Modern Insights Into the Policies Affecting Public Health in the Islamic Caliphate (622CE – 1258CE)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Modern Insights Into the Policies Affecting Public Health in the Islamic Caliphate (622CE – 1258CE) Modern Insights into the Policies affecting Public Health in the Islamic Caliphate (622CE – 1258CE) Basem A Khalil A thesis submitted to The University of Gloucestershire in accordance with the requirements of the degree of PhD (Public Health) Faculty of Applied Sciences January 2016 1 Abstract Background/aim: In the Western world, the emergence of historical research on the effects of the social determinants of health has provided the discipline of public health with new insight into this aspect of population health complementing the more traditional focus on the history of medicine. The Islamic Caliphate was a dominant power in its time and little is known about its public health history. This thesis aims to provide a chronologically historical account of the policies taken in this period and analyse them in the light of modern theories of public health. Materials and Methods: This thesis employed a qualitative research technique. Known primary and secondary historical sources were examined and data translated and presented in a chronological order. Modern historical sources analysing the historical accounts of that era were also used. Policies affecting health were retrieved and analysed using modern day research into the same policies. Results: The analysis has resulted in a revisionist argument that policies affecting public health in a positive way did exist in a sophisticated manner in the Islamic Caliphate albeit in an inconsistent manner. The study complements the works of medical historians who identified a “Golden Age” in the later era of the Caliphate with advancements in medical science with a potential “Golden Age” in the early era related to the social determinants of health. Conclusion: This thesis provides for the first time a chronological study of policies affecting public health in an era of public health history that has not been studied before. In addition it provides for the first time a modern analysis of these policies. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my Supervisors, Professor Walid El Ansari and Dr Malcolm MacLean who for the last few years have guided the development and indeed evolution of this work. Their patience, experience and flexibility made this work finally come to an end. Their expertise in both public health and historical research especially in welfare systems was invaluable in the research process that yielded the results in this thesis. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the work of two modern scholars whose work helped immensely in the development of this thesis. Dr Ali Mohammed Salabi is a modern Arab Historian who has written several works on the history of the Islamic Caliphate. Dr Salabi’s monumental works were instrumental in the data retrieval used in this thesis. Not only did Dr Salabi’s work provide a historical analysis of the Caliphate but helped provide the student with several of the medieval sources and indeed modern analytical and historical works that are present with us today for further referencing and citations. In many of the references of the historical sections, where a second reference is placed after Salabi’s work, it is usually a reference that he himself has also cited. Dr S Hasanuz Zaman is a modern Islamic Economist who has written on the Economic functions of an Islamic State with special emphasis on the early Islamic Caliphate. His PhD on the same topic was submitted to the University of Edinburgh. His work served as guidance in this thesis with regards to methodology and historical sources. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Mrs Shaimaa Elshorkobaly who is also a specialist in Linguistics and Interpretation especially between the Arabic and English Languages. Her moral and specialist support are acknowledged and for her unparalleled dedication to her family and her commitment to their education, I dedicate this work. 3 Table of contents Contents Page Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Chapter 1: Introduction, Aims and Objectives 7 Chapter 2: Literature review 26 Chapter 3: Methodology 38 Results/Discussion Chapter 4: The era of the Prophet and The Righteous Four 55 The Era of the Prophet 55 The Era of the Righteous Four: Abu Bakr 88 The Era of the Righteous Four: Omar Ibn Al-Khattab 98 The Era of the Righteous Four: Uthman Ibn-Affan 129 The Era of the Righteous Four: Ali Ibn-Abi Talib 127 Specific analysis of the era of the Prophet and the Righteous Four 142 Chapter 5: The Ummayad Caliphate 161 The Ummayad Caliphate - Overview 162 The Ummayad Caliphate: Muawiyah Ibn-Abu Sufyan 168 The Ummayad Caliphate: Abdel Malik Ibn-Marwan & Al-Walid Ibn-Abdel Malik 179 The Ummayad Caliphate: Omar Ibn-Abdelazeez 185 The Ummayad Caliphate: Analysis 192 The Ummayad Caliphate: The Decline 199 Chapter 6: The Abbasid Caliphate 208 The Abbasid Caliphate - Overview 209 The Translation Movement in the Abbasid Caliphate 215 The Abbasid Caliphate: Hospital System 222 Decline and Final collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate 242 Chapter 7: The Economy of the Caliphate: an Overview 251 Chapter 8: Leadership and culture in the Islamic Caliphate and its effect on Health Care 273 Chapter 9: Conclusions, Reflections and Further research 282 References 294 4 Lists of Tables Table Page Table 1: List of Ummayad Caliphs and their period of rule 18 Table 2: List of Abbasid Caliphs and their period of rule 20 Table 3: Islamic Environmental ethics 64 Table 4: Comparison of Islamic and NHS hand washing techniques 67 Table 5: Summary of the Public health care principles and their applications that the Prophet laid down in Medina 87 Table 6: Summary of the welfare system at the time of Abu Bakr 97 Table 7: Summary of Initiatives in the time of Omar 128 Table 8: Summary of Uthman’s Era 136 Table 9: Summary of Ali’s Era 141 Table 10: Life span of some of the most prominent companions of the Prophet 159 Table 11: Annual revenue from Iraq 263 Table 12: Estimated Annual Collections from Syria and Palestine in dinars 265 Table 13: Annual income from Egypt in Dinars 267 5 List of Figures Figure Page Figure 1: Map of the Islamic Caliphate 14 Figure 2: The Ummayad Mosque in Damascus (Completed in 715CE) 28 Figure 3: The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (Completed in 691 CE) 28 Figure 4: Conceptual Framework 40 Figure 5: WHO Map of alcohol consumption in the world 76 Figure 6: The Rainbow Model 145 Figure 7: Time line of the Development of the Islamic Health Service 288 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 In this Chapter the following topics will be covered: 1. The relationship between public health and social welfare 2. The Rise of Islam 3. An introduction to the Caliphate 4. Medicine prior to Islam 5. Medicine in the Arabian Peninsula 1.1 Public health and social welfare – modern and historical context: In recent times, public health experts have recognised the impact of social welfare on the health of individuals and society. Public health is no longer restricted to delivery of medical care or control of infectious diseases. Indeed the WHO reviewed its definition of health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”(WHO, 2003b). Thus public health experts seek to improve all these aspects in order to improve the health of society. These aspects are directly related to national policy and the politics of government. The inter-relationship between public health and politics is complex. Health systems are regarded as open systems subject to the effect of non-medical factors including peace, general education and the economy. Good communications, media and even mechanisms of transportation can have significant effects on the overall health of society. The World Health Organisation thus defines a health system as: “A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities. A health system is therefore more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes, for example, a mother caring for a sick child at home; private providers; behaviour change 8 programmes; vector-control campaigns; health insurance organizations; occupational health and safety legislation. It includes inter-sectoral action by health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education, a well-known determinant of better health”(WHO, 2007). Taking the above argument further, to confine public health simply to the delivery of medical care to the sick is no longer accepted by modern day public health experts. In 1986, the WHO convened a conference on health promotion in Ottawa that ended in the release of a Charter. The WHO Ottawa Charter provided nine social determinants of public health (WHO, 2014c) . These are: 1. Peace 2. Shelter 3. Education 4. Food 5. Income 6. A stable ecosystem 7. Sustainable resources 8. Social justice 9. Equity These social determinants of health would later influence Government policies especially in the developed world. The scope of public health itself would change from simply the control of communicable diseases and preventive medicine to include health promotion, health maintenance, health systems management and health care policy. Indeed the UK Faculty of Public Health defines public health as: “the science and art of promoting and protecting health and well-being, preventing ill- health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society”(FPH, 2010) 9 Furthermore, the WHO now emphasises on the term “healthy public policy” where all Government departments and societal sectors are integrated with the aim of assessing the effect of any policies on health (WHO, 2014a). Thus the way public health history would be viewed or studied would in itself change to include many of these aspects.
Recommended publications
  • 'Ā'isha, MOTHER of the FAITHFUL the Prototype of Muslim Women
    Naw Lily Kadoe & Fatimah Husein Ulama, State, and Politics in Myanmar Al-Jāmi‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies - ISSN: 0126-012X (p); 2356-0912 (e) Vol. 53, no. 1 (2015), pp. 159-179, doi: 10.14421/ajis.2015.531.159-179 ‘Ā’ISHA, MOTHER OF THE FAITHFUL The Prototype of Muslim Women Ulama Fatih Harpci Carthage College Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA email: [email protected] Abstract Having a unique intelligence and assertiveness, ‘Ā’isha has been regarded Islam’s ideal woman scholar. She was not only as one of the earliest reporters of the authentic sayings of the Prophet Muḥammad, but also a great source for conveying his private family life. The article seeks to show that ‘Ā’isha’s life in the 7th century Arabia is especially remarkable when examined through the lenses of contemporary times. Her main characteristic was her critical, ever-inquisitive, and curious mind. Through the questions she was able to ask, ‘Ā’isha became a bridge between the time of the Prophet and the contemporary Muslim life. The important role she played in the scholarly efforts of Muslim men and women in learning and teaching knowledge needs to be examined and properly emphasized. Her sound scholarship in Islamic disciplines include but was not necessarily be limited to hadith, tafsīr, fiqh, literature, and poetry. Today Muslim women may take ‘Ā’isha not only as a pious example, but follow her intelligence, curiosity, and reasoning. [Dengan kecerdasan dan kepercayaan diri yang khas, Ā’isha terkenal sebagai seorang ulama perempuan yang ideal. Tidak hanya dikenal sebagai perawi hadis, dia juga merupakan rujukan yang hebat mengenai masalah-masalah pribadi dan keluarga.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mosque of Abdullah Ibn Salam of Oran
    The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016 XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION: THE MOSQUE OF ABDULLAH IBN SALAM OF ORAN I.Boukerch, B. Takarli, R. Mahmoudi, S.Tellai, D.Chadli Centre des Techniques Spatiales Arzew Oran Algeria - [email protected] KEY WORDS: 3D modelling, terrestrial photogrammetry, camera calibration, accuracy ABSTRACT: Studies on the architectural heritage can now be supported by three-dimensional reconstruction of actual buildings. The 3D digital model can be an effective medium for documenting the current state of historic buildings but also to create a resource for researchers who conduct their analysis on historical evolution. Architectural photogrammetry has its own specifications in relation to other photogrammetric applications, however it meets these expectations. The traditional approach requires the use of metric cameras but with the development of computational techniques, this requirement is overcome and opens the way for the use of non-metric camera. The use of the shots that is no longer restricted to the parallel configuration of bundles, the images may be convergent, horizontal or oblique. Combining and modelling several cameras increasingly powerful in resolution and stability, has great scope and the same workflow can be used in varied applications. ISPRS and ICOMOS created CIPA because they both believe that a monument can be restored and protected only when it has been fully measured and documented and when its development has been documented several times, i.e. monitored, also with respect to its environment, and stored in proper heritage information and management systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Ortaçağ İslam Dünyasında Örnek Veteriner Hekimler
    VETERINARY PHYSICIANS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD OF THE MEDIEVAL AGE ORTAÇAĞ İSLAM DÜNYASINDA VETERİNER HEKİMLER Doç.Dr. Nurdan Kırımlıoğlu Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik Anabilim Dalı Summary According to Islam, human being is the most honorable of all creatures. God created human perfectly and blessed him with his own soul. All the angels prostrated to show their respect and God assigned human being to represent Him on Earth. Everything on Earth and skies serve to him and finally he is responsible for building up the world and protecting it. Animals are also the responsibility of human beings. Prophet Muhammed suggested treating animals gently and respecting their rights, which proves that animals are under the protection of human beings according to Islamic traditions. The necessity of protecting the animals and plants to ensure the sustainability of natural balance and the idea that animal health and welfare are inseparable have an important place in Islamicthought. Accordingly, examination of animals as a requirement of above mentioned thoughts –but not only for the purpose of benefitting from them but also learning more about their nature in order to carry out human being’s responsibility as perfectly as possible – has been considered essential in Islamic civilizations and animal health has been given special attention throughout Islamic history. In Islam countries, many studies were conducted and books were written about veterinary medicine between 9th and 15th century. Under the light of this knowledge, the current study aims at presenting information about veterinaries who lived in Islam World during the Middle Age and their scientific works.
    [Show full text]
  • Join the MCA Mailing List and Stay Connected Advertisements Is Tuesday at 5:00 PM 2 46
    PRAYER TIMINGS Effective 02/13 MCA NOOR Fajr 6:10 6:10 Dhuhr 12:35 12:35 Asr 3:45 4:30 Maghrib Sunset Sunset Isha 7:20 7:20 Juma 1 12:15 12:15 Juma 2 01:00 01:00 Newsletter Juma 2 01:45 01:45 Published Weekly by the Muslim Community Association of San Francisco Bay Area www.mcabayarea.org Jamadi ‘II 30, 1442 AH Friday, February 12, 2021 Grand Mosque of Brussels AL-QURAN And to Allah belong the best names, so invoke Him by them. And leave [the company of] those who practice deviation concerning His names.1 They will be recompensed for what they have been doing. Quran: 7:180 HADITH Narrated/Authority of Abdullah bin Amr: Once the Prophet remained behind us in a journey. He joined us while we were performing ablution for the prayer which was over-due. We were just passing wet hands over our feet (and not washing them properly) so the Prophet addressed us in a loud voice and said twice or thrice: “Save your heels from the fire.” Al-Bukhari: Ch 3, No. 57 Final Deadline to submit Join the MCA Mailing List and Stay Connected Advertisements is Tuesday at 5:00 PM www.mcabayarea.org/newsletter 2 46. Al-Hakeem (The Wise One) The Wise, The Judge of Judges, The One who is correct in His doings. “And to Allah belong the best names, so invoke Him by them.” [Quran 7:180] 3 Youth Corner Mahmoud’s Love for Basketball There was a boy who was 9 years old, standing tall at he didn’t like was every Friday night the basketball court the gate “HEY” and his adrenaline freezes, the ball 4 feet and 5 inches, and weighing a whole 90 pounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Scholastic Theology (Kalam)
    Scholastic Theology (Kalam) Author : Ayatollah Murtadha Mutahhari Introduction Foreword Lesson one : Scholastic Theology Lesson two : Scholastic theology, a definition Lesson three : The Mu'tazilites (1) Lesson four : The Mu'tazilites (2) Lesson five : The Mu'tazilites (3) Lesson six : The Ash'arites Lesson seven : The Shia (1) Lesson eight : The Shia (2) Introduction The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location. For sometime now, we have been looking at giving the up and coming generation the attention that they deserve. Our aim is to make available to them the sort of things and literature that they identify with and like in different languages, amongst which is English. It is an undeniable fact that English has become the primary language of communication between Presented by http://www.alhassanain.com & http://www.islamicblessings.com our second generations living here in the West. Accordingly, the Alul Bayt (a.s.) Foundation for Reviving the Heritage, London, U.K. has recognised the need for setting up a publishing house whose duty it is to translate the gems of our religious and cultural heritage to the main living languages. After discussing the idea with Hujjatul Islam as‐Sayyid Jawad ash‐ Shahristani, the establishment of Dar Al‐Hadi in London, U.K. has become a reality. It is a known fact that many members of our younger generation aspire to become acquainted with and/or study the different disciplines taught in the conventional centres of religious learning and scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Psychology
    Islamic Psychology Islamic Psychology or ilm an-nafs (science of the soul) is an important introductory textbook drawing on the latest evidence in the sub-disciplines of psychology to provide a balanced and comprehensive view of human nature, behaviour and experience. Its foundation to develop theories about human nature is based upon the writings of the Qur’an, Sunnah, Muslim scholars and contemporary research findings. Synthesising contemporary empirical psychology and Islamic psychology, this book is holistic in both nature and process and includes the physical, psychological, social and spiritual dimensions of human behaviour and experience. Through a broad and comprehensive scope, the book addresses three main areas: Context, perspectives and the clinical applications of applied psychology from an Islamic approach. This book is a core text on Islamic psychology for undergraduate and postgraduate students and those undertaking continuing professional development courses in Islamic psychology, psychotherapy and counselling. Beyond this, it is also a good supporting resource for teachers and lecturers in this field. Dr G. Hussein Rassool is Professor of Islamic Psychology, Consultant and Director for the Riphah Institute of Clinical and Professional Psychology/Centre for Islamic Psychology, Pakistan. He is accountable for the supervision and management of the four psychology departments, and has responsibility for scientific, educational and professional standards, and efficiency. He manages and coordinates the RICPP/Centre for Islamic Psychology programme of research and educational development in Islamic psychology, clinical interventions and service development, and liaises with the Head of the Departments of Psychology to assist in the integration of Islamic psychology and Islamic ethics in educational programmes and development of research initiatives and publication of research.
    [Show full text]
  • Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber (Eds.) Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances RP 5 June 2015 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2015 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the authors. SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (Updated English version of SWP-Studie 7/2015) Table of Contents 5 Problems and Recommendations 7 Jihadism in Africa: An Introduction Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 13 Al-Shabaab: Youth without God Annette Weber 31 Libya: A Jihadist Growth Market Wolfram Lacher 51 Going “Glocal”: Jihadism in Algeria and Tunisia Isabelle Werenfels 69 Spreading Local Roots: AQIM and Its Offshoots in the Sahara Wolfram Lacher and Guido Steinberg 85 Boko Haram: Threat to Nigeria and Its Northern Neighbours Moritz Hütte, Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 99 Conclusions and Recommendations Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 103 Appendix 103 Abbreviations 104 The Authors Problems and Recommendations Jihadism in Africa: Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances The transnational terrorism of the twenty-first century feeds on local and regional conflicts, without which most terrorist groups would never have appeared in the first place. That is the case in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Syria and Iraq, as well as in North and West Africa and the Horn of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded File
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329572822 Interpretation in Muslim Philosophy Book · January 2012 CITATIONS READS 0 323 1 author: Abduljaleel Alwali United Arab Emirates University 3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Abduljaleel Alwali on 11 December 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Interpretation in Muslim Philosophy By Prof. Abdul Jaleel Kadhim Al Wali Philosophy Department Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences United Arab Emirates University Al Ain Abu Dhabi UAE Phone: +971-50-663-6703 [email protected] Abstract Muslim philosophers had been preoccupied with the question of interpretation since the Islamic Philosophy was first developed by its founder Al Kindi till its interpretative maturity by Ibn Rushd who represents the maturity of rationalism in Islamic Arab philosophy. Rational option was the most suitable for Arab Muslim civilization as it expresses the vitality of civilization and its ability to interact with other contemporary civilizations and trends. Islamic philosophy interpretation themes are various as they adopted the following terms: 1. Interpreting the approval of the Greek philosophy in Muslim culture. 2. Interpreting the relationship between religion and philosophy. 3. Interpreting the relationship between Mind and Mind ( Plato and Aristotle ) 4. Interpreting the relationship between nature and Metaphysics. The goals of interpretation for Muslim philosophers are different as Al Kind pointed that they are oriented towards the Greek philosophy in general and towards religion and philosophy in particular while Al Farabi pointed that they are oriented towards the Greek philosophy in general and towards Plato and Aristotle.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Implementation of Pilgrimage in the Pagan Era
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2017, Vol. 7, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 The History of Implementation of Pilgrimage in the Pagan Era 1Rizalman Muhammad, 2Faiz Hakimi Mat Idris, 3Kamaliah Salleh, 2Ahmad Zahid Salleh, 2Mohamad Zaidin Mohamad 1Institut Pendidikan Guru, Ipoh Campus, Malaysia 2Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, UniSZA, Malaysia 3Faculty of Law, Accountancy & International Relations, UniSZA, Malaysia Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i12/3636 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i12/3636 Abstract The first pilgrimage performed by the Prophet Abraham which was in the 20th century BC had eventually been mixed with polytheism and heresy elements before Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was sent to this world. In this regard, this article aims to reveal the ritual of the hajj in the ancient Arab society which is different from the current practice of Muslims nowadays. This article is a qualitative study using content analysis. The finding reveals that although Arab community remained to believe in Allah, but in view to the long gap between the two ages of Prophet Abraham and Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.), they had mixed up the implementation of a true and wrong rituals in their pilgrimage. Keywords: Pilgrimage, Pagan Arabs, Kaaba, Mecca Introduction The term Jahiliyyah is derived from jahl which connotes a description of pre-Islamic Arab society who were ignorance of the God, the prophets, the way of life, and who were also arrogantly and imperiously proud of their lineage (Ibn Manzur n.d.). It was a dark age of the Arab history with the absence of divine light to guide their faith, and their lives were fully deviated and strayed from the religious method.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Arabic Sciences: a Selected Bibliography
    THE HISTORY OF ARABIC SCIENCES: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Mohamed ABATTOUY Fez University Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin A first version of this bibliography was presented to the Group Frühe Neuzeit (Max Planck Institute for History of Science, Berlin) in April 1996. I revised and expanded it during a stay of research in MPIWG during the summer 1996 and in Fez (november 1996). During the Workshop Experience and Knowledge Structures in Arabic and Latin Sciences, held in the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin on December 16-17, 1996, a limited number of copies of the present Bibliography was already distributed. Finally, I express my gratitude to Paul Weinig (Berlin) for valuable advice and for proofreading. PREFACE The principal sources for the history of Arabic and Islamic sciences are of course original works written mainly in Arabic between the VIIIth and the XVIth centuries, for the most part. A great part of this scientific material is still in original manuscripts, but many texts had been edited since the XIXth century, and in many cases translated to European languages. In the case of sciences as astronomy and mechanics, instruments and mechanical devices still extant and preserved in museums throughout the world bring important informations. A total of several thousands of mathematical, astronomical, physical, alchemical, biologico-medical manuscripts survived. They are written mainly in Arabic, but some are in Persian and Turkish. The main libraries in which they are preserved are those in the Arabic World: Cairo, Damascus, Tunis, Algiers, Rabat ... as well as in private collections. Beside this material in the Arabic countries, the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, the Biblioteca del Escorial near Madrid, the British Museum and the Bodleian Library in England, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Süleymaniye and Topkapi Libraries in Istanbul, the National Libraries in Iran, India, Pakistan..
    [Show full text]
  • A Vivid Research on Gundīshāpūr Academy, the Birthplace of the Scholars and Physicians Endowed with Scientific and Laudable Q
    SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Soial Science (SSRG-IJHSS) – Volume 7 Issue 5 – Sep - Oct 2020 A Vivid Research on Gundīshāpūr Academy, the Birthplace of the Scholars and Physicians Endowed with Scientific and laudable qualities Mahmoud Abbasi1, Nāsir pūyān (Nasser Pouyan)2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Abstract: Iran also known as Persia, like its neighbor Iraq, can be studied as ancient civilization or a modern nation. Ac- cording to Iranian mythology King Jamshīd introduced to his people the science of medicine and the arts and crafts. Before the establishment of Gundīshāpūr Academy, medical and semi-medical practices were exclusively the profession of a spe- cial group of physicians who belonged to the highest rank of the social classes. The Zoroastrian clergymen studied both theology and medicine and were called Atrāvān. Three types physicians were graduated from the existing medical schools of Hamedan, Ray and Perspolis. Under the Sasanid dynasty Gundīshāpūr Academy was founded in Gundīshāpūr city which became the most important medical center during the 6th and 7th century. Under Muslim rule, at Bayt al-Ḥikma the systematic methods of Gundīshāpūr Academy and its ethical rules and regulations were emulated and it was stuffed with the graduates of the Academy. Finally, al-Muqaddasī (c.391/1000) described it as failing into ruins. Under the Pahlavī dynasty and Islamic Republic of Iran, the heritage of Gundīshāpūr Academy has been memorized by founding Ahwaz Jundīshāpūr University of Medical Sciences. Keywords: Gundīshāpūr Academy, medical school, teaching hospital, Bayt al-Ḥikma, Ahwaz Jundīshāpūr University of Medical Science, and Medical ethics.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabi Saws Said; 'I Am Older Than You; As for Your Jealousy, Allah Will
    Mothers of the Believers Sister Eman al Obaid Wed 11th April 2018 Wives of the Prophet saws: 1. Khadijah 2. Sawda bint Zamʿ a 3. Aisha bint Abu Bakr 4. Hafsa bint Umar (3AH) 5. Umm Salamah Recap - Beauty of Umm Salamah - Faqiah, Alimah and Qariah - 2nd Hijrah - Battle of Uhud - Battle with the Banu Asad - Abu Salamah last prayer - Prophet saws marriage proposal Umm Salameh refused the Prophet saws marriage proposal for 3 reasons: ‘I am not fit for marriage (i.e. i am old), I am (a) jealous (person by nature) and have children.’ Nabi saws said; ‘I am older than you; as for your jealousy, Allah will remove it and as for the children, Allah and His Messenger will take care of them.’ Nabi saws was the ideal man, no human is like him, he is our role model. His response to Umm salamah was straight to the point. She accepted Prophet Muhammad saws proposal and her son Salamah was wali for her for the marriage. ‘O Allah! It is from you that I seek the reward of this calamity of mine. O Allah provide a better substitute for me’, This is how Allah is Al Jabbar – gives console. “When Abu Salamah died, I did not feel comfortable to ask Allah to substitute him for me with someone who is better than him (as a Muslim must say when afflicted with a calamity). And I said, 'Who is better than Abu Salamah? Had he not done this and that? Was he not so and so?’ When I finished the waiting period, the Messenger of Allah sent (someone) to me (to ask for my hand in marriage) and (then) married me.” The Wedding Day The Prophet saws married me and then took me to the house of Zainab.
    [Show full text]