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Southern Sudan at Odds with Itself

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Allen et al. Schomerus ‘I found the report fascinating and also disturbing in equal measure. …While state building efforts are rightly focused on building up structures from the ground they fail to address the primary need to ensure that such institutions are properly reformed to become independent and impartial institutions…To address these pressing issues and to maximise the positive momentum generated SOUTHERN ODD SUDAN AT from the elections and the international focus on Southern Sudan at this time, these issues needs to be discussed publicly with all key states, governments and civil society stakeholders who hold the future of Southern Sudan in their hands. I would urge action sooner rather than later.’ Akbar Khan, Director, Legal & Constitutional Affairs Division, Commonwealth Secretariat ‘The great strength of the report is the accuracy of its voicing of common concerns – it forms an excellent representation of people’s perceptions and experiences, making an important corollary to the current focus on high-level political negotiations and structures. As the report emphasises at the outset, the current focus of Sudanese governments and their international advisors on the technicalities and procedural aspects of planning for the referendum and its outcome needs to be countered by the more holistic approach advocated by this report.’ Cherry Leonardi, Durham University ‘A very important and timely contribution to the current debates…The report offers an invaluable S insight in some of the key issues and dilemma’s Southern Sudan and international actors face.’ WITH IT Jort Hemmer, Clingendael Institute S ELF: Dynamics conflict of and predicamentsof peace SOUTHERN SUDAN AT ODDS WITH ITSELF: Dynamics of conflict and predicaments of peace Development Studies Institute Research team led by Mareike Schomerus and Tim Allen The research undertaken for this report, Research by Southern Sudan Peace commissioned by Pact Sudan through Commission (SSPC), Centre for Peace CONTENTS DfID, was led by Mareike Schomerus and Development Studies (CPDS), (project director and principal author) and Juba University and the London School Acknowledgements 01 Professor Tim Allen (lead researcher) of of Economics and Political Science the London School of Economics and Development Studies Institute (DESTIN) Acronyms 04 Political Science (LSE) Development Executive summary 05 Studies Institute (DESTIN). The LSE Report by DESTIN team worked in partnership with Juba Introduction: Southern Sudan at Crossroads 14 University’s Centre for Peace and DISCLAIMER: Findings and Local violence and its causes 14 Development Studies (CPDS) and the recommendations do not represent Major findings in brief 15 south Sudan Peace Commission (SSPC). the views of Pact Sudan or the UK Structure of the report 16 Contributing authors to this report Department for International Development Research sites 17 were Rachel Flynn, Aoife McCullough, (DfID). They solely reflect the opinions of Upper Nile 17 Eastern Equatoria 17 Adam O’Brien, Krisana Pieper, Sophie the authors based at the London School Western Bahr el Ghazal 19 Rutenbar and Liana Simmons. of Economics and Political Science. Southern Sudan at odds with itself 20 Research Teams Rethinking ‘Tribalism’ 20 ‘Tribalism’ as a political tool 20 Eastern Equatoria permanent team: Fear of tribal domination and territorial expansion 21 Rachel Flynn, LSE ‘Tribal fighting’ versus ‘tribalism’ 22 Charles Taban, senior SSPC researcher Tribal relations and views of the ‘other’ 22 Ronald Iya, independent Committing ‘tribal’ violence 22 Case study: Nimule: a case of ‘tribalism’ or a land dispute? 23 Ugandan researcher Case Study: Categorising conflicts: Liana Simmons, DESTIN MSc graduate Design: LSE Design Unit Between group identity, resources and civil war 24 (www.lse.ac.uk/design unit) Competing administrative structures 25 Eastern Equatoria temporary team: Chart: When did Southern Sudan have the best leaders? 26 Aisha Ali, Pact Sudan staff Copy editor: Heather Forse Contradictory approaches 27 Livia Ndurua, Pact Sudan staff Chart: Will there be another war with the north? 29 Dr Sirisio Oromo, CPDS Photographs: Aoife McCullough, Chart: Will there be another war within Southern Sudan? 29 Tim Allen, Mareike Schomerus, Reflections on the referendum 30 Greater Bahr el-Ghazal team: Vikki Groves, Adam O’Brien Chart: Will you vote for unity or independence? 30 Mareike Schomerus, LSE Table: Violence potential of referendum outcomes 30 Minihiteng Odihak, Office Manager Referendum as a moment for change 31 of the SSPC Chairperson Case Study: Caught in the middle: Raja County 32 Taban Charles, Sudanese Developing government structures 34 independent researcher Background: The lack of viable historical models for Southern Sudan’s future 34 Krisana Pieper, LSE affiliate Dynamics of conflict 38 Aoife McCullough, DESTIN MSc graduate How decentralisation and administrative division fuels conflict 38 Chaplain Kenyi, CPDS Borders and conflicts 40 Blurring borders between ethnic and administrative boundaries 40 Upper Nile team: Case study: An example of ‘ethnic’ administrative division in EES 42 Adam O’Brien, LSE affiliate Table: Respondent Perceptions of Pros and Cons of Administrative Division 43 Duoth Kwon, SSPC Jonglei state Case Study: Counties cause conflict in Eastern Equatoria 43 Director for Administration and Finance Case study: International borders between Toposa and Turkana 44 Victoria Guli, CPDS Relying on an illusion? The 1956 borders 46 Paul Opio Both, Pact Sudan Case Study: The Atar/Khorflus agreements 48 Sophie Rutenbar, DESTIN MSc graduate Case study: The legacy of the ‘1956 border’ between Acholi and Bari 50 Case Study: Different memories: Dinka, Shilluk and internal borders Frontcover: A dust storm gathers over 52 Land and other resources 53 All teams were visited by Professor Allen. Wau – photograph by Aoife McCullough Case study: Lopit: How a ‘resource conflict’ spreads into politics 53 Cattle-raiding as a resource conflict? 54 3 Examining the causes of cattle-raiding 55 Politics of cattle herders versus farmers 57 Case study: A new experience of cattle-raiding in Mapel 58 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Protection 58 Chart: Institutions providing protection and problem solving in Southern Sudan 59 Case study: The SPLA, security and legacies of unsolved violence in Budi County 61 Case study: Arms and the WFP barge attack 63 Other armed groups and outsiders 64 We would like to thank Pact Sudan, particularly Judy McCallum, Julie Brethfeld, Dina Parmer, Militias 64 Alfred Okech, Paul Opio Both, Mauro Tadiwe, Peter Lominit, Emmanuel Gumbiri, Rachel Youth gangs 64 DuBois, Stephanie Marienau and many others affiliated with Pact Sudan (namely Kenneth The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) 65 Akau from INCODE) who helped with information, time, organisation and encouragement. Fellata 66 Thanks to the Southern Sudan Peace Commission (SSPC), particularly Louis Labong Lojore and Predicaments of peace 69 Peter Gwang for their partnership, commitment and insight into the complexities of the conflicts. Chart: Themes in drawings depicting life before the CPA 69 Chart: Themes in drawings depicting life after the CPA 69 Thanks to Simon Lubang and the Centre for Peace and Development Studies (CPDS) at Chart: Perceptions of peace, security and aid from 1972 – 2009 70 Juba University for facilitating the participation of three researchers. Thanks to Graham Peace-building: a palliative cure? 72 Thompson and Freddie Carver from DfID in Sudan for their insights and support. Case study: Strategic peacemaking between Dinka Malual and Rizeigat 73 Thanks to Jeannine McMahon and Anju Begum of LSE Enterprise for their assistance. The meaning of peace-building 75 We much appreciate helpful and insightful comments on drafts from: Table: Peace meetings as a response to conflict 75 ‘Talk about peace’-building 76 • Cherry Leonardi and John W Donaldson, Durham University Chart: What is the best way to get peace? 77 • John Marks, USAID’s Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) Questioning the sustainability of peace meetings 78 • Jort Hemmer, Clingendael Institute Case study: A fragile ‘peace’ at Lauro 79 • Akbar Khan, Director, Legal and Constitutional Affairs Division, Commonwealth Secretariat A look at local peace agreements 80 Alternative approaches 81 We owe a lot to the Juba community of NGOs, donors and government officials who ‘Chiefs’ and peace-building 82 attended two workshops, and they shared ideas and gave their feedback. Particular thanks Case study: Monyomiji 83 go to His Excellency Gier Chuang Aluong, GoSS Minister for Internal Affairs for his astute and Tension between chiefs and government structures 84 challenging speech at the start of our research. Case study: Hybrid structures and the Local Government Act 86 Most importantly, we are grateful to the women and men, youth, community leaders, Political Voice 87 religious leaders, elders, military commanders, NGO staff, donors, commissioners, ministers, Access to news media 88 governors, UN staff and taxi drivers who gave us their time and patience to describe the Chart: When did you listen to the radio for information? 89 problems they are facing and to answer our endless questions. We hope we can reflect their Chart: Which radio stations do you listen to? 89 experiences adequately. The effectiveness of agencies: funding, coordinating and targeting 90 Case study: the Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) 92 Ensuring accountability 93 Coordination challenges 93 The politics of the development sector 94 Local partnerships
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