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Download The Indigenous Perspectives on the Outstanding Land Issue in British Columbia: “We deny their right to it” by Cathrena Narcisse B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1994 M.A., Simon Fraser University, 1998 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2016 © Cathrena Narcisse, 2016 Abstract Arising from and sustained within the context of colonialism, the outstanding indigenous land issue in British Columbia has long been a source of significant conflict between indigenous people and settler governments. Due to its significantly complex political and legal background, it is difficult to reach a clear and comprehensive understanding about this matter, and gaining insight into the indigenous perspective about it is even more challenging. Explicitly considering the broader framework of colonialism in exploring the outstanding indigenous land issue in British Columbia, this dissertation places its focus upon detailing the indigenous perspective in relation to opposing political and legal government positions. Such a study is important in order to adequately understand the perpetuation of the conflicts between indigenous peoples and governments over the outstanding land issue. The research approach relies upon the examination of archival data, along with representations of indigenous oral history narratives, and attendance at indigenous political gatherings. In particular, this research project relies upon information gathered from both indigenous elders and political representatives through interviews and political meetings to form the basis of indigenous perspectives on the outstanding land issue. The findings from this research provide evidence that a discernible pattern of denial and disregard has been established and maintained by successive settler governments and that these patterns are purposefully perpetuated. The political, legal, and regulatory systems devised for power and control over indigenous peoples have effectively shaped the ‘taken for granted assumptions’ of the outstanding land issue. Indigenous perspectives on the ownership of their ii territories have been consistently maintained through oral history narratives over several generations. The central contribution that can be drawn from this research rests upon the revelation of how indigenous perspectives on the outstanding land issue were actively and continuously suppressed as part of the dispossession process. The significant findings include an in-depth disclosure of how purposeful political and legal procedures accompanied by expansive regulatory mechanisms have served to control how the outstanding indigenous land issue in British Columbia has been actively shaped, understood, and maintained over time through deliberate processes and procedures of colonialism. iii Preface This research was approved by the UBC Behavioral Research Ethics Board: Certificate Number H11-00279; Principal Investigator: Dr. Patrick Moore. iv Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ........................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................x Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Problem Statement .......................................................................1 1.1 Theoretical Approach toward the Research Problem ..................................................... 4 1.1.1 Foundations of Sovereignty through Colonialism and Claiming Indigenous Lands .. 9 1.2 Background Information Supporting My Research into Colonialism in British Columbia and Its Role in the Outstanding Indigenous Land Issue ........................................... 12 1.3 Locating the Indigenous Voice on the Outstanding Land Issue: The Suppressed Perspective ................................................................................................................................ 19 1.3.1 The Call for the Indigenous Voice/Perspective from Anthropology ........................ 22 1.3.2 Bringing Forth Indigenous Perspectives and Re-Telling History. ............................ 25 1.4 Research Methods ......................................................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Historical and Archival Research ............................................................................. 27 1.4.2 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 28 1.4.3 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................ 29 v 1.5 Situating Myself within the Research Project ............................................................... 31 Chapter 2: The Indigenous Voice on the Outstanding Title Issue ..........................................35 2.1 St’át’imc ........................................................................................................................ 35 2.2 Indigenous Voices from Archival Sources ................................................................... 39 2.3 Early Indigenous Activism Beginning in 1864 ............................................................. 40 2.4 Political Organization of Interior Indians of BC........................................................... 47 2.5 Indian Rights Association of BC .................................................................................. 68 2.6 Allied Tribes Of BC (First Province-Wide Indigenous Organization) 1916 and the Mckenna-Mcbride Royal Commission, 1912 - 1916 ................................................................ 78 Chapter 3: Indian Administration and Regulation: “For The Purpose of the Land Grab” ..82 3.1 Early Indian Administration ......................................................................................... 82 3.1.1 1927 Indian Act Amendment .................................................................................... 85 3.1.2 Indian Administration as Experienced by Indigenous Peoples in BC: Indian Reserves, Indian Agents, and Indian Schools. ...................................................................... 87 3.1.3 Indian Reserves ......................................................................................................... 88 3.1.4 Indian Agents ............................................................................................................ 90 3.1.5 Indian Residential Schools ........................................................................................ 95 3.2 Increased Settlement, Industry, Land Regulations, and Restrictions ............................ 97 3.3 Outstanding Indigenous Land Issue Revived ............................................................. 102 3.4 Formation of Union of BC Indian Chiefs in 1969 by all BC Chiefs .......................... 103 3.5 Nisǥa’a Case Goes Forward........................................................................................ 108 3.6 Trudeau Forms ‘Blanket Extinguishment’ Comprehensive Land Claims Policy ....... 113 vi 3.7 Constitution Express and Canadian Constitution (1982) ............................................ 117 Chapter 4: Oka: the Catalyst for the Current Tripartite BCTC Treaty Process ................124 4.1 The Oka Confrontation on Land Issues: Pivotal for St’át’imc ................................... 125 4.2 St’át’imc Blockades .................................................................................................... 128 4.3 Okanagan Blockade and Support ................................................................................ 135 4.4 Introduction of the BC Claims Task Force ................................................................. 140 4.5 Implementation of the British Columbia Tripartite Treaty Process............................ 144 4.5.1 Non-Negotiables in BCTC Treaty Process ............................................................. 147 4.5.2 Lack of Mandate toward Meaningful Negotiations ................................................ 149 4.6 ‘Law of the Land’ and Supreme Court Decisions Need Not Apply ........................... 150 4.6.1 Overlaps, Loans, Maintenance of Status Quo ......................................................... 152 Chapter 5: Conclusion ...............................................................................................................158 5.1 The Research Problem ................................................................................................ 158 5.2 Summary of Research Findings .................................................................................
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