HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY TURKIC LITERATURE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I SCIENTIFIC AND POETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TURKIC WRITTEN MONUMENTS 1.1. The role of Karahanid literature in the process world culture 1.2. Yusuf Khass Hadjib – author of first written Turkic monument CHAPTER II “KUTAGU BILIG” – UNIQUE OLD TURKIC TREATISE 2.1. “Kutagu bilig” as a treasury of wisdom 2.2. Social-political sights of “Kurtadgu bilig” 2.3. Common thoughts of Yusuf Khass Hadjib and Sakrates on wisdom and virtue CHAPTER III FEATURES OF ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF “KUTAGU BILIG” 3.1. R. Dankoff – first English translator of “Kutagu bilig” 3.2. Peculiarities of “Wisdom of Royal Glory” by Yusuf Khass Hadjib translated by R. Dankoff 3.3. W.May and his translation version of “Kutagu bilig” CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 INTRODUCTION Actuality of theme. Our rapidly developing country is flourishing year by year. As it’s known we have tradition of naming coming new year. The year of 2017 was declared as “The Year of Dialogue with the People and Human Interests”. This proposal was greeted with thunderous applause from those at the gathering and supported by them. The ceremonial event concluded with a holiday concert by prominent artistes and young performers. The tradition to announce the name of the next year and identify priority areas for further development during the celebration of the Constitution Day dates back to 19971. President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev by his decree has approved the action strategy on priority areas of the country’s development for 2017-2021. In consistent realization of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education”, National Program of Personnel Training, significant place is reserved for construction of new schools, academic lyceums, vocational colleges, higher education institutions, capital reconstruction and strengthening material-technical base of the existing ones, their provision with modern educational equipment. The resolution of the President of Uzbekistan “On measures to further improve system of foreign languages teaching” dated from 10 December 2012 is being implemented in Tashkent region as well. This document serves as an important guideline in development of new textbooks for teaching foreign languages, introduction of advanced teaching methods using modern pedagogical and information-communication technologies, education of a new generation to foreign languages, cardinal improvement of the system of training of specialists, fluent in these languages, creation of conditions and opportunities for wide use of information resources by students. 1 https://www.uzbekistan.org/named-year/archive/8071/ 3 Persistent works on raising awareness of the public concerning the essence and significance of the resolution, ensuring its execution are being carried out. The thousand-year history of the classical Turkic literature begins with a majestic monument of the Turkic culture "«Kutadgu Bilig»"2 — the very first and unique Turkic poem of the XI century which penetrated the time thickness and engraved the name of its author, a sagacious wise man and inspired poet Yusuf Khass Hadjib, on the constellation of geniuses conveying the world people's spiritual culture — Narekazi, Dante, Montaigne, Milton. In the history of the mankind, almost without exception, every state, every empire, every social formation is reflected not only in their historical works and scientific treatises but also in great art works of oral and written character, that gives the future generations rather vivid and clear representation of the detailed picture about the life of the society and the people of the previous epoch. Among those is one the first written masterpieces of the Turkic language people “Kutadgu Bilig” by Yusuf Has Hajib appeared in the period of the Karahanid Empire which existed from the middle of the IX up to the beginning of the XIII century in the territory of the Eastern and Western Turkestan. “Kutadgu Bilig” is a world famous Turkic treatise which was translated into many languages. Robert Dankoff professor of Chicago University translated “Kutadgu Bilig” into English for the first time and published the book under the name of “Wisdom of Royal Glory” in 19833. Second English translation of “Kutadgu Bilig” done by Walter Mey was published under the name of “Yusuf Balasaguni Beneficent knowledge” 4. in Moscow, 1998. It was translated into Russian by S.Ivanov5. 2 Yusuf BALASAGUNI. Beneficent knowledge / Translated into English by Walter May. – M., 1998. –6 . 3R.Denkoff. Yusuf Khass Hajib, Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes, translated, with an introduction and notes, by Robert Dankoff. University of Chicago Press, 1983 4 Yusuf BalasaguniI. Beneficent knowledge / Translated into English by Walter May. – M., 1998. 5 Юсуф Баласагуни Благодатное знание. / перевод С.Н. Иванова М.1990 418 стр 4 “Kutadgu bilig” by Yusuf Has Hadjib is a didactic poem formed in verse. Poetic form based on quatrain has long history itself. As professor R.Orzibekov said: “Many scientists who researched on Turkic literature as F.Kuprulu, T.Kavalevskiy, M.Hamroyev, E.Rustamov, M.Yunusov and others prove that the influence of quatrains played considerable role in appearance and development of poetic form rubai in Turkic literature”6 “Kutadgu bilig” was written in poetic form masnaviy in meter of mutaqorib. We should mention that many research works were done on genre features of “Kutadgu bilig”. For example the works of R.Arat, A.Valitova, I.Stebleva, B.Tukhliyev and others are remarkable. In their articles and monographs they conclude that the poetic form which Yusuf Has Hajib started to use was continued in the works as “Hibat ul haqoyiq” by A.Yugnakiy, “Muhabbatnoma” by Horazmiy, “Yusuf and Zulayho” by Durbek, “Hamsa” by A.Navai7. In this case we can mention that Yusuf Has Hajib is one of the founders of Turkic writing art and traditions. A lot of information about this fact were given in many researches as well: “So, the attitude to social life, learning the life philosophically were deepened in the creative activities of A.Yugnakiy, H.Horazmiy and A.Navai. Of course, in this case the role of Yusuf Has Hajib is considerable” The basic purpose of dissertation is to study and research the historical development of early Turkic literature in the example of «Kutadgu Bilig» Object of research. Main object of research is researches done on «Kutadgu Bilig» Subject of research is comparative analyses of researches done on «Kutadgu Bilig» and ir’s translations into foreign languages. 6 Orzibekov R. O‘zbek lirik she’riyati janrlari. – T.: Fan, 2006. – B. 149. 7 To’hliеv B. Yusuf Xos Hojibning “Qutadg’u bilig”i va ayrim janrlar takomili (Masnaviy, to’rtlik, qasida). - T.: Asr-Matbuot, 2004. - B.6. 5 Aim and tasks ofdissertation. We planned to fulfill the following tasks in research: 1. In introduction we gave main tasks and actuality of theme. 2. In chapter one the role of Karahanid literature in the process world culture was researched. Here the history of old Turkic scripts and language were learned. We made total overview of written monuments of Turkic nations. 3. In chapter two we researched the role of «Kutadgu Bilig» and it’s translations in world literature. In this chapter old we learned Turkic literature and the beginnings of Turco-islamic culture – in the researches of Robert Dankoff. 4. Chapter three exposes the features of English translations of «Kutadgu Bilig” done by R.Dankoff and W.May Methods of dissertation. Research was carried on in the method of historical comparison, observation and comparative analyses. Scientific novelty of dissertation. Though considerable scientific researches were carried in the field of learning the history of Old Turkic treatises, translation and its history fundamental research on comparative observation of the history of “Kutadgu Bilig” and translations into foreign languages had not been done yet. Theoretical and practical value of dissertation. The results of research can be useful in lessons n the history of Turkic literature, translation theory and others in higher educational institutions. Practical conclusions can be used in further researches. Content of dissertation. Work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion and bibliography. 6 CHAPTER I SCIENTIFIC AND POETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TURKIC WRITTEN MONUMENTS 1.1. The role of Karahanid literature in the process world culture The Karahanid Khanate also spelled Karakhanid, also called Ilek Khanidis was a Turkic dynasty that ruled in Transoxania in Central Asia Despite continuity from the first Uyghur Empire and affinity with the Kara-Khojas, the Kara-Khanids claimed descent from the legendary Persian Afrasiab dynasty. The use of the vertical Uyghur script among Muslim Turks extended well into Timurid times in western Turkistan, and well into Manchu times in some enclaves in eastern Turkistan. The Anatolian Turkish beyliks in Ilkhanid times and early Ottoman times still retained scribes trained in the vertical script in order to do transactions with the Timurids8. These scribes were called "bakshy", a name possibly of Chinese origin, meaning "great scholar", one of the titles of the Confucian soldier- scholar Yelu Dashi, or of Sanskrit origin. The nomadic elements of the Karahanid and Kara-Khitan states, the Qarluq and Naiman hordes, laid the foundation for the modern Kypchak Turkic-speaking cultures of the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Tatars. The Muslim, Persianized, sedentary elements of the Karahanid culture are preserved today among the Tajik, Uzbek, Afghan, Hui and Uyghur nations, two of which speak Chagatay Turkic languages. A branch of the Uyghurs migrated to oasis settlements of Tarim Basin and Gansu, such as Gaochang (Khoja) and Hami (Kumul) and set up a confederation of decentralized Buddhist states called Kara- Khoja. Others, occupying western Tarim Basin, Ferghana Valley, Jugaria and parts of Kazakhstan bordering the Muslim Khwarazm Sultanate, converted to Islam no later than 10th century and built a federation with Muslim institutions called Kara- Khanlik, whose princely dynasties are called Kara-Khanids by historians9.