DOCSLIB.ORG

The Prehistoric Use of Nephrite on the British Columbia Plateau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Prehistoric Use of Nephrite on the British Columbia Plateau The Prehistoric Use of Nephrite on the British Columbia Plateau John Darwent Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University 1998 The Prehistoric Use of Nephrite on the British Columbia Plateau By John Darwent Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University 1998 c. Archaeology Press 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, without prior written consent of the publisher. Printed and bound in Canada ISBN 0-86491-189-0 Publication No. 25 Archaeology Press Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 (604)291-3135 Fax: (604) 291-5666 Editor: Roy L. Carlson Cover: Nephrite celts from near Lillooet, B.C. SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Cat nos. 2750 and 2748 Table of Contents Acknowledgments v List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Types of Data 2 Ethnographic Information 2 Experimental Reconstruction 2 Context and Distribution 3 Artifact Observations 3 Analog Information 4 The Study Area . 4 Report Organization 4 2 Nephrite 6 Chemical and Physical Properties of Nephrite 6 Sources in the Pacific Northwest 6 Nephrite Sources in British Columbia 6 The Lillooet Segment 7 Omineca Segment 7 Cassiar Segment 7 Yukon and Alaska Nephrite Sources 8 Washington State and Oregon Nephrite Sources 8 Wyoming Nephrite Sources 9 Prehistoric Source Usage 9 Alternate Materials to Nephrite 10 Serpentine 10 Greenstone 10 Jadeite 10 Vesuvianite 10 3 Ethnographic and Archaeological Background of Nephrite Use 11 Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Study Area 11 Plateau Lifestyle 11 Cultural Complexity on the Plateau 11 Ethnographic Use of Nephrite . 13 Nephrite Procurement 13 Nephrite Manufacturing 14 Types of Artifacts made of Nephrite 16 Use of Nephrite Implements 16 Woodworking 16 Property Items 17 Warfare 18 Ceremonial Uses 18 Other Uses 18 Trade of Nephrite Implements 19 Summary of Ethnographic Nephrite Use 19 British Columbia Plateau Prehistory 20 The Early Period (>8000 BP) 20 The Middle Period (8000-3500 BP) 20 The Late Period (4000/3500 - 200BP) 20 Complexity in the Past 21 The Prehistoric Development of the Nephrite Industry 22 Chapter 4 Groundstone Tool Technology 25 Principles and Methods of Groundstone Tool Technology 25 Pecking 26 Grinding 26 Materials Used in Groundstone 28 Optimization of Lithic Technologies 29 Surplus and Non-Utilitarian Functionality 31 Summary 32 Celt Manufacture 32 Pebble Modification 32 Raked Blank Modification . 32 Sawn Blank Modification 33 Previous Observations and Experiments on Nephrite Manufacturing Time 33 Ethnographic Information on Nephrite Manufacturing Times 33 Experimental Data on Jade Manufacturing 33 Manufacturing Experiments 34 Experimental Procedures 34 Results 35 Critique of the Experimental Results 36 Comparison of Reduction Techniques and Materials 37 Cost-Benefits 38 5 Celt Manufacture, Context, and Distribution Prehistoric Celt Manufacture on the British Columbia Plateau 43 Celt Blank Manufacture 43 Celt Blank Modification 46 Material Type Identification 49 Time estimates for Manufacturing Celts 49 Celt Use Wear 52 Summary 52 Context and Distribution 53 Background to Exchange Studies 54 The Data Set 58 Context and Distribution 62 Changes in Nephrite Technology through Time 63 The Distribution of Nephrite Artifacts 63 Celt Sizes Over Distance from the Source 71 Summary of Distribution and Size 71 The Contexts of Nephrite Artifacts 82 Conclusions on Nephrite Artifact Contexts 86 Conclusion on Context and Distribution 88 6. Discussion and Conclusion 91 Recommendations for Future Research 93 References 95 Appendices 1 Museums Collection Data . 108 2 Nephrite Artifacts from Literature Review 112 3 Celt Data from Literature Review 114 4 Non-Nephrite Containing Sites 118 5 Non-celt Artifacts from Literature Review 121 Tables 2.1 Comparison of Hardness and Toughness Values for Various Stone Minerals 10 3.1 Woodworking tasks on the Plateau as recorded in Teit (1900, 1906,1909a) 17 4.1 Materials Generally Exploited by Flaked Stone and Groundstone Techniques 28 4.2 Results of Experimental Sawing 36 4.3 Time Involved in Celt Manufacturing Techniques for Different Materials 39 4.4 Results of Chopping Experiments 40 5.1 Numbers and Average Dimensions of Observed Artifact Types 44 5.2 Celt Portions Analyzed 44 5.3 Artifact Provenience 45 5.4 Celt Blank Types 46 5.5 Nephrite Determination 50 5.6 Time Estimates for Manufacturing Nephrite Celts 51 5.7 Observable Use Wear Damage on Celt Bits 53 5.8 Possible Use Wear on Complete Celts 58 5.9 Hardness of Tested Specimens 54 5.10 Tentative Nephrite Identification for Sawn Blanks 54 5.11 Site Types Reviewed from British Columbia Plateau 60 5.12 Reported Nephrite Artifacts Types for the British Columbia and Columbia Plateaus 62 5.13 Artifact Material Types 64 5.14 Distribution of Nephrite Artifacts During the Plateau Pithouse Tradition 83 5.15 Frequencies and Rates of Nephrite Recovery 83 5.16 Presence/Absence of Nephrite Artifacts within Plateau Site Types 83 5.17 Sites on the British Columbia Plateau with Nephrite Compared to those without 84 5.18 Rates of Nephrite Occurrence in Site Types during the Plateau Pithouse Tradition 84 5.19 Frequency of Nephrite Artifact Forms in Site Types 84 5.20 Celt Dimensions in Burial Contexts 85 5.21 Celt Integrity Within Site Types 88 Figures 1.1 Study Area 5 2.1 Location of Nephrite Bearing Strata in British Columbia 7 2.2 The Lillooet Segment 8 3.1 Ethnolinguistic Divisions on the British Columbia Plateau 12 3.2 Early Celt Occurrences in the Pacific Northwest, North to South 23 4.1 Methods Involved in Pecking 27 4.2 Methods Involved in Grinding 27 4.3 The Cost Benefit Function (after Boydston 1989:71) 30 4.4 Time Neweded to Manufacture Celts from Different Material Types 37 4.5 Comparison of Areas Chopped to Averages Presented by Boydston 41 4.6 Estimated Cost-Benefits Based on Manufacturing Time and Fracture Toughness 42 4.7 Model of Benefits for Nephrite Celts Based on Length 42 5.1 Size Ranges fro Complete Celts 45 5.2 Method 1 47 5.3 Method 2 47 5.4 Method 3 47 5.5 Method 4 47 5.6 Celt Blank Modification 48 5.7 Larger Celt Sectioning 48 5.8 Contexts of Celt Production, Acquisition, and Consumption 55 5.9 Parameters of Celt Value in Ritual versus Non-Ritual Sites 58 5.10 Sites with Nephrite on the British Columbia and Columbia Plateau 60 5.11 Nephrite Artifact Distribution by Grid Zone 65 5.12 Celt Distribution on the British Columbia and Columbia Plateaux 66 Figures (Continued) 5.13 Distribution of Non-Celt Nephrite Artifacts 67 5.14 Nephrite Artifact Frequency from the Source 68 5.15 Nephrite Artifact Distribution by Grid Zone 69 5.16 Nephrite Artifact Rates (artifacts/m2) for Grid Zones 70 5.17 Distribution of Non-Nephrite Celts 72 5.18 Distribution and Rates of Nephrite Artifacts in the Shuswap Horizon 73 5.19 Distribution and Rates of Nephrite Artifacts in the Plateau Horizon 74 5.20 Distribution and Rates of Nephrite Artifacts in the Kamloops Horizon 75 5.21 Average Celt Length (mm) Versus Distance (km) from Source 76 5.22 Average Celt Size in Grid Zones 77 5.23 Distribution of Nephrite Celt Lengths 78 5.24 Average Celt Sizes for Grid Zones in the Kamloops Horizon 79 5.25 Average Celt Lengths for Grid Zones in the Shuswap and Plateau Horizon 80 5.26 Proposed Structure of Nephrite Exchange on the British Columbia 81 5.27 Distribution of Celt Sizes in Burial, Housepit and Campsite Contexts 86 5.28 Housepit Sizes where Nephrite Celts have been Recovered 86 5.29 Percentage of Nephrite Artifacts in Site Types per Grid Zone 87 Introduction This study is an examination of the pre­ plex as coastal groups (Ray 1939). Any cul­ historic use of nephrite on the British Columbia tural traits that suggested non-egalitarian beha­ Plateau. It was undertaken in order to deter­ viors (e.g., potlatches, totems or crests) are- mine whether nephrite was primarily used by thought to have been the result of Plateau con­ Plateau societies to fulfill utilitarian wood­ tact with the coast (see Cannon 1992). working requirements or as an item of status, Some work on the British Columbia Plat­ property or wealth. To understand these issues, eau has demonstrated that social inequities it will be necessary to evaluate the costs and were present in the Interior ethnographic and benefits involved in manufacturing and using archaeological records (Stryd 1973; Hayden et implements made of nephrite compared to al. 1985; Hayden 1992; Hayden and Spafford those for other stone materials available for 1993). These inequities are hypothesized to be woodworking in the British Columbia interior. the result of an in-situ development of a com­ It will also be essential to determine how pre­ plex hunter-gatherer lifestyle on the plateau historic plateau societies exchanged, utilized (Hayden et al. 1985; Hayden 1992). Under this and disposed of nephrite objects. This study model, nephrite use and ownership would have helps to establish how complex hunter-gatherer been restricted to wealthier individuals or fami­ societies made use of commodities of potenti­ lies as a mechanism to display or retain wealth ally high value. and to control labor by judicious loaning of The physical characteristics of nephrite costly-woodworking tools (Hayden et al. endow it with a toughness for woodworking 1985). tasks beyond any other stone material available To the present, no empirical evaluation of in the interior of British Columbia. This the significance of the occurrences and distri­ strength, however, also makes nephrite one of butions of prehistoric nephrite artifacts on the the hardest materials to shape into useable British Columbia Plateau has been undertaken. implements. When polished, nephrite, being a It is not clear from the present literature whe­ form of jadei, is a highly aesthetic gem stone ther nephrite artifacts were manufactured that usually comes in various hues of green.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gyrfalcon Falco Rusticolus
    Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus Rob Florkiewicz surveys, this area was included. Eight eyries are known from this Characteristics and Range The northern-dwelling Gyrfalcon is part of the province; however, while up to 7 of these eyries have the largest falcon in the world. It breeds mostly along the Arctic been deemed occupied in a single year, no more than 3 have been coasts of North America, Europe and Asia (Booms et al. 2008). productive at the same time. Based on these data and other Over its range, its colour varies from white through silver-grey to sightings, the British Columbia Wildlife Branch estimates the almost black; silver-grey is the most common morph in British breeding population in the province to be fewer than 20 pairs Columbia. It nests on cliff ledges at sites that are often used for (Chutter 2008). decades and where considerable amounts of guano can accumulate. Ptarmigan provide the Gyrfalcon's main prey in In British Columbia, the Gyrfalcon nests on cliff ledges on British Columbia and productivity appears dependent on mountains in alpine areas, usually adjacent to rivers or lakes. ptarmigan numbers. Large size and hunting prowess make the Occasionally, it nests on cliffs of river banks and in abandoned Gyrfalcon a popular bird with falconers, who breed and train Golden Eagle nests. them to hunt waterfowl and other game birds. Conservation and Recommendations Whilst the Gyrfalcon is Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Most Gyrfalcons breed designated as Not at Risk nationally by COSEWIC, it is Blue-listed along the Arctic coast; however, a few breed in the northwest in British Columbia due to its small known breeding population portion of the Northern Boreal Mountains Ecoprovince of British (British Columbia Ministry of Environment 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Calibration of a Numerical Runout Model for Debris Flows in Southwestern British Columbia
    7th International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation Preliminary calibration of a numerical runout model for debris flows in Southwestern British Columbia Sophia Zubryckya,*, Andrew Mitchella, Jordan Aaronb, Scott McDougalla a Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada bDepartment of Engineering Geology – ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Abstract Debris-flow hazard and risk assessments require reliable estimates of inundation area, velocity and flow depth to evaluate spatial impact and impact intensity. Semi-empirical numerical runout models that simulate bulk flow behavior with simple rheological models are useful in forecasting these parameters, however, they require calibration by back-analyzing past events. This paper presents the back-analysis of six debris flows in southwestern British Columbia using a novel automated calibration approach that systematically optimizes the Dan3D runout model to fit field observations. The calibration method yielded good simulations of runout length, but under-predicted flow depths in some cases, and over-predicted velocities in all cases. The best-fit Voellmy rheology parameters for the studied cases ranged from 46 to 531 m/s2 for the turbulence coefficient and 0.08 to 0.18 for the friction coefficient. There is a potential inverse correlation between friction coefficient and event volume. Calibrated parameters were compared to morphometric parameters for the study sites, which may be useful for guiding parameter selection once a larger dataset is calibrated. Ongoing work is focused on refining the calibration technique, including standardization of input parameters more relevant to debris flows. The long-term goal is to apply the technique to a larger dataset of debris-flow cases and provide practitioners with better guidance on the selection of model input parameters for forecasting purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Parsons Site Ground Stone Artifacts
    84 _______________________________ ONTARIOARCHAEOLOGY _____________________ No. 65/66, 1998 PARSONS SITE GROUND STONE ARTIFACTS Martin S. Cooper INTRODUCTION Two poll end fragments were recovered, both exhibiting battering at the distal end. One of the poll fragments, which is longitudinally A total of 30 ground stone artifacts was split, is polished on its exterior surface. The recovered, including the bit portions of nine other poll portion is trianguloid in cross section celts, eight additional celt fragments, one and has remnant polishing on all three sur- charmstone or pendant preform, a fragment of faces. The remaining probable celt fragments a stone pipe bowl, one whetstone, a portion of include four pieces that have at least one a large metate, four possible abraders, five polished surface and a spall flake that was hammerstones, and one anvilstone. removed from the bit end of a tool, probably due to impact. DESCRIPTION Charm/Possible Pendant Preform Celts An artifact manufactured from fossiliferous The celt fragments consist of nine bit por- red shale was recovered from a post in the tions (Table 43),'two poll (butt) ends, and five east wall of House 8. This possible charmstone generalized fragments. All of these fragmentary or pendant preform is a flat, ovoid pebble, tools are made from hornblende/chlorite measuring 33 mm in length, 21 mm in width schist. The size of these tools is quite variable and 5 mm in thickness. While the lateral edges ranging from 8 g for the smallest to 351 g for of the pebble have been carefully rounded, the largest. On all nine of the bit portions, and both flat surfaces are highly polished, it is crushing and flaking at the bit end together neither notched nor drilled for suspension.
    [Show full text]
  • Aesthetic Impact Informational Services, LLC Remote Viewing
    Aesthetic Impact Informational Services, LLC Remote Viewing Educational Example Remote Viewing Target 130703 Long Freight Train – Canadian Pacific Railway, Seton Lake, British Columbia Coordinates: 130703 Blind Tasking: The target is a location. Describe the location. Online Discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHplxCMHmJc CRV Session Sketches, Summary & Topology Information contributed by Ronald Kuhn, Ohio, USA ----------- Seton Lake is a freshwater fjord draining east via the Seton River into the Fraser River at the town of Lillooet, British Columbia, about 22 km long and 243 m in elevation and 26.2 square kilometres in area.[1] Its depth is 1500 feet. The lake is natural in origin but was raised slightly as part of the Bridge River Power Project, the two main powerhouses of which are on the north shore of the upper end of the lake near Shalalth. At the uppermost end of the lake is the community of Seton Portage and the 1 mouth of the short Seton Portage River, which connects Anderson Lake on the farther side of the Portage to Seton Lake. Retrieved Mar. 1, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Lake Image courtesy of Larry Bourne Sketch courtesy of Ronald Kuhn, CRV Intermediate Level Student The Bridge River hydroelectric complex consists of three dams and stores water for four generating stations. The system uses Bridge River water three times in succession to generate 492 megawatts, or 6 to 8 per cent of British Columbia's electrical supply. Hydroelectric development of the system began in 1927 and was completed in 1960. Its waters (Downton Reservoir) initially pass through the Lajoie Dam and powerhouse and are then diverted through tunnels and penstocks from Carpenter Reservoir to the two powerhouses on Seton Lake Reservoir.
    [Show full text]
  • Dougal Austin
    Te Hei Tiki A Cultural Continuum DOUGAL AUSTIN TeHeiTiki_TXT_KB6.indd 2-3 29/04/19 8:20 PM He kupu whakataki Introduction 9 01/ Ngā whakamāramatanga Use and meaning 15 02/ Ngā momo me ngā āhua Types and shapes 27 03/ Te pūtakenga mai Physical origins 49 04/ Ngā kōrero kairangi Exalted histories 93 Contents 05/ Ngā tohu ā-iwi Tribal styles 117 06/ Ngā tai whakaawe External versus local influence 139 07/ Ka whiti ka pūmau, 1750–1900 Change and continuity, 1750–1900 153 08/ Te whānako toi taketake, ngā tau 1890–ināianei Cultural appropriation, 1890s–present 185 09/ Te hei tiki me te Māori, 1900–ināianei Māori and hei tiki, 1900–present 199 He kupu whakakapi Epilogue 258 Appendices, Notes, Glossary, Select bibliography, Image credits, Acknowledgements, Index 263 TeHeiTiki_TXT_KB6.indd 6-7 29/04/19 8:20 PM He kupu whakataki Introduction 9 TeHeiTiki_TXT_KB6.indd 8-9 29/04/19 8:20 PM āori personal adornments take a wide variety of forms, all treasured greatly, but without a doubt Mthe human-figure pendants called hei tiki are the most highly esteemed and culturally iconic. This book celebrates the long history of hei tiki and their enduring cultural potency for the Māori people of Aotearoa. Today, these prized pendants are enjoying a resurgence in popularity, part of the late twentieth- to early twenty-first- century revitalisation of Māori culture, which continues to progress from strength to strength. In many ways the story of hei tiki mirrors the changing fortunes of a people, throughout times of prosperity, struggle, adaptation and resilience.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Articles
    THE LIZZADRO MUSEUM PUBLICATION INDEX OF ARTICLES Subject Description Issue Number of Pages AGATE. .. Beggar beads of India F-W 74-75 pg 10 2 . Lake Superior Spring 70 Q pg 8 4 ALEXANDRITE . & Synthetic alexandrite F-W 70-71 pg 13 2 . Gem with color change F-W 77-78 pg 19 1 AMBER . Description of carving F-W 71-72 pg 2 2 . Superstitions W-S 80 pg 18 5 . in depth treatise W-S 82 pg 5 7 AMETHYST . Stone & geode acquisitions S-F 86 pg 19 2 AUSTRALIA . & New Zealand F-W 71-72 pg 3 4 BAMBOO . Symbolism Winter 68 Q pg 8 1 BIRTHSTONES . Folklore of W-S 93 pg 2 13 . History of S-S 71 pg 27 4 . Garnet for January F-W 78-79 pg 20 3 . Amethyst for February F-W 78-79 pg 22 3 . Bloodstone & aquamarine for March S-S 77 pg 16 3 . Diamond for April S-S 77 pg 18 3 . Emerald for May S-S 77 pg 20 3 . Ruby for July F-W 77-78 pg 20 2 . Sapphire for September S-S 78 pg 15 3 . Opal & tourmaline for October S-S 78 pg 18 5 . Topaz for November S-S 78 pg 22 2 . Turquoise & zircon for December F-W 78-79 pg 16 5 CAMEOS . In-depth article Summer 68 Q pg 1 6 . More about cameos W-S 80 pg 5 10 . Italian cameos S-S 77 pg 3 3 . Of stone & shell W-S 89 pg 14 6 . Description of “Neptune” W-S 90 pg 20 1 CARNELIAN .
    [Show full text]
  • 10:30 AM Tsal'alh Elders Complex 600 Skiel Mountain Road, Shalalth, BC
    Squamish-Lillooet Regional District Board Minutes June 28 and 29, 2017; 10:30 AM Tsal'alh Elders Complex 600 Skiel Mountain Road, Shalalth, BC In Attendance: Board: J. Crompton, Chair (Whistler); T. Rainbow, Vice-Chair (Area D); D. Demare (Area A); M. Macri (Area B); R. Mack (Area C); M. Lampman (Lillooet); P. Heintzman (Squamish) Absent: District of Squamish (One Director); Village of Pemberton Staff: L. Flynn, CAO (Deputy Corporate Officer); J. Nadon, Communications & Grant Coordinator Delegations: Tsal’alh Chief and Council; D. Wolfin, President & CEO, C. Daley, Corporate Social Responsibility Manager, Fred Sveinson, Senior Mining Advisor, Avino Silver & Gold Mines Ltd.; R. Joubert, General Manager, Tsal'alh Development Corporation; J. Coles, Area Manager, Bridge River Generation, J. Shepherd, Project Manager, M. DeHaan, Technical Principal, Planning & Water Licencing, J. Muir, Community Relations Regional Manager, R. Turner, Construction Manager, Lower Mainland, BC Hydro Others: P. Dahle (Area A - Alternate); D. DeYagher (Area B - Alternate); B. Baker of Britannia Oceanfront Development Corporation; members of the public 1. Call to Order The meeting was called to order at 10:30 AM. The Chair recognized that this meeting is being held on Tsal'alh Traditional Territory. In remembrance of Andrée Janyk 2. Approval of Agenda It was moved and seconded: THAT the following item be moved to immediately after Approval of Agenda: 7.3.2. Request for Decision - Britannia Oceanfront Developments Corporation - Rezoning and OCP Amendment Application Page 2 of 23 of the minutes of the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District Board meeting, held on Wednesday, June 28 and Thursday, June 29, 2017 in the Tsal'alh Elders Complex 600 Skiel Mountain Road, Shalalth, BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Prehistoric Cultural Horizons on the Canadian Plateau
    LATE PREHISTORIC CULTURAL HORIZONS ON THE CANADIAN PLATEAU Department of Archaeology Thomas H. Richards Simon Fraser University Michael K. Rousseau Publication Number 16 1987 Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Roy L. Carlson (Chairman) Knut R. Fladmark Brian Hayden Philip M. Hobler Jack D. Nance Erie Nelson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN 0-86491-077-0 PRINTED IN CANADA The Department of Archaeology publishes papers and monographs which relate to its teaching and research interests. Communications concerning publications should be directed to the Chairman of the Publications Committee. © Copyright 1987 Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Late Prehistoric Cultural Horizons on the Canadian Plateau by Thomas H. Richards and Michael K. Rousseau Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Publication Number 16 1987 Burnaby, British Columbia We respectfully dedicate this volume to the memory of CHARLES E. BORDEN (1905-1978) the father of British Columbia archaeology. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................iv
    [Show full text]
  • E. R. B UCKELL Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Kamloops, B
    ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1949), VOL. 46, MAY 15, 1950 33 THE SOCIAL WASPS (VESPIDAE) OF BRITISH COLUMBIAl' E. R. B UCKELL Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Kamloops, B. C. AND G. J. SPENCER University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. This paper on the social wasps of etts. for their determination. Frequent British Columbia has been prepared use has been made of Dr. Bequaert's from the collections in the Field Crop publications on the Vespidae (1931- Insect Laboratory, Kamloops, and the 1942), and many points of int,erest University of British Columbia, Van­ therein have been included in this paper. couver. The majority of the specimens were collected by the authors who are The localities from which material greatly indebted to Dr. J. Bequaert, has been recorded have been listed and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har­ marked by a number on the accompany­ vard College, Cambridge, Massachus- ing map. Family VESPIDAE Vespa alascensis Packard, 1870, Trans. Chi­ cago Ac. Sci .• II. p. 27, PI. II. fig. 10 (I'; Subfamily VESPINAE (Lower Yukon, Alaska). Genus VESPULA C. G. Thomson Vespa westwoodii Shipp, 1893, Psyche, VI. The genus Vespula, with its two sub­ p. 450 (Boreal America). LOCALITIES - Vernon, Salmon Arm, Celista, genera, Vespula and Dolichovespula, in­ Squilax. Adams Lake, Chase, Kamloops, cludes the well known and pugnacious Douglas Lake, Minnie Lake, Bridge Lake, yellow-jackets and hornets. 100 Mile House, Canim Lake, Chilcotin, Alexandria, Quesnel. Barkerville, Prince The paper nests of yellow -jackets and George, Burns Lake, Yale, Skidegate. those of the large black and white, bald­ MATERIAL EXAMINED-24I' • 6 7 ~, 5 o.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mat of Serpents: Aztec Strategies of Control from an Empire in Decline
    A Mat of Serpents: Aztec Strategies of Control from an Empire in Decline Jerónimo Reyes On my honor, Professors Andrea Lepage and Elliot King mark the only aid to this thesis. “… the ruler sits on the serpent mat, and the crown and the skull in front of him indicate… that if he maintained his place on the mat, the reward was rulership, and if he lost control, the result was death.” - Aztec rulership metaphor1 1 Emily Umberger, " The Metaphorical Underpinnings of Aztec History: The Case of the 1473 Civil War," Ancient Mesoamerica 18, 1 (2007): 18. I dedicate this thesis to my mom, my sister, and my brother for teaching me what family is, to Professor Andrea Lepage for helping me learn about my people, to Professors George Bent, and Melissa Kerin for giving me the words necessary to find my voice, and to everyone and anyone finding their identity within the self and the other. Table of Contents List of Illustrations ………………………………………………………………… page 5 Introduction: Threads Become Tapestry ………………………………………… page 6 Chapter I: The Sum of its Parts ………………………………………………… page 15 Chapter II: Commodification ………………………………………………… page 25 Commodification of History ………………………………………… page 28 Commodification of Religion ………………………………………… page 34 Commodification of the People ………………………………………… page 44 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………... page 53 Illustrations ……………………………………………………………………... page 54 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………... page 58 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………... page 60 …. List of Illustrations Figure 1: Statue of Coatlicue, Late Period, 1439 (disputed) Figure 2: Peasant Ritual Figurines, Date Unknown Figure 3: Tula Warrior Figure Figure 4: Mexica copy of Tula Warrior Figure, Late Aztec Period Figure 5: Coyolxauhqui Stone, Late Aztec Period, 1473 Figure 6: Male Coyolxauhqui, carving on greenstone pendant, found in cache beneath the Coyolxauhqui Stone, Date Unknown Figure 7: Vessel with Tezcatlipoca Relief, Late Aztec Period, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Regions of Canada
    / " / FOREST REGIONS OF CANADA ... .SCALE ... IN MILl!S --·. ...· ~- - ,. / r ' ·,. / ~ · 0 • '. • F O P. EST REGIONS PRINCIPAL TREE SPECIES ao,eal .,. .... Predomimrn1ly FortfJf • .. White SPrYC•. Gieck Spruce, Ba lsam F.r. JlJclc Pine. White '"'2£---· ,_j-. - Birch. T rembling A 1pen. , . , ••• . , , . • . c=; Forest & BOlrre n , . , , , , Whlto $ pu,t«. BIK'< Sotuce. TamaritC:k . , . • . C:::::S ......,,--..... F oresl & Grass . ,, , .. , . , , Trambllng Att>(irn. willow . ... ....• , , , , , , , , , . , , . , • , , - ..J Subalpin• . ... , . , . Engelmann SOH1ce. Alpine f'ir. L odgeool• P i n~ .... , .. , . l:iiiii::::=:l J/;r·"-.. ~:~~ :.. ... :. .. .: : : : : ~~ ~g~=·~:~ .~~·.:°o!1:~:~;;:';:0~~=: ~~ ;:~i;:: :: ~: = t \ ~~~~·~, :: :: · . : : : : : : : ~~c~~~ ~::,~~- ::~ c~•;;~:~;-~~c~~~!-.':~k : : ." .": .' .' .' .' _' .' .' .' .' .' G ro;n Lakes-Sc. L a w,.nc:e .•. Red P ln41 , E . White P lrw1. E , Homlo«;k. Yellow 6irch, '91lllple, o.ti: = ) Aca<Jla<'I ..••. , . •••••. •. • Aed $pruco, 8aham Fil, maole. Yellow 81tch .. ... GAASSLANO . • • • . • . •. •• • • •• , • • . • . • . • . Z TUNDRA . .. , • , • , , , • , , . • • . __ _ . , . .... .. .. .. , • . • . • • --:=l ..._. Canadian Forestry Service Department of the Environment Forest Regions of Canada ©Crown Copyrights reserved Available by mall from Information Canada, Ottawa, and the following Information Canada bookshops: Halifax · 1735 Barrington Street Montreal 1182 St. Catherine Street West Ottawa 171 Slater Street Toronto 221 Yonge Street Winnipeg 393 Portage Avenue Vancouver 657 Granville Street or through your bookseller Price $2.50 Catalogue No. Fo47-1300 Price subject to change without notice Information Canada Ottawa, 1972 iv Published under the authority of the Minister of the Environment Ottawa 1972 lnformatton Canada Ottawa 1972 Cat. No. Fa 47-1300 Design: Bing~Lin Wong Art Section Graphics Division Foreword Forest Regions of Canada provides a general description of the forest geography of this land, from the east to west coasts and from the USA borders to the arctic and alpine tundra.
    [Show full text]
  • The Necklace As a Divine Symbol and As a Sign of Dignity in the Old Norse Conception
    MARIANNE GÖRMAN The Necklace as a Divine Symbol and as a Sign of Dignity in the Old Norse Conception Introduction In the last century a wooden sculpture, 42 cm tall, was found in a small peat-bog at Rude-Eskildstrup in the parish of Munke Bjergby near Soro in Denmark. (Picture 1) The figure was found standing right up in the peat with its head ca. 30 cm below the surface. The sculpture represents a sit- ting man, dressed in a long garment with two crossed bands on its front. His forehead is low, his eyes are tight, his nose is large, and he wears a moustache and a pointed chin-beard. Part of his right arm is missing, while his left arm is undamaged. On his knee he holds an object resembling a bag. Around his neck he wears a robust trisected necklace.1 At the bottom the sculpture is finished with a peg, which indicates that it was once at- tached to a base, which is now missing (Mackeprang 1935: 248-249). It is regarded as an offering and is usually interpreted as depicting a Nordic god or perhaps a priest (Holmqvist 1980: 99-100; Ström 1967: 65). The wooden sculpture from Rude-Eskildstrup is unique of its kind. But his characteristic trisected necklace is of the same type as three famous golden collars from Västergötland and Öland. The sculpture as well as the golden necklaces belong to the Migration Period, ca. 400-550 A.D. From this period of our prehistory we have the most frequent finds of gold, and very many of the finds from this period are neck-ornaments.
    [Show full text]