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Kutadgu Bilig'de Mutluluk Ve Ahlak

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Kutadgu Bilig'de Mutluluk Ve Ahlak KUTADGU BİLİG’DE MUTLULUK İLE AHLAK İLİŞKİSİ (PSİKOSOSYAL BİR ANALİZ) Sümeyye ÇAKICI Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Eskişehir, 2015) KUTADGU BİLİG’DE MUTLULUK İLE AHLAK İLİŞKİSİ (PSİKOSOSYAL BİR ANALİZ) Sümeyye ÇAKICI T.C. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Eskişehir 2015 T.C. ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTİSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Sümeyye ÇAKICI tarafından hazırlanan “KUTADGU BİLİG’DE MUTLULUK İLE AHLAK İLİŞKİSİ(PSİKOSOSYAL BİR ANALİZ)” başlıklı bu çalışma 05.05.2015 tarihinde Eskişehir Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Lisansüstü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönetmeliğinin ilgili maddesi uyarınca yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda başarılı bulunarak, Jürimiz tarafından Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dalında Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Başkan: Prof.Dr. Ejder OKUMUŞ Akademik Ünvanı ve Adı Soyadı Üye: Yrd.Doç.Dr. M.Naci KULA (Danışman) Üye: Doç.Dr. Köksal BÜYÜK ONAY …/ …/ 2015 Doç. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin ADALIOĞLU Enstitü Müdürü Tarih :05.05.2015 ETİK İLKE VE KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANNAMESİ Bu tezin/projenin Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi hükümlerine göre hazırlandığını; bana ait, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu aşamalarında bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallara uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; bu çalışmanın Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi tarafından kullanılan bilimsel intihal tespit programıyla taranmasını kabul ettiğimi ve hiçbir şekilde intihal içermediğini beyan ederim. Yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması halinde ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm. Öğrenci Adı Soyadı İmzası ÖZET KUTADGU BİLİG’DE MUTLULUK İLE AHLAK İLİŞKİSİ ÇAKICI, Sümeyye Yüksek Lisans-2015 Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. M.Naci KULA Bu çalışma, m.s 1019 – 1077 yılları arasında yaşamış olan Yusuf Has Hacib’in Türk dili ve edebiyatı tarihinde temel bir eser kabul edilen Kutadgu Bilig (Kutlu kılan bilgi ) adlı eserini mutluluk ve ahlak psikolojisi bağlamında tespit ve değerlendirmeyi amaç edinmiştir. Bu amaç ile ilk olarak yazarın eseri oluştururken hangi çevresel ve tarihsel koşullarda yaşadığı ele alınmış, daha sonra eserin yazılmasında yazarı etkileyen faktörlere değinilmiştir. Birinci bölümde ise kitabı incelememize temel oluşturan mutluluk, ahlak, din gibi kavramlar temellendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Son aşamada yazarın bu kavramları algılayışı üzerinde durularak eserinde mutluluk ahlak ilişkisi bağlamına yaklaşımına dair bulgular elde edilmiştir. Burada yazarın ahlak ve mutluluk arasında kurduğu ilişki din psikolojisi bağlamında incelenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak eserdeki her bir ahlaki özelliğin mutluluk ile ne şekilde ilişkilendirildiği din psikolojisi bağlamında izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Mutluluk, Ahlak, Psikoloji ABSTRACT HAPPINESS AND MORAL RELATION IN KUTADGU BİLİG (A Psychosocial Analysis) ÇAKICI, Sümeyye Master Degree-2015 Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies Adviser: Assist.Prof.Dr. M.Naci KULA This study aims to make clear and evaluate Kutadgu Bilig, which is accepted as a fundamental source of Turkish Literature, written by Yusuf Has Hacip, who lived between the years A. D 1019-1077, in the context of happiness and moral psychology. For this reason firstly surrounding factors and historical conditions in which the writer lived while writing this work were dealt with. And then factors which affected the writer were mentioned. In the first part, the fundamental concepts like happiness, morality, and religion were studied. Then, in the last part, how the writer looked at those concepts and appoached to the connection of happiness and morality was focused on and concluded. In addition; in this study the relationship between happiness and morality and how it affected religious beliefs was examined. Furthermore, it is aimed to explain how moral properties are related with happiness in terms of religious pscychology.. Key words: Happiness, morality and pychology İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET...................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vi İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................... vii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................... x ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................. xi GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM YUSUF HAS HACİP VE KUTADGU BİLİG 1.1. Karahanlı Devleti ................................................................................................ 6 1.2. Yusuf Has Hacip ve Kutadgu Bilig .................................................................... 8 1.3. Kutadgu Bilig’in Beslendiği Kaynaklar……………………………...……….11 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM TEORİK ÇERÇEVE, TANIMLANAN KAVRAMLAR, MUTLULUK VE AHLAK İLE İLGİLİ GENEL BİLGİLER 2.1. Ahlak, Mutluluk ve Din Kavramları ............................................................ 13 2.2. Ahlakın Temellendirilmesi .......................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Kaynağı Açısından Ahlakın Temeli ............................................... 19 2.2.1.1. Din Dışı Temellendirme .................................................... 19 2.2.1.1.1. Mutluluk Ahlakı (Eudaimonizm) ................................... 19 2.2.1.1.2. Hazcılık (Hedonizm) ...................................................... 24 vii 2.2.1.1.3. Ödev Ahlâkı ............................................................................ 26 2.2.1.1.4. Toplumsal Faydacılık (Utilitarizm) ......................................... 29 2.2.1.2. Din İle Temellendirme ................................................................ 32 2.2.1.2.1. Yahudilik Hristiyanlık ve İslam’da Ahlak ................... 32 2.2.1.2.1.2.Yahudilikte Ahlak Anlayışı ......................... 35 2.2.1.2.1.3 Hristiyanlıkta Ahlak Anlayışı ...................... 36 2.2.1.2.1.3. İslam’da Ahlak Anlayışı ............................. 37 2.2.1.2.2. İslam İtikat Mezheplerinin Ahlak Anlayışı ................. 38 2.2.1.2.3. İslam Filozoflarının Ahlak Anlayışları ....................... 41 2.2.1.2.4. Ahlakın Temel Sorunları ............................................. 51 2.2.1.2.4.1. İrade Özgürlüğü ve Sorumluluk Problemi .. 51 2.2.1.2.4.2. Yükümlülük................................................. 54 2.2.1.2.4.3. Yaptırım ...................................................... 54 2.2.1.2.4.4. İyi ve Kötü Problemi .................................. 58 2.2.1.2.4.5. Niyet ........................................................... 60 2.2.1.2.5. Ahlakın Diğer Alanlarla İlişkisi .............................................. 61 2.2.1.2.5.1. Ahlak ile Psikoloji İlişkisi .................................................... 61 2.2.1.2.5.1.1. Psikoloji’de Ahlak’a Kuramsal Yaklaşım Modelleri ................................................................................ 64 2.2.1.2.5.1.2. Psikolojide Ahlak Gelişimi .............................. 65 2.2.1.2.5.2. Sosyoloji Ahlak İlişkisi ....................................... 67 2.2.1.2.5.3. Ahlak Hukuk İlişkisi ........................................... 68 2.3. Mutluluğun Temellendirilmesi ............................................................. 71 2.3. 1. Felsefede Mutluluk................................................................... 72 2.3. 2. Psikolojide Mutluluk ................................................................ 73 2.3.2.1. Psikolojide Mutluluk Kuramları ..................................... 77 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM KUTADGU BİLİG’DE MUTLULUK İLE AHLAK İLİŞKİSİNE DAİR BULGULAR 3.1. Kutadgu Biligdeki Temel Kavramlar ve Bakış Açısı ...................................... 84 3.2. Kutdagu Bilig’de Yer Alan Ahlak İlkeleri ile Mutluluk İle İlişkilendirilmesi.110 3.2.1 Diline Sahip Olabilmek ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ................................................ 110 3.2.2. Doğruluk ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ..................................................................... 112 3.2.3. İyilik ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ............................................................................ 116 3.2.4. Sabır ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ............................................................................ 118 3.2.5. Haya ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ............................................................................ 122 3.2.6. Yalan ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ........................................................................... 126 3.2.7. Anne ve Babaya İyilik ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ................................................ 129 3.2.8. Cimrilik ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ....................................................................... 131 3.2.9. Alçakgönüllülük ile Mutluluk İlişkisi .......................................................... 134 3.2.10. Erdem ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ........................................................................ 140 3.2.11. Özdenetim ile Mutluluk İlişkisi ................................................................. 143 3.2.12. Cömertlik ile Mutluluk İlişkisi .................................................................
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