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Saroiak Eta Kortak Saroiak eta kortak Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe Saroiak eta kortak Mendialdeko antzinako gizartearen oinordeak 2006 Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe ZALDUA ETXABE, Luis Mari Saroiak eta kortak / Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe. Urnieta, 2006. 218 orrialde; 21 zentimetro. Marrazkiak: Eduardo Etxenike Hitzaurrearen itzulpena: Koro Garmendia ISBN: 84-611-1564-8 Anastasio Zaldua Zabalari, nire aitari. Aurkibidea Hitzaurrea ...................................................................... IX Sarrera .................................................................................... XI 1. Historiaurreko eraikin biribil handiak ............................ 1 2. Saroiak eta megalitoak .......................................... 15 3. Saroiekin zerikusia duten lehen aipamen idatziak........... 33 4. Eliak, garai bateko behi-azienda handiak .............. 49 5. Iruñerriko sarioak ........................................................ 61 6. Saroiak sartaldeko eremuan .......................................... 73 7. Saroiak erdiguneko eremuan .......................................... 99 8. Zuberoako olak ........................................................ 125 9. Erdiko guneen behin-behineko sailkapena .............. 143 Labur esanda ...................................................................... 161 Iturriak .................................................................................... 189 Bibliografia ...................................................................... 197 Kartografia ...................................................................... 211 Irudiak eta argazkiak ........................................................ 213 VII Hitzaurrea “La historia de la ciencia nos demuestra que para arraigar una verdad es preciso que la época esté dispuesta a recibirla, pues muchas ideas no dieron fruto por haber caído en suelo estéril; pero tan luego como el tiempo puso el abono germinó la simiente”. Thomas Cooke (1807-1868) fisikari ezagunaren hitzok ezin egokiagoak iruditzen zaizkit Luis Mari Zalduaren Saroiak eta kortak lana ilustratzeko. Orain dela gutxira arte, ikerketa arkeologikoak oro har “garrantzitsu” edo “azpimarragarritzat” jo ditzakegun alderdiak aztertzera mugatzen ziren nagusiki. Duela hamarkada gutxi batzutatik hona, ordea, ikertzaileen belaunaldi berria sortu da, a priori "maila gutxikotzat" jotzen ziren elementuak aztertzeari ekin diona. Horrela, “Erdi Aroko arkeologia” garrantzitsua garatu da, eta baita “industria aurreko arkeologia” zein “arkeologia modernoa” ere, azken gerra zibil espainiarrean fusilaturikoen aztarnei metodo arkeologikoak aplikatuz. Hauen guztien emaitzak interesgarriak dira zinez. Ikertzaile berrien talde horretakoa dugu, hain zuzen ere, Luis Mari Zaldua. Liburu honetan aurkezten digun gaiari 15 urte baino gehiago eskaintzeko gauza izan da egile hau, etenik gabe, bere gogoeten heldutasunak garbi erakusten digun bezala. Edonola ere, obra honetan interesa pizten duena ez da aztergaia bakarrik, Saroiak eta kortak, orain arte apenas landutako arloa IX berau, baizik eta lanerako erabili duen tratamendua, erabat kontrajarriak eta, aldi berean, osagarriak diren bi ikuspegitara jo baitu: azterketa sinkronikora batetik, antzekotasunak dituzen elementuak bilatzeko, bai itxura fisikoaren aldetik, bai beste latitudeetan eman zaien erabilerari dagokionez; eta diakronikora bestetik, Historiaurretik hasi eta gaur arte. Horrez gain, diziplinarteko ikuskera erabili du, filologia, arkeologia, dokumentazio historikoa, etnografia zein topografiaz baliatu baita. Faktore hauen guztien emaitza dugu Saroiak eta kortak obra. Telesforo de Aranzadik behinola esan bezala: “Beste batzuek hobeto egingo zuketen, baina guk egin egin dugu”. Litekeena da denborarekin gai honen inguruko beste obra batzuk agertzea, ekarpen zientifiko handiagokoak beharbada —beti espero da halakorik—, baina ziurtatzen dizuet ez dela honako lan hau baino zehaztasun, ardura eta maitasun handiagoarekin egina izango. Antxon AGUIRRE SORONDO Donostia, 2006ko maiatzaren 1a, astelehena Langilearen eguna X Sarrera Hamar urte joan dira zorioneko Saroiak Urnietan argitaratu genuenetik. Ordutik hona hiruzpalau lan txiki baizik ez ditugu plazaratu, azkenekoa Oiartzun urtekariaren 36. zenbakian. Ezer gutxi. Urnietako Udalari esker, gure lehen ekarpenak (eta hankasartzeak) egiteko parada izan genuen estreinako lan hartan. Denborak ematen duen patxadarekin ikusita, asko zor diogu aurreneko eginahal hari. Izan ere, adiskide berriak ezagutu ditugu hari esker. Hau, berriz, lan akademiko baten ordezkoa da. Hasieran, lan hura egiten ari ginenean, buruak arnasa har zezan ekiten genion saroien ikerketari. Ez geneukan batere presarik; orain ere ez gehiegi. Bagenekien, eta badakigu, gaiaren aberastasunak erabat gainditzen gaituela, ez dugula nahiko denbora, ez orain, ezta etorkizunean. Egun batean, ordea, Jakue Belakoaren pasartearekin topo egin genuen eta... hara non bukatu dugun berriz: zurekin solasean, irakurle. Presaka bazabiltza, denbora gutxi badaukazu, zoaz zuzenean azken atalera, han aurkituko duzu-eta behar duzun laburpena. Nolanahi ere dela, datuen premia baduzu, barruan begiratu, atalez atal. Saroien auzia mendialdeko antzinako gizarteari buruzko testua da, liburu bat, gizaldietan zehar hainbat tokitako lekukotasunekin idatzi dena, eta hitz eder bezain ezezagunek osatzen dutena: hausterretza, artamugarri, unamaizter, eli-jaun, gorabila, hamalauoin. Hitzen ondoan irudiak daude: gurutzeak +, izarrak *, biribilak . XI Aitortu beharrean gara hitz solte gutxi batzuk baino ez ditugula ulertu orain arte, eta irudi bat bera ere ez. Saroien testua ezin dugu irakurri, ezin dugu barneratu. Hori horrela delarik, zundaketa modukoa egiten saiatu gara, baina ez lurrean, hitzen eremuan baizik. Ulertzen ez diren hitzen esanahira iristeko dagoen bide bakarra hartu dugu guk ere: testuinguruari erreparatzea. Alabaina, artxiboetan maiz aski eskuratzen dena besterik ez dugu lortu: hitz solteak aurkitzea, testua ezer ulertu gabe. Diogun hemen primeran pasa dugula saroien liburutik ikasten, mendiko lezioetan batez ere. Egun xoragarriak gozatu ditugu. Elgoibarren hasi genuen urtebetetze hura datorkigu burura, edota Aveburyn izan ginenekoa. Liburutegi eta artxiboetan une ederrak bizi izan ditugu eta Interneten barrena ere bai. Hori guztia gutxi balitz, lagun berriak egin ditugu, Manu Arregi, Xavier Lopez de Munain, Iratxe Uriguen, Txema Arenzana, Luis Millán, Emilio Lizoain edota Joxe Mari Sanzberro kasu. Lehendik bagenituen beste batzuen adiskidetasuna noraino iristen den ere ikusi ahal izan dugu, Patxi Salaberri, Xavier Peñalver, Sonia San José, Roz Frank, Mikel Arbeloa edota Antxon (Aguirre) gurearena lekuko. Oinarri hutsetan gelditu behar ordea, handik aurrera urratsik egin gabe. Zein da ikorte-en et sario-en arteko lotura? Eta, hausterretzen eta artamugarrien artekoa? Nola esan ote zaio saroien erdiko guneari Nafarroan? Olak eta saroiak funtsean gauza bera al dira? Eta Nafarroako ikurrak, nolako zerikusia du zehatz-mehatz saroiekin? Sala- erroa sel-ekin al dago lotua? Zein da etimoa: sel, sar-? Galdera askoren erantzuna saroietan bertan dago, erdiko guneetan bereziki. Oroit gaitezen beti, hemen, Euskal Herrian, Pirinioen eremu sartaldekoan, saroiak idazkiak bezain zaharrak direla. Merezi du, beraz, ikertzea ez ezik, saroiak babestea, erdiko guneak bereziki, aurrerantzean ere guztiok ikertzen jarraitu ahal izateko, zuk, guk eta haiek, liburua irakurtzen segitzeko, mendialdeko antzinako gizartea ulertzeko. XII 11 Historiaurreko eraikin biribil handiak Europan barrena saroien aurrekari bila Henge-ak, causewayed camp-ak eta hillfort-ak “—¿De qué se trata? ¿Refugios para los pastores? —No. Son los hogares de nuestros antepasados.” A. Conan Doyle1. 1.1. Hasteko, Europa atlantiarrean dauden historiaurreko eraikin biribil handiak hartuko ditugu ahotan. Caro Baroja (1977: 180) da saroien eta historiaurreko eraikin biribil handien artean loturaren bat egon litekeela esaten duen aurrenekoa2. Berako ikertzailea ez da, 1 Honela jarraitzen du pasarteak: “El páramo estuvo muy poblado por el hombre prehistórico y, como nadie ha vueto a habitarlo con mucha densidad desde entonces, encontramos las cosas tal como las dejaron ellos”. Burutako testuak aukeratzea ez da erraza izan. El perro de los Baskerville idazlaneko hau ere oso gustukoa dugu: “El detalle más grotesco y outré es con frecuencia el que debe ser estudiado con mayor atención, y cuando parece que algo complica más que antes un caso, si se le estudia científica y sistemáticamente, normalmente suele ser la pista que ayuda a clarificarlo por completo.” 2 Hona zer idatzi zuen Los Pueblos del Norte de la Península Ibérica lanean: “Podría relacionarse la forma circular del <<sel>>, dispuesto en medio de un terreno arbolado, con su choza en el centro, con la forma de habitación más común en el S. de Inglaterra en la época de Estrabón. Según éste, IV, 5, 2; o 200, los pueblos britanos vivían en medio de los bosques en espacios circulares que habrían temporalmente (…). Claro es que aquí se habla de recintos mayores que el <<sel>>, con empalizadas y varias 1 halaz ere, Euskal Herriko saroiak eta Europako beste alderdi batzuetako eraikin biribilak lotzen dituen bakarra3. Aurrekari horiez gainera, badira bestelako arrazoiak Europako eraikin biribil handi antzinakoen eta saroien arteko balizko harremana mintzagai hartzeko. Hurrengo atalean aztertzen saiatuko garen saroien eta Euskal Herriko monumentu megalitikoen arteko harremana dago, adibidez. Garbi dago ezin litekeela Euskal Herriko historia ulertu inguruko herrietakoa ezagutu gabe,
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