DOCSLIB.ORG

The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich University of Cambridge Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages Department of German and Dutch Between Defiance and Compliance: The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich Diana Jane Beech Peterhouse A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010 DECLARATIONS This dissertation does not exceed 80,000 words, including footnotes and references but excluding the bibliography. This dissertation is written and formatted in compliance with the Style Guide of the Modern Humanities Research Association. This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. Diana Jane Beech - ‘The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich’ ABSTRACT While much is known about the polarities of the Protestant ‗Church Struggle‘ (Kirchenkampf) in Nazi Germany, comparatively little is understood about the complex and collective dynamic of the Landesbischöfe of the only three ‗intact‘ churches to escape incorporation into the Nazi-dominated Reichskirche. Traditionally, literature on the Kirchenkampf has taken a simplistic ‗good-versus-evil‘ approach to the conflict and, arguably inspired by a moral need to come to terms with the less-than-glorious past of the German Protestant Church, has been unable to locate the Landesbischöfe of the ‗intact‘ churches neatly within the conventional historiographical paradigm. By taking as its subject Landesbischöfe August Marahrens of Hanover, Hans Meiser of Bavaria and Theophil Wurm of Württemberg, this dissertation examines the contribution to the Kirchenkampf of three men, who, to ensure the continued existence of German Protestantism in the Third Reich, were ultimately forced to find ways to respond to National Socialism that lay somewhere between the parameters of defiance and compliance. In order to demonstrate the collective contribution of the Landesbischöfe to maintaining the status of the German Protestant Church amidst heightening Nazi tyranny, this dissertation traces how, with reference to external personal, political and socio-cultural conditions, the bishops moved from a seeming commonality of cause to display increasingly varied responses to the manifestations of both political and ecclesiastical National Socialism. By tracing the development of their moderate but nonetheless disparate positions, this dissertation not only questions the traditional historiographical assumptions that Landesbischöfe Marahrens, Meiser and Wurm failed to resist National Socialism effectively or were, at best, collectively neutral in the conflict, but also seeks to delineate, for the first time, the crucial parts played by each of the Landesbischöfe during three distinct stages of the Kirchenkampf. In devoting each of its three central chapters to a particular phase in the conflict, this dissertation demonstrates how each of the Landesbischöfe in turn steered the ‗intact‘ ensemble through the Third Reich as a modest yet effective force of opposition to Nazi despotism. Seen as a whole, this investigation ultimately demonstrates how, through their respective turns at national Church leadership, Landesbischöfe Marahrens, Meiser and Wurm did not undermine the wider Church resistance effort but, rather, saved the Church from subjugation to Nazism more effectively than would have been possible had they stood alone. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... iii EPIGRAPH ....................................................................................................................................................v PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................1 a) Preliminary Remarks and Research Objectives ............................................................................. 1 b) Historiographical and Methodological Contexts for Research ...................................................... 5 i) The Historiography of the Third Reich ................................................................................ 5 The Political-Ideological Dimension ............................................................................. 6 The Moral Dimension .................................................................................................... 8 The Historical-Philosophical Dimension ..................................................................... 10 ii) The Historiography of the Protestant Kirchenkampf ......................................................... 12 The Historical-Philosophical Bias ............................................................................... 13 The (Auto-)Biographical Bias ..................................................................................... 16 The Confessional Bias ................................................................................................. 19 c) Relevance and Intended Contribution .......................................................................................... 21 d) Structure and Approach ............................................................................................................... 23 i) Sources ............................................................................................................................... 24 ii) Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................. 25 e) A Note on Confessional Lutheranism .......................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER ONE – 1933-1935: THE MARAHRENS YEARS............................................................................31 The Landesbischöfe and the National Socialist State ....................................................................... 33 The Landesbischöfe and the Deutsche Christen ............................................................................... 46 The Landesbischöfe and the Bekennende Kirche ............................................................................. 60 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER TWO – 1935-1939: THE MEISER YEARS ....................................................................................77 The Landesbischöfe and the lutherischer Flügel ............................................................................. 81 The Landesbischöfe and the Kirchenausschüsse .............................................................................. 94 The Landesbischöfe and the Acquiescing Church .......................................................................... 107 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER THREE – 1939-1945: THE WURM YEARS ................................................................................124 The Dictates of War ........................................................................................................................ 127 The Landesbischöfe and Responses to Nazi Terror ........................................................................ 139 The Persecution of ‗Non-Aryan‘ Christians ......................................................................... 140 The Euthanasia Programme ................................................................................................. 147 The Holocaust ...................................................................................................................... 152 Das kirchliche Einigungswerk ........................................................................................................ 160 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................................... 168 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................................172 EPILOGUE ................................................................................................................................................179 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................182 ARCHIVAL SOURCES ...............................................................................................................................183 SECONDARY SOURCES ............................................................................................................................186 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When deciding to entitle this investigation ‗Between Defiance and Compliance‘ I had no idea how those four words would also come to serve as the perfect epigraph for my own experience in producing this dissertation. On the one hand, the very fact I have completed such a significant piece of work is in defiance of my own belief in just how far circumstance has allowed me
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Raumforschung Zwischen Nationalsozialismus Und Demokratie: Das Schwierige Erbe Der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Für Raumforschung
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Baumgart, Sabine (Ed.) Research Report Raumforschung zwischen Nationalsozialismus und Demokratie: Das schwierige Erbe der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung Arbeitsberichte der ARL, No. 29 Provided in Cooperation with: ARL – Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft Suggested Citation: Baumgart, Sabine (Ed.) (2020) : Raumforschung zwischen Nationalsozialismus und Demokratie: Das schwierige Erbe der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung, Arbeitsberichte der ARL, No. 29, ISBN 978-3-88838-427-1, Verlag der ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Hannover, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0156-42712 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/226638 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen
    [Show full text]
  • French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana
    The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana Passman A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Donald M. Reid Dr. Christopher R. Browning Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Alice Kaplan Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Jay M. Smith ©2008 Elana Passman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ELANA PASSMAN The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 (under the direction of Donald M. Reid) Through a series of case studies of French-German friendship societies, this dissertation investigates the ways in which activists in France and Germany battled the dominant strains of nationalism to overcome their traditional antagonism. It asks how the Germans and the French recast their relationship as “hereditary enemies” to enable them to become partners at the heart of today’s Europe. Looking to the transformative power of civic activism, it examines how journalists, intellectuals, students, industrialists, and priests developed associations and lobbying groups to reconfigure the French-German dynamic through cultural exchanges, bilingual or binational journals, conferences, lectures, exhibits, and charitable ventures. As a study of transnational cultural relations, this dissertation focuses on individual mediators along with the networks and institutions they developed; it also explores the history of the idea of cooperation. Attempts at rapprochement in the interwar period proved remarkably resilient in the face of the prevalent nationalist spirit. While failing to override hostilities and sustain peace, the campaign for cooperation adopted a new face in the misguided shape of collaborationism during the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Landeszentrale Für Politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, Director: Lothar Frick 6Th Fully Revised Edition, Stuttgart 2008
    BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG A Portrait of the German Southwest 6th fully revised edition 2008 Publishing details Reinhold Weber and Iris Häuser (editors): Baden-Württemberg – A Portrait of the German Southwest, published by the Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, Director: Lothar Frick 6th fully revised edition, Stuttgart 2008. Stafflenbergstraße 38 Co-authors: 70184 Stuttgart Hans-Georg Wehling www.lpb-bw.de Dorothea Urban Please send orders to: Konrad Pflug Fax: +49 (0)711 / 164099-77 Oliver Turecek [email protected] Editorial deadline: 1 July, 2008 Design: Studio für Mediendesign, Rottenburg am Neckar, Many thanks to: www.8421medien.de Printed by: PFITZER Druck und Medien e. K., Renningen, www.pfitzer.de Landesvermessungsamt Title photo: Manfred Grohe, Kirchentellinsfurt Baden-Württemberg Translation: proverb oHG, Stuttgart, www.proverb.de EDITORIAL Baden-Württemberg is an international state – The publication is intended for a broad pub- in many respects: it has mutual political, lic: schoolchildren, trainees and students, em- economic and cultural ties to various regions ployed persons, people involved in society and around the world. Millions of guests visit our politics, visitors and guests to our state – in state every year – schoolchildren, students, short, for anyone interested in Baden-Würt- businessmen, scientists, journalists and numer- temberg looking for concise, reliable informa- ous tourists. A key job of the State Agency for tion on the southwest of Germany. Civic Education (Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, LpB) is to inform Our thanks go out to everyone who has made people about the history of as well as the poli- a special contribution to ensuring that this tics and society in Baden-Württemberg.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugen Bolz (PDF)
    EUGEN BOLZ Württembergischer Staatspräsident 1928 – 1933 EUGEN BOLZ – Biographie 15.12.1881 15.3.1933 Geboren in Rottenburg am Neckar als zwölftes Ablösung als Staatspräsident zugunsten von Kind einer alteingesessenen katholischen Kauf- NSDAP-Gauleiter Wilhelm Murr. Nach seiner mannsfamilie Entlassung aus der Haft auf dem Hohenasperg ab Juli 1933 erzwungener Rückzug ins Privat- 1900 – 1909 leben. Jurastudium und Referendariat 1942 – 1944 1912 – 1933 Verbindung zum Widerstandskreis um den Reichstagsabgeordneter und württembergischer ehemaligen Leipziger Oberbürgermeister Carl Landtagsabgeordneter der Zentrumspartei Goerdeler. Bolz war in einer Regierung nach Hitler als Reichskultusminister vorgesehen. 1919 – 1923 Württembergischer Justizminister 12.8.1944 Nach dem gescheiterten Attentat vom 20. Juli 1920 1944 Verhaftung und schwere Folterungen Heirat mit Maria Hoeneß aus Ulm. Im März 1922 Geburt der Tochter Mechthild. 21.12.1944 Unter dem Vorsitz von Roland Freisler vom 1923 – 1933 Volksgerichtshof in Berlin zum Tode verurteilt Württembergischer Innenminister 23.1.1945 Titelseite Eugen Bolz Porträtbüste von 1928 – 1933 Hinrichtung im Strafgefängnis Berlin-Plötzensee Fritz von Graevenitz (1950) Staatspräsident von Württemberg durch das Fallbeil Eugen Bolz vor dem Volksgerichtshof in Berlin Sterbeurkunde EUGEN BOLZ – Württembergischer Staatspräsident 1928 – 1933 Die Villa Reitzenstein war von 1928 bis 1933 Als Hitler daraufhin in die Stadthalle auswei- Amtssitz des württembergischen Staatspräsi- chen musste und das Sendekabel, das die Rede denten Eugen Bolz. Von seinem Schreibtisch in übertragen sollte, gekappt wurde, stand der der Bibliothek aus steuerte er zusammen mit noch amtierende Staatspräsident Bolz unge- einer kleinen Ministerrunde das Land Württem- rechtfertigterweise unter Sabotageverdacht. berg durch eine unruhige Zeit. „Weder links noch rechts zu regieren, sondern vernünftig“, Wenige Wochen später, nach der Machtüber- war sein politisches Credo.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT in the AUGUSTANA CHURCH the American Church Is Made up of Many Varied Groups, Depending on Origin, Divisions, Changing Relationships
    Augustana College Augustana Digital Commons Augustana Historical Society Publications Augustana Historical Society 1984 The iM ssionary Spirit in the Augustana Church George F. Hall Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/ahsbooks Part of the History Commons, and the Scandinavian Studies Commons Recommended Citation "The iM ssionary Spirit in the Augustana Church" (1984). Augustana Historical Society Publications. https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/ahsbooks/11 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Augustana Historical Society at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Augustana Historical Society Publications by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Missionary Sphit in the Augustana Church George F. Hall \ THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT IN THE AUGUSTANA CHURCH The American church is made up of many varied groups, depending on origin, divisions, changing relationships. One of these was the Augustana Lutheran Church, founded by Swedish Lutheran immigrants and maintain­ ing an independent existence from 1860 to 1962 when it became a part of a larger Lutheran community, the Lutheran Church of America. The character of the Augustana Church can be studied from different viewpoints. In this volume Dr. George Hall describes it as a missionary church. It was born out of a missionary concern in Sweden for the thousands who had emigrated. As soon as it was formed it began to widen its field. Then its representatives were found in In­ dia, Puerto Rico, in China. The horizons grew to include Africa and Southwest Asia. Two World Wars created havoc, but also national and international agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Randauszaehlung1939band5.Pdf (3.830Mb)
    Gefördert durch: Randauszählungen zu Elitestudien des Fachgebiets Public Management der Universität Kassel Band 5 Die Politisch-Administrative Elite im Nationalsozialismus am 1. September 1939 Bastian Strobel Simon Scholz-Paulus Stefanie Vedder Sylvia Veit Die Datenerhebung erfolgte im Rahmen des von der Bundesbeauftragten für Kultur und Medien geförderten Forschungsprojektes „Neue Eliten – etabliertes Personal? (Dis-)Kontinuitäten deut- scher Ministerien in Systemtransformationen“. Zitation: Strobel, Bastian/Scholz-Paulus, Simon/Vedder, Stefanie/Veit, Sylvia (2021): Die Poli- tisch-Administrative Elite im Nationalsozialismus am 1. September 1939. Randauszählungen zu Elitestudien des Fachgebiets Public Management der Universität Kassel, Band 5. Kassel. DOI: 10.17170/kobra-202102183283. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Personenliste ................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Sozialstruktur ................................................................................................................................ 7 4 Bildung ........................................................................................................................................ 11 5 Karriere ....................................................................................................................................... 16
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Barth's Contribution to the German Church Struggle Against National
    Karl Barth’s contribution to the German Church struggle against National Socialism Ramathate Dolamo Department of Philosophy and Systematic Theology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Abstract Germany was under a totalitarian regime led by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. This article looks at the responses of the churches in Germany during that period. In particular, Karl Barth’s theology on church and state is examined to determine to what extent it did assist Germany in fighting National Socialism and in rebuilding Germany after the war. The author is of the view that most of Barth’s insights could be relevant and would be applicable today especially in those countries that are still being ruled by autocrats and dictators. Introduction Not only do theologians differ as to whether the (divine) com- mand should be grounded in the Christology or in the “orders of creation”, but also some theologians appear unwilling to recognise that the command is the ground and the instrument of God’s creative will of love both in originating and in sustaining creation in its historical development (Maimela 1984:158). Karl Barth’s views on sociopolitical matters especially those on church and state relations that he started to formulate during his Safenwil pastorate in 1911 were put to the harshest and rigorous test during the reign of Adolf Hitler from 1933 to the end of World War II in 1945. This article is an appre- ciation of the insights of Barth as a theologian and as an activist during the church struggle in Germany against National Socialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebuilding the Soul: Churches and Religion in Bavaria, 1945-1960
    REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 _________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________________________ by JOEL DAVIS Dr. Jonathan Sperber, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2007 © Copyright by Joel Davis 2007 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 presented by Joel Davis, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________ Prof. Jonathan Sperber __________________________________ Prof. John Frymire __________________________________ Prof. Richard Bienvenu __________________________________ Prof. John Wigger __________________________________ Prof. Roger Cook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to a number of individuals and institutions whose help, guidance, support, and friendship made the research and writing of this dissertation possible. Two grants from the German Academic Exchange Service allowed me to spend considerable time in Germany. The first enabled me to attend a summer seminar at the Universität Regensburg. This experience greatly improved my German language skills and kindled my deep love of Bavaria. The second allowed me to spend a year in various archives throughout Bavaria collecting the raw material that serves as the basis for this dissertation. For this support, I am eternally grateful. The generosity of the German Academic Exchange Service is matched only by that of the German Historical Institute. The GHI funded two short-term trips to Germany that proved critically important.
    [Show full text]
  • Villa Bolz – Denkmal Der Demokratie
    Landtag von Baden-Württemberg Drucksache 15 / 7462 15. Wahlperiode 30. 09. 2015 Antrag der Abg. Dr. Reinhard Löffler u. a. CDU und Stellungnahme des Staatsministeriums Villa Bolz – Denkmal der Demokratie Antrag Der Landtag wolle beschließen, die Landesregierung zu ersuchen, I. zu berichten, 1. in welchem Zustand sich nach ihrer Kenntnis die „Villa Bolz“ befindet; 2. aus welchen Gründen sie bislang weder den Erhalt des sogenannten „Herren- zimmers“ noch der Bausubstanz der „Villa Bolz“ gefördert hat; 3. ob sie sich für den Erwerb der Villa einsetzt; 4. welche historischen Forschungen sie über das Leben und Wirken von Eugen Bolz bisher angestellt hat; 5. welche Bedeutung sie Eugen Bolz für den Widerstand gegen die nationalso- zialistische Diktatur beimisst; 6. in welcher Weise die Geschichte Baden-Württembergs in der Zeit der Wei- marer Republik dokumentiert und publikumszugänglich gemacht ist; 7. wie sie in der Vergangenheit die Einrichtung von Gedenkstätten für herausra- gende Persönlichkeiten gehandhabt hat; II. 1. dem Landtag eine Schätzung der für eine Sanierung der Villa Bolz einschließ- lich des sogenannten „Herrenzimmers“ anfallenden Kosten vorzulegen; 2. unverzüglich alle Schritte zu unternehmen, um einen Abriss des Gebäudes zu vermeiden, bis eine Entscheidungsfindung auf Ebene des Landes erreicht wurde; Eingegangen: 30. 09. 2015 / Ausgegeben: 16. 11. 2015 1 Drucksachen und Plenarprotokolle sind im Internet Der Landtag druckt auf Recyclingpapier, ausgezeich- abrufbar unter: www.landtag-bw.de/Dokumente net mit dem Umweltzeichen „Der Blaue Engel“. Landtag von Baden-Württemberg Drucksache 15 / 7462 3. zu prüfen, wie zusammen mit der Stadt Stuttgart und gegebenenfalls der Diö- zese Rottenburg-Stuttgart in der Villa Bolz eine Gedenkstätte für Eugen Bolz eingerichtet werden kann.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gallery of Portraits: Lwf General Secretaries Since 1947
    From the LWF Institutional Memory DPO/Archive services lutheranworld.org A GALLERY OF PORTRAITS: LWF GENERAL SECRETARIES SINCE 1947 1. Sylvester Michelfelder Country of origin: New Washington, Ohio, USA Date of birth: 27.10.1889 Date of death: 30.12.1951 Period of mandate: 1947-1951 Short biography: From German descent, Michelfelder was not an academic theologian. It was his skill as pastor, organizer and team leader that caused Ralph Long, director of the National Lutheran Council in New York to send him as commissioner of the American Section of the Lutheran World Convention to the rising World Council of Churches. On 18 July 1945, he arrived with his wife in Geneva after having crossed the ocean on the Miraposa and travelled by rail from Cherbourg which gave him ample evidence of emergency needs in Europe. Operations in Germany in the early post-war period was the first task of Michelfelder with led into close ties of confidence and networks of cooperation with German church leaders such as Hanns Lilje and Hans Meiser. His major accomplishment became then the careful preparation of the first Assembly of the LWF which represented international interaction between sisters and brothers of the same faith. Michelfelder had clear ideas for an Assembly with a three-part program: confessing the truth in a confused world, concentrated on the Word, the church and the sacraments, a section on evangelism, stewardship, foreign missions and aid operation and a final section on facing the problems in a troubled world. His abilities as an administrator became apparent particularly in two connections: when he prepared and led the First Assembly and when he led in the formation of a functional structure for the whole LWF, the Geneva Secretariat and the national committees.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    BOOK REVIEWS THE COUNCIL, REFORM AND REUNION. By Hans Kling. Translated by Cecily Hastings. New York, Sheed & Ward, 1961. $3.95. Farber Hans Kling, Professor of Fundamental Theology in the Catholic Theological Faculty of the University of Tubingen, has been rightfully hailed as a major theological talent of this decade. His most recent work, The Council, Reform and Remzion is one of the most important books on the Christian scene today. With extreme penetration and clarity, it is ad­ dressed explicitly to the problems and prospects of the Second Vatican Council. It is living and practical in that it does not deal with vague gen­ eralities but goes directly to the heart of things in proposing what the Council must do. Fr. Kiing does not claim that the Council will effect reunion but he does claim that it will be a step toward it. The Council, he teaches, will lay the groundwork for reunion. He follows Pope John in envisioning how this will happen. The Pope's inaugural encyclical, Ad Petri Cathedram, made it clear that the irresistible hope of assurance for reunion is bound up with the increase of the Catholic faith, with a true renewal of morality among Christian people, and with the adaptation of ecclesiastical discipline to the needs and conditions of our time. The Second Vatican Council is to do something totally different from all the wholly theoretical and ineffectual appeals to "return" which have rung out so often. The Pope is confident that a council which achieves these practical tasks will, as he says, "itself be a gentle invitation to our separated brethren to seek and .find true unity." Fr.
    [Show full text]
  • Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: the Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2001 Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Jenisa Story Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Story, Jenisa, "Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government" (2001). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 348. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/348 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Jenisa Story Advisor: Dr. Harry Ritter Honors Project June 4, 2001 An equal OP/JOrtunity university Honors Program Bellingham, Washington 98225-9089 (360)650-3034 Fax (360) 650-7305 HONORS THESIS In presenting this honors paper in partial requirements for a bachelor's degree at Western Washington University, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood that any publication of this thesis for commercial purposes or for financial gain shall not be al1owed without my written permission. Signature r Date ~ - 3-JOOI Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established.
    [Show full text]