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Rebuilding the Soul: Churches and Religion in Bavaria, 1945-1960
REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 _________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________________________ by JOEL DAVIS Dr. Jonathan Sperber, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2007 © Copyright by Joel Davis 2007 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 presented by Joel Davis, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________ Prof. Jonathan Sperber __________________________________ Prof. John Frymire __________________________________ Prof. Richard Bienvenu __________________________________ Prof. John Wigger __________________________________ Prof. Roger Cook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to a number of individuals and institutions whose help, guidance, support, and friendship made the research and writing of this dissertation possible. Two grants from the German Academic Exchange Service allowed me to spend considerable time in Germany. The first enabled me to attend a summer seminar at the Universität Regensburg. This experience greatly improved my German language skills and kindled my deep love of Bavaria. The second allowed me to spend a year in various archives throughout Bavaria collecting the raw material that serves as the basis for this dissertation. For this support, I am eternally grateful. The generosity of the German Academic Exchange Service is matched only by that of the German Historical Institute. The GHI funded two short-term trips to Germany that proved critically important. -
Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: the Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2001 Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Jenisa Story Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Story, Jenisa, "Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government" (2001). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 348. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/348 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Jenisa Story Advisor: Dr. Harry Ritter Honors Project June 4, 2001 An equal OP/JOrtunity university Honors Program Bellingham, Washington 98225-9089 (360)650-3034 Fax (360) 650-7305 HONORS THESIS In presenting this honors paper in partial requirements for a bachelor's degree at Western Washington University, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood that any publication of this thesis for commercial purposes or for financial gain shall not be al1owed without my written permission. Signature r Date ~ - 3-JOOI Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. -
German Churches and the Holocaust Assessing the Argument for Complicity
The Raul Hilberg Memorial Lecture The University of Vermont April 15, 2013 German Churches and the Holocaust Assessing the Argument for Complicity Robert P. Ericksen Kurt Mayer Chair in Holocaust Studies Pacific Lutheran University The Carolyn and Leonard Miller Center for Holocaust Studies GERMAN CHURCHES AND THE HOLOCAUST ASSESSING THE ARGUMENT FOR COMPLICITY The Raul Hilberg Memorial Lecture University of Vermont April 15, 2013 Robert P. Ericksen Kurt Mayer Chair in Holocaust Studies Pacific Lutheran University I am pleased to deliver the Raul Hilberg Memorial Lecture, not only for the chance to join the impressive list of prior speakers, but because of Raul Hilberg himself. He was the man who essentially invented Holocaust Studies, completing his path-breaking work while teaching here at the University of Vermont. When Hilberg began his graduate program in political science at Columbia University, he was twenty-two years old. At that time, in 1948, he focused already on the idea and the research project that would make him known to all of us. Here is his description of that moment in his 1996 book, Politics of Memory: "I had become sure of myself, secure in my decision, certain that I would fill in the pieces of my jigsaw puzzle."1 He soon approached one of his professors at Columbia, Franz Neumann, the author of Behemoth and an imposing scholar on Nazi Germany.2 Hilberg asked Neumann if he would take on his proposal for a doctoral dissertation, "The Destruction of the European Jews." Neumann said yes, but he then added the comment, "It's your funeral."3 This exchange took place just three years after the defeat of Hitler's Germany and long before Holocaust Studies had begun to make its mark in the world of ideas. -
Protest in Hitler's “National Community”
Protest in Hitler’s “National Community” Protest, Culture and Society General editors: Kathrin Fahlenbrach, Institute for Media and Communication, University of Hamburg Martin Klimke, New York University Abu Dhabi Joachim Scharloth, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany Protest movements have been recognized as significant contributors to processes of political participation and transformations of culture and value systems, as well as to the development of both a national and transnational civil society. This series brings together the various innovative approaches to phenomena of social change, protest and dissent which have emerged in recent years, from an interdisciplinary perspec- tive. It contextualizes social protest and cultures of dissent in larger political processes and socio-cultural transformations by examining the influence of historical trajectories and the response of various segments of society, political and legal institutions on a national and in- ternational level. In doing so, the series offers a more comprehensive and multi-dimensional view of historical and cultural change in the twentieth and twenty-first century. For a full series listing, please see back matter. Protest In Hitler’s “National Community” Popular Unrest and the Nazi Response Edited by Nathan Stoltzfus and Birgit Maier-Katkin berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com First published in 2016 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2016, 2017 Nathan Stoltzfus and Birgit Maier-Katkin First paperback edition published in 2017 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. -
Denazifying Germany: German Protestantism and the Response to Denazification in the American Zone, 1945-1948
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by White Rose E-theses Online Denazifying Germany: German Protestantism and the Response to Denazification in the American Zone, 1945-1948 By Malcolm Coates University of York Department of History Master of Arts by Research September 2014 Abstract Following the Second World War, Germany underwent a process designed to remove elements of Nazism from its population called denazification, and this process was the most far reaching in the United States’ Zone. As Germany lay in ruins, the Church experienced a surge in popularity, and the Protestant church in particular began to explore issues of guilt and judgment. In this dissertation, I aim to explore the relationship between the US Military Government, led by General Lucius Clay, and the Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD), led by Bishop Theophil Wurm, Martin Niemöller and others, on this issue of denazification. The first phase of denazification, which lasted from May 1945 – March 1946 was administered by the United States. This was the harshest phase of the process, where everyone in the US Zone had to defend their time during the war years, and many were arrested without trial simply for having an affiliation with Nazism. Due to the size of the task and the return home of many American troops, however, denazification was transferred over to German administration in 1946, and generally made more lenient thereafter. Although the council of the EKD accepted their own guilt at Stuttgart, they believed that denazification could not morally rehabilitate the Germans into society. -
The Postwar Transformation of German Protestantism
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository FAITH AND DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AT THE GERMAN PROTESTANT KIRCHENTAG, 1949-1969 Benjamin Carl Pearson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Christopher Browning Dr. Chad Bryant Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Benjamin Carl Pearson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT BENJAMIN CARL PEARSON: Faith and Democracy: Political Transformations at the German Protestant Kirchentag, 1949-1969 (Under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) In the decades following World War II, German Protestants worked to transform their religious tradition. While this tradition had been previously characterized by rigidly hierarchical institutional structures, strong nationalist leanings, and authoritarian political tendencies, the experiences of dictatorship and defeat caused many Protestants to question their earlier beliefs. Motivated by the desire to overcome the burden of the Nazi past and by the opportunity to play a major role in postwar rebuilding efforts, several groups within the churches worked to reform Protestant social and political attitudes. As a result of their efforts, the churches came to play an important role in the ultimate success and stability of West German democracy. This study examines this transformation at the meetings of the German Protestant Kirchentag, one of the largest and most diverse postwar gatherings of Protestant laity. After situating the Kirchentag within the theological and political debates of the immediate postwar years, it focuses on changing understandings of the role of the church in society, the pluralization of Protestant political attitudes, and the shift from national to international self-understandings within the churches. -
The German Evangelical Church and the Nazi State
NO “SPOKE IN THE WHEEL”: THE GERMAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH AND THE NAZI STATE By HANNAH D’ANNE COMODECA Bachelor of Arts in History and Political Science Oklahoma Baptist University Shawnee, OK 2012 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 2014 NO “SPOKE IN THE WHEEL”: THE GERMAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH AND THE NAZI STATE Thesis Approved: Dr. Joseph F. Byrnes Thesis Adviser Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dr. John te Velde ii Name: HANNAH D’ANNE COMODECA Date of Degree: MAY, 2014 Title of Study: NO “SPOKE IN THE WHEEL’: THE GERMAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH AND THE NAZI STATE Major Field: HISTORY Abstract: This study focuses on the relationship between the German Evangelical Church and the Nazi state from 1933-1945 and the reasons why the Church did not oppose state policies of persecution of the Jews. Through primary sources of sermons, synodal decisions, and memoirs, this study finds that during the years of the Third Reich, the German Evangelical Church retreated into itself. The internal conflicts that some historians have termed “the Church Struggle” distracted the Church from problems in the state. While some individuals within the Church did oppose state policies, the German Evangelical Church, as an institution, only protested when it felt directly threatened by the state. iii There are three possible ways in which the church can act towards the state: in the first place, as has been said, it can ask the state whether its actions are legitimate and in accordance with its character as state, i.e. -
Denazification in the Lutheran Church in Hamburg
Lisa Strübel Between prophecy, politics and pragmatism ‒ denazification in the Lutheran Church in Hamburg aus: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert) Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen, Teil 5 (Arbeiten zur Kirchen- geschichte Hamburgs, Band 26). Herausgegeben von Rainer Hering und Inge Mager S. 297–353 Impressum Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d‐nb.de abrufbar. Die Online‐Version dieser Publikation ist auf den Verlagswebseiten frei verfügbar (open access). Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek hat die Netzpublikation archiviert. Diese ist dauerhaft auf dem Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek verfügbar. Open access über die folgenden Webseiten: Hamburg University Press – http://hup.sub.uni‐hamburg.de Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek – http://deposit.d‐nb.de Abbildung auf Schutzumschlag und Buchdecke: Ruine der Hauptkirche St. Nikolai nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Staatsarchiv Hamburg) ISBN 978‐3‐937816‐46‐3 (Printversion) ISSN 0518‐2107 (Printversion) © 2008 Hamburg University Press, Verlag der Staats‐ und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, Deutschland Produktion: Elbe‐Werkstätten GmbH, Hamburg, Deutschland http://www.ew‐gmbh.de Gestaltung von Schutzumschlag und Buchdecke: Liliane Oser, Hamburg Hergestellt mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Nordelbischen Ev.‐Luth. Kirche, der Bischofskanzlei und -
The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich
University of Cambridge Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages Department of German and Dutch Between Defiance and Compliance: The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich Diana Jane Beech Peterhouse A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010 DECLARATIONS This dissertation does not exceed 80,000 words, including footnotes and references but excluding the bibliography. This dissertation is written and formatted in compliance with the Style Guide of the Modern Humanities Research Association. This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. Diana Jane Beech - ‘The Lutheran Landesbischöfe of Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg in the Third Reich’ ABSTRACT While much is known about the polarities of the Protestant ‗Church Struggle‘ (Kirchenkampf) in Nazi Germany, comparatively little is understood about the complex and collective dynamic of the Landesbischöfe of the only three ‗intact‘ churches to escape incorporation into the Nazi-dominated Reichskirche. Traditionally, literature on the Kirchenkampf has taken a simplistic ‗good-versus-evil‘ approach to the conflict and, arguably inspired by a moral need to come to terms with the less-than-glorious past of the German Protestant Church, has been unable to locate the Landesbischöfe of the ‗intact‘ churches neatly within the conventional historiographical paradigm. By taking as its subject Landesbischöfe August Marahrens of Hanover, Hans Meiser of Bavaria and Theophil Wurm of Württemberg, this dissertation examines the contribution to the Kirchenkampf of three men, who, to ensure the continued existence of German Protestantism in the Third Reich, were ultimately forced to find ways to respond to National Socialism that lay somewhere between the parameters of defiance and compliance. -
Volume-23-Number-4.Pdf
• • • THE AFFIRMATIONS OF HUMANISM: II A STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES* We are committed to the application of reason and science to the understanding of the universe and to the solving of human problems. We deplore efforts to denigrate human intelligence, to seek to explain the world in supernatural terms, and to look outsicfe nature for salvation. We believe that scientific discovery and technology can contribute to the betterment of human life. We believe in an open and pluralistic society and that democracy is the best guarantee of protecting human rights from authoritarian elites and repressive majorities. We are committed to the principle of the separation of church and state. We cultivate the arts of negotiation and compromise as a means of resolving differences and achieving mutual under- standing. We are concerned with securing justice and fairness in society and with eliminating discrimination and intolerance. We believe in supporting the disadvantaged and the handicapped so that they will be able to help themselves. We attempt to transcend divisive parochial loyalties based on race, religion, gender, nationality, creed, class, sexual ori- entation, or ethnicity, and strive to work together for the common good of humanity. We want to protect and enhance the earth, to preserve it for future generations, and to avoid inflicting needless suf- fering on other species. We believe in enjoying life here and now and in developing our creative talents to their fullest. We believe in the cultivation of moral excellence. We respect the right to privacy. Mature adults should be allowed to fulfill their aspirations, to express their sexual pref- erences, to exercise reproductive freedom, to have access to comprehensive and informed health-care, and to die with dignity. -
The Church Struggle and the Confessing Church: an Introduction to Bonhoeffer’S Context” Matthew D
Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations 2/1 (2007):1-20 Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations A peer-reviewed e-journal of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations Published by the Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College “The Church Struggle and the Confessing Church: An Introduction to Bonhoeffer’s Context” Matthew D. Hockenos Skidmore College 2/1 (2007): 1-20 http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol2/iss1/art1 Author’s note: Significant portions of this essay draw on the introduction and chapter 1 of my book, A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004). Hockenos, “The Church Struggle and the Confessional Church” 1 http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol2/iss1/art1 Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations 2/1 (2007):1-20 In a recent review of the seventeen-volume Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s striking albeit marginal role in the German Bonhoeffer Werke, edited by Eberhard Bethge and others, church struggle and his inability to affect significantly the church historian Andrew Chandler writes, “For in the so- direction of the Confessing Church was due to many factors, called Church Struggle, Bonhoeffer was a striking but including his young age, his liberal-democratic politics, his marginal figure. He was young, he could not often persuade absence from Germany from October 1933 to April 1935, his his elders toward more decisive opinions and measures, he vacillating and at times contradictory positions on central did not much affect events. Historians have certainly not issues, his radical theological critique of the Nazi state, his found Bonhoeffer standing at the heart of the circles of friendship with and family ties to Christians of Jewish resistance with which he became associated after 1939.”1 descent, and ultimately his willingness to risk his life to And Victoria Barnett writes in an essay addressing destroy Hitler’s regime. -
“We Went Astray” Protestant Church Leaders Reevaluate Church and State in Postwar Germany from 1945-1950
“We Went Astray” Protestant Church Leaders Reevaluate Church and State in Postwar Germany from 1945-1950 Ky N. Woltering An honors thesis submitted to Rutgers University’s History Department, written under the supervision of Professor Belinda Davis School of Arts and Sciences New Brunswick, New Jersey March, 2010 Woltering 2 Contents Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………. iii-vi Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1-8 Chapter I: The Protestant Church and the Third Reich ………………………. 9-27 Chapter II: The Church and a New State …………………………………....... 28-49 Chapter III: The Protestant Church and the East………………………………… 50-66 Chapter IV: Guilt Jews and the Protestant Church …………………………… 67-92 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….. 93-95 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………… 96-98 Woltering 3 Acknowledgments I would like to begin by saying this project would have never been completed, or even attempted, if not for the sacrifice and support of family, professors, and colleagues, to whom I owe a great deal of thanks. This thesis took the better part of a year to complete, but I would be remiss if I did not thank the various professors and mentors who have helped me to hone my writing, ideas, skills, and techniques during my tenure at Rutgers. First, I would like to show my appreciation to the entire German Department at Rutgers. They have motivated me to achieve a level of language competency I would have never believed possible given the short amount of time I have studied German. Without this level of competency I would not have been able to complete this project. In addition, many of the German Departments’ Professors have been influential to my overall studies, and have challenged and improved my critical thinking, reading skills, work ethic, and writing.