Four rightly guided caliphs timeline

Continue The Sunni, the first four successors to : al-Siddiq , Umar ibn al-Khattab , ibn Affan , and ibn Abi Talib . They were all prominent associates of Muhammad and belonged to the tribe. The period of their reign is considered a golden age, when the caliphs were consciously governed by Muhammad's practices. During this period came the creation of Arab Muslim rule in the heart of the Middle East and preparations for conquests and expansion, which were carried out during later dynastic periods. Umar is portrayed as the dominant personality among the caliphs, which has many basic institutions of the classical Islamic state. Uthman is usually held responsible for the canonization of the Koran, as he is known today. He is described as personally pious, but lacks the character needed to resist unscrupulous relatives. Uthman's murder by discontent triggered a Fitnah era (unrest, civil war), which brought about the dissolution of the previously united community, the takeover of the by the Umayyad family and the end of the Arab-centric Era of . See also Abu Bakr al-Siddiq; Ali ibn Abi Talib; Umar ibn al-Khattab; Uthman ibn Affan First four califa after the death of Muhammad is part of a series of Islamic beliefs unit of God prophets Revealed Books Day resurrection predestitation exercises Profession faith Prayer Alms-giving fasting pilgrimage texts and sciences Koran Sunnah (, Sirah) Aqidah (creed) Tafsir (exegesis) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Caliphate Imamate spread the Islamic inheritance Muhammad Culture and Society Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Circumcision Perception Perception Economics Education Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral Teachings Mosque mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Slavery Social welfare women topics related to the brogation of Islamic apostasy islam criticism islam Muhammad Koran Hadith Islam and other religions Islam and violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihadjhadism Vocate Islam portalvte part of a series of sunnita Islamic beliefs monotheism prophets and messengers holy books Inheritance Muhammad Angels Judgment Day predestation five pillars declaration faith Prayer Fasting Pilgrimage Correctly led caliphs Abu Bakr Umar ibn al-Khattab Uthman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Others 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz Sunni schools of law Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Others Zahiri Awza'i Thawri Laythi Jariri sunni schools of theology Ahl al-Hadith (Athar is) Ahl al-Ra'y (Ash 'aris and Maturidis) Ihsan Ahl al-Wijdan wa al-Kashf (Sufis) Contemporary movements al-Ahbash Ahl-i Hadith Barelvi Deobandi Islamic modernism Salafi movement Wahhabism International propagation of salafism and Khulafāʾu ar-Rāshidūn), often simply called, collectively, the Rashidun, a term for Sunni Islam refers to the 30-year reign (632-661) of the first four caliphs اﻟﻼااااااااااا :wahhabism by Holy sites jerusalem Mekka lists Literature Kutub al-Sittah Islamic portalvte the Rashidun califa (Correctly led califa; (offspring) after the death of Islam's Prophet Muhammad, namely: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali of the , the first caliphate. Hasan ibn Ali's caliphate is sometimes considered Rashidun, but since it was only a six-month period, it is categorically not mentioned. This is a reference to Sunni necessity Keep firmly in my example (sunnah) and that of correctly directed caliphs (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood). [1] History See also Succession of Muhammad The name of the first four cali trees written on the dome of the new mosque in Eminönü, Istanbul. Construction began during sultan Safiye and turhan sultan, iv. The first four caliphs who ruled after Muhammad's death Khulafāʾ often described as Rāshidūn. Rashidun was either elected by a council (see election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or was chosen at the wishes of its predecessor. In the order of succession, the Rāshidūn were:[2][3] Abu Bakr (632–634 CE). Umar ibn al-Khattab (Umar O. 634-644 CE) – Umar is often prescribed to on a Western scholarship. Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 CE) - Uthman often wrote about Othman (or Osman) on some non-Arab scholarship. Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 CE) – During this period, however, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (Muawiyah I) ized, romanized by Abdullāh bin Abī Quhāfah), c. 573 CE unknown exact date was the lead partner (Sahabi) and father-in-law of Mohamed. From 632–634, he ruled theﺑﺒﺒﺎﻻن ﺑﺒﻴﻴﺎااا :controlled the Levant and Egypt region independently of Ali. Abu Bakr Main article: Abu Bakr Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Qahafa, (Arabic Rashidun caliphate when he became the first Muslim caliph following Muhammad's death. [4] As a Caliph, Abu Bakr successfully replaced the political and administrative duties muhammad had previously exercised, as the religious function and authority of propheticism ended with Muhammad's death, according to Islam. and this title was known to later generations of Muslims. It prevented the spread of recently converted Muslims, united the community and consolidated the grip of Islam in the region by curbing Ridda, while expanding Dar Al Islam all the way to the Red Sea. Umar ,(ااﻻاااااااااااااااا :Abu Bakr was called As-Siddiq (Arabic ibn al-Khattab Main article: Umar Umar Family Family Tree Umar (son) Hafsa bint No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no Asim ibn Umar (son) Views Sunni view of Umar Ten Promised Paradise Shi'a view of Umar Related articles Treaty of Hudaybiyya Rashidun Caliph romanized by Umar ibn al-Khattāb, c. 586-590 – 590 644[5]:685) November 2 (Dhu al-Hijjah 26, 23 Islam[6]) was one of Muhammad's main associates and advisers. She , ﻣﻤﺮاب اﻻاﺑﺐ :Success to Muhammad Umar at 's house Military conquests Reforms (Pact of Umar) Category Islam portalvte Umar (Arabic was married to her daughter, Hafsa bint Umar Mohamed; So he became Muhammad's father-in-law. After Muhammad's death, he became the second Muslim califa and ruled for 10 years. On August 23, 2011, he succeeded Abu Bakr as a second caliph and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar, the Islamic empire expanded to an unprecedented degree and ruled the entire Persian Empire of Sassanid and more than two-thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. [8] His legislative capabilities, solid political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire, and brilliantly coordinated, multi-branch attacks on the Persian Empire that led to the persian empire's conquest in less than two years have made him a great political and military leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus and Egypt. [9] He was killed by a Persian prisoner named Firouz Nahavandi. Uthman ibn Affan Main article: Uthman ibn Affan UthmanThe .Uthmān ibn 'Affān) (c. 579 – July 17, 656) Was one of Muhammad's early companions and sons ﻣﻤﺎن اا :Generous - (Al Ghani) Related articles rashidun kalif the geneacy of Uthman The election siege of Uthman Samarkand Kufic Koran military campaigns under Caliph Uthman category Islamic portalvte Uthman (Arabic Uthman was born into the Mekka Umayyad clan, a powerful family of quraysh tribes. At the age of 70, he became a califa. Under his leadership, the empire expanded to Fars (now Iran) in 650 and khorasan (now Afghanistan) in 651, and the conquest of Armenia began in the 640s. [10] His reign ended when he was assassinated. Uthman is perhaps best known for forming a committee whose task was producing copies of the Koran based on a text that had been collected separately from parchment, bones and rocks over the lifetime of Muhammad, as well as a copy of the Koran that had reconciled Abu Bakr and left Muhammad's widow after Abu Bakr's death. Committee members also reciters the Koran and have noted the entire text over the lifetime of Muhammad. This work is due to the huge expansion of Islam, under The Rule of Uthman, which has encountered many different dialects and languages. This led to the reading of the Koran variant for those who who don't know the language. After clarifying possible errors in pronunciation or dialects, Uthman sent copies of the sacred text to Muslim cities and garrison cities and destroyed variant texts. [11] Ali ibn Abi Talib Main Articles: Ali, as califa and the part of a series Ali Views Sunni view of Ali Shia view of Ali Life Birthplace First Fitna Assassination Timeline of Ali life Alids Event of Ghadir Khumm Legacy Nahj al-Balagha Al-Ghadir Qalam-e-Mowla Zulfiqar Imam Ali Mosque Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim Outlook Military Career Ali Ali, as Califa The Fourteen Fallacy Imam (The Twelve Imams) Ali of the romanized by 'Alī ibn Abī Ālib) was a cousin of Muhammad. He was Muhammad's second companion after Khadijah accepted Islam. He was only 10 when he resed. At the age of , ﻟﻠﻲ اﺑﻦ ﺑﺒﻲ ااﻟﺐ :Qur'an articles related to Rashidun Califa (Rashidun Califa) the Succession of Muhammad portalvte Ali (Arabic 21, he married Fatimah, Muhammed's youngest daughter, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, and became Muhammed's son-in-i.e. He had three sons (Hasan, Husayn and Muhsin) and two daughters (um Kulthum and Zaynab) from Fatimah. He was a scribe of the Koran who kept a written copy of it and memorized the poems, as and cared for Medina in absentia. [summons required] After Uthman's death, Medina was in political chaos for days. Four days later, when the rebels who killed (ﻣﺎاﺟﺎاااااااا :caliphate), he was a member of Majlis ash-Shura (Arabic ,اِااااﻓﺎااااااا :it turned out. At the time of Uthman, Umar, and Abu Bakr Khilafat (Arabic Uthman felt the need for a new Khalifa to be chosen before they left Medina, many companions kavalu odaali to the role of the califa, which he refused to do initially. [summons required] The rebels then offered Khilafat to Talha and Zubair, who also refused. The Ansars also rejected the offer to choose a new Khalifah. So the rebels threatened drastic measures if they did not choose a new Khalifah within 24 hours. To solve the problem, all Muslim leaders gathered at the Prophet's Mosque. They all agreed that the best person to fit all the characteristics of the caliphae, Ali. So Ali was persuaded to take over. Talha and Zubair and others oath of allegiance, literally a sale or commercial transaction) in Ali's hands, followed by a general Bayaah on 25 Dhil-Hijjah, 656 CE. After Kalifa's appointment, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides , ﺑﺎاااﻋﻴﺔ :then executed Bayaah (Arabic like Malik al-Ashtar. Ali then moved his capital from Medina to Kupha, the garrison city in what is now Iraq. The capital of Syria's province, Damascus, was controlled by Mu'awiyah, who was related to Uthman, Ali's murdered predecessor. [12] His caliphate coincided with the first Fitna (a civil war in which Muslims were divided over who had a legal right to occupy the caliphate). [13] And which ended throughout, Mu'awiyah's assumption of the caliphate. Ali was murdered and killed in 21 Ramadans in the city of Kufa (Iraq) 661 CE in Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. Ali's son Hasan briefly acted as a caliph before renouncing the caliphate in favor of Mr Muawiyah to end the civil war. [2] [3] [2] Military expansion Main article: Rashidun Caliphate § Military expansion More information: Arab-Byzantine wars The Rashidun caliphate has greatly expanded Islam beyond Arabia, conquering all of Persia, alongside Syria (637), Armenia (639), Egypt (639) and Cyprus (654). During the Reign of Social Policy, Abu Bakr founded the Bayt al-Mal (Treasury). Umar expanded the Treasury and set up a government building to manage state finances. [14] At the time of the conquest, caliphs were almost always burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in exchange for the political loyalty of the conquered nation. [15] Civic activities in Islam began in the form of the construction and purchase of civilian prosperity wells. During the caliphate, Muslims repaired many aging wells in the lands they conquered. [16] In addition to the wells, Muslims built many tanks and canals. They bought a lot of channels and built new ones. While some channels were excluded for monks (such as the source bought by Talhah) and those in need, most channels were public. Some canals were built between settlements, such as the Saad Canal, which provided water to Anbar, and the Abi Musa canal to provide water for Bászra. [17] During the famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the Nile to the sea. The aim of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia via a maritime route that has so far only been transported by land. The canal was built within a year in Amr ibn al-As, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes that Arabia got rid of the famine all the time to come. [18] After four floods hit Mekka after Muhammad's death, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the . He also built a dam near Medina to protect the fountains from flooding. [15] Settlements islamic coin, time in Rashidun. Imitation of Sasanid Empire ruling Khosrau II type. BYS (Bishapur) mint. Done at 25 AH 36 (AD 656). Sasanian style bust imitating Khosrau II is better; bismillah the margin / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent-winged flames; left, mint name to the right. The territory of Bászra sparsely populated when captured by Muslims. During Umar's reign, the Muslim army found a suitable place to build a base. Later, the area was settled and a mosque was erected. [19] [20] After madyan's conquest, it was settled by muslims. However, soon the environment was over, and Umar ordered the resettlement of 40,000 settlers in Kufa. The new buildings were built from mud bricks instead of reeds, a material popular in the region but easily caught fire. During the conquest of Egypt, fustat was used as a base by the Muslim army. After the conquest of Alexandria, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially, the land was used primarily as pasture, but later buildings were built. [22] Other areas already inhabited have been significantly expanded. In Mosul, Arfaja al-Bariqi, at Umar's bet, built a stronghold, some churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population. [23] Muslim views The first four caliphaes are particularly important for disputes within modern Islam: Sunni Muslims, these models are the true rule; For Shiite Muslims, the top three of the four were usurpers. Accepted traditions of both Sunni and Shiite Muslims detail disagreements and tensions between the four correctly managed caliphs. [summons required] Sunni Perspectives They were named as correctly directed because they had already seen models of Muslim leaders by Sunni Muslims. This terminology has been in general use around the world, as Sunni Islam has been the dominant Islamic tradition and has long been regarded as the most authentic source of information about Islam in the Western world. [summons required] They were all close companions to Muhammad and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr, Umar and Hafsa bint Umar, and Muhammad's three daughters, Ruqayyah bint Muhammad, and Um Kulthum bint Muhammad, who was married to Ali. Similarly, their succession was not hereditary, something that would become the custom after them, starting with the later . The council's decision or the choice of califa originally determined the successor. Sunnis have long regarded the Rashidun period as exemplary and seek to imitate a system of governance based on Islam's righteousness and merit. Sunnis also equat this system of se worldly success, which was promised by , the Koran and the Hadith to those Muslims who persecuted his joy; this spectacular success has further enhanced the emulation appeal of the Rashidun era. [24] [25] Shi'ite is a tradition of .(Moses اوﺳﺎااésم :Aaron) and Mūsā (Arabic ,ﻫﺎاراااااااا :his relationship with Muhammad was similar to that of Hārūn (Arabic ,ااااااا :Shi'ite Islam, the first calipha should have been Ali, followed by other Shi'ite imams such as sons Hasan and Husayn. Shi'ite Muslims support this claim ahadith like Ghadir Khumm (Arabic اارو, Timeline Note that the succession of the cali tree does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year. See also Hadith's Ten Promised Tomatoes in the Four Companions Notes^[email protected]. Taraweeh: 8 or 20?. Inter-islam.org. Archived from the original 2013-12-03. (Accessed 2014-04-16. ^ a b a .First Islamic Arab State (1 - 41 AH/ 623 - 661 CE). 3. Arab Renaissance House – Beirut, Lebanon. P. 370 ^ Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The succession of Muhammad: The study of the early caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ^ Abu Bakr - Muslim caliph .(اام ﻣﻤﻤﻢ (1995 Archived from the original 2015-04-29. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, Infobase Publishing, 2009 ^ Ibn Kathir, al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 7. ^ Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in global history: From the death of the Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, Islamic History and Cul Institute, 2001, 34. ISBN 0- 7388-5963-X. ^ Hourani, 23^ The Caliphate. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived the original 2014-07-09. (Accessed 2014-04-16. ^ Ochsenweld, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: history (sixth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. ^ ^ Shi'a: 'Ali Archived 2008-03-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ref: Lapidus (2002), p. 47 Holt (1977a), pp. 70-72 Tabatabaei (1979), pp.50-57 ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 411 ^ a b Nadvi (2000), pg. 408 ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4 ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6 ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8 ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19). An encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9781135179601. ^ Fidai, Rafi Ahmad; Shaikh, N.M. (2002-01-01). HE'S A COMPANION TO THE HOLY PROPHET. Adam Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9788174352231. ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2011-07-30). The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire. I'm I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857720269. ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7 ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 418 ^ Jeffry R. Halverson (April 27, 2010). Theology and creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, ash'arism, and political Sunni. I'm Palgrave Macmillan. 69. ISBN 9780230106581. ^ Didier Fassin (Dec. 31, 2014). The Companion is moral anthropology (reprint ed.). John Wiley and sons. Isbn 97811118959503. ^ Cristoffel A. O. van Nieuwenhuijze (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the struggle for credibility in the Middle East. Brill. Isbn 9789004106727 External links Media at Wikimedia Commons Rashidun - Encyclopaedia Britannica, the media site

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