 ft x 20 ft Rental Room size, air conditioner Ceiling unit Central Computer, 80 Column Input/ Room size, maintenance 8 ft x 10 ft Output Unit and General Storage 4,350 Floor loading 164 Ibs/sq ft One 80 Column Input/Output Unit $1,050 650 Ibs concen max Four General Storage Drums 350 ea. Capacity, air conditioner 7 Tons Weight, computer 15,570 Ibs Weight, air conditioner 900 Ibs The installation of a seven ton air conditioning PER SONNEl REQU I REMENTS unit and an extension of our power distribution Manufacturer circuits were the only site preparations required. One 8-Hour Shift (We did partition the computer room at Detroit. Supervisors 1 However, at Grand Rapids, the Univac was installed Analysts 1 in an unpartjtioned room with other punched card Programmers 3 equipment. ) Coders 2 Clerks 1 Librarians 1 Operators 2 PRODUCTION RECORD Engineers 1 Manufacturer Technicians 3 See Production Record of Univac File Modell. Training made available by the manufacturer to the The Univac File Model 1 is the current Univac File user includes programming schools and sales support model being delivered. personnel. Frankford Two 8-Hour Shifts Used Recommended COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Supervisors 1 3 Frankf'ord Analysts 2 2 Basic System Programmers 7 7 Program Control Unit, Arithmetic Unit $2,450 + $15= Librarians 1 2 $2,465. Operators 3 7 Additional equipment Operation tends toward closed shop. Sort 1 Collate System $750 Methods of training used includes 120 hours class­ High Speed Printer 2,725 room training by Rem-Rand personnel for programmers, Magnetic Tape Units (6) 4,500 80 hours classroom training by Rem-Rand personnel and 90 Col Card Unit 1,300 on-the-job training by experienced Arsenal program­ General Storage 850 mers for operators. Maintenance included for prime shift. ROAMA Extra shift rental/maintenance at $12 per hour per Three 8-Hour Shifts engineer. Used Recommended ROAMA Supervisors 1 3 Basic system Operators 1 3 Main frame $4,190 Engineers 6 9 Supv. Console 150 In-Output Oper 2 6 Inquiry Typewriter 350 Operation tends toward closed shop. Card Unit 1,300 C and P Telephone Unityper 90 One 8-Hour Shift Seven Magnetic Tape Units 5,250 Supervisors 1 Eight General Storage Drums 4,600 Programmers 2 Additional equipment Operators 2 High Speed Printer $3,300 Programmers and supervisors are part time. Sort Collate/four mag. tape units 3,750 Operators were trained by programmers on-the-job. Figures shown are monthly prime shift rental rates. Operating instructions are being prepared. C and P Telephone Douglas Santa Monica Basic system One 8-Hour Shift 1 - Arithmetic & Control, 1 - General Storage, and 1 Supervisors 1 80 Col. 1.0. = $4,600. Analysts 1 Additional equipment Programmers 1 1 - 80 col. 1.0., and 7 additional drums = $3,750. Operators 1 3rd 1.0. on standby basis at present. Operation tends toward closed shop. Douglas Tulsa Methods of training used include two weeks course Basic system followed by on-the-job training. Program Control Unit, Arith,etic Control Unit, Gen­ Douglas Tulsa eral Storage Unit, Four Input-Output Units and Adap­ One 8-Hour Shift tors, Six Large-Capacity Magnetic Drums = $8,790. Supervisors 1 Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit Analysts 3 Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids Operators 2 Price Engineers 1 Central Computer, Input/Output Technicians 1 Unit and General Storage $219,000 Analysts perform their own programming. No coding

937 UNIVAC FILE 0 required. Two additional systems analysts available, Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit if needed, from outside the department. Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids Operation tends toward open shop. Good time 70 Hours/Week (Average) Methods of training used include two-week familiar­ Attempted to run time 78 HourS/Week (Average) ization course followed by on-the-job training. Operating ratio 0.93 Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 1 May 60 Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Sep 59 One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Shift Shifts tions. Supervisors 1 1 We have encountered considerable 80 column punch Programmers 1 1 trouble with the Detroit Univac. The Grand Rapids Operators 1 2 installation has been, in comparison, trouble free. Engineers 2 3 Operation tends toward open shop. Method of training used is on-the-job training. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Frankford RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, A unique system advantage is that sort/collate AND TIME AVAILABILITY system may be off line or the tape units may be used Manufacturer on-line as demand stations. Numerous built-in checking features. Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, Frankford storage, shipping, and protection from humidity, Average error-free running period 30.3 Hours temperature, and physical, electrical, fire and other Good time 67 Hours/Week (Average) damage include labelling (tape number, program num­ Attempted to run time 76 Hours/Week (Average) ber, ~eriod ending date, description and blockette Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.88 count), storage (2 fireproof closed cabinets - 1 open Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Mar 60 cabinet), protection against atmospheric conditions Passed Customer Acceptance Test 15 Jul 59 (air conditioning), and a disaster plan (source tapes Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ stored in separate location) is in effect. ganizations. Presently, there is time available on Our Model 0, UFC is composed of a Main Control Unit, the computer system pending the implementation of an Arithmetic and Control Unit, a General Storage further applications. This time would be available Drum, a 90 column I/O Unit, a 90 column Adaptor, six in the meantime to an organization or agency with a Tape Units, a Sort/Collate System (Main Control plus compatible system. four of above tape units), and a High Speed Printer ROAMA (Printing Unit, Type Reader, Memory Unit, Control Good time 119 Hours/Week (Average) Unit) . Attempted to run time) 128 Hours/Week (Average) ROAMA Operating ratio 0·93 Tapes are stored in the computer room which is air Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 31 Mar 60 conditioned and humidity controlled. The room is Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- equipped with a sprinkler system in case of fire tions. however, the tapes are stored in plastic containers C ruld P Telephone and metal filed which are not fireproof: Labels are Average error-free running period 6.4 Days AMC Form 55 dated Oct. 58. Good time 42.33 Hours/Week (Average) Douglas Tulsa Attempted to run time 42.5 HourS/Week (Average) An outstanding feature is the magnetic drum storage, Operating ratio 0.996 which is expandable to 1,800,000 digits on request, Above figures based on period 1 Jul 60 to 31 Jul 60 and expandable to 5,940,000 digits with circuitry Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Feb 60 modification. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ The unique system advantages include true random tions. access storage and self-checking arithmetic processes. New program cutover on 25 Jul 60 - initial program Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit used from Feb 60 until Jul 60. Analysis on new pro­ Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids gram is not complete. Outstanding feature is the random access memory. Douglas Santa Monica Unique system advantage is that system rates toll Average error-free running period 40 Hours messages in random terminating point order and accum­ Good time 40 HourS/Week (Average) ulates statistics and study data. Attempted to run time 41 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.975 Above figures based on period from Jul 59 to Jul 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jul 58 Time is available for rent to outside organizations. FUTURE PLANS Douglas Tulsa Manufacturer Average error-free running period 'rwo Weeks Univac File Modell is the current Univac File model. Good time 44.6 HourS/Week (Average) Frankford Attempted to run time 46 Hours/Week (Average) It is planned that additional payroll, budget and Operating ratio 0.97 program cost applications will be added to the exist­ Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 30 Apr 60 ing equipment as soon as possible. A proposed inte­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Sep 57 grated Financial Management System for the entire Time is available for rent to outside organ.izations. Arsenal when implemented would require a computer with a greater potnetial than the one currently in use. It is believed that a computer of the second generation type (transistorized) would prove of greater

UNIVAC FILE 0 938 benefit to the Arsenal and would eliminate the obso­ lescence of such equipment for greater period of time. I NSTAlLA TIONS C and P Telephone Frankford Arsenal MOdifications of 80 column read punch (p-19) present­ Bridge and Tacony Streets ly used on Univac Solid State Computer may permit , Pennsylvania it to be used on Model O. This will increase time available for computing from 85 milliseconds to 400 ROAMA milliseconds. It is anticipated that 2 P-19's would Griffiss Air Force Base, New York furnish at least the same output volumes as the 3 Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland I.O.'s used presently. 5711 York Road Douglas Santa MOnica Baltimore 12, Maryland System is to be retired within the next few months. Douglas Tulsa Douglas Aircraft Company, Dept. C-107 Two Univac Electronic Tabulators are on order and will Long Beach, California provide high-speed printing capability. Each machine Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. consists of a 450-card per-minute reader, a 150 card­ 2000 North Memorial Drive per-minute punch, a 600 1ine-per-minute printer and Tulsa, Oklahoma a processor which includes a 2,400-word (10 digit) drum. Michigan Bell Telephone Company Michigan Bell Telephone - Detroit 105 E. Bethune Michigan Bell Telephone - Grand Rapids Detroit, Michigan Several new applications for the Univac are in the Michigan Bell Telephone Company planning stage. For the most part, they involve 3530 Eastern S. E. statistical analysis of toll message volume data. Grand Rapids, Michigan

UNIVAC FILE 0 939 UNIVAC FILE MANUFACTU RER Univac File Computer Model 1 Remington Rand Division :3perry Rand Corporation

Photo by Remington Rand Univac

APPLICATIONS New applications will include: Manufacturer Corps wide Appropriation Financial Accounting, sur­ The Univac File-Computer is a general purpose, med­ veillance statistics for Chemical Corps materiel, ium-priced electronic data processing system with a civilian payroll, inventory and supply management of magnetic drum memory. Automatic tape collating and Chemical Corps, inspection aids and equipment, mili­ sorting may be performed without requiring computer tary personnel statistics, and Chemical Corps Tables time, which, during the process, may be spent on of Distribution. other operations. Random access is provided to U. S. Army Military Traffic Management Agency 180,000 alpha-numeric characters on one drum and to Located in Washington, D. C., the system is used by the magnetic core memory. A maximum of ten drums a single manager charged with the responsibility for may be added to one system. The system is controlled compiling of statistical data for the Department of by external panel wiring and by internally stored Defense on all forms of transportation used by all programs. Input/output devices consist of an electric mUitary departments. typewriter, a punched card unit and a perforated tape U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany, Ga. unit, a magnetic tape unit and a high-speed printer. Located at the Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany, U. S. Army Chemical Center Ga., applications include computer processing under Supply Management National Inventory Control POint, the current Marine Corps concept of supply management, Army Industrial Fund Inventory, and Army Industrial which involves the use of the File Computer as the Fund Cost Accounting. primary processing tool of the Marine Corps supply

UNIVAC FILE 1 940 Photo by Remington Rand Univac centers, and inventory control point. Each of our maintenance production system, maintenance, s~pply, two supply centers manage a supply complex. For civil engineers, administrative services, and tenant example, this activity is responsible for the area organizations, cost system inventory, and stock extending east of a north-south line passing through balance and consumption reporting. El Paso,Texas including the Near East and Mediterran­ The computer is used for Maintenance Engineering ean areas. All inventory and financial management of Management - material control and production item stocks at the supply center and the stock account at reporting. This project provides for control and MCS, Quantico, Va., Camp Lejeune, N.C., and MCRD, accounting of material used in the Directorate of Parris Island, S.C., is accomplished by this supply Maintenance Engineering repair activities. It in­ center. The inventory records for each of the above cludes provisions for maintenance of material stand­ activities are maintained on magnetic tape and up­ ards; computation of material requirements on the dated periodically on our computer. The financial 90/180 day programmed workload and other non-program­ accounting is accomplished to support each inventory med work as it generates; preparation of necessary updating process. documentation to effect physical movement of stock U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow, Calif. to the maintenance support stock in conjunction with Located in the Administrative Division, at Barstow, AMCL 25-156 and to accomplish the determination of California, the system is used for supply inventory support-ability for production; analysis of material control and accounting and for stores accounting usage related to production items; accum~tion of (monetary value of stores). cost for actual material consumed; computation of USAF Headquarters Command, Bolling AFB maintenance stock support utilization and effective­ Base inventory control and monetary accounting­ ness; accumulation of production data and reporting Inventory records are maintained on magnetic tape for the material repair system and other production and each day supply transactions (issues, turn-ins, reporting. receipts, etc.) update the inventory on hand balances, Computer will shortly be used for base suppOrt resulting in requisition, back orders, etc. Entire class stock control and distribution. This is a application consists of approximately 35 programs. method for controlling and distributing material to Military personnel accounting - This application support AMC internal depot functions including MOS provides for the maintenance of personnel strength operation and tenant organizations. The basic func­ files on magnetic tape and for periodic summariza­ tion of this system is to provide data required to tion of data for submission to Hq USAF. There are enable the supply components to administer timely, approximately 20 programs utilized in support of accurate, and effective material support. The system this application. provides current inventory positions and various Civilian payroll accounting - This application pro­ products for management of serviceable, reparable, vides for the bi-weekly computation of pay data for and excess material. The system also provideS such 5,000 civilian employees serviced by Bolling AFB. by-products of data as can be used in dollar manage­ USAF Sacramento Air Materiel Area, McClellan AFB ment of AF assets processed by the computer to effect System is used for maintenance engineering management obligation on distribution of material; appropriate and aircraft configuration control for the F-l04. reserve level notices; back-order action as approp­ USAF Special Communications Center, Kelly AFB riate; and preparation of outputs for further use in System is located at San AntoniO, Texas. supply and dollar accounting reports. USAF Warner Robins Air Materiel Area Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-31S No. 1 The computer is used for the property accounting Located in A7-l23 Santa Monica, the system is used system which encompasses the processing of all docu­ for parts sales, provisioning, and inventory. ments i.e., requisitions, receipts, IAVs, stock list Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-31S No. 2 changes, etc., that effect inventory management stock Located in A-3l2, Santa Monica, California, the system control and distribution of Air Force controlled is used for production scheduling, tooling, and mater­ inventory. It also originates feeder data for many ial release. other systems dealing with material such as IAM, GSSF,

941 UNIVAC FILE 1 Photo by U. S. Army Chemical Center

Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-318, No. 3 Western Electric Company, Incorporated Located in B-I07, El Segundo, the system is used for Located at 2500 Broening Highway , Baltimore 24, Mary­ general accounting, labor distribution, cost & ex­ land, the system is used for preparation of hourly pense ledgers, material, and payroll. payrolls and related report data, employee wage in­ Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-318, No. 4 centive credits and monthly balance earnings, monthly Located in C-I07, Long Beach, the system is used for accounting details and report data, merchandise ware­ general accounting, labor distribution, cost & ex­ house stock maintenance, and merchandise warehouse pense ledgers, material, and payroll. inventory control. Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-318, No. 5 Located at C-I07, Long Beach, the system is used for production scheduling, tooling, material release, and order location. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-318, No. 6 Manufacturer Located at A-I07, Santa MOnica, the system is used Internal number system Binary coded dec (excess 3) for general accounting, labor distribution, cost & Alphanum char/word 12 char, incl sign expense ledgers, material, and payroll. Characters per instruction 12 alphanum First National City Bank of New York Instructions per word 1 plus sub command Located at 399 Park Avenue, N.Y.C., the system is Instructions decoded Internal 27 plus 11 sub­ used Personnel (daily and monthly absentee report, instructions job classification study, ~ersonnel statistic report, External 19 plus 17 sub­ and profit sharing studies), by Com~trollers (alloca­ instructions tion of departmental budget expense), by the Paymas­ Aritbmetic system Fixed point ter (payroll and related reports), by others for Instruction type Three address salary, employment, vacation studies, and reconcile­ Number range 99,999,999,999- to 99,999,999,999+ ment of travelers checks. Planned applications in­ clude accounting (head office and branch general ledger accounting) and inventory (stationeIY).

UNIVAC FILE 1 Photo by U. S. Armv Chemical Center AR ITHMETI C UNIT Instruction word format Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec V V R l 2 Add 8,610 1,200 Address of Address of Address for Process Special Mult 23,800 16,300 first operand 2nd operand Result Char. Multiplier = 55555 Storage Sub- Div 27,500 approx 20,000 Command 6 digit dividend & 6 digit divisor 3 digits 3 digits 3 digits 2 digi"b3 1 digit The storage access for add, multiply & divide operations includes accessing of the two operands and the result. Automatic built-in subroutines includes tape search. Arithmetic mode Serial Each register is a 12 character shift register with Timing Synchronous lower position reserved for algebraic sign. Operation (System) Concurrent Register A Receives first operand Register B Receives second operand Register C STORAGE Accumulates the result in add and subtract opera­ Manufacturer tion, in division it receives the remainder, in mul­ No. of No. of Access tiplication it receives most significant product Media Words Alpbnum Char Microsec digits. Magnetic Core 20 240 900 Register D Drum (High Speed 1,070 12,840 2,500 avg Accumulates the result in add and subtract opera­ Drum (Mass Mem- 15,000/unit 180,000/unit 17,000 tions, in division it stores the quotient, in multi­ ory) ( opt ional) plication it stores the least significant product Max. 10 units digits.

UNIVAC FILE 1 Photo by U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center Barstow

Magnetic Tape Western Electric No. of units that can be connected 10 Units No. of No. of Access No. of char/linear inch of tape 139 Char/inch Media Words Digits Micro sec Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape High Speed Drum 1,050 11 + Sign/word Min. 0588 Blank tape separating each record 0.5 Inches Avg. 3,087 Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Max. 5,586 Transfer rate 10,425 Char/sec Large Capacity Variable 180,000/drum Avg. 17,000 Start time 7 Millisec Storage Drums Unit Records Max. 34,000 Stop t:lme 10 Millisec Unit records can run in multiples of 12 up to 120. Average t:lme for experienced Buffers (Ma~- 20 240 Min. 630 operator to change reel of tape 30 Seconds netic Core) Avg. 861 Physical properties of tape Max. 1,092 Width 0.5 Inches Memory Locations Length of reel 2,400 Feet Register "Alf 1 11+ sign Composition Mylar or metal Register "B" 1 11+ sign 900 microseconds, above, includes time to transfer Register "c" 1 11+ sign Min. 588 one word to an arithmetic register. Register "D" 1 11+ sign Avg 819 USMC SC Alba.:oy Instruction Storage capacity of the high speed drum. consists of Revolver 1 11+ sign Max. 1,050 the following categories of tracks. General Storage Tracks 0-9 = Input/output tracks. Each basic track Address Register 7 is dual in nature for track switching consequently Program Address doubling the storage capacity. Counters 3 Tracks 11-12 = Factor Storage Code Distributor Tracks 13-97 = Program Storage Register 1 Track 99W = Stores field selection pattern

UNIVAC FILE 1 944 Photo by U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center Barstow

The following installations utilize 1 General Stor­ age Drum of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: INPUT OUTPUT USA CC Douglas 1 Manufacturer USA MrMA Douglas 2 Media Speed USAF SCC Magnetic Tape 10,425 char/sec The following installation utilizes 2 General Stor­ Paper Tape 200 char/sec age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word: Card Read/Punch Unit 150 cards/sec USMC SC Barstow All input devices are on line. 80 or 90 colunm The following installations utilize 3 General Stor­ cards may be used. age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: Media Speed USAF Bolling USAF McClellan Magnetic Tape 10,425 char/sec The following installation utilizes 4 General Stor­ Paper Tape 60 char/sec age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word: Card Punch 80 or 90 150 cardS/min 1st National City Bank High Speed Printer 600 lineS/min The following installations utilize 6 General Stor­ Inquiry Typewriter 10 Char/sec age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: Compatibility of tapes is possible with other Univac Douglas 4 Douglas 6 Tape Systems. Printer may be operated on or off line. The following installation utilizes 7 General Stor­ The following organizations utilize the Input/Output age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word: devices indicated: Douglas 3 USA CC The following installations utilize 8 General Stor­ Cards, mag tape, typewriter, and high speed printer. age Drums of 15,000 words, 12 characters/word, each: USA MTMA USAF WRAMA. Douglas 5 Cards. mag tape, typewriter, and high speed printer.

UNIVAC FILE 1 Photo by U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center Barstow

USMC SC Albany USAF SCC Media Speed Magnetic tape and typewriter. So Column Card Unit 300 cards/min USAF WRAMA This loading speed is attained bu utilizin.g both Cards, magnetic tape and typewriter the read and punch channel for reading (punching only Douglas 1 rate = 150 cpm) Cards and magnetic tape. Magnetic Tape Units 11.5 Millisec Douglas 2 This time represents the speed with which one Cards and magnetic tape. blockeet (120 characters) of info passes by read write Douglas 3 head Cards Inquiry Typewriter Manual Douglas 4 Operator must key in desired info for transfer and Cards and magnetic tape loading Douglas 5 Media Speed Cards and magnetic tape 80 Column Card Unit 150 cards/min Douglas 6 This component possesses a punching capaM.lity in Cards one channel only. 1st National City Bank Magnetic Tape Units Same as input Cards and magnetic tape. 4 tape units with Sort Inquiry Typewriter S.5 Char/sec Collate Control Unit allows off line sort-merge rou­ USMC SC Barstow tines. Cards, magnetic tape, typewriter and high speed Western Electric printer. Cards and magnetic tape. USAF Bolling Cards, magnetic tape and typewriter. USAF McClellan Cards, magnetic tape and typewriter.

UNIVAC FILE 1 946 Photo by U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center Albany

Converted warehouse type building - approximately CHECKI NG FEATURES 11,000 square f'eet. False acoustic tile ceiling, Manufacturer tile floor. EAM equipment partitioned separate~y Checking features include odd parity, execution of from computer room. Separate offices for programmers arithmetic and some transfer instruction with built and administrative personnel. Completely rewired in checks, complete tape read checks, and logical and f'lorescent lighting installed. checks. USA M1'MA Power, computer 88.2 KVA Volume, computer 16,000 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 3,600 cu f't POWER, SPACE, WEI GHT. AND SITE. PREPARATION Area, computer 2,000 sq ft Manufacturer Area, air conditioner 400 sq ft Power, computer 74.4 KVA 0.95 pf Weight, air conditioner 2,400 Ibs Power, air conditioner 14.9 Kw False ceilings and floors, sound proofing of walls Room size, computer 1,400 sq ft and ceilings, picture windows, wide doors, electrical Capacity, air conditioner 19.8 Tons floor channels, air conditioning ducts, panels Weight, computer 8,000-10,000 Ibs and storm windows. - No special facilities are required. Standard 3 USMC SC Albany phase 220 volt power is used. Power, computer 191 Kw 225 KVA 0.85 pf' USA CC Power, air condi 170 Kw 200KVA 0.85 pf Power, computer 28 Kw 30 KVA 0.95 pf Volume, computer 17,550 cu ft Power, air condi 107 Kw 0.83 pf Volume, air conditioner 3,861 cu ft Volume, computer 343 cu f't Area, computer 1,950 sq ft Area, computer 752 sq ft Area, air conditioner 429 sq f't Floor loading 120 Ibs/sq ft Room Size, computer L-75, W-26, H-9 140 Ibs concen max Room size, air condi L-16.5, W-26, H-9 Capacity, air conditioner 80 Tons Floor loading 17.16 Ibs/sq ft Weight, computer 7,060 Ibs 55.3 Ibs concen max

UNIVAC FILE 1 Photo by Bolling Air Force Base

Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons USAF Bolling Weight, computer 31,472 lbs Power, computer 100.5 KVA Weight, air conditioner 5,360 lbs Power, air conditioner 48.672 Kw Computer utilizes separate power source. Air condi­ Volume, computer 1,229.5 cu ft tioner shares power source. Approximately 200 KIfA Volume, air conditioner 5,600 cu ft available. False floor ratings are uniform load = Area, computer 291.0 sq ft 150 lbs/sq ft and concen load = 500 lbs/sq ft. Area, air conditioner 560 sq ft Our computer site was constructed within one wing Room size, computer 40 ft x 60 ft of an already existing brick and concrete structure. Room Size, air cond (40 Tons) 13 ft x 14 ft The required floor space was determined utilizing two Room Size, air cond (15 Tons) 7 ft x 14 ft existing walls of the wing and the rectangular struc­ Floor loading 140.0 lbs concen max ture was completed by the construction of two con­ CapaCity, air conditioner 55 Tons crete block walls. Power requirement were met by Weight, computer 155,000 lbs installation of a separate transformer bank, voltage Weight, air conditioner 5,5001bs regulator and switching gear. Power lines were run A supply warehouse (Butler Building) was modified. through pre-existing control room located in the False ceiling, tile floor, air conditioning, wall same wing and then into computer site. Acou.stical partitions and the required power supply were added tile ceiling of permanent structure was retained. to the building housing the computer and punch card USMC SC Barstow machine areas. Power, computer 52.5 Kw 69.6 KVA 0.75 pf USAF McClellan Power, air condi 45.1 Kw 57.4 KVA 0.78 pf Power, computer 56.1 Kw 65.3 KVA 0.86 pf Volume, computer 798 cu ft Power, air condi 160 Kw ?OO KVA 0.86 pf Volume, air conditioner 1,105 cu ft Volume, computer 1,283 cu ft Area, computer 166.6 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 846 cu ft Area, air conditioner 121 sq ft Area, computer 2,356 sq ft Room Size, computer 42 ft x 70 ft Area, air conditioner 1,881 sq ft Room size, air conditioner 12 ft x 17.5 ft Room Size, computer 38 ft x 62 ft Floor load.ing ll8 lbs/sq ft Room Size, air conditioner 42 ft x 65 ft 700 lbs concen max Floor loading 150 lbs/ sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons 700 lbs concen max Weight, computer 27,930 lbs Capacity, air conditioner 155 Tons Weight, air conditioner 4,000 lbs Weight, computer 22,520 lbs New wing constructed, Size 42 ft x 70 ft, stucco Weight, air conditioner 75,000 lbs wall, false floor, false ceiling. Hot and cold air Air conditioner serves both 1105 and UFC. plenums, source and exhaust duct work for airflow. A plenum was constructed for the control cabinets, Power distribution system including 3 ea 50 KVA and and storage cabinets. Acoustical tile was applied 2 ea KVA , 1 ea 27.5 KVA and 1 ea 90 KVA to a false ceiling and to the walls of the room. It voltage regulators installed. was necessary to increase the power to meet the de­ mands of the UFC and 1105. Site preparation for both systems was done simultaneously. Air conditioning was increased and necessary duct work was installed.

UNIVAC FILE 1 948 Photo by Sacramento Air Materiel Area McClellan AFB

USAF SCC Weight, computer 36,278 Ibs Power, computer 1ll.2 Kw 136.5 KVA Weight, compressor 5,1l0 Ibs Power, air conditioner 2 Kw ea Weight, air handling unit 3,560 Ibs Volume, computer 1,624.8 cu ft Weight, air condi total 8,670 Ibs Volume, air conditioner 216 cu ft ea Site preparation required the modification and in­ Area, computer 645 sq ft stallation of temperature and humidity control for Area, air conditioner 36 sq ft ea an existing building. The relocation of electrical Room size 50 ft x 40 ft accounting machine equipment, key punch equipment Capacity, air conditioner 2 - 10 Ton Units and supporting personnel was required to provide Weight, computer 30,192 Ibs 2,423 square feet of floor space area for the Univac Installation of false floor of 1 1/8 inch plywood File Computer System and an equipment maintenance covered with vinyl. area. USAF WRAMA Approximately 29 tons of air conditioning were in­ Power, computer 94.15 Kw 129.65 KVA stalled for the File Computer Area. The high speed Power, air con 74.6 Kw 100.0 KVA printer which is cooled by a closed-loop chilled Volume, computer 8,184 cu ft waterosystem required 28 gallons of water per minute Volume, compressor 588 cu ft at 50 F. Volume, air handling unit 756 cu ft The only false flooring required for the installa­ Area, computer 1,364 sq ft tion of the File Computer System was approximately Area, compressor 84 sq ft 360 square feet in the high speed printer area. Area, air handling unit 84 sq ft The power factor for the computer is between unity Room size, computer 2,1l0 sq ft and 0.95 inductive. The power factor for the air Room size, compressor 247 sq ft conditioner, including air handling unit and compress­ Room size, air handling unit 210 sq ft or, are 0.85 to 0.90 fully loaded. Floor loading 190 Ibs/sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 29 Tons

UNIVAC FILE 1 Douglas 1 1st National City Bank Power, computer 71 Kw 88.5 KVA Power, computer 88 KVA Area, computer 1,400 sq it Volume, computer 14,400 cu ft Room size, computer 30 ft x 35 ft Volume, air conditioner 6,400 cu ft Floor loading 150 Ibs/sq ft Area, computer 1,800 sq ft 2,200 Ibs coneen max Area, air conditioner 800 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons Room size, computer 30 ft x 60 ft Weight, computer 22,920 Ibs Room size, air condi 2 rooms 20 ft x 20 ft Six inch raised false floor to provide for power Floor loading 70 Ibs/sq ft cables. Exhaust diffusers installed in ceiling for Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons heat dissipation/air conditioning. Weight, computer 30,400 Ibs (including Douglas 2 peripheral equipment) Power, computer 57 Kw 75.5 KVA Weight, air conditioner 6,000 Ibs Area, computer 1,400 sq ft Install - roof water tower for air conditioner, Area, air conditioner 100 sq ft air condition room with plenum and ducts to computer Room size, computer 30 ft x 35 ft room, computer room prepared with wall for prevention Floor loading 150 Ibs/sq :E't of humidity seepage, raceways and floor ducts pre­ 2,200 Ibs coneen max pare for electric lines, direct electric line from Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons street, and voltage regulators. Weight, computer 18,7401bs Western Electric Six inch raised floor to provide for power cables. Power, computer 64.8 Kw 76.25 KVA 0.85 overall Exhaust diffusers installed in ceiling for heat dis­ Power, air condi 18.0 Kw 22.5 KVA 0.80 sipation/air conditioning. Volume, computer 29,400 cu ft Douglas 3 Volume, equip room 7,500 cu ft Power, computer 53.Kw 69.5 KVA Area, computer 2,450 sq ft Area, computer 1,000 sq ft Area, equip room 625 sq ft Room size, computer 30 ft x 34 ft Room size, computer 60 ft x 41 ft x 12 ft Floor loading 150 Ibs/sq :E't Room size, equip room 25 ft x 25 ft x 12 ft 2,200 Ibs concen max Floor loading 10 Ibs/sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons 150 Ibs concen max Weight, computer 23,920 Ibs Capacity, air conditioner 15 Tons (Room only) Six inch raised false floor to provide for power Weight, computer 27,000 Ibs cables. Exhaust diffusers installed in ceiling for Weight, air conditioner 10,000 Ibs heat dissipation/air conditioning. Computer installation made in existing building on Douglas 4 second floor. Each computer cabinet is air condi­ Power, computer 72.5 Kw 89 KVA tioned from a duct beneath the floor. Cabinets are Area, computer 1,400 sq ft not hooded. Cabinets exhaust into computer room. Area, air conditioner 100 sq ft Return air for under floor system is picked up in Room size, computer 30 ft x 35 ft room through grilles in ceiling and over cabinets. Floor loading 150 Ibs/sqft Separate air conditioning system maintains room air 2,200 Ibs concen max conditions. CapaCity, air conditioner 20 Tons Weight, computer 28,920 Ibs Six inch raised floor to provide for power cables. Exhaust diffusers installed in ceiling for heat dis­ sipation/air conditioning. PRODUCTION RECORD Douglas 5 Manufacturer Power, computer 75.5 Kw 92 KVA Number produced to date 164 Area, computer 1,400 sq ft Number in current operation 110 Area, air conditioner 100 sq ft Number in current production 27 Room size, computer 30 ft x 35 ft Number on order 14 F'loor loading 150 Ibs/sq ft Time required for delivery 6 months 2,200 Ibs concen max Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons Weight, computer 31,480 Ibs Six inch raised false floor to provide for power COST g PRICE AND RENTAL RATES cables. Exhaust diffusers installed in ceiling for Manufacturer heat dissipation/air conditioning. Monthly Douglas 6 Quan Unit Cost Rental Power, computer 51.5 Kw 68 KVA 1 MOdel 1 Computer $176,000 $4,190 Area, computer 1,000 sq ft Includes: Area, air conditioner 100 sq ft Arithmetic Unit Room size, computer 30 ft x 33 ft Program Control Unit No. 1 F'loor loading 150 Ibs/sq ft Program Control Unit No. 2 2,200 Ibs concen max MUltiplex Control for 10 input/output Devices Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons High Speed Core Buffer-120 characters Weight, computer 22,400 Ibs Plugboard Control-48 Program Steps Six inch raised false floor to provide for power High Speed Storage Drum cables. Exhaust diffusers installed in ceil:i.ng for Dual input/output tracks for each input/ heat diSSipation/air conditioning. output unit 87 Additional High Speed Tracks Field select in tracks for 20 sub track addresses

UNIVAC FILE 1 950 1 General Storage Unit $59,000 1,400 USMC SC Barstow Includes 1 Drum and Control Circuitry Type 1 Univac File Computer System High Speed Core Buffer-120 characters Contract No. GS-ooS-23295 1 High Speed Printer 2,725 Period July 1, 1959 thru June 30, 1960 On line and aj.r cooled 152,600 Mach. Monthly 4 Magnetic Tape Units, 136,000 3,000 Description No. Rate 34,000 each 750 ea Prog. Control Unit No. 1 901 $4,190 1 Inquiry Typewriter 15,000 350 Arithmetic Unit 1 Console Control Panel 6,300 150 Prog. Control Unit No. 2 1 Sort Collate Device 34,000 750 General Storage Unit 950 1,400 Not including Tape Handling Units EXT. Storage Unit 1 Drum 960 500 Additional Equipment Console Control Panel 901 150 Additional General Storage $21,000 $500 Sense & Punch Unit 910 1,300 Unit w/l drum Sense .& Punch Control Unit Magnetic Tape Unit No. 85 Additional General Storage 38,000 900 931 750 Unit w/2 drums Magnetic Tape Unit No. 57 932 750 90 Column Card Sensing Punch- 55,000 1,300 Magnetic Tape Unit No. 98 933 750 ing Unit Magnetic Tape Unit No. 53 934 750 80 Column Card Sensing Punch- 55,000 1,300 Magnetic Tape Unit No. 91 935 750 ing Unit Magnetic Tape Unit No. 58 936 750 Magnetic Tape Unit No. 54 Paper Tape Reading or Punch- 61,000 1,450 937 750 ing Unit Magnetic Tape Unit No. 59 938 750 High Speed Printer On Line 218,400 3,900 Typewriter Unit 901 350 or Off Line-Air Cooled Typewriter Inquiry Desk 901 350 Service contract available. Sort Collate Unit 970 750 USA CC H. S. Printer Head 920 3,300 H.S. Memory Unit Main frame, 6 tape units, 80 column read, punch unit, H.S. Power Supply hi-speed printer-gen storage dr., console, and in­ quiry typewriter rents for $15,190 per month. H.S. Mod. UN. Servo USA MrMA. Total $17,940 Yearly Maintenance included in rental contract. USAF Bolling Rental Monthly 1 Main Frame conSisting of 2 program $50,280 Cost Rental control units & arithmetic unit at Central Processor $176,000 $4,190• $4,190 1 General Storage Unit at $1,400 16,800 General Stor Control 59,000 1,400 1 Card sensing punching unit at General Stor Drum (3) 59,000 1,400 & 15,600 Read Punch Unit $1,300 55,000 1,300 7 Magnetic tape units at $750 63,000 Tape Units (9) 306,000 6,750 Sort-Collate 34,000 1 Typewriter inq~iry at $350 4,200 750 1 Console at $150 1,000 Inquiry Typewriter 15,000 350 1 Sort collate unit at $750 9,000 Console 6,300 150 1 High speed printer & control unit Printer 185,000 3,300 39,600 Maintenance/service contract - extra shift at - $12 $3,300 per hour per man. Headquarters Computer Total $200,280 USAF McClellan USMC SC Albany 6 Tape units, 1-inquiry typewriter, 1-conso1e, 2-con­ Program control unit no. 1, program control unit trol cabinets, l-arithmetic unit, 3-magnetic drums, no. 2, and arithmetic unit - total approximate cost 2-bull units, 2-80 col. card adapters, and I-general $176,000. storage rents for $14,090 per month. General storage control w/2 drums, 80 col. card 2-high speed printers, l-card-to tape converter, 1- unit w/adapter, sort/COllate control, console and tape to-card converter rents for $11,620 per month. inquiry typewriter, twelve magnetic tape units, and USAF SCC high speed printer - total approx. cost = $783,300. Basic System Monthly Rental Program control unit no. 1, program control unit UFC-l $4,190 no. 2, and arithmetic unit - rental rate = $4,190 2-S/C Units 1,500 per month (176 prime hours) 12 Ml'U ($750 ea) 9,000 General storage control w/2 drums, 80 col. card High speed printer 3,300 unit w/adapter, sort/collate control, console & in­ Additional Equipment quiry typewriter, twelve magnetic tape units, and General Storage Control 900 high speed printer - rental rate = $16,750 per month High Speed Drum 500 (176 prime hours) Console 150 All EDP equipment shown above is rented. Mainte­ Typewriter 350 nance/service cost included in rental.

951 UNIVAC FILE 1 USAF WRAMA Code Distributor Rental contracting and rates for basic system Channel Search, equal or unequal commands Univac File Computer Model 1 High speed core buffer, 120 characters Includes: Track accessibility, track & buffer on track, Arithmetic Unit $4,190 word and field addressible. Program Control Unit No. 1 Internally stored programming Pr ogram Control Unit No. 2 Plugboard control, 48 program steps General Storage Control Unit 1,400 High speed storage drum with one drum Dual input/output tracks for each input/output General Storage Extension Cabinet 500 unit with one drum B7 additional high speed storage tracks (3) General Storage Extension Field selection tracks for 20 sub track addresses Cabinets with six drums Additional equipment 80 Column Card Input-Output with 1,300 1 Model I General Storage Unit - Type $1,400 Control Unit 6902, includes: (8) Magnetic Tape Units 6,000 One drum and control circuitry Inquiry Typewriter 350 Storage capacity 300 tracks, 600 characters each Console Control Panel ~1:.2.Q... variable unit record length permits each track Total $16,590 to be sub-divided into unit records of 12 Rental rates for additional equipment characters each. Each unit record is divisible into 120 fields. Sort-Collate Unit $750 lligh speed core buffer, 120 characters (4) Magnetic Tape Units 3,000 High Speed Printer 3 Additional Model I Storage Drums, 1,400 2..tlQQ includes: Total $7,050 Extension cabinet with 1 drum, Type 6912 ($500) $16,590 Extemsion cabinet with 2 drums, Type 6922 ($900) 7,050 1 90 Column Sensing Punching Unit, full 1,300 $23,640 post read, Type 4931 6 Magnetic Tape Units, Type 4950 w/control 4,500 Douglas 1 unit, Type 4850 at $750 each. Main frame, 4-read-punches, typewriter console, sort 1 Sort Collate Unit, Type 4955 750 collate and five magnetic tape units $lO,OOO/month. 1 Inquiry Typewriter, Type 4962 350 Maintenance/service contracting included in rental 1 Console Control Panel, Type 4963 150 Douglas 2 1 Univac High Speed Printer, Off-line 3,300 Main frame, 2 read-punches, 1 large capacity drum, only, includes: 1 sort-collate, and 5 magnetic tape units $11,000 Printer Unit, Type 4996 per month. Control Unit, Type 4896 Maintenance/service contract included in rental. Magnetic Tape Unit, Type 4951 Douglas 3 Manual Paper Tape Loop Punch No. 800376 Main frame, 4 read-punches, typewriter conBole, and Total $13,150 7 extension drums $9,200/month. Douglas 4 Main frame, 2 read-punches, typewriter console, sort­ collate, 5 magnetic tape units, and 6 large capacity PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS drums $12,000/month. Manufacturer Maintenance/service contract included in rental. One 8-Hour Shift Douglas 5 Supervisors 1 Main frame, 2 read-punches, typewriter console, sort­ Analysts 1 collate, 6 magnetic tape units, and 8 large capacity Programmers 3 drums $13,OOO/month. Coders 2 Maintenance/service contract included in rental. Clerks 1 Douglas 6 Librarians 1 Main frame, 4 read-punches, typewriter console, 6 Operators 2 extension drums $9,3Q0/month. Engineers 1 Maintenance/service included in rental. Technicians 3 1st National City Bank Training made available by the manufacturer to the Program Control Unit No.1 and No.2 pluB al'ith- user includes programming schools and sales support metic unit $4,190 per month. personnel. General storage control plus 4 drums $2,300 USA CC 7 tape units 4,350 One 8-Hour Shift 2 80 column read/punch units 2,350 Used Recormnended 1 Sort collate control 600 Supervisors 5 6 Printer 2,000 Analysts, Programmers & Coders 15 Typewriter console 250 Clerks 2 Maintenance/service contract included in rental fee. Operators 2 Western Electric In-Output Oper 1 Monthly Nwnber of analysts, programmers and coders is Rental sufficient for the three applications being developed. 1 Model I Basic Computer, includes: $4,190 Methods of training used includes Remington Rand Arithmetic Unit, Type 6901 instructors, ORD Management Engineering Training Program Control Unit No.1, Type 6900 Agency, and on-the-job. Program Control Unit No.2, Type 6903 MUltiplex Control for 10 input/output stations

UNIVAC FILE 1 952 USA MTMA USAF McClellan One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Shifts Shift Shifts Shifts Used Reconnnended U R U R U R Supervisors 4 4 Supervisors 2 2 1 2 1 2 Librarians 3 4 Analysts 2 4 Operators 18 18 Programmers 4 4 Same supervisors in charge of both UFC and ll05. Coders 4 Same librarians support both UFC and 1105. Clerks 1 Analysts and programmers support the 650, 1105 and Librarians 1 1 1 1 UFC systems. Operators 2 2 2 2 2 2 Manufacturer training and on-the-job training is Engineers 2 utilized. Technicians 2 USAF SCC In-Output Oper 2 One 8-Hour Shift Two 8-Hour Shifts Tape Handlers 2 Supervisors 8 9 Operation tends toward open shop. Analysts 4 4 Methods of training used include manufacturer's Programmers-Coders 18 18 programming training courses and on-the-job training Clerks 1 1 for operators. Operators-Librarians 5 5 USMC SC Albany Engineers-Technicians 2 2 Supervisors 1 1 1 2 1 3 Input Oper 1 Analysts 1 2 1 2 1 2 Third shift is used for maintenance. Programmers Programmers 6 6 6 6 6 6 are also required to do EAM project planning, and all Librarians 1 1 1 2 1 3 coding. Analysts also do programming if required. Operators 4 4 8 8 8 12 Operation tends toward closed shop. Engineers 2 2 4 4 6 6 Methods of training used includes Sperry-Rand In order to properly eValuate the personnel re~ire­ instructors for operators and programmers and on-the­ ments reflected above, certain operating characteris­ job training by experienced operators. tics of this EDP installation must be considered. USAF WRAMA Our computer programs are relatively stable. We Formal classroom training is conducted by the manu­ process utilizing two major computer programs and facturer for both operating and programming personnel. our working shifts are varied. In most cases to On-the-job train1.ng is conducted by senior operators, satisfy the fluctuation in processing volume. programmers, and supervisory personnel. The majority of our present day programming effort Douglas 1 concerns the implementation of changes and refinement One 8-Hour Shift of the two major programs. Acceptance and programming Supervisors 2 of new computer applications are limited because of Analysts 1 lack of available machine time. Programmers 3 No civilian personnel are presently employed in Operators 3 our EDP operation. Military tables of organization Operation tends toward closed shop. do not facilitiate inclusion of multiple billets for Methods of training used includes two weeks course additional operating shifts even though required andl followed by on-the-job training. or desired. Douglas 2 Utilize equipment manufacturer's schools and exten­ Supervisors 3 sive period of on-the-site training under direct Analysts 2 supervision of skilled personnel. Programmers 5 USMC SC Barstow Operators 4 Supervisors 1 1 2 2 3 3 Operation tends toward closed shop. A, P and C 9 (For all three jobs on all shifts) Methods of training used includes two week course Librarians 1 1 followed by on-the-job training. Operators 2 2 4 4 6 6 Douglas 3 Eng & Tech 2 2 4 4 6 6 Supervisors 2 In-Out & Tape 3 3 6 6 9 9 Analysts 2 3 - 8 hour shifts not used every day, dependent Programmers 1 upon workload. Military training duties require I Operators 3 alternates. Operation tends toward closed shop. Methods of training used includes contractor con-i Methods of training used includes two weeks course ducted classes and on-the-job training. followed by on-the-job training. USAF Bolling Douglas 4 Three 8-Hour Shift~ Supervisors 2 Used ReconnnendeGl Analysts 1 Supervisors 9 9 . Programmers 2 Analysts 1 3 Operators 3 Programmers 27 25 Operation tends toward closed shop. Clerks 30 30 Methods of training used includes two weeks course Librarians 1 3 followed by on-the-job training. Op~~~s 7 9 In-Output Oper 45 57 Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training used includes Manufacturer's Programming Courses and on-the-job training.

953 UNIVAC FILE 1 Douglas 5 Above figures based on period from Oct 59 to Apr 60 One 8-Hour Shift Passed Customer Acceptance Test Oct 58 Supervisors 2 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Analysts 1 tions. Programmers 2 Above computations are based on an average process­ Operators 3 ing week consisting of 14 hour shifts on 4 days and Operation tends toward closed shop. 20 hour shifts on 2 days for a total of 96 processing Methods of training used includes two weeks course hours per week. The "average error-free running time" followed by on-the-job training. represents the "g::>od. time" less the time lost as a Douglas 6 result of program and/or operator error only while Supervisors 1 the "good time" is the "attempted to run time" less Analysts 3 that time lost as a result of equipment failure only. Programmers 2 USMC SC Barstow Qperators 3 Average error-free running period 16.7 Hrs/day Operation tends toward closed shop. Good time 90.6 Hours/Week (Average) Methods of training used includes two week course Attempted to run time 92.3 Hours/Week (Average) followed by on-the-job training. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.98 1st National City Bank Above figures based on period. 28 Mar 60 to 5 Jun 60 Supervisors 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Dec 58 Analysts 5 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Programm.ers 2 tions. Clerks 2 5.3 hrs lost time due to power failure, and 0.9 Operators 6 hrs lost time due to air conditioner failure out of Technicians 3 16.7 hrs lost. Analysts are Research & Development staff who pro­ USAF Bolling gram additional applications and assist in revision Average error-free running period 3 Hours of present programs. Good time 94 HourS/Week (Average) Operators handle all phases of operation including Attempted to run time 100 Hours/Week (Average) tape handling, etc. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.94 Operation tends toward open shop. Above figures based on period from Feb 60 to Apr 60 Methods of training used include s Remington Rand Passed Customer Acceptance Test 6 Mar 59 Programming School, and on-the-job training. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Western Electric tions. Supervisors 5 USAF McClellan Analysts 6 Good time 116 Hours/Week (Average) Programmers 4 Attempted to run time 121 Hours/Week (Average) Librarians 1 Operating ratio ( Good/Attempted to run time) 0.958 Operators 2 Above figures based on March and April 1960 Technicians 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 19 May 59 Operation tends toward open shop. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Methods of training used includes instruction tions. classes conducted by computer manufacturer, review­ Good time includes set up. Five hours is unsched­ ing existing operations, and aSSisting with simple uled maintenance. development studies. USAF SCC Good time 35/97/73 Hoursjweek (Average) Attempted to run time 40/112/83 Hoursjweek (Average) RELIAB I L1TY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENeE, Operating ratio 0.875/0.865/0.88 AND TIME AVAILABILITY Above figures based on period from Sep 59 to May 60 Manufacturer Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Numerous built-in checking features. tions. USA CC The main frame is operated only on an 8 hr. prime Good time 494.7 Hours/Week (Average) shift, 5 days a week. The Sort/Collate Units are Attempted to run time 511.1 Hours/Week (Average) operated on two 8 hr. shifts, 7 days a week, and the Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.967 printer is operated about 1 1/2 8 hr. shifts (variable) Above figures based on period 2 May 60 to 15 Jun 60 7 days a week; therefore, figures above are broken Passed Customer Acceptance Test 21 Apr out in three groups: 1st group, Main frame; 2nd Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ group, SiC Units; 3rd group, Printer. tions. USAF WRAMA USA MTMA Average error-free running period 3.4 Hours Average error-free running period 4 Hours Good time 111. 8 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 50 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 115.0 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 60 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.83 Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 30 Apr 60 Above figures based on period 1 Mar 59 to 31 May 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 18 Sep 59 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Mar 59 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ tions. tions. USMC SC Albany Average error-free running period 87.4 Hours Week Good time 90 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 96 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time 0.938

UNIVAC FILE 1 954 DOuglas 1 Average error-free running period 44 Hours Good time 60 Hours/Week (Average) ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Attempted to run time 60+ Hours/Week (Average) Manufacturer Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.967 Outstanding features are flexibility (random access Above figures based on period from Mar 59 to Jul 60 storage) and various input-output devices are shared Passed Customer Acceptance Test Mar 59 time operation. Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Fireproof vault for storing tapes. Tape sorting Douglas 2 and collating device available. Average error-free running period 40 Hours Randex mass memory available 6,000,000 char/drum Good time 60 Hours/Week (Average) unit. Attempted to run time 64 Hours/Week (Average) USA CC Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.94 Buffering in all input/output units as well as main Above figures based on period from Oct 58 to Jul 60 frame - time sharing capabilities of I/O equipment, Passed Customer Acceptance Test Oct 58 i. e., drum or tape search,; the main frame can be com­ Time is available for rent to outside organizations. puting while these operations are being carried on. Douglas 3 USA MTMA Average error-free running period 48 Hours Sort/Collate System allows sorting, merging, sequence Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) checking, duplicating and extracting off line, and Attempted to run time 41 Hours/Week (Average) the tape units used with this system may be used on Operating ratio 0.97 line as needed. Above figures based on period from Jul 59 to Jul 60 USMC SC Albany Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jul 59 Outstanding features include flexibility of input/ Time is available for rent to outside organizations. output equipment, time sharing features, internal Douglas 4 and external programming, self checking features, Average error-free running period 35 Hours automatic data translation, and three-address logic Good time 80 Hours/Week (Average) in single instruction. Attempted to run time 81 Hours/Week (Average) Tape handling: Operating ratio 0.968 Color coded labels containing the process number, Above figures based on period from Apr 59 to Jul 60 brief nomenclature, process date, reel numer of reel Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 59 file, and internal label information consisting of Time is available for rent to outside organizations. day, month, year and reel number of reel file. Tape Douglas 5 storage consists of a primary location adjacent to Average error-free running period 38 Hours computer with same temperature and humidity control Good time 60 Hours/Week (Average) as computer room and an alternate storage location Attempted to run time 62 Hours/Week (Average) containing necessary duplicate record tapes. All Operating ratio 0.973 tape reels are kept in individual plastic containers Above figures based on period from Mar 60 to Jul 60 and stored in partitioned metal cabinets. Tapes are Passed Customer Acceptance Test Mar 60 shipped in telescoping solid fiber containers. Time is available for rent to outside organizations. USMC SC Barstow Douglas 6 Outstanding feature is flexibility of magnetic tape Average error-free running period 48 Hours units and off-line sort collate capabilities. Good time 60 Hours/Week (Average) Magnetic tape handling: Attempted to run time 62 Hours/Week (Average) Tapes are labelled with color coded labels denot­ Operating ratio 0.97 ing specific program and day of processing. Above figures based on period from Jun 59 to Jul 60 Rotation system of grandfather, parent, offspring Passed Customer Acceptance Test Aug 58 tape generation used for all files except program Time is available for rent to outside organizations. tapes. Tape storage divided into two separate build­ 1st National City Bank ings to prevent entire file destruction. Good t:1m.e 39 Hours/Week (Average) Tape storage and operating areas humidity and Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) temperature controlled. Operating ratio 0.97 Tapes stored in tape racks enclosed in steel cab­ Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Apr 60 inets. Passed Customer Acceptance Test Feb 59 Tape shipments are made in special pressboard T:1m.e is not available for rent to outside organiza­ containers; all tapes have identifying numbers and tions. receipt system is employed. Western Electric Computer and storage areas protected by high Average error-free running period 15 Hours pressure automatic sprinkler system. CO2 bottles Good time 61 Hours/Week (Average) located in computer room for small fires. Attempted to run time 62 3/4 Hours/Week (Average) USAF Bolling Operating ratio 0.97 Outstanding features include large drum storage Above figures based on period 28 Mar 60 to 26 Jun 60 capacity for storing the more comprehensive programs Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jul 59 and read-write-compute overlap. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Tapes are numbered and assigned to specific appli­ tions. cation in blocks of numbers i.e., Supply Master Rec­ ord-Tape No. 30 - 44 provides 3 tapes per day for 5 days. Periodically backup tapes are removed to another physical location in anticipation of disaster. Tapes require periodic airing (pass thru a tape unit) to insure maximum performance.

955 UNIVAC FILE 1 USAF McClellan ming techniques derived during the past 2 1/2 years The sort collate unit relieves the main frame for of operation. computing operations while sorting and merging opera­ USMC SC Barstow tions are being performed. Proposal for installation of additional equipment to Individual tape units can be off lined at will and modify present system under study at Headquarters, used to perform sequence checking and searchIng op­ U. S. Marine Corps. erations without utilizing the main frame of the USAF Bolling computer. Plan to augment the Univac File Computer with a Tape is stored in concrete fire proof vault and a Univac Solid State 80. This would provide increased fire resistant room. Tape storage area has humidity processing capability to convert the following appli­ and temperature control. The tape is identified in cations: the first block of the tape, also a label is attached Unit Manning Document Application - A system to to the outside of the container and on the reel it­ account for manpower space allocations for all organ­ self. izations of Headquarters Command. USAF SCC Unit Allowance List Applications - A system for Individual sort/collate system. Printer control maintaining in use and authorized unit supply records panel. Flexibility to call up information on individ­ for all equipment issued to support base organizations' ual components. missions. Magnetic tape labelling: Comprehensive Civilian Pay and Leave Accounting Labelled by numbered tag attached to reel, pro­ Application - This is a comprehensive system which tected from ablve by metal cabinets (not fire proof). produces payroll register, checks, bonds, expense USAF WRAMA distribution reports, payroll reconciliations, W-2 Tape labelling: statements and appropriation data. Magnetic tape labelling is accomplished by writing USAF McClellan a label on the tape consisting of a description of the It is planned (machine time permitting) to put a file, the reel number, and the date. A label may vary Base Support Control Distribution application on the from one word (maximum of 12 digits) to two words in Univac File Computer. length. In addition to the above each reel of tape USAF SCC :i.s tagged with an AMC Form 55, EDPE Tape Identifica­ Plan to release the UFC-l and install an IBM 705 and tion, which consist of a six digit job number and a two 1401 systems. Also plan to release an IBM 101 job description. and replace it with a 108. Tape storage: 1st National City Bank Tape reels are placed in individual plastic con­ Pla.nned applications include accounting (Head Office tainers and stored in a fire-proof tape vault which and. Branch General Ledger Accounting) and inventory is humidity controlled. Tape movement into and out (stationery) • of the tape vault is controlled by a tape librarian. Western Electric Douglas 3 Currently making feasibility studies of Remington Outstandins feature is random access storage. Rand Univac III and similar equipment manufactured 1st National City Bank by IBM, RCA and Minneapolis-. Outstanding features are the random access drums Future applications include production control in and the off line sort collate feature. several operating shops, cost bulletin revision in Computer labels tape, tape reel is numbered., use one selected shop, monthly payroll, machine capacity is recorded, stored in vault (RIR Tape Bins) and hours, and ordering, scheduling and manufacture of vault is fire protected and air and humidity con­ toll cable. d.itioned. Western Electric Outstanding features are large capacity storage drums and sort collate system-sort, merge, collate, INSTALLATIONS etc., magnetic tapes. u. s. Army Chemical Center Tapes are controlled by tape librarian. Use 1" x Army Chemical Center, Maryland 3" gummed labels for tape labelling and stored in plastic containers in tape cabinets in air conditioned U. S. Army Military Traffic Management Agency room which is humidity controlled. Wash1.ngton 25, D. C. Tape room protected from fire by srrinkler system. U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center Albany, Georgia U. S. Marine Corps Supply Center FUTURE PLANS Barstow, California USMC SC Albany U. S. A. F. Headquarters Command To date a study has been conducted on the possible Director of Statistical Services, DeS/Comptroller employment of a solid state computer, the Remington Bolling Air Force Base, Washington 25, D. C. Rand USS 80 in conjunction with our present system. This new equipment would replace certain components Sacramento Air Materiel Area of our Univac File Computer thereby facilitating an Data Systems Division, Comptroller increase in our processing capabilities while main­ McClellan Air Force Base, California taining relatively the same monthly rental expendi­ U. S. Air Force Special Communications Center ture. The proposal is under study at Headquarters Kelly Air Force Base Marine Corps. San AntoniO, Texas A major re-programming effort will commence in the near future for the purpose of including new concepts Warner Robins Air Materiel Area developed by observation and study of our present Data Systems Division, Comptroller programs, new and varied requirements of the computer Robins Air Force Base, Georgia serviced functions and incorporation of new program-

UNIVAC FILE 1 956 Douglas Aircraft Company, Department G-318 (3) First National City Bank of New York 3000 ~cean Park Blvd. 55 Wall Street Santa MOnica, California New York 15, N. Y. Douglas Aircraft Company, Department B-107 (1) Western Electric Company, Incorporated El Segundo, California Business Methods Development Department, 33 2500 Broening Highway Douglas Aircraft Company, Department C-107 (2) Long Beach, California Baltimore 24, Maryland

957 U.NIVAC FILE 1 UN I VA C LARC MANUFACTU RER Universal Automatic Computer MOdel LARC Sperry Rand Corporation Remington Rand Univac Division

Photo by Remington Rand Univac Division of Sperry Rand Corporation APPLICATIONS The LARC can have up to 99 fast accumulating regis­ Manufacturer ters which are also used as "B"-Boxes. In addition, Univac LARC is designed for large-scale business the Univac LARC has a built-in multi-level indirect data processing as well as scientific computing. addressing system. This includes any problems requiring large amounts of input/output and extremely fast computing, such as data retrieval, linear programming, language AR ITHMETI C UNIT translation, atomic codes, equipment design, large­ Manufacturer scale customer accounting and billing, etc. Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access University of California Micros'ec Mi cro sec Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Alid 4 4 IJocated at Livermore, California, system is used for Mult 8 8 the solution of differential equations. Div 28 28 Effective access time is zero, therefore, excluding and including access times are equal. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Arithmetic mode Parallel Manufacturer Timing Synchronous Internal number system Binary coded decimal Operation Se~ential and concurrent Decimal digits/word 12 Decimal digits/instruction 12 Instructions/word 1 STORAGE Instructicns decoded 1 Manufacturer Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point No. of No. of Access Built-in double precision arithmetic both modes. Media Words Digits Microsec Instruction type One address Ferrite Core 97,500 1,170,000 4 Number range 10-50 < N < 1050 20 significant digits Magneti.c Drums (24) 6,000,000 72,000,000 68,000 Ferrite Cores 100 1,200 1 Instruction word format Magnetic Tape Computer Processo~~ No. of units that can be connected 1+0 Units No. of chars/linear inch of tape 250 CharS/inch T,OP,AA,BB,MMMMM OP,NNNNN,~ Channels or tracks on the tape 8 Tracks/tape .Blank ta.pe separating each record 1. 2 or 2.4 Inches OP Op Code Tape speed 100 Inchesjsec T Tracing Digit Transfer rate 25,000 Chars/sec AA Fast Register Start time ;.5 Millisec BB B-Box Stop time ;.5 Millisec M Operand Address Average time for experienced N Operand Address operator to change reel or tape 10-15 Seconds SAL Assembly System is available, an algebraic com­ Physical properties of tape piler, all I/O Routines, and a sort-merge generator. Width 0.5 Inches

UNIVAC LARC 958 Photo by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California

Length of reel 2,400 Feet Composit.ion Mylar or metallic OUTPUT UCRL Manu:t'acturer No. of Access Media Speed Media Words Dec/Digits Microsec Uniservo II 100 in/sec Core 30,000 12 4 Uniservo III 100 in/sec Drum 3,000,000 12 3O/word High Speed Printer 600 lines/min Magnetic Tape 12 20 KC Charactron Film Recorder 15,000 char/sec Core memory expandable to 97,5006words Adequate circuits are available to handle any Drum memory expandable to 6 x 10 words other deSired input/output devices. UCRL INPUT Magnetic Tape (Uniservo II) 20 Kc Charactron 35 mm Film 15 Kc Manu:t'acturer 15 Kc alphanumeriC output Media Speed 2 Kc plotting mode Uniservo II 100 in/sec On Line Printer 600 lines/min Uniservo III 100 in/sec 120 character output Adequate circuits are available to handle any Console Printer 10 char/sec other desired input/output devices. Alphanumeric output UCRL Magnetic Tape 20 Kc/sec 6 Tape Units expansible to 40 3 Tape units expansible to 4 CHECKI NG FEATURES Punch Paper Tape 10 char/sec Manu:t'acturer Numeric input only Automatic checking of all data transfers and all arithmetic operations.

959 UNIVAC LARC COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT p AND SITE PREPARATION Manufacturer Manufacturer Power, computer 350 ¥;!VA A typical basic system cost $6,000,000 or rents at Volume, computer 500 cu ft $135,000/month. A basic system consists of: Approximate - for computer unit only 1 Operator Control Console Area, computer 65 sq ft 2 Alphanumeric Console Printers For compiler unit only 1 Engineer Control Console Room size 3,000 sq ft for system 2 Drum-Read Synchronizers Capacity, air conditioner 70 Tons 2 Tape Read-Write Synchronizers False flooring required for cold water piping. 1 Drum-Wri te Synchronizer UCRL 1 High-Speed Printer Synchronizer Power, computer 167 Kw 334 ¥;!VA 0.5 pf 1 Console Printer Synchronizer Power, air conditioner 60 HP Compressor motor 1 Tape Position Checker Synchronizer 15 HP Pump motor 2 Numeric Keyboards Volume, computer 33,41)0 cu ft 1 Computer Volume, motor generators 3,884 cu ft 1 Processor Volume, air conditioner 2,700 cu ft 26 Multipurpose Fast Registers Area, computer 3,720 sq ft 8 Magnetic Core Stora~e Units Area, motor generators 324 sq ft (2,500 words each) Area, air conditioner 225 sq ft 12 Ma~netic Drum Storage units Room Size, computer 32 ft x 85 ft (250,000 words each) Room Size, drum room 24 ft x 42 ft 4 Uniservo II Magnetic Tape Units Room Size, air conditioner 15 ft x 15 ft 1 High-Speed Printer (on-line) Floor loading 400 Ibs/sq ft Maintenance cost is included in monthly rental. CapaCity, air conditioner 60 tons, each 120 tons, total Weight, computer 115,000 Ibs Weight, motor generators 18,000 Ibs, total PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Two MG sets. One is a spare. UCRL Weight, air conditioner 2,000 Ibs, totaJ. ,Two 60 ton units. One is a spare. Three 8-Hour Shifts Supervisors 2 Plenum ceiling for room air conditioning ducting. Concrete block building construction. The building Programmers 25 Engineers 18 has its own 12 ¥;!V to 440/208/120 volt SUbstation. Substation has a transfer to pick up a spare In-Output Oper 4 transmission line. Also it has an oil disconnect Operation tends toward open shop. switch, 750 ¥;!VA step down transformer - and a set of Programmers are trained by being given a short distribution breakers. general programming course on the job training with experienced senior programmer. Maintenance engi­ neers are given six months to one year training at Remington Rand, in Philadelphia, with LARC System PRODUCTION RECORD during construction. A minimum of 18 Maintenance Manufacturer Engineers is necessary for 24 hour operation (7 day). Number produced to date 1 This total includes engineers to maintain associated Number in current operation 1 electronic equipment being used or designed. Number in current production 1

UNIVAC LARC 960 RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY UCRL Magnetic Core Storage Initial Test April 1960 The core storage is divided into modular units Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ each of which has a capacity of 2,500 words of 12 ganizations. decimal digits. Four storage units are contained in a cabinet. The storage units may be added to Machine presently being installed at LRL, Livermore, a system in units of four up to a maximum of 39 California. units (10 cabinets); the equivalent of 97,500 words. Each cabinet has its own power supply, clock-pulse generator, and heat exchangers. Because of a log­ ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS ical limitation on the number of storage addresses available for assignment, one cabinet in a complete­ Manufacturer ly expanded storage system of ten cabinets would Outstanding features are ultra high computing speeds contain only three 2,500-word units. and the input-output control completely independent Each storage unit contains the switching, timing, of computing. Due to the Univac LARC's unusual de­ and amplifying circuits that are required for inde­ sign features, it is possible to adapt any source pendent operation. The division of the storage in­ of input/output to the Univac LARC. It combines the to independent units permits simultaneous reference advantages of Solid State components, modular con­ to storage: by the Computer, for obtaining instruc­ struction, overlapping operations, automatic error tions and for transferring operands; and by the correction and a very fast and a very large memory Processor, for transfers involved in carrying out system. its program and for transferring data to or from UCRL the auxiliary storage or input-output. It also Outstanding features include a two computer system permits off-line maintenance to be performed on a (arithmetic, input-output processor); decimal fixed single unit while the others are operating. or floating point with provisions for double preci­ sion for double precision arithmetic; single bit error detection of information in transmission and arithmetic operation; and balanced ratio of high speed auxiliary storage with core storage. I NSTALLAT IONS Unique system advantages include a two computer University of California system, which allows versatility and flexibility Lawrence Radiation Laboratory for handling input-output equipment, and program Box 808 interrupt on programmer contingency and machine Livermore, California error, which allows greater ease in programming. Tape will be housed in metal cabinets in an air conditioned room with proper humidity control.

961 UNIVAC LARC UNIVAC SOLID STATE 80/90 MANUFACTURER Univac Solid State 80/90 Remington Rand Univac Division of Sperry Rand Corporation

Photo by Remington Rand Univac

APPLICATIONS Champlin Oil and Refining Company Located at Enid, Oklahoma, USS 80 System is used for Manufacturer accounting and data processing, e.g. detail ledger, System is designed as a general purpose data process­ payroll, gas measurement, sales analYSiS, and statis­ ing system for use in general accounting, inventory, tical reports. It is also used in technical appli­ billing, budget control, sales analysis, statistics, cations, e.g. refinery materials balances, inventor­ railroad accounting, and revenue accountin.g, as well ies, cost allocations, mass spectrometer analysis, as scientific computing. The Univac Solid-State etc. Computer is a medium-priced data processing system Cook Technological Center, Division of Cook Electric for business use. The term "Solid-State" refers to Company the use of Ferractor amplifiers and transistors. Located at 6401 W. Oakton St., Morton Grove, IllinoiS, ~~e Solid-State consists of a central processor, a the USS 90 is used for inventory control, job cost­ read-punch unit, a high-speed card reader and a high­ ing, payroll, trajectory studies, statistical analy­ speed printer. Automatic coding techniques simplify ses, operational systems studies, optical ray traces, programming. 'l'he Solid-State system may be ordered radiation analysis, and probability theoretical anal­ with magnetic tape units for either the 90-column ysis. system or the 80-column system. Douglas Aircraft Company U. S. A. Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories Located at Charlotte, North Carolina, the system is Located at Fort Detrick, Maryland, USS 90 system is used for general accounting, labor distribution, cost used for mathematical and statistical applications and expense ledgers, material, and payroll. in matrix solution, linear regression, probit re­ Mason & Hanger-Silas Masor Co., Inc. gression, analysis of variance, differential equa­ Located at Burlington, Iowa, USS 90 is used for pay­ tions, numerical integration, function evaluation, roll and all related reports, labor cost distribu­ etc. It is also used for comptroller functions, e.g. tion, material cost distribution, inventory control civilian payroll and leave, labor and material dis­ and purchase requisitions, production reporting for tribution, expenditure order statements, and overhead A.g.C. activities, personnel reporting, document con­ distribution. trol, and production inventories. Armed Services Technical Information Agency Shell Development Company Located at Arlington Hall Station, Arlington 12, Vir­ Located at 3747 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, Texas, USS ginia, the USS 90 System is used in conjunctj.on with 80 is used for scientific calculations in reservoir the control of research and development documenta­ engineering and mechanical engineering. tion. Applications involved pertain to, request validation.; inventory control and statistics; pro­ duction control; document accountability; cunlulative lndexing of the ASTIA Technical Abstract Bulletin; and preparation of miscellaneous publications.

UNIVAC SOLID STATE II]J

CENTRAL PROCESSOR HIGH-SPEED CARD READER

HIGH-SPEED PRINTER READ-PUNCH UNIT

FLOOR PLAN SCALE v." = l'

Photo by Remington Rand Univac

PROGRAMMI NG AND NUMER ICAL SYSTEM A sizable number of pre coded routines are supplied to Solid Stated Computer users. Approximate 58 rou­ Manufacturer tines available for 80 column tape system, and 62 Internal number system Biquinary coded decimal available for 90 column tape system. Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign Automatic coding includes an x-6 assembly available Decimal digits/instruction 10 (sign not used) for card and tape system. Instructions/word 1 Registers and B-boxes Instructions decoded 53 3 - 10 digit arithmetic registers are included in Arithmetic system Fixed point the design. Instruction type One and a half address 3 - index registers (4 digits each) are optionally One address is the operand - the half address available. refers to the address of next instruction to be executed. Next instruction is the (c) portion of the instruction. ARITHMETIC UNIT Number range -9999999999 to +9999999999 Manufacturer Instruction word format Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Instruction (m) Address (c) Address Microsec Microsec Code Add l,360 85 T T T I Mult l,275 r I I Div l,275 (m) Address is address of operand Multiply time calculation - 5 word time plus no. (c) Address is the address of the next instruction of multiplier digits plus sum of these digits (min. to be executed 119 microsecond~ max. 1,785 microseconds).

UNIVAC SOLID STATE Central Processor and High-Speed Reader Photo by Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason & Co., Inc.

Divide time - 5 word time plus 2 times number of STORAGE digits in quotient plus the sum of the odd. digit Manufacturer positions in the quotient plus the sum of the tens No. of No. of Access complement of the even digit-positions in the quo­ Media Words Digits Microsec tient. 425 microseconds min., 1955 microsec. max. Drum 4,000 40,000 1,700 (avg) Average access time is used in above table. Oper­ Drum 1,000 10,000 425 (avg) ands and results are assumed stored in high speed Drum Mass Memory 2,304,000 over 24,000,000 385 access portion of the drum. Word time is 17 micro­ (per unit) plus signs incl signs seconds. Up to 10 drum units are possible. Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Magnet ic Tape Vacuum tubes 20 No. of units that can be connected 10 Units Transistors 700 No. of chars/linear inch of tape 250 Char/inch Condenser-Diodes 23,000 Channels or tracks (8 incl sprocket) 7 Tracks/tape Magnetic Amplifiers (Ferractors) 3,000 Blank tape separating each record 1.05 Inches Arithmetic mode Serial by digit Tape speed 100 Inches/sec Parallel by bit Transfer rate 25,000 Char/sec Timing Synchronous Start time 12 Millisec Operation Concurrent Stop time 9 Millisec The "Including Storage Access" add, multiply, and Average time for experienced divide times include the time necessary for accessing operator to change reel of tape 30 Seconds the two operands and the result address.

UNIVAC SOLID STATE 964 Photo by Armed Services Technical Information Agency

Physical properties of tape Champlin Width 0.5015+0.0000-0.0030 Inches Media Speed Length of reel 2,500 Feet Punched Cards (80 col.) 450 cards/min (Recording surface) Cook Composition Mylar High Speed Reader 450 cardS/min (90 col/card) All users have the 5,000 word drum. Standardized Read-Punch Unit 150 cards/min (90 col/card) system comparison for formula [ (A+B)·C l/D ~ Memory Douglas requires 1.19 milliseconds. Read-Punch 150 cards/min Mason Read-Punch Unit 150 cards/min INPUT High Speed Reader 450 cards/min Manuf'acturer Above units are buffered to the system and can be Media Speed utilized singularly or together. High Speed Card Reader 450 cards/min Shell Read-Punch Card Unit 150 cards/min Cards (80 column) 450 cards/min Magnetic Tape 100 inches/sec No plugboard is used. 80 or 90 column card units are available. Tape densities and formats are com­ OUTPUT patible with other Univac tape systems. Manufacturer USA CCBL Media Speed Read Punch Unit 150 cards/min Read-Punch Card Unit 150 cardS/min High Speed Reader 450 cards/min Magnetic Tape 100 inChes/sec ASTIA High Speed Printer 600 lineS/min Punched Cards (90 col.) 450 cardS/min Card Punching Printer 150 cards/min Punched Cards 150 cardS/min Printer prints 130 char/line. Card Punching Printer Punch unit also has capability to read as well as prints on both sides of Tab Card - a maximum of 13 punch. lines on a side. Instantaneous printing rate is 900

UNIVAC SOLID STATE High Speed Printer Photo by Mason & Hangar - Silas Mason Co., Inc. lines/minute. Shell USA CCBL Media Speed Media Speed Cards 150 cards/min Read Punch Unit 150 cards/min Line Printer 600 lines/min High. Speed Printer 600 lines/min 80 column cards are used. ASTIA Punched Cards (90 col.) 150 cards/min Printer 600 lines/min CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Punch unit also has capability to read as well as Manufacturer punch. 'we Quantity Champlin Tubes 20 Processor Printer 600 lines/min Read-Punch Punched Cards (80 col.) 150 lines/min Reader Cook 144 Printer Read-Punch Unit 150 cards/min (90 col/card) 22 Synchronizer High Speed Printer 600 lines/min (130 dig/line) 29 Servo Douglas 215 Printer 600 lines/min Diodes 23,000 Processor Mason 550 Read-Punch High Speed Printer 600 lines/min 545 Reader Read-Punch Unit 150 cards/min 500 Printer Above units can be used singularly or together. 11,900 Synchronizer Utilization of punch with printer will slow speed 10 Servo considerable, dependent on punching requirements. 36,505 130 sectors of printing.

UNIVAC SOLID STATE Read-Punch Unit Photo by Mason & Hangar - Silas Mason Co., Inc.

Type Quantity in central processor and printer. Transistors 700 Processor 12 Read-Punch POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION 37 Reader 2 Printer Manufacturer 168 Synchronizer Power, computer 48.2 KVA 0.8 pf Servo Area, computer 925 sq ft 919 CapaCity, air condition 11.8 Tons Weight, computer system 12,027 lbs, total, incl ? magnetic tape units Cable duct work is supplied with computer, if de­ CHECKI NG FEATURES sired. No special flooring is required. Power Manuf'acturer includes printer, punch, reader and 10 servos. Odd parity, overflow, complete tape read checks. Two read stations in card equipment. Logical checks

UNIVAC SOLID STATE USA CCBL Mason Power, computer 13.52 Kw 16.9 KVA 0.8 pf Power, computer 16.32 Kw 14.4 KVA 0.85 pf Power, air condition 33 Kw 33 KVA • 1 pf Power, air condition 11 Kw 0.~5 pf Volume, computer 297 cu ft Volume, computer 296.9 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 80 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 120 cu ft Area, computer 576 sq ft Area, computer 58.1 sq ft Area, air conditioner 18 sq ft Area, air conditioner 15 sq ft Room size 28 ft x 17 ft Room Size, computer 530 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 5 Tons Room size, air conditioner 20 sq ft Weight, computer 7,237 lbs Floor loading 124.5 lbs/sq ft Weight, air conditioner 1,000 lbs 147.1 lbs concen max Installation of 5 ton air conditioner. Power line CapaCity, air conditioner 10 Tons from transformer in basement to computer room. Air Weight, computer 7,237 lbs conditioner is in addition to building air condition- Weight, air conditioner 1,985 lbs er. No site preparations required except to electrical ASTIA distribution. Building is brick construction with Power, computer 16 Kw 14.4 KVA concrete and asphalt flooring. Two single phase Volume, computer 3,180 cu ft 210 volt regulators were installed for power require­ Area, computer 530 sq ft ment control. Room size 1,060 sq ft Shell Jnoor loading 118.4 lbs/sq ft Power, computer 14.5 KVA 473.6 lbs concen max Volume, computer 318 cu ft Weight, computer 7,237 lbs Area, computer 62 sq ft Building - Temporary government s~ructure. Room size 20 ft x 25 ft Floor - Raised in area where data processing equip­ Weight, computer 6,425 lbs ment is located. Single phase, 220 volt, 70 ampere, 60 cycle, AC Walls - Partitioned with glass panels for equipment power. viewing. Champlin Power, computer 15 KVA PRODUCTION RECORD Volume, computer 8,400 cu ft Manufacturer Volume, air conditioner 60 cu ft Number in current operation 190 Area, computer 840 sq ft Number on order 300 Area, air conditioner 20 sq ft Time required for delivery 12 months Room size 30 ft x 28 ft Capacity, air conditioner 5 Ton Weight, computer 8,000 lbs COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Weight, aj.r conditioner 500 lbs Manufacturer 30 x 28 ft room prepared by combining three separate Monthly rooms. Space providet.. also includes space required Cost Rental for four tape units and tape synchronizer to be in­ Card System 80 or 90 Column stalled later. 1 Central Processor $234,215 $4,685 Cook 1 Read-Punch Unit 48,650 975 Power, computer 12 Kw 15 KVA 0.8 pf 1 Card Reader 15,290 305 Volume, computer 340 cu ft 1 Printer on-line 49,345 985 Area, computer 275 sq ft Room size Basic Type -Card System (80 or 90 Col.) 575 sq ft 1 Central Processor (w/3 Index Reg)$24l,715 $4,835 Floor loading 24 lbs/ S~l ft 1,000 3,064 lbs concen max 1 Magnetic Tape Synchronizer 50,000 Weight, computer 6,500 lbs 2 Magnetic Tape Unit (ea 20,000/450) 40,000 900 No special site preparation requirements. 1 Read-Punch Unit 48,650 975 Douglas 1 Card-Reader 15,290 305 Power, computer 15 KVA 1 Printer on-line 49,345 985 Power, air conditioner 7.5 KVA Additional Equipment Volume, computer 600 cu ft Card System Volume, air conditioner 60 cu ft 3 Index Registers $ 7,500 $ 150 Area, computer 120 sq ft 1 Printer Off-Line 195,000 3,500 Area, air conditioner 10 sq ft Tape-Card System Room size, computer 30 ft x 20 ft 6 ft x 6 ft 1 Card Punching Printer 125,000 2,700 Room size, air conditioner 1 Printer Off-Line 195,000 3,500 Floor loading 150 lbs/sq ft Up to max. 10 tape units at 20,000/450 each. 3,500 lbs concen max A service cintract is available. Capacity, a~ conditioner 5 Tons USA CCBL Weight, computer 6,200 lbs Weight, air conditioner 900 lbs Central processor cost $234,587.87. Six inch raised false floor to provide for power Read Punch Unit, High Speed Reader, High Speed cables. Exhaust-diffusers installed in ceiling for Printer rents for $2, 265/monthly. heat dissipation/air conditioning. Power is single Maintenance service contracting is $13,000/year. phase, 3-wire, 240 volt system.

UNIVAC SOLID STATE 968 ASTIA ASTIA Rental rates for basic system One 8-Hour Shift Monthly Rental Supervisors 2 Type 7909 $4,835 Analysts 1 Type 7904 305 Programmers 3 Type 7910 975 Librarians 1 Type 7901 985 Operators 1 Rental rates for additional equipment In-Output Oper 1 Tape Synchronizer $1,000 Operation tends toward closed shop. Randex Drum Unit 1,500 Programming course conducted by contractor followed Randex Control Unit 2,000 up with on-the-job training. Tape Uniservo 450 each Champlin Unityper 30 each One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Champlin Shift Shifts Central processor, reader, read-punch, and printer Used RecODDD. Used Recomm make up basic system. Sales price $347,000. Supervisors 1 1 2 2 Tape Synchronizer - 4 tape units - price not avail- Analysts 2 2 4 4 able (not now installed) Programmers 4 4 8 8 The above system rents for $7,100 per month. Operators 1 1 2 2 Tape equipment rents for $2,900 per month. In-Output Oper 1 1 2 2 Service on all equipment is included in above rental Operation tends toward open shop. rates. All personnel directly and indirectly connected Cook with programming and operation attended four week The 7900 Series Central Processor, High-Speed Read­ machine logic training course conducted by Remington er, High-Speed PrinterL. and Read-Punch Unit cost Rand Training Department. $450,000 and rents at ~,900/month. Cook The Sorter, Verifier, Collator, Interpreter, and One 8-Hour Shift key punch cost $15,000 and rents at $400/month. Used Recommended Douglas Supervisors 2 2 Rental rate for processor, card read-punch, and Programmers 5 5 printer is $8,OOO/month. Operators 2 2 Maintenance service contracting is included in Engineers 2 2 rental. Operation tends toward open shop. Mason Schooling provided by Remington Rand both in Chicago Rental rates for additional equipment and at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. 2 Electronic Collators $ l25 Douglas 1 Reproducing Collator 170 One 8-Hour Shift 2 Alpha-punches 55 Supervisors 1 1 Verifier 60 Analysts 1 1 Interpreter 105 Programmers 1 1 420 Electronic Sorter 85 Operators 1 1 421 Electronic Sorter 100 Operation tends toward open shop. Shell Two week course followed by on-the-job training. Central processor, high speed printer, high speed Mason reader, and read punch unit rents for $7,100/month. One 8-Hour Shift Supervisors 1 Programmers 1 PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Coders 1 Clerks 3 Manufacturer Operators 3 One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour In-Output Oper 3 Shift Shifts Shifts Operation tends toward open shop. Supervisors 2 2 3 Methods of training used are customer train.1n.g and Analysts A supervisory fUnction seminar schools and on-the-job training. Program-Coders 5 5 5 Shell Clerks 3 3 3 One 8-Hour Shift Librarians 1 1 1 Supervisors 1 Operators 2 4 6 Programmers 3 Engineers 1 1 1 Clerks 1 Technicians 1 2 3 Operators 1 Programming course supplied on regional basis. Engineers 1 USA CCBL Operation tends toward open shop. One 8-Hour Shift Methods of training used includes formal lectures Used Recommended and on-the-job training. Supervisors 4 Programmers 5 8 RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Operators 3 3 AND TIME AVAILABILITY Technicians 1 1 Manufacturer Methods of training used includes formal courses in A preventive maintenance check is made by service machine operation and programming and on-the-job engineer at start of each working day. training.

UNIVAC SOLID STATE USA CCBL Mason Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Outstanding features include flexibility over con­ ganizations. ventional printers, reliability and no plug boards: System is presently being used one full shift plus programs are loaded directly on the drum. four hours overtime per day. Unique system advantages include reduction opera­ ASTIA tor proceSSing, enabling printing of reports and Good time 30 Hours/Week (Average) punching of summary cards simultaneously, and tighten­ Above figure based on period 15 Feb 60 to 31 May 60 ing of control in hands of supervision. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 13 Feb 60 Card storage racks are in a large Walk-in vault, Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ the bell system replaced the sprinkler system, and tions. temperature and humidity are controlled by air-condi­ Champlin tioning. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Subject installation was added to replace a UNIVAC tions. 120 System which required a number of additional Computer installed 11 March 1960. tabulating equipment for support. The new system Cook enabled a considerable reduction in supporting equip­ Good time 35 Hours/Week (Average) ment and personnel while allowing greater control Attempted to run time 40 Hoursjweek (Average) and flexibility of operations. Process of changing Operating ratio ( Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875 existing procedures over to new system is about com­ Above figures based on period 1 Jun 60 to 31 Jul 60 pleted. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 31 Dec 59 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ ganizations. Douglas FUTURE PLANS Average error-free running period 1 Week USA CCBL Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Purchase or rental of Index Registers and Magnetic Attempted to run time 40 Hoursjweek (Average) Tape Units is planned. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 ASTIA Above figures based on period from Jun 60 to Sep 60 The addition of tape equipment and randex units are Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 60 planned. The addition of these units will provide Time is available for rent to outside orgoolizations. the capability to add the following applications: Mason Information search and retrieval Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Document Identification tions. Document Destruction Control Computer was accepted three months ago. Reliability Bibliography Compilation and Print Out. in past two months has been better than 9010. Mason Shell ~~intenance scheduling and control procedures are Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ being discussed and formulated for application on tions. the new system. Engineering problems are in the programming stage to enable the production of punched tape to be used in conjunction with numerical control tape operated ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS production machines. Shell Manufacturer Anticipate addition of magnetic tapes, i.e. a tape Outstanding features are simultaneous operations, synchronizer and 2 to 5 tape units. namely, card reading, card punching, printing, tape Kaiser Steel Corporation anticipates installation read or write, compute. All input-output units are of UNIVAC Solid State 80 System. buffered. Card punching printer provides the abil­ ity to punch a card and print on both sldes of the same card. Punching is verified. I NSTAllATI ONS AS'l'IA Outstanding features include an extremely low U. S. Army Chemical Corps Biological IB.boratories heat output and operates at maximum. lOOoF and a Fort Detrick, Maryland minimum. of 6oCT • Armed Services Technical Information Agency Unique system advantages are extreme versatility - Arlington Hall Station basic punched card input-output is smalJ. scale sys­ Arlington Virginia tem, yet addition of drives and random access stor­ 12, age will plac.e it in medium. scale category, and bit­ Champlin Oil and Refining Company by-bit logic permitted simple solution to problem P. O. Box 552 of representing some 240 need-to-know categories Enid, Oklahoma plus user code, security clearance, VIA code and Cook Technological Center user category in one punch card for each user-con­ Division of Cook Electric Company tract combination. 6)+01 West Oakton Street MOrton Grove, Illinois

lTh.LYAC SOLID STATE 970 Douglas Aircraft Company Shell Development Company 3000 Ocean Park Blvd. E and P Research, Computing Section Santa Monica, California 3747 Bellaire Blvd. Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. Houston, Texas Box 561, Iowa Ordnance Plant North Carolina State College Burlington, Iowa Raleigh, North Carolina (SS 80 Proposed) Chase Manhattan Bank (SS 80) Southern Methodist University (SS 90) 57 William Street, Room 200 Dallas 22, Texas New York, N. Y. Purdue University (SS 80) Computing Laboratory ENAD W. Lafayette, Indiana

ADDITIONAL REMARKS Air Conditioning Weights (Shipping) Lbs Heat Dissipation (Approx. Tons) Card Reader 815 3,396 BTU/hr .27 Card Punch 80 Col. 1,120 3,396 BTU/hr .27 Card Punch 90 Col. 1,420 3,780 BTU /hr ·32 Printer 1,720 11,910 BTU/hr 1.0 Processor 3,760 27,660 BTU/hr 2.3 Tape Synchronizer 2,980 13,020 BTU/hr 1.1 Tape Unit (each) 758 8, 160 BTU/hr .68 Random Drum Units and Card Punching Printer are also available.

971 UNIVAC SOLID STATE STEP MANUFACTU RER Univac Solid Stv,te STEP Card and STEP Tape Systems Remington Rand Univac Division Sperry Rand Corporation

I:'hoto by Sperry Rand Corporation

APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM General purpose data processing system designed Internal number system Binary coded decimal :for general accounting, inventory, billing, budget Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign control, sales analysis, and statistics, as well as Decimal digitS/instruction 10 (sign pOSe not used) scientific applications. Instructions/word 1 The Univac Solid State STEP System (Simple Transition Instructions decoded 53 JUectronic Processing) is a modular version of the Arithmetic system Fixed point Solid State 80 and 90 System. STEP offers speed, Add, subtract, multiply, and divide accuracy, and economy of the Univac Solid State Com­ Instruction type One and one-half address puter to the user not requiring the full capabilities One address refers to the operand or (m) portio~ of the larger system. STEP is available to either of the instruction word. The half address refers i,he 80 or 90 column card user. Magnetic tapes, Ran­ to the address of the next instruction to be executed. dex Drum Unit and card punching printer are also Next instruction address is given in the (c) portion available. of the instruction word. Number range -9999999999 to +9999999999 Instruction word format

kstruC.'ion Codei m c (m) addIess is address of operand (c) address is address of the next instruction to be executed

UNIVAC STEP 9T2 A basic package of input-output and test routines Transfer rate 25,000 Char/sec are supplied to all STEP users. None are built :tn. Start time l2 Mill:tsec Automatic coding Stop time 9 M1llisec x-6 Assembly System Average time for experienced Registers and B-boxes operator to change reel of tape 30 SecoI1.ds Three 10 digit arithmetic registers are included Physical properties of tape in all models. Three index registers (4 digits each) Width (+.000 -.003) 0.5015 Inches are available on all STEP Tape Systems and are option­ Length of reel 2,500 Feet al on the STEP Card Systems. CompoSition z.tyla.r

ARITHMETIC UNIT INPUT 1ncl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Media Speed Microsec Micro sec High Speed Card Reader 450 cardS/min Add 1,360 85 Read-Punch Card Unit 150 cardS/min Mult 1,275 plus Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec Average access time was used, also assumed operands 25,000 pulses/sec and results were stored in high speed access portion Tape densities and formats are compatible with of drum. other Univac tape systems. 80 or 90 column cards Div 1,275 plus may be used (no plug-beards). Access time includes accessing 2 operands and re­ sult address. Calculation of multiply time in word times is the OUTPUT sum of 3 factors. Five word times, plus the number Media Speed of multiplier digits, plus the sum of the multiplier Read-Punch Card Unit 150 cards/min digits - Min. time ll9 microseconds. Maximum. time Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec 1,785 microseconds. 25,000 pulses/sec Divide time expressed in word times is calculated High Speed Printer 600 lines/min as follows: five word times, plus twice the number 130 char/line possible of digits in the quotient, plus the sum of the odd Card Punching Printer 150 cardS/min digit positions in the quotient, plus the sum of the Card Punching Printer prints on both sides of tab tens complement of the even digit - positions in card. A maximum. of 13 lines on a side. Instantan­ the quotient. Minimum time 425 microseconds. Max­ eous printing rate is 400 lineS/min. (Option.ally imum time 1,955 microseconds. available on either the 80 col. card or 80 col. tape Construction (Arithmetic unit only) systems. Not aVailable on 90 col. systems). Vacuum-tubes 20 Transistors 700 Condenser-diodes 23,000 CIRCUtlElEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Ferractors 3,000 Type Quantity Use (Magnetic Amplifiers) Tubes Arithmetic mode Serial by digit, parallel by bit 20 Processor Word time is 17 microseconds. Read-Punch Unit Timing Synchronous Card Reader Operation Concurrent 144 H. S. Printer 22 Synchronizer 29 Servo Unit Total 215 STORAGE Diodes No. of Access 23,000 Processor Media No. of Words Digits Microsec 550 Read-Punch Unit Drum (Fast Memory) 2,400 Basic 24,000 1,700 545 Card Reader Additional fast memory can be specified in incre­ 500 H. S. Printer ments of 4,000 digits up to a maximum of 16,000 digits. ll,900 Synchronizer Maximum fast memory available on one processor is 10 Servo Unit 40,000 digits. Total 36,505 Drum ,(High Speed Memory) 425 Transistors First 2,000 digits (200 words) of high speed memory 700 Processor is a prerequisite to additional high speed memory J2 Read-Punch Unit and/or additional fast memory. Additional high speed 31 Card Reader memory can be specified in increments of 2,000 digits 2 H. S. Printer up to a maximum. of 8,000 digits. Maximum high speed 168 Synchronizer memory of anyone processor is 10,000 digits. Servo Unit Drum Mass 2,304,000(min) 24,000,000 385,000 Total 919 Memory inc1. signs (Randex Drum)23,040,000(max) 240,000,000 (Avg) optional incl. signs CHECKING FEATURES Magnetic Tape Odd parity, arithmetic overflow, complete magnetic No. of units that can be connected 10 Units tape. Checks - card equipnent has 2 read stations; No. of char/linear inch of tape 250 Char/inch punch unit has a post read station for checking card Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape punching. Central processor and printer design include Blank tape separating each record 1.05 Inches logical checks. Tape speed 100 IncheS/sec

913 UNIVAC STEP COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Monthly Cost Rental Sale Price of basic STEP Card System (80 or 90 col.) $175,000 $3,500 Price includes - Central Processor (24,000 digits of fast memory) High Speed Card Reader 450 cards/min. Read-Punch Unit 150 cardS/min. High Speed Printer 600 lines/min. w/a 100 printing positions Registers A, X.L. Sale Price of basic STEP Tape System (80 or 90 col.) Basic units listed above plus the following - $175,000 $3,500 Tape Synchronizer 8 50,000 1,000 Uniservo II Tape Units (maximum 10) each 20,000 450 Index Registers (3) 7,500 150 Sale Price of Additional Equipment Multiply and Divide Feature 20,000 400 Pre and Post Reading Station on Punch UnH and Stacker Select on Card 15,000 300 Reader and Punch Additional Print Positions for High Speed Printer 30 Additional Print Positions 2,500 50 Available in increments of 20 positions 1,500 30 Available in increments of 10 positiom~ 1,000 20 600 cards/min. s~ed for Card Reader 10,000 200 Index Registers {3) Card System option 7,500 150 Additional Memory First 2,000 digits of High Speed Memory 22,500 450 Each additional increment of High Speed Memory (2,000 digits) 15,625 312.50 (maximum 10,000 digits per system) }iach additional increment of Fast MemoI~ (4,000 digits) 12,000 250 (maximum 40,000 digits per system) First 2,000 digits of High Speed Memory is a prerequisite to additional High Speed Memory and/or additional Fast Memory. Randex Include s: Randex Drum. Unit (24 million digit s ) $166,850 $3, 550 Power Control Unit Additional Randex Drum. Units (24 million digits) each 89,300 1,900 This price is for each additional drum unit up to a total of 4 (96 million digits). Prices on units :i.n excess of 4 up to a total of 9 will be quoted on request. Synchronizer 50,000 1, 000 Randex requires a synchronizer. When specified with a tape system, Randex will be under the control of the tape synchronizer. No additional synchronizer is required. When Randex is specified for use with a, card system, a synchronizer must be included. Card-Punching Printer 125,000 2,700 An on-line card punching printer is available for 80 column systems. Maintenance included in rental contract. Service contract available to STEP System purchasers.

Common base available for processor. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE, PREPARATION Capacity, air conditioner 5 Tons Power, computer (card system) 16.9 KVA 0.8 pf Tonnage required to compensate for machine heat (Reader, punch, printer and processor) only. Power, computer (tape system) Weight, computer 7,162 Ibs Add 7.0 KVA for synchronizer and first tape unit Cable duct work is supplied with computer, if de­ Add 2.5 KVA for each additional tape unH sired. No special flooring required. Volume, processor 144 cu ft Volume, reader 24 cu ft Volume, punch 36 cu ft PRODUCTION RECORD Volume, printer 64 cu ft Number produced to date 200 Area, processor 24 sq ft Number in current operation 175 Area, reader 6 sq ft Time required for delivery 9 months Area, punch 6 sq ft Area, printer 16 sq ft Floor loading, processor 146.8 Ibs/sq ft reader 91.8 Ibs/sq ft punch 134.0 Ibs/sq ft printer 96.5 Ibs/sq ft

UNIVAC STEP 974 Instruction Cycle PER SONNEL REQU I REMENTS The instruction cycle - the steps the processor Personnel requirements depend upon the operation takes in executing a command - usually occurs in and application involved - whether it is one large four phases. (In a few instructions, there is no volume application or several small ones, etc. search for the operand.) The duration of a phase Programming course supplied on a regional basis. is measured in units called word times. A word time is that interval in which the drum revolves one word under the read-write heads - in the Univac Solid­ RELIABILITY. OPERATING EXPERIENCE. State Computer, 0.017 milliseconds. The four, phases AND TIME AVAILABILITY are: A preventive maintenance check is made by a service (1) Staticize the Instruction: engineer at the start of each working day. The instruction located by the previous search (4) is transferred from the drum location to the static register (o~eration code only) and register C (the entire word). This step requires one word time. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS (2) Search for the Operand: Outstanding features are modular design. All input­ If the m address part of the instruction does not output units are buffered, including Randex availa­ refer to a drum storage location or a register, this bility of card punching printer. step is ignored and no time is required. If it does Instruction List and Programming Aids refer to a drum location, the address of the next Instruction Format available storage location on the drum is compared The Univac Solid-State Computer employs a one and with the first address part of the contents of reg­ one-half address instruction code system, with one ister C every word time until a match is obtained. instruction per processor word. Each instruction Register C contains the entire instruction. This word is written in ten decimal digits and consists step requires a minimum of one word time and a max­ of an operation code, the address of the operand, imum of 200 word times. and the address of the next instruction. The left~ (3) Execute the Instruction: most digit position is considered the most signifi­ The operation indicated in the instruction is per­ cant digit (MSD) and the rightmost digit position formed. The time required for this phase depellds is considered the least significant digit (LSD). upon the type of operation to be performed. The leftmost two digits are the operation code (4) Search for the Next Instruction: (OC), which tells the processor the arithmetic or The address of the next available storage location logical operation to execute. The next four digits, on the drum is compared with the second address part the m portion, supply the address of the operand, of the contents of register C until a match is ob­ which is usually the address of a word in storage. tained. This step requires a minimum of one wbrd The remaining four digits, termed the c address, are time and a possible maximtun of 200 word times. the location of the next instruction. The m and c addresses may have different significance for some special instructions, as noted in the instruction definitions.

975 UNIVAC STEP UNIVAC I MANUFACTURER Universal Automatic Computer MOdel I Re.m1ngton Rand Univac Division of Sperry Rand Corporation

Photo by Franklin Life Insurance Company APPLICATIONS Manufacturer Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama General purpose large scale digital computing. Located at Montgomery, Alabama, the system is used .Arm:y Map Service for data processing of all educational record keeping Located in Erskine Hail, Army Map Service, the sys­ involved in administering 336,000 correspondence tem is used for Geodes:) photogrammetry, and mapping students enrolled under the auspices of the Air Uni­ computations, including, e.g. special map projections versity Extension Course Institute and for statisti­ and coordinate systems, least square adjustments of cal. reports and a.na.lysis of ll3,000 Air Force officer triangulation, traverse computation and adjustment, jobs and records to aid the Air Force Educational transformation of rectangular and geographic coordi­ Requirement Board determine qualitati ve, college nates, ana.lytic adjustment of aerial photographic level, educational needs for Air Force officers. strips and blocks, satellite orbit computations, geo­ Bureau of the Census, Washington 25, D.C. detic and mathematical tables, and star occultation Located in Washington, D.C., the system is used for computations. statistical data processing for current surveys of U. S. Navy David Taylor M:>del Basin foreign trade and other programs of the Bureau of the Located at the David Taylor M?del Basin, Carderock, Census and for service work for other Federal agencies, Mi. , the system is used for the solution of naval involving editing and rearranging of input, sorting engineering problems, solution of naval logistics and merging of records, tallying, tabulating, and problems, and for financial management analysis. summarizing data, computing percentages, medians, means, weights, variances, etc. for data, and arrang-

UNIVAC 'I 976 Photo by Franklin Life Insurance Company

ing and preparing tables, listings, labels, etc. for the latter. In order to keep programming costa at high speed printer. a minimum, extensive use is made of the Library of Internal Revenue Service Statistics Division Univac I Routines whenever possible. Time is also Located in Suitland, Maryland (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, made available on an open shop basis and users and Bureau of the Census), the system is used for data area businessmen are encouraged to :familiarize them­ edit, sort, merge, and compilation of statistical data selves with the various mathematical compilers and for statistics of income publications on economic automatic programming routines by attending one or aspects of business and individual income tax returns. more of a series of classes periodically conducted The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company at the Center. Business applications such as payroll One computer located at·400 Terminal Tower, Cleveland reporting, cost account reporting, sales stati$tical 1, Ohio and another at Case Institute of Technology, summarizations· and various statistical analyse$ have Cleveland, Ohio, they are used for payroll, freight been done for a number of firms. Scientific a~lica­ revenue accounting, private line car accounting, and tions include the engineering problem solution$ from stockholder records. areas such as helicopter design, nuclear reactor de­ The Franklin Institute Computing Center Sign, bearing design, geodetic surveys and many others. Located at separate facilities in building housing The Franklin Life Insurance Company Science Museum and Laboratories for Research & Devel­ Located at 800 South Sixth Street, Springfield, Ill., opment, the system is used as a service bureau. Be­ the two systems are operated back-to-back applied to ing a service bureau, the nature of the workload is insurance activities. constantly changj.ng. During the three and one-half Great Northern Railway Company years of operation we have handled almost every con­ Located at 175 East Fourth, St. Paul, Minnesota, sys­ ceivable type of mathematical and data processing tem is used for material, payroll, car records, application. As a general rule, individual research, freight revenue statistics, capital expenditures, engineering and mathematical projects have numerically sales statistics, and passenger statistics applica­ exceeded straight data processing jobs While the tions. greater overall volume of machine time is devoted to

977 UNIVAC I Photo by Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company ARITHMETIC UNIT University of Pennsylvania Computing Center Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access ~rhe Univac I System is being used by the University Microsec Micro sec for a variety of research problems and for commercial Add 525 282.6 applications. Mu.1t 2,150 1,907.6 Div 3,950 3,707.6 Construction 5,000 vacuum tubes PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Rapid access word registers 4 Internal number system Binary coded decimal Basic pulse repetition rate 2.25 Me/sec Decimal digits/word 12 (11 plus sign) Arithmetic mode Serial Decimal digits/instruction 6 Timing Synchronous Instructions/word 2 Operation Sequential Instructions decoded 63 The minimum storage access time is 40.4 microseconds. Instructions used 45 The maximum storage access time 404 microseconds. Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Number range Between -1 and +1 STORAGE Floating point is performed by sub-routines supplied Manufacturer with the computer. The decimal point occurs at the No. of No. of Access right of the sign digit. Medium Words Digits Microsec Acoustic Delay Line 1,000 12,000 40.4 to 404 The acoustic medium is mercury. If average access time is 5 word times, the average access time would be 202 microseconds. All users have 1,000 words of mecury .

UNIVAC I 978 Photo by David Taylor MOdel Basin

Franklin Life 80 Column Card-to- 240 char/min l20 char/in density 10 words of information are stored serially in a Tape Converter memory channel which is 400 microseconds long. 90 Column Card-to- 240 char/min 120 char/in density Access time may be materially reduced from 200 micro­ Tape Converter seconds average if minimum latency programming is Paper Tape to 200 char/sec 5, 6 or 7 channel employed. Magnetic Tape code Great Northern Converter No. of No. of Access Magnetic Tape to 90 char/sec Speed dependent Media Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Tape upon communication Mercury Delay Memory 1,000 12,000 40 min Transrecorder facilities 4 One Word Mercury 4 48 40 Army Map Service Delay Registers Media Speed 1 Two Word Register 2 24 80 Magnetic Tape (on-line) l2,800 char/sec 1 Ten Word Register 10 120 400 Uniservo I - metallic tape only used Input-output storage areas give an additional 60 Keyboard (on-line) Manual typing words or 720 digits each of storage. Unityper II (off-line) Manual typing 80 Col. Card-Tape 240 cardS/min Converter (off-line) INPUT One 80 col. card converted to 10 word item on tape Manufacturer David Taylor Media Speed Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec 10 Uniservos Magnetic Tape 12,800 char/sec Air University (UNISERVO I) Cards-to-Magnetic Tape 100 cardS/min Keyboard Manual Through card to tape converter Unityper II Keypunching 50 Char/in denSity Typing-to-Magnetic Tape 40 wordS/min Verifier Keypunching Verifies Unityper Through Unit;yper II recording

979 UNIVAC I ~10to by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Media Speed Media Speed C and 0 Army Map Service Metallic Tape 100 in/sec Magnetic Tape (on-line) 12,800 Char/sec Franklin Institute Uniservo I - metallic tape only used Ma~letic Tape 12,800 char/sec Typewriter (on-line) 10 char/sec Plastic Tape 12,800 char/sec Hi~h Speed Printer 600 lines/min System modified to read 16,000 char/sec on contin­ (off-Ene) uous read. 120 char/line - 51 printable characters Franklin Life Point Plotter (off-line) Up to 50 pts/min Ma~letic Tape (metal) 7,200 char/sec 401X40" plot table - magnetic tape input (Both systems) Assumes tape limited program Some non-standard symbols on High Speed Printer, such as Greek letters, degree symbol. David Taylor OUTPUT Magnetic Tape 100 in/sec Manufacturer Rem Rand Hi,!?h Speed Printer 600 lineS/min f.fedia Speed (off-line) 120 char/line Uniservo I 12,800 char/sec Uniprinter 10 Char/sec Printing Unit 10 char/sec (on-Ene) Uniprinter 10 char/sec 20 char/in Air University density Tape-to-Card 100 cards/min High Speed Printer 600 lines/min 130 chari Tape-to-Printer 600 lines/min Ene (max) C and 0 'rape-to-Card Converter 120 cards/min 80 column Metallic Tape 100 in/sec cards Franklin Institute Magnetic Tape to Paper 50 char/sec 5, 6 or 7 Magnetic Tape 12,800 char/sec Tape Converter channel code Plastic Tape 12,800 char/sec Magnetic Tape to Magnetic 90 Char/sec Speed de­ System modified to write 16,000 char/min on contin­ Tape Transrecorder pendent upon uous write. cownunication facilities

UNIVAC I 980 Photo by Wright Patterson Air Force Base Media Speed Franklin Life CHECKING FEATURES Magnetic Tape (metal) 7,200 char/sec Manufacturer (Both systems) Assumes tape limited program Duplicate circuitry for checking results of compu­ tation and comparison. Odd-even pulse Read-in and read-out pulse check on the 720~digit CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OFENTI RE SYSTEM auxiliary storage. Tubes 5,200 Three minute interval pulse check. Tube types 15 Automatic re-read provides for reading a block from Crystal diodes 18,000 the tape again when the first reading indicates an Army Map Service error. Marginal checking causes weak tubes to fail The tube types used throughout the entire system in­ during scheduled maintenance instead of during pro­ clude the 2516, 6AN5, 7AK7, 6AU6, 6BE6, 6SN7, 6X5, duction time. 6AK7, 28D7, 807, 829B, 2050, 5545, 5651, 5687, 6AL5, Army Map Service 6AK5, 6AH6, 5V4, 5R4, 4D32 , 3C23, 8008. The system Trouble shooting and indicating checks on this sys­ includes the computer, power supply, supervisory tem include: control, printer and 8 Uniservos. DC fault test and locator Franklin Life Primary alarm circuits Approximately 50% of the tube complement are 2516's. Audio check Each of ten Uniservos (tape handlers) are separate Mercury tank heater monitor and interchangeable. Storage checker Checking circuits Marginal check Function table checker and neon bank Duplicate arithmetic circuits

UNIVAC I Photo by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Test bench and various test equipments 2 modifications for checking purposes POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION ACC voltage monitor either by meter or scope Manufacturer Every character has an odd number of pulses. Odd­ Power, computer 81 Kw 90 KVA 0.98 pf even checkers on input and output buffers and in 124.5 KVA wllo Uniservos and power supply other circuits within the machine. Other automatic Volume, computer 943 cu ft i.nternal checking features also included. Area, computer 16 ft x 22 ft David Taylor Height, computer 8 ft 6 9/16 in Checking summarized as parity, comparison and count­ Width, computer 14 ft 3 3/8 in :i.ng. Depth, computer 7 ft 10 in Franklin Institute & Univ. of California Weight, computer 16,686 Ibs Radiation Laboratory Capacity, air conditioner 35 Tons Parity check throughout system, character count on The choice of air conditioner is optional with each block of input and output, and parallel comput­ customer. A closed chilled-air system cools the ing . Central Computer Group and heavy auxiliaries. Chilled Franklin Life wa~er must be supplied at a temperature from 450 to No programmed checks are used in normal operation, 50 with controls to the Power Supply and the Central except during maintenance time, because of the com­ Computer. The Central Computer and the Power Supply prehensive hardware checking circuits mentioned above. Unit require 35 Tons of refrigeration. Odd-even check of each decimal digit transferred Franklin Institute within main computer and of digits coming :from or Center on first floor of Museum building; air condi­ going to magnetic tape. tioning, power supply, etc. routed from basement to Duplicated circuits of all arithmetic operations direct overhead. Vinyl tile floor, acoustical ceil­ and most control functions. ing. Adjacent theater, viewing platform and progress of mathematics exhibit included in air conditioning requirement s .

UNIVAC I Photo by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Army Map Service Air University Power, computer 125 KVA Power, computer 170 KVA Room size, computer 1,400 s~ ft Area, computer 50 ft x 70 ft (Not including peripheral e~uipment or personnel) Area, air conditioner 12 ft x 30 ft Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons Capacity, air conditioner 35 Tons Weight, computer 19,000 lbs Weight, computer 40,500 lbs False ceiling installed - return-air ducts above False floor, air conditioning, and power cubicle. false ceiling. No false floor - cabling between Bureau of the Census e~uipment, and input air ducts, suspended from ceil­ Power, computer 124 Kw 125 KVA 0.9 pf ing of floor below. Control system cooled by air Volume, computer 10,660 cu ft system rather than chilled water - automatic controls Area, computer 1,066 s~ ft to switch between direct outdoor air and internal Room size, computer 50 ft x 34 ft x 10 ft re-circulating conditioned air depending on outside Floor loading 167-295 lbs/s~ ft temperatures. Computer designed for 2-phase power- Weight, computer 29,863 lbs each 80 KVA Scott transformer used to convert from 3- Air conditioning is part of integrated system. phase. Separate figures not available. David Taylor Univac I, Serial 1 - Partitioning area from larger Power, computer 129.5 KVA open space. Construction of fire walls and provision Volume, computer 11,000 cu ft of fire doors. Drilling holes in 10 inch concrete Volume, air conditioner 4,200 cu ft floor for air passages; one 2 ft x 7 ft and three Area, computer 1,000 s~ ft 2 ft x 2 ft. Installation of intake grills and ex­ Area, air conditioner 600 s~ ft haust plenum. Construction of fan room on floor Room size, computer 20 ft x 50 ft below computer. Run of power wiring conduits from Room size, air conditioner 40 ft x 15 ft basement to third floor. Floor loading 100 lbs/s~ ft Univac I, Serial 13 - Area provided for in prepara­ Capacity, air conditioner 35 Tons tionfor Serial 1. Required only the addition of Weight, computer 29,853 necessary power conduits and chilled water lines from

UNIVAC I Photo by Franklin Life Insurance Compa.ny basement to third floor. Floor loading 150 lbs/sq ft C and 0 CapaCity, air conditioner 60 Tons Power~ computer 150 KVA 0.9 pf Weight, computer 16,800 lbs Power, air conditioner 35 Amps at 440v Cut 7 holes through adjoining walls of two build­ Volume, computer 2,322 cu ft ings to allow usage of attic room of one building Volume, air conditioner 600 cu ft as switchgear room. Removed part of false ceiling Area, computer 391 sq ft to run power and water lines to the computer. Built Area, air conditioner 100 sq ft cement block room on the roof of adjacent building Room Size, computer 1,200 sq ft to house air conditioning equipment. Room size, air conditioner 170 sq ft Franklin Life F].oor loading 175 lbs/ sq ft Same requirement as above. 250 lbs concen max Removed 4 feet of wall between two windows to allow Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons sections of the central computer to be craned in. Weight, computer 28,040 lbs Enclosed 390 sq ft of floor area for switchgear room. Building of concrete and steel construction; power Removed part of false ceilin~ to allow room for com­ fed through 3-inch conduit from power distribution puter. Removed portion of false ceiling temporarily equipment located on floor below computer; lucite to run power from switchgear room to computer and to false ceiling; room air conditioning through vents run chilled water lines. Installed air conditioning in ceiling; cable channels recessed into concrete equipment in basement. f.loor. Great Northern Franklin Life Power, computer 130KVA 0.92 pf Power, air conditioner Power, computer 125 Kw 130KVA pf 40 KVA 0.92 pf 0.96 Volume, computer Power, air conditioner ll5 KVA 955 cu ft Area, computer 1~650 sq ft Volume, computer 955 cu ft Room size ft Volume, Servo System 150 cu ft 1~962 sq Area, computer 113 sq ft Floor loading 80-125 lbs/sq ft Area, Servo System 30 sq ft 167 lbs concen max Weight, computer 16,686 lbs

UNIVAC I Air conditioning system is chilled water for cool­ Bureau of the Census ing computer, power supply and auxiliary equipment. Basic System 3 inch pipe columns installed from ceiling to floor 2 Univac I, 10 tape units each, non-expendable parts, on floor below computer. test equipment, site preparation and installation, initial parts inventory $1,857,000 total Additional Equipment PRODUCTION RECORD No longer in use: 2 low speed printers, 1 card-to­ Number produced to date 48 tape converter, 1 Unityper, Mod. 1. Delivery Time Availability basis Remaining in use: 1 high speed printer, 1 Unityper, 1 extra print head, 1 printer buffer $271,000. 3-shift maintenance contracts for each of 2 Un~vac I Computers at standard Remington Rand rates. COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES C and 0 Manufacturer Terminal Tower, Cleveland Base Monthly Rental Outright Sale Price Own Central Computer & Servos - cost $873,000 Description 1 Shift-5 day week F. O. B. Factory Own 1 High Speed Printer - cost 130,000 UNIVAC I Cen- $13,390 $750,000 Lease 1 High Speed Printer 4,700/month tral Computer w/ Lease 1 Card-to-Tape Converter- 2,605/~nth Power Supply & Lease 1 Tape-to-Card Converter- 2,300/~onth Supervisory Con- Lease 1 Unityper 90/month trol Desk Maintenance contract on computer and servos - UNISERVO I 320 18,000 $8,000/month. UNIPRINTER 390 22,000 Maintenance contract on 1 high speed printer - UNITYPER II 90 4,500 $500/month. High Speed Printer 3,300 185,000 Case Institute of Technolo~, Cleveland Card-to-Tape Unit 2,520 142,100 Central Computer and Servos (2 - 8 hour shifts) (47 Character Code) $26, 950/month. Card-to-Tape Unit 2,500 Frankling Life (38 Character Code) Basic System Tape-to-Card Unit 2,300 130,000 1 Univac I Computer (10 Servos), 2 high speed printers, Perforated Tape-to­ 1,800 108,000 and 20 Unitypers (exclud. installation) cost $1,200,000. Magnetic Tape (PTM) All maintenance is performed by Frankling Life per­ Converter sonnel. Magnetic Tape-to­ 1,500 90,000 Franklin Life Perforated Tape 1 Univac I System (10 Servos) excluding installation (MrP) Converter cost $300,000. Prices quoted above subject to change without notice. All maintenance is performed by Franklin Life per­ Rental charges include maintenance service, spare parts sonnel. and test equipment. Separate maintenance contract Great Northern and maintenance advisory service contract available Univac Computer, 10 Servos, and console cost to purchasers of UNIVAC Systems. $1,000,000. Army Map Service High speed printer - 600 lines per minute, card-to­ Basic System tape converter cost $500,000. Central computer, 8 Uniservos, hi~h speed printer, Service contract - Computer 2 shifts $5,310; printer and 3 Unityper Ills cost approx. ~600,000 (1952 price) 2 shifts $1,522.50; Card to tape 1 shift $740. (also 2 Unityper liS, 4 Uniprinters - no longer used). Rental Rates for Additional Equipment 80 Col. Card-Tape Converter $2,520/month. IBM Card Equipment - six 024 , one 083 Sorter, one PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS 089 Collator, one 407 Tabulator, one 514 Reproducer, Manufacturer and one 557 Interpreter rents for $1,900/month. The number of engineers, techniCians, and operators Maintenance service is approx.$9,700/month for required depends upon the equipment complement of the seventeen 8-hour operational shifts per week. Univac System and the shift operation. David Taylor Army Map Service Cost of Basic System Three 8-Hour Shifts , 10 Uniservos, Uniprinter, Supervisors 8 and 2 Unityper I were purchased at a total cost of Analysts 8 $1,000,000. Programmers 15 Cost for Additional E~lipment Clerks 3 Card to Tape Converter 185,000 Operators 6 Rental Rates for Additional Equipment Engineers 1 1 Unityper II 90/month In-Output Oper 11 Rem Rand High Speed Printer 3,300/month Operation tends toward closed shop. Service contract with Rem Rand, approx. $8,000/mo. Methods of training used include basic train!ng by Air University equipment manufacturers (e.g. Rem Rand programming, Cost of Basic System IBM card equip operation), on-the-job training by UNIVAC Main Computer and 11 Servos - $500,000 (pur­ experienced personnel and supervisors, advanced train­ chased in 1952). ing - university courses in mathematics, etc., and Cost of Additional Equipment Peraonnel Division training facilities for supervisory Card to Tape Converter, High Speed Printer, Unityper­ training. Verifier, and 3 Unitypers - $353,000. Central Computer operating 3 shifts 6 days/week. Rental Rates for Additional EqUipment Peripheral (in-output) equip operating 1 shift 6/ Tape to Card Converter 2,)85/month days. Maintenance cost $75,000 per year (3 shifts). Programming - 1 shift 5 days.

UNIVAC I Present Organization Structure Division programmer. Present Authorized Strength - 52 Programming course presented by other owners such as Bureau of the Census. Programming Br.-18 Applications Computing Br - 29 C and 0 Chief, Asst Chief, Research Br. Chf, Asst Chf, Adm Five 8-Hour Shifts Clerk-Typist 1 Clerk-Tape Librarian Supervisors 15 Programmers 7 Analysts 6 Programmers 11 Operations Unit 7 Project Mathematicians Clerks 8 1 Supervisor Operators 8 Engineers 7 6 Systems In-Out Oper Technicians 4 Operators 1 Asst Supvr In-Output Oper 6 Personnel are for two systems. 6 Input Equip Oper 5 Output Equip Oper Operation tends toward closed shop. Computer operators trained by manufacturer, auxil­ David Taylor iary equipment operators trained on-the-job. One 8-Hour Shift Franklin Institute Used Recommended One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Analysts 8 8 Shift Shifts Shifts Programmers 12 12 U Rec U Rec U Rec Coders 0 0 Clerks 1 1 1 2 1 2 Clerks 0 0 Librarians 0 1 0 1 o 1 Librarians 0 1 Operators 2 2 4 4 5 6 In-Output Oper 1 3 Engineers 1 1 1 1 1 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Technicians 3 3 5 5 6 6 Methods of training used include on-the-job and by Tape Hand 0 0 0 0 o o the manufacturer. Operation tends toward closed shop. Air University Methods of training used includes: programmers - Three 8-Hour Shifts formal classes plus study; maintenance and operations- Supervisors 1 informal classes, study and on-job training. Programmers 4 Franklin Life Clerks 1 One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Operators 7 Shift Shifts Shifts Technicians 5 Supervisors 1 1 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Analysts 1 Methods of training used includes on-the-job train­ Programmers 8 ing. Programmers attended manufacturer's programming Coders 6 school. Clerks 50 Bureau of the Census Librarians 1 Three 8-Hour Shifts Operators 2 2 2 Supervisors 3 Engineers 2 1 1 Analysts, programmers & coders ;~O Technicians 2 2 2 Clerks 5 In··Output Oper 20 10 (4 hrs) Librarians 2 The same staff of employees is used to maintain Operators 9 programs and operate both computers. Engineers 1 Operation tends toward open shop. Technicians 10 Methods of training includes on-the-job training In-Output Oper 6 with an experienced employee. Tape Handlers 10 Great Northern Other 1 Two 8-Hour Shifts l~ogrammers shown are customer employees; technicians Used Recommended are contract maintenance employees; tape hanQlers are Programmers 1 customer employees. Operators 2 Operation tends toward open shop. Engineers 4 5 Training Branch conducts formal classroom sessions Technicians 1 2 for programmers, operators (followed by on-the-job In-Output Oper 3 training) executive orientation, brush-up seminars. Tape Handlers 1 Classroom and on-the-job training are also conducted Operators and"tape handler schooled by equipment for engineers and technicians. manufacturer. The machine is serviced by the manu­ Internal Revenue facturer. One 8-Hour Shift Used Recommended Supervisors 1 RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Analysts 4 6 AND TIME AVAILABILITY Programmers 15 20 Manufacturer Clerks 3 4 Reliability and operating experience are based on Librarians 2 2 several years records. Using the formula "Available In-Output Oper 3 3 Operating Time" minus "Lost Time" divided by "Sched­ Tape Handlers 1 2 to 4 uled Operating Time II , cumulative performance of the Programming courses provided by manufacturer when UNIVAC I Central Computers averages 93.0%. available. Programming course presented by an experienced

UNIVAC I Army Map Service Hourly Rates for Use of Computer and Peripheral Good time 125 Hours/Week (Average) Equipment Attempted to run time 136 Hours/Week (Average) Computer (UNIVAC I) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.92 Hours/Fiscal Month Dollars/Hour Above figures based on period from 1957 to present less than 22 120 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 52 22 and between 22 and 44 115 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ 44 and between 44 and 88 110 tions. 88 and between 88 and 176 105 Small increments of time occasionally made available 176 and up 100 for other Dept. of Defep.se offices (usually Corps of Unityper or 3 Engrs agencies), only when specifically so directed High Speed Printer by higher authority (Office of Chief of Engrs, U. S. 15 Army). Card-to-Tape Converter 10 Uniprinter David Taylor 5 Good time 114 Hours/Week (Average) The above rates include good machine time and an Attempted to run time 120 Hoursjweek (Average) operator and use of a large library of routines. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95-0.97 Reasonable quantities of accompanying deleaving and Above figures based on period 1 Jul 59 to 31 May 60 bursting of multiple-part forms are performed with­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 53 out charge. Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Customer is billed for time used to the nearest ganizations. minute. No minimum charge. Air University Discount Good time 80 Hours/Week (Average) A ten (10) percent discount will be allowed on Attempted to run time 100 Hours/Week (Average) Univac I Computer billing for those contracting for Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.80 22 or more hours in any fiscal month, subject to Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Jul 60 the following provision. A contract, purchase Qrder, Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ or the equivalent must be in effect prior to the be­ ganizations. ginning of the month of machine use for a specified System was first installed in Pentagon in 1952. It amount of time that will be paid for by the customer was moved to Maxwell AFB in 1958. whether used or not. The di scount will be allowed Bureau of the Census on the specified amount of Univac I Computer time Good time (each machine) 137 Hours/Week (Average) only, regardless of the acutal amount of time uSed. Attempted to run time 148 Hours/Week (Average) Time used in excess of that contracted for in this Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.926 way will not be subject to the discount. The dis­ Above figures based on period 3 Apr 60 to 23 Apr 60 count does not apply for peripheral equipment usage. Passed Cusotmer Acceptance Test: Serial 1 (51);13 (55) SerVices of Additional Personnel Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ The services of additional personnel are available tions. for analysis, programming, coding and instruction or Good time includes lost time from non-machine causes. training of others on scientific or industrial appli­ Attempted to run time excludes scheduled maintenance. cations at the following direct labor hourly rates Figures are for each machine. which are subject to our standard overhead rate: C and 0 Senior Methods Analyst $5 Average error-free running period 24 Hours Mathods Analyst 4 Good time 186 Hours/Week (Average) Programmer Attempted to run time 192 Hours/Week (Average) 3 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Supplies Above figures based on period from Mar 57 to Jun 60 The hourly rates listed above include the normal Passed Customer Acceptance Test Feb 56 use of magnetic tape and continuous forms. Tabula­ Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ ting cards, special forms and other supplies are not ganizations. included and all such materials, including tapes to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be retained by the customer, will be billed at prices Average error-free running period 168.6 Minutes currently in effect and will represent an additional Good time 3,707 Hours Charge. (Scheduled minus Down Time minus All Lost Time) Estimates Attempted to run time 3,895 Hours Estimates or proposals are furnished upon request Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 at no cost or obligation. Proposals can be based Above figures based on period 23 Dec 55 to 20 Dec 56. on a cost plus overhead, time and services, or fixed­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test 10 Apr 55 price basis. Franklin Institute Agreements Good time 57 Hours/Week (Average) We will start on receipt of your contract, p'lU'chase Attempted to run time 60 Hours/Week (Average) order, or written go-ahead. Operation is on a 4, 4, Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 to 1.0 5 week quarter. Fiscal January 1960 ends January 29. Above figures based on period from Jan 57 to Jan 60 Billing is monthly unless specified otherwise. Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jan 57 Inquiries Time is available for rent to outSide organizations. Inquiries should be addressed as above or call The machine is available on an hourly rental basis LOcust 4-3600, Ext. 246 (Philadelphia 3, Fa.). and only good time is charageable; no minimum time Effective Date requirement exists. This rate schedule is effective 1 January 1960, and is subject to change.

UNIVAC I Franklin Life writing, and rewinding operations are being performed. Good time 127 Hours/Week (Average) Army Map Service Attempted to run time 148 Hours/Week (Average) Only metallic tape is used - on site storage in Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.867 metal. cabinets (standard supply cabinets w/vertical Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 1 Apr 60 dividers on each shelf) and tape carts. Duplicates Time is available for rent to outside orgEmizations. of program tapes in fireproof cabinets and duplicate. Franklin Life of important permanent file data at P.rm:f Map Service Good time 138 Hours/Week (Average) Depository. Attempted to run time 148 Hours/Week (Average) Machine was operated by Army lokp Service at factol7' Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run tiDle) 0.94- (Philadelphia) from date of acceptance, April 1952, Above figures based on period 1 Jan 59 to 31 Dec 59 until September 1952. After Serial 110. 2 machine Passed Customer Acceptance Test 15 Mar 55 was installed and checked out in' Washington (Air Time is available for 'rent to outside organizations. Force-Pentagon), and Serial No.4 was completed and Company operating at factory, this machine was moved to its Good time 82.9 Hours/Week (Average) present site at Army Map Service. Full operation Attempted to run time 93.9 Hours/Week (Average) by Army Map Service started 4 JanuarY 1953, and ma­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.872 chine has been operating 3 shifts/day 60r 7 days/ Above figures based on period 2 Sep 56 to 23 Dec 56. week ever since. The "Good" time/week indicated above does not Bureau of the Census lnclude re-run time. Good. time is defined as the Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, stor­ time that the Univac was producing good, usable out­ age, shipping, and protection from humidity, tempera­ put that did not have to be redone for any' of a num­ ture and physical, electrical, fire, or other damage, ber of reasons associated with tape or machine mal­ includes fire wall construction; metallic containers functions. for magnetic tape, fire fighting organization and Great Northern training, control system for defective and damaged Good time 76 Hours/Week (Average) tapes, standardization of tape reel lengths and Attempted to run time 80 Hours/Week (Average) markings. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 C and 0 Above figures based on period from Oct 58 to present Outstanding features include accuracy, reliability Passed Customer Acceptance Test Mar 56 and duplicated cirCuitry. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Tape labelling by Labelon Marking Tape; permanent tions. wall cabinets provided for tape storage to protect System is operated 2 shifts per week. against dirt and physical damage. , AEC Facility Leased time from Case Institute includes only the Good time 3,740 Hours Central Computer and not the auxiliary equipment. Attempted to run time 4, 08h Hours Franklin Institute Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.91 System is maintained by Franklin Institute personnel. Above figures based on period from Jan 56 to Jul 56 Changes and modifications provide 15~ to 25~ increase Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 52 in speed without affecting Univac I compatability. These figures were essentially constant for two Labelon and self sticking adhesive used to identify and one-half years. tapes. Metal wall cabinets provide storage for 3,600 Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company tapes. Area completely air conditioned and humidity Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run) Exceeds 0.90 and temperature has never been problem. Area in use Above figure based on period from Oct 55 to Dec 56 or patrolled at all times and equipment available to University of California Radiation Laboratory minimize fire hazard. Average error-free running period 5.5 Hours Open or closed shop operation on 3 shift basis. Good time 1,816 Hours Government, industrial and scientific work. Attempted to run time 2,000 Hours Univac System Changes Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.91 Continuous Write Above figures based on period 1 Jul 56 to 30 Sep 56 A continuous write feature has been instaD.ed in the Passed Customer Acceptance Test 19 Nov 52 F.I.C.C. Univac 1. Start-stop time is eliminated when writing sequential "strings" of data. System evalua­ tion is not possible as the change has been in use only a short time. A complete tape may be generated ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS in a continuous mode, in approximately three minutes Manufacturer (revind time). A maximum gain of 25~ may be expected Library and compiler routines for mathematical in tape limited applications. and commercial use and service routines for mainte­ A continuous read modification is presently being nance use are available to customers. installed. In addition to the checking circuits in the Central The continuous write consists of 14 tubes and asso­ Computer, the Card-to-Tape Converter, the Tape-to­ ciated hardware. Installation time is not known since Card Converter and the High Speed Printer contain the modification Was undertaken on a development basis. bu.ilt-in checking features. Clear 0 Tanks on Read-In Switch Design features which facilitate maintenance in­ A switch has been added to select read-in or read­ clude accessibility of chassis through doors in the out clear. It bas prevented re-runs on DIBllY occa­ casework and accessibility of interwiring between sions by allowing re-write on output errors. chassis from inside. File Computer Operation Simultaneous reading, writing and computation are The Remington Rand File Computer is capable of pro­ possible due to built-in buffer units. ducing tape output that is acceptable to the Univac I Univac can read from one Uniservo; write ()n a Computer. Standard Univac I output cannot, however, :3econd and rewind a third. Unless there is another be read by file equipment. read, write or reWind instruction immediately follow­ ing, Univac may continue to compute while the reading,

UNIVAC I F.I.C.C. recently tackled the problem of reverse compatibility. Certain problems center about the FUTURE PLANS difference between the two computers. Other head­ Army Map Service aches are primarily a result of the use of plastic Minneapolis-Honeywell HBoo Computer currently on tapes. order to replace present Univac I. Delivery sched­ A practical working solution has been found to the uled for early 1961. Univac I will be retained for Univac I File problem. The necessary modifications at least 6 months to 1 year after HBoo delivery, so have been installed at F.I.C.C. The Univac I can that conversion process to new eCluipment can be made be switched to file mode in approximately one minute. in an orderly and gradual manner. A list of the changes necessary to generate file HSOO eCluipment to include the following major fea- output is available upon reCluest. tures: Empty 1 Tank Inhibit 16,000 word memory Circuitry has been installed in the central computer Floating point operation to prevent dumping an empty 1 tank. The circuits 2 tape control units actually combine the 1 overlay and empty 1 tank into 12 magnetic tape units one modification. High speed printer (on or off line) The change involves 2 tubes and associated compo­ Card Reader nents. The rewind overload neon on supervisory con­ New applications include: trol was removed and a blinking neon substituted as Processing digitalized map (topographic) data an indicator. including digital mal library Q and T Order MOdification Preparing tape for controlling router to carve It has been demonstrated that a faulty contact can terrain models cause loss of screen voltage on one or more tubes Intercontinental geodetric datum adjustments resulting in introduction of errors which might remain Special satellite and space programs undected until output is examined and inconsistencies Other classified projects noted. Internal Revenue Through the installation of duplicate backboard An IBM system has been deSignated for Service wide terminals, this has been corrected. Univac II insta­ use. Details of the system as to components, appli­ llations desiring more technical information on this cation, etc. are not available for public release at change are encouraged to reCluest same. this time. Initial installation of eCluipment is High Speed Printer scheduled for October 1961. The rectifier bottles in the H.S.P. power supply It is planned to compile as much statistics of in­ have been eliminated in part. Silicone (Texas In­ come data as possible as a by-product of data re­ struments) diodes have been installeJ. The initial cording for operational purposes in the described cost of the silicones is less than the price of the ADP Master File system. "bottles" and a much longer and trouble free life can be expected. Generated heat in the unit has been reduced by two kilowatts. The silicone diodes have been operational for eight INSTALLATIONS months and have been completely trouble free. Bureau of Census Intermittent operation of the on the print­ Department of Commerce er console has been traced to dirt filtering into the Washington 25, D. C. switch contacts. A vinyl bag was constructed and the entire area sealed. There have been few troubles Office of the Air Controller" 'since tbj.s addition. HeadCluarters U. S. Air Force Card to Tape Washington 25, D. C. The card to tape card feed unit has been souped Army Map Service up to 320 cards per minute. No circuit changes were 6500 ~ooks Lane found necessary. The unit was retimed for this speed WaShington 25, D. C. and has performed admirably. Tektronix Scope Bureau of Ships An !fA plus B" sweep has been wired into one 535 Department of the Navy scope. It allows two signals to be displayed simul­ WaShington 25, D. C. taneously on a single sweep. It is particularly use­ David Taylor Model Basin ful in observation of signal timing in "difficult to Applied Mathematics Laboratory live with" input-output areas. Washington 7, D. C. This change, consisting of one and one , is being checked out with the Tektronix Air University organization. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Literature Wright Patterson Air Force Base (AMC) Literature is available on reCluest to Franklin Air Materiel Command, Dayton, Ohio Institute Director, Computer Center, 20th and Park­ way, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Bureau of the Census Franklin Life WaShington 25, D. C. Outstanding feature is dual circuitry. Bureau of the Census Great Northern Federal Office Building No. 3 Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, stor­ Suitland, Maryland age, shipping, and protection from humidity, tempera­ ture and phYSical, electrical, fire, or other damage Air Materiel Command, Sacramento, California include external and internal label, distribution of Air Materiel Command, Gent1lly copies of different tapes in other offices in same building. Plan to purchase fireproof case. Internal Revenue Service 12th and Constitution Ave., N. W. WaShington 25, D. C.

989 UNIVAC I New York University (AEC) Sylvania Electric Products, Incorporated 45 Fourth Avenue Camillus, New York New York, New York Great Northern Railroad University of California (AEC) 175 E. Fourth Street Radiation Laboratory, P. O. Box 808 St. Paul 1, Minnesota Livermore, California The Franklin Institute Electronic Computing Center 20th and Parkway Remington Rand Philadelphia 3, Pennsylvania 315 Fourth Avenue University of Pennsylvania New York, New York The Computer Center General Electric Company Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania 310 West Liberty Street Boston, Massachusetts, Service Bureau Louisville, Kentucky Consolidated Edison Metropolitan Life Insurance Company One Madison Avenue 4 Irving Place New York New York New York 10, New York 3, The Carborundum Company Steel Buffalo, New York National Tube Division 525 William Penn Place Sperry Gyroscope Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Harvard University E. 1. du Pont de Nemours and Company Cambridge, Massachusetts Louviers Building Wilmington, Delaware United States Steel Gary Steel Works Chicago, Illinois Franklin Life Insurance Company 800 South Sixth Street Springfield, Illinois E. R. A. 1900 W. Minnehaha Avenue St. Paul 4, Minnesota Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company Box 6050, Metropolitan Station Los Angeles 55, California Westinghouse Electric Company P. o. Box 2278 3 Gateway Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania Electronic Computing Center Remington Rand 2601 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, California Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad 400 Terminal Tower Building Cleveland 1, Ohio John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company 200 Berkeley Street Boston, Massachusetts Consolidated Edison Company of New York Metropolitan Life Insurance Company One Madison Avenue New York 10, New York Life and Casualty Insurance Company of Tennessee Frankfurt, Germany, Service Bureau

UNIVAC I 990 UNIVAC I 991 UNIVAC ![ MANUFACTURER Universal Automatic Computer MOdel II Remington Rand Univac Division Sperry Rand Corporation

Photo by U. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office by-item comparison of system inventory vs future APPLICATIONS needs to identify material which will be purchased Manu.facturer or declared excess during the apportionment and bud­ General purpose digital computer. get fiscal years. Annual processing), for contractor u. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office performance and analysis (Control of material ordered Located at the Southwest corner of 1st deck, ESO from suppliers to determine; contractor performance, Building, Great Lakes, Illinois, the system 1s used cost, procurement lead time and its variation, over­ for inventory control (180,000 items, 21 stock points due contracts, contractor follow-up, etc. Weekly $200 million value. Weekly stock reView, redistribu­ process) and for management statistics (Various sta­ tion, procurement, and allocation), for electronic tistical controls to measure activity and s,ystem repair parts allowance lists (active plus reserve effectiveness, stock turn-over, volume of issues, ships, shore installations, etc. Weekly process), for sales, etc. Weekly and quarterly process). stock number identification (Technical document for U. S. Department of Agriculture use by electronic technicians), for Tables and Allow­ Commodity Stabilization Service ance Guides (To maintain and support a specific model Located at the CSS Commodity Office, Kansas City, of electronic equipment or system. Tri-weekly pro­ Missouri, the system is used in the Grain Price Sup­ cess), for consolidated load lists (Computed and port Program. This involves processing price support tailored requirements lists for maintaining proper loan and purchase agreement transactions for the 31 range and depth of stock aboard tenders and supply states served by this office asa data processing support ships. Semi-annual process), for stratifica­ center for this program. This application includes tion of assets and requirements (A stratified item- computation of loan and purchase transactions, prep-

UNIVAC II Photo by U. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office aration of settlement statements with farmers and and engineering (multiple correlations and regression producers, and recordation of accountability for analyses) problems. these transactions - approximately 1 million trans­ actions are processed annually. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company PROGRAMMING AND NUMERrCAL SYSTEM Located at 1 Madison Avenue, NYC (3 Univac IIts) and Internal number system Binary coded decimal 315 Park Avenue So., NYC (across the street - 1 Decimal digits/word 12 Univac II), the four systems are used for actuariaJ. Decimal digitS/instruction 6 (classification{ valuation, mortality studies and Instructions per word 2 special studies), for debit accounting (preparation Instructions decoded 54 of life and lapse registers), for payroll, for city Instructions used 54 mortgage accounting, and for ordinary policy service Arithmetic system Fixed point (billing, dividend calculation, premium, dividend Instruction type One address and commission accounting). Number range Between -1 and +1 Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company Decimal point occurs at the right of the Sign digit. Located in the Home Office Building in Los Angeles, California, the computer is used as the integral part of an integrated data processing system used to do ARITHMETIC UNIT our normal billing, collections, valuation, lapses, Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access agents records, commissions, loans, claims and just Micro sec Microsec about every other facet of the ordinary life insurance Add 160 120 work. In addition we do some actuarial studies, Mult 1,720 1,680 agency department contest records and several miscell­ Div 3,030 2,990 aneous jobs. Construction Vacuum tubes United States Steel Corporation Arithmetic mode Serial Located at 1509 Muriel Street, Pittsburgh 3, the sys­ Timing Synchronous tem is used for accounting, statistical, analytical, Operation Sequential

993 UNIVAC II Photo by Great Northern Railway Con~any

Addition, subtraction, and multiplication ttmes inches x 10 inches x 12 3/4 inches. given below include reading and executing the instruc­ A memory location thus always implies two cores in tion. The time includes formation of the result in all 42 planes. The two cores are determined by the the accumulator. All instructions, however are per­ intersection of one column of fifty possible columns formed at minimum latency rates. with two rows of the 80 possible rmTS. One row is Average Operating Speeds in Microseconds in each section of the plane. All 1~2 planes are Addition or Subtraction 200 (ll-digit numbers) used twice for each word. Associated with the memory is a half-word insertion Multiplication 1,900 (ll-digit numbers) register of 42-bit capacity. Each bit is temporarily Division 3,700 (II-digit numbers) stored in a magnetic core of this register during a Comparison 200 (12-digit numbers) memory reference. Each of these register cores is Transfer (Memory to 40/word + 80/instruc- Register or vice versa) tion associated with one of the 42 memory planes. To write into the memory, the first half of the word is placed in the insertion register and the address STORAGE selector alerts the appropriate column and the proper row of the top section in each of the 42 planes. At Manufacturer Medium Magnetic Core the appropriate instant the information is trans­ t'erred from each core of the insertion regiBter to Capacity 10,000 words 120,000 characters the selected core in the corresponding plane of the Memory Locations 0000 - 1999 memory. 42 pulse times later, the second half word Access time Zero (Memory references begin dur­ has been placed in the insertion register and the ing "Time Out") process is repeated in the lower section of the mem­ Basic Cycle 20 microseconds ory. Read-outs are accomplished in a reverse manner. Construction 42 separate magnetic core planes, The speed of the memory has been adjusted to the speed each one a rectangle 50 cores wide and 80 cores long. of the arithmetic portion of the Univac which permits Each of the planes is divided into two sections of the transfer into or out of the memory of 12 characters 50 by 40 cores, making 2,000 cores in each section. in 40 microseconds. Word pulses flow from or to the Each section contains one core - for one binary posi­ high speed bus and the insertion register via a mech­ tion (bit) - of every one of the 2,000 words. The anism which converts from serial to parallel and vice same relative binary position of the other half-word versa, in 42 bit modules. is held in a core in the same physical location in All users utilize a 2,000 word 24,000 digit, mag­ the other section of the plane. Thus each plane con­ netic core storage unit. tains two binary positions in each of 2 000 words' Commodity Stabilization Service the first and 43rd, for example, or the'9th and 52nd. 16 - Uniservo II's Physically the memory is a rectangular prism 7 1/4

UNIVAC II Photo by Great Northern Railway Company

Operation INPUT Input Function. A Uniservo may be used to read the Manuf'acturer coded, magnetic dots on the tape moving forward or Media backward and transfer the data in the form of elec­ Magnetic Tape (Uniservo II) 20,12.4, or 5 Kc digit tronic pulses to Univac. rate; 100 in/sec Output Function. A Uniservo may be used to record Keyboard Manual the results of Univac processing in the form of coded, Unityper II Manual (50 char/in den­ magnetic dots on a illetallic tape or a mylar tape mov­ sity) ing forward. Card to Tape Converter 240 cards/min (80 or 90 Reel Mounts. The reel mounts hold the standard 6 col cards) inch and 8 inch reels for magnetic tape and an 11 Paper Tape to Magnetic 200 char/sec (5, 6 or 7 inch reel for mylar tape. Tape Converter channel) Tape Handling System. There are two independent Verifier Keypunching (Verifica­ servo systems - the two reel motor servos. The cen­ tion of Unityper II ter drive is a magnetic clutch and the control signal Tapes) to the clutch is supplied by Univac. The tape around The UNISmVO II the center drive hub is isolated from the tape reels Purpose by two loops of tape. The reel servos are controlled The Uniservo II transports tape over a standard mag­ by loop size detectors. netic head (for reading and recording) under the con­ The mylar spacer used on Uniservo I, has been elim­ trol of Univac II. inated on Uniservo II to accommodate the higher pulse Physical Specifications writing density. A new hard surface to minimize head The Uniservo is housed in a cabinet, the upper sec­ wear is being provided on Uniservo II. tion of which contains the reel mounts and is cover­ Standard Magnetic Head. The standard magnetic head ed by a removable glass door. The front panel doors reads from or records in 8 channels. Seven of the are interlocked such that the center drive is stopped channels are used for the 7-pulse code of the Univac whenever the doors are opened. The entire front cov­ System and the 8th channel is a sprocket channel. er is easily removed, giving access to the loops. Tape speed. 100 inches per second (nominal). Tape Height 62 inches packing density 120 characters/inch. Width 30 inches Magnetic Clutch. Uniservo II is equipped with a Depth 30 inches magnetic clutch which provides the following: Working Space 6 ft 5 in x 5 ft 9 3/4 in. Start-Stop time of 5 milliseconds maximum. Weight 650 lbs. Reading or writing speed of 51 milliseconds for 720 characters (51 ms maximum to start, read 1 block, and stop).

UNIVAC II 995 Rewind of any number of Uniservos, up to and includ­ USN ESO ing 16, stmultaneously. Media Speed Safety Switches. The Uniservo is fu.ll:y equipped Tape-to-Card 120 cards/min (Off-line) with safety switches which apply brakes to the reels High Speed Printer 600 lines/m:i.n (Off-line) if either of the 2 loops exceeds the prescribed length. Uniservo (Tape Station) 2:? Kilocycle/sec Control. The control of a Uniservo is maintained (On-line, write operation) by Univac and exercised during a program by the fol­ Metropolitan Life lowing types of instructions: Univac Hi Speed Printer 600 lines/m:i.n Read Forward Univac Tape to Card 120 cards/m:i.n Read Backward Converter Record at high pulse density Pacific Mutual Record at low pulse density Uniservo II 100 inCh/sec Rewind without interlock 250 char/in Rewind with interlock Very reliable with metallic tape. Connection to Univac. As m.a.ny- as 16 Uniservos may Output buffering of 60 words of core. Can simultan­ be connected to Univac II at a;ny one ttme. The eously read on 1 tape handler, write on a second and connection is made by means of a sectional trough be rewinding a third. on the top of the line of Uniservos and continuing USS from the first Uniservo of the line to one corner Magnetic Tape 250 char/in of Univac. Uniservos ~ be electrically interchanged 100 in/sec without effecting the program. High Speed Printer 600 l1nes/mtn (Off-line) Power Requirements Magnetic tape to 80-column card converter - 120 The main power for the Uniservos is supplied by Univac. cards per minute. USN ESO Media Speed Unityper Keyboard (Off-line: source document/UniVac tape) CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Card-to-Tape 240 cards/min (Off-line) Tubes 5,200 Uniservo (Tape Station) 25 Kilocycle/sec Tube types 20 (On-line, read operation) Crystal diodes 18,000 Commodity Stabilization Service Magnetic cores 184,000 Off-line Equipment Transistors 1,200 1 Card-to-Tape Converter (80 column card) Separate cabinets 4 2 Tape-to-High Speed Printers (600 Ipn. printers) Above figures are approximate and do not include 1 Bi-directionaJ. Baper Tape to Magnetic Tape input-output devices. (B-PTM-7) 1 Tape Cleaner 2 Unitypers CHECKI NG FEATURES Metropolitan Life Checking Circuits Medium Speed Whenever feasible, registers and othE!r circu:tts Univac Card-to-Tape Converter 240 cardS/min appear in duplicate. Their contents are continuously Pacific Mutual compared so that inconsistencies between the data in Uniservo II 100 inches/sec the identical units give an indication of faulty 250 char/inch operation, and staJ~ the computer. At this pOint, Very reliable with metallic tape. Input buffering the instruction may be repeated. of 60 words of magnetic core. The pulse code used in the Univac System is so de­ USS signed that all characters contain an odd number of Magnetic Tape 250 char/in pulses. At several strategic points within Univac, 100 inChes/sec every character is checked for an odd number of 80-column card to magnetic tape converter. 300 pulses. 1m indication is given whenever an even num­ cards per minute. ber of pulses is detected, and the computer stalls. Other types of checking circuits cause Univac to stall when other types of errors occtrr. OUTPUT 1m error occurs if reference to a non-existent mem­ ory address is attempted. Manufacturer 1m odd-even error in the transfer 1'1 to I'M will Media result in a transfer stop and the location of the Magnetic Tape (Uniservo II) 20, 12.4, Or 5 ICc digit error (1'1 address) will be indicated. rate The 720 character count will be displayed on a Uniprinter 10 char/sec (20 char/in modulus 100 counter. density) "All ones" checker. In addition to the parity bits High Speed Printer 600 lineS/min (130 char/ check on the high speed bus, a second checker estab­ line, maximum) lishes that the invalid "all ones" character is not Tape to Card Converter 120 cards/min (80 col inadvertently created by a system fatut. cards) Input and output checkers also detElct the invalid Magnetic Tape to Paper Tape 60 char/sec (5, 6, or 7 "all ones" character. Conversion channel) Built-in checking features are contained in the Magnetic Tape to Magnetic 90 char/sec (Speed de­ Card-to-Tape Converter, the Tape-to-Gard Converter Tape Transrecorder pendent upon communica­ and the High Speed Printer. tion facilities) Fusing Ullivac is complete]~ fused in order that faults may be isolated. Each bay has its own set of fUBes in addition to main fuses on all DC and AC potentials.

UNIVAC II If a fuse blows, power is shut off and an indicator Univac contains thirteen bays of chassis. These circuit shows in which bay the blown fuse is located, bays are arranged in a structure resembling a letter and a "flag" indicates the specific fuse. "C". There are two bays at each end, five bays along Voltage Monitoring one side and four bays and a door allowing access to An automatic voltage monitoring system continuously the interior of Univac along the other side. monitors all critical DC potentials giving an alarm Each bay contains trrree-tiered sections. Each sec­ if any moves outside the prescribed limits. tion contains twelve removable or plug-in type chassis. The chassis in each bay are accessible through doors which make up the casework. The core storage sec­ POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION tions, however, contain 36 printed circuit chassis. :Manufacturer The inter-wiring between chassis is one the back Univac has a separate power supply unit. The Univac boards of the sections and bays and is accessible II is designed to operate from a power service of from inside Univac. 480 volts, 208 volts or 240 volts, three phase, 60 Cooling System Requirements. The heat generated by cycle. The system voltage must be specified in ad­ the 5,200 vacuum tubes and the electronic components vance in order that the switch gear and 75 KVA trans­ requires a cooling system. The Central Computer, former listed below may be properly supplied. Uniservos and power supply are cooled by a circula­ Power Requirement: ting chilled water system. 130 gallons per minute Kw KVA PF of 500 wa.ter are required. A three way mixing valve Hotor Generator 47.3 59·2 0.8 with controls and a circulating pump are required for Heaters 45.0 45.0 the Central Computer and Uniservos. The power supply Blower Motor 6.1 7.65 0.8 unit contains its own control. Water connections for Standby, etc. 2.0 2.0 the power supply may enter the cabinet either at the Uniservo 16 x 1.5 Kw 24.0 30.0 0.8 top or bottom. Water connections for the Central 1'21+':4 143Jj"5 Computer and the Uniservos are at the sides near the Univac II Power System floor and the piping may be run either on the ceiling The electrical power system for Univac II Central or below the floor. Computer and Uniservos consists of a packaged switch­ Refrigeration System Requirements. The Central gear unit, a 75 KVA transformer, a 400 cycle motor Computer, Uniservos, and power supply units require generator set and a power supply unit. The power and 35 Tons of refrigeration. control installation for the chilled water system and USN ESO the peripheral equipment are discussed below. Wiring Power, computer 190 Kw 190.5 KVA 0.95 pf between units of the system is to be done by the user. Power, air condit 75 Kw 75 KVA 0.9 pf Switchgear. The switchgear unit controls the in­ Volume, computer 1,200 cu ft coming power, the motor generator set supply and 400 Volume, peripheral equip 10,560 cu ft cycle output circuit, the filament power and Uniservo Volume, air cond & cooling tanks 1,200 cu ft power, and it is the center of all power control cir­ Area, computer 1,636 sq ft cuits. The main line circuit breaker will be supplied Area, peripheral equip 1,056 sq ft according to the system voltage. The motor starter Area, air conditioning 450 sq ft will always be supplied for 480 volts. Dimensions: Room size, computer 49.5 ft x 33 ft 8 ft 4 in wide; 30 in deep; 6 ft high. Room size, peripheral equip 32 ft x 33 ft 75 KVA Transformer. A 75 KVA transformer, air cool­ Room size, air conditioning 400 sq ft ed type, is supplied for mounting by the customer. If Floor loading 20 Ibs/sq ft the system voltage is 480 volts the transformer will 250 Ibs concen max be 480/208 and connected between the main line cir­ Capacity, air conditioner 75 Tons cuit breaker and the filament power circuit breaker. Weight, computer 36,000 Ibs If the system voltage is 208 volts the transformer Weight, peripheral equip 14,000 Ibs will be 208/480 and connected between the main line Weight, air conditioner 3,000 Ibs circuit breaker and the motor circuit breaker. If Total weight 53,000 Ibs the system voltage is 240 volts the transformer will Building modifications consisted of trenching in be ~0/480 and connected between the main line cir­ floors to accommodate chilled water cooling system cuit breaker and the motor circuit breaker. and power cables. Water supply and return with 100 Motor Generator Set. The motor generator set con­ ton cooling tower and basin installed on roof of sists of a 75 HP motor and two 25 KVA, 0.9 power building. 75 ton compressor to produce cold water factor 400 cycle generators. The motor is served by for ADP equipment and room air conditioning. Duct 480 volts, 3 phase from the switchgear. The 400 work for room air conditioning is installed in regular cycle output is controlled by electrically operated ceiling. Existing power facilities were adequate to circuit breakers in the switchgear. Control of 400 assume the load from ADP without modification. cycle voltage and excitation for the generators is Metropolitan Life by the exciter regulator units in the switchgear. Power, computer 124 Kw 144KVA 0.86 pf Base 93 in long x 24 in Power, water cooler 25 Kw Overall 104 1/8 in long x 29 in Volume, computer, 1,200 cu ft Area - 15.8 sq ft 16 servos, power units Floor loading - 284 Ibs/sq ft Area, computer, 16 servos, 250 sq ft power units Space Requirements Area, water cooler 900 sq ft Approximate Dimensions Room size 2,000 sq ft Height 102 9/16 in. Floor loading 10 Ibs/sq ft Width 171 3/8 in. 284 Ibs concen max Depth 94 3/4 in. CapaCity, water cooler 50 Tons per compo Working Space 16 ft x 22 in. Weight, computer 16,000 Ibs Weight 16,000 Ibs Weight, water cooler 13,000 Ibs Above figures are for each computer.

997 UNIVAC II Walled room for motor-generator sets and voltage USN ESO regulators and switch gear, fenced areas for tape Prime Monthly Usage Rates storage, installed separate refrigeration equipment Central Computer w/12 Uniservos $23,940 on 15th floor and water lines to computers on 20th High Speed Printer 4, :~50 floor, installed power lines from 15th floor trans­ Card-to-Tape 2,540 formers to 20th floor, dug channels in concrete floor Tape-to-Card 2, :~5 for lines between electronic units. Unityper 90 Pacific Mutual Verifier 250 Power, computer 150 KYA 1. 0 pf 3 phase Metropolitan Life Room Size, computer 1,500 sq ft 4 Univac II's, ea, with 16 Uniservos, total Floor loading 150 lbs/sq ft $4,035,000. Weight, computer 35,000 lbs 3 Card-to-Tape Converters,. 2 Tape-to-Card Converters, Installed special power lines to fourth floor site 3 High Speed Printers cost $1,345,000. from special switchboard directly from street trans­ 1 Hig~ Speed Printer rents at $5,000/month. former. False ceiling primarily for esthetic purposes. Maintenance service for 4 Un1vacs ~nd auxiliaries Ducts installed for room air conditioning. cost $52,000/month. USS Pacific Mutual Power, computer 221 Kw 246 KYA 0.90 pf Unitypers, computer, servos and printer cost approx­ Power, air cond 90 Kw 106 KYA 0.85 pf imately $1.5 million. Volume, computer 70,630 cu ft Maintenance service is performed by own maintenance Volume, air conditioner 28,996 cu ft staff. Area, computer 7,063 sq ft USS Area, air conditioner 2,636 sq ft Basic system includes two (2) Univac II Computers, Floor loading 250 lbs/sq ft twenty-eight (28) Uniservos, one (1) Unityper, and 250 lbs concen max one (1) Unityper-verifier. Capacity, air conditioner 148 Tons Mditional equi:pment includes one (1) Card-to-Tape 25,000 cu ft/min Converter, one (1) Tape-to-Card Converter, and two Converted warehouse to office-type space. Plenum (2) High Speed Printers, with core buffers. chambers provided. Complete air filtering and air­ Equipment is rented. Maintenance is performed by conditioning. Installed ceiling lights, wall panels the lessor. and tiled floor. 440 volt supply to switch gear. Equipment fed by conduit and cable racks. PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Manui'acturer COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES The number of engineers, technicians and operators Manufacturer (Original Prices) required depends upon the equipment complement of Base Monthly Rental Outright the Univac System and the shift operation. 1 Shift Sale Price USN ESO Description 5 Day Week F.O.B. Factory One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Univac II Central Com­ $18,540.00 $970,000 Shift Shifts Shifts puter w/power supply U R U R U R & supervisory ctl desk Supervisors 5 5 Uniservo II 450.00 20,000 Analysts 7 8 Uniprinter 390·00 22,000 Programmers 16 20 Extra Dolly Assembly for 122.50 7,000 Clerks 5 5 Uniprinter Librarians 1 1 Unityper II 90.00 4,500 Operators 2 2 4 456 Verifier Not currently available Engineers 4 4 6 6 8 9 High Speed Printer 3,300.00 185,000 In-Out'Oper 2 2 4 466 Card-to-Tape Unit w/47 2,520.00 142,100 Tape Handlers 1 1 2 2 3 3 character code The operators include the shift supervisor for each Card-to-Tape Unit w/38 2,500.00 of the 1st and 2nd shifts. character code Engineers are Remington Rand personnel included as Tape-to-Card Unit 2,300.00 130,000 part of the rental contract. Perforated Tape to 1,800.00 loB, 000 Operation tends toward closed shop. Magnetic Tape (Pl'M) Methods of training used include 8 weeks of class­ Converter room instruction plus 18 weeks of on-the-Job train­ Magnetic Ta~ to Perfora- 1,500.00 90,000 ing. ]!'ormal traini.ng agreements betw'een ESO and ted Tape lMl'P) Converter Civil Service Co:m:nll.ssion. The high speed printer and the card-to-tape unit Government wages in this line of work are not com­ with the 47 character code requires a customer fur­ petitive with those being offered by ADPS users in nished voltage regulator. Prices are subject to industry and/or ADPS manufacturers. Skilled employees change without notice. after 18-24 months training and experience in this Rental charges include maintenance service, spare field of work are showing a growing t.endency to accept parts and test equipnent. Separate maintenance con­ non-government employment. tract and maintenance advisory service contract available to purchasers of Univac Systems.

UNIVAC II Metropolitan Life Metropolitan Life One 8-Hour Two 10-Hour Shifts Good time 102.2 Hoursjweek (Average) Shift 4 Days/Week includ good rerun time Used Recomm Used Recommended Attempted to run time 112.7 Hoursjweek (Average) Supervisors 4 4 6 8 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.91 Programmers 6 6 Above figures based on period from Jan 59 to Jan 60 Clerks 12 13 Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 58 Librarians 3 3 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operators 14 tions. In-Output Opera 24 These Univacs were acquired under an option to con­ Tape Handlers 4 vert Univac lIS to Univac Ills. The first Univac I Methods of training used includes suppliers classes was accepted in late 1954. for programmers and operators, occasional special Pacific Mutual classes run by programming coordinator, and on-the­ Good time approx 100 Hours/Week (Average) job training for clerks, librarians, tape handlers, Attempted to run time 120 Hours/Week (Average) and in-output operators. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) About Machines work 20 hours per day, 6 days per week. 0.80 and improving. Operators work 10 hours per day, 4 days per week. Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to present Pacific Mutual Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1959 Three 8-Hour Shifts Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Used Recommended tions. Programmers 26 USS Librarians 0 1 Good time 120 Hours/Week (Average) Operators 5 6 Attempted to run time 137 Hours/Week (Average) Engineers 9 9 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.87 In-Output Opera 4 5 Above figures based on period 14 Mar 60 to 9 Apr 60 Operation tends toward open shop. Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 59 Method of training used is basically on-the-job Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ training with some formalized classroom work. tions. "Typical" personnel is difficult to recommend or give with great detail due to emphases and approaches to the problem. Each group must study their own prob­ lem and then work out the personnel set up. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS USS Manufacturer Two 8-Hour Shifts Buffer Units Supervisors 7 Input buffer (rI) 60 words of core storage. Input Analysts 33 character rate up to 40,000 per second - dependent Coders 2 upon speed of Uniservos. Clerks 4 Output buffer (rO) 60 words of core storage. Out­ Operators 5 put character rates of 20,000; 12,400; and 5,000 per In-Output Opera 3 second. Tape Handlers 4 Transfer buffer (rW) 9 words of core storage. Methods of training used includes equipment manu­ Cooperates with main memory during V and W instruc­ facturer schools, internal schools, and on-the-job tions to transfer up to 9 words at 25,000 words per training. second. Transfer buffer (rZ) 60 words of core stor­ age. Control of Operation RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Univac is controlled by instructions which are AND TIME AVAILABILITY re~orded on tape and read into the memory. The in­ Manufacturer structions are stored in successive memory locations Reliability and operating experience based on the beginning at 0000. Two instructions may be stored formula: (Available Operating Time minus Lost Time) in each memory location. divided by (Scheduled Operating Time). The cumula­ Simultaneous. reading, writing and computation are tive performance reports for Univac I Central Comput­ possible due to built-in buffer units. Univac can ers have averaged 93.0%. read from one Uniservo, write on a second and rewind USN ESO all other Uniservos simultaneously. Unless there is Average error-free running period 16 Hours another read, write or rewind instruction immediately Good time 123 Hours/Week (Average) follOWing, Univac may continue to compute while read­ Attempted to run time 136 Hours/Week (Average) ing, writing and rewinding operations are being per­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.90 formed. Above figures based on period 1 Jul 59 to 30 Apr 60 Univac starts operating in accordance with the Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jul 58 instructions stored in memory location 0000 and re­ Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ fers automatically to suceeding memory locations. tions. Certain of the instructions read from the tapes the Computer is normally run for 40 straight hours and source data upon which the instructions operate and then there is an 8 hour preventative maintenance shift store the source data in the memory. Other instruc­ before the next 40 hours. tions cause Univac to record the results of the The 10 per cent lost time includes losses as a re­ operations on tape. sult of tape; computer, operator, program and data The operation of Univac is controlled by automatic error conditions. sequencing. It may be interrupted by instructions that transfer the control of Univac from one memory lQ£ation to another memory location not in sequence. This mode of operation conserves space in the memory

999 UNIVAC II