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The Electric Car the Electric Car

The Electric Car the Electric Car

The Electric The

Introduction Why is the ecar coming back? Ecar owners can also take advantage of a technical We are so used to the internal combustion (ICE) that we There is no doubt that the ecar is on its way back and there are several development called regenerative braking. When are inclined to think that the electric car is a new idea. In fact, compelling reasons for this. Currently, there is serious concern about the reliability and cost of imports. There is also environmental concern the brakes of an ICE car are the electric car made its first appearance in the and by about the pollution and greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by exhaust applied to slow a car down the 1890s there were fleets of electric taxis in London and New emissions. Aside from these issues, ESB research has shown that is wasted, mainly as York. It is interesting to learn that an electric held the drivers find that the ecar provides a very satisfying driving experience. . In other words some of world road speed record between 1899 and 1902 (106 km/h). They particularly value the smoothness and comfort of the journey, the the ICE car’s However, petrol and diesel dominated the scene after silence of the motor and the superior acceleration from standstill. is transformed into useless About ESB that. This was due to technical improvements in the internal However, the fact that batteries need to be recharged presents a heat energy. Regenerative braking uses this kinetic ESB is an energy utility, active in generation, combustion engine and the availability of cheap fuel. challenge. Drivers of standard know that they will be able to refuel easily because of the widespread existence of filling stations. Electric car energy to drive the as a generator to produce the electricity and distribution as well as the supply of to charge the batteries. electricity, gas and energy services. The company has In this lesson we discuss the evolution of the electric car, the drivers do not have this confidence on long journeys, a problem known as . This is why ESB engineers are installing a national a regulated asset base of €8.5billion and 42 per cent of science and behind it and the reasons why it is network of charge points. www.esb.ie/chargepointmap Ireland’s electricity generating capacity, including becoming more important to modern life. What does the future hold? 800MW of renewable generation (wind, hydro and The total cost of ownership is a measure that is often used to compare pumped storage). The is the key ecars with ICE . This measure includes purchase, maintenance What is an electric car? Established in 1927, ESB operates through a portfolio of The first battery used in an was thelead- battery and running costs. An ecar has relatively low maintenance and running costs. ESB estimates that the cost of electricity for charging the battery : ESB Networks, Electric Ireland, Northern Ireland An is a vehicle that uses an to which was invented in 1859. Everyone is familiar with the fact that electric vehicle (EV) electric motor is around 2 cents per km. This is cheaper than petrol or diesel. Electricity and ESB International. propel it. Vehicles equipped with only an electric motor are called ‘fully batteries become ineffective when they lose their charge and that only electric’ or pure electric vehicles. Those equipped with both an ICE some can be recharged. Clearly an ecar battery should be rechargeable. In addition, the grant which is currently available for the purchase of It also needs to deliver enough to the motor and be light enough (internal combustion engine) and an electric motor are called hybrid electric vehicles makes the cost competitive with standard cars. As About ESB ecars for the car to carry effectively. The battery in wide use at present is the electric vehicles. Those vehicles with an ICE and which can also be demand rises, manufacturers will achieve economies of scale, and (Li-ion) battery. These lightweight batteries have the charged from an electrical source are called plug in hybrid electric production costs will decrease. ESB ecars is responsible for the roll-out of a nationwide advantage of high i.e. they store more energy per unit charging infrastructure as well as the supporting IT vehicles (PHEV). In hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor can be of than other batteries. At present on average 20% of all electricity produced in Ireland is from arranged in series or in parallel. In the series configuration the battery and platforms. There are 1,200 public renewable sources. This will increase significantly over the coming years electric vehicle charge points across the island of powers the electric motor but, when the charge in the battery gets low, leading to further decarbonisation of electricity. This low energy the ICE drives a generator that recharges the battery. In the parallel Ireland, providing reliable low carbon options Know your batteries can be used to electrify the transport sector to eliminate emissions and for drivers. setup either the ICE or the electric motor (or both) can turn the car also to improve air quality in our cities and towns. An converts into . wheels directly. There are many types of electric vehicle, including trams, Find out more about ESB at www.esb.ie trains, trucks and cars. Cars that use electric motors are often referred A battery is a collection of cells and each cell contains two Electric cars can also be used to store excess produced at night or during low demand periods. Unless there is additional demand or to as ecars. ( and ). These are located in an that allows to move between them. The electrodes are connected a storage system in place at these low demand periods, this electricity is There are also vehicles that use fuel cells to charge the batteries. These to terminals. The chemical reactions at the electrodes produce an lost forever. Ecars present an opportunity to utilise the excess capacity by cells convert the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity. (emf) between the terminals. This is the terminal storing the energy in car batteries with smart charging. is commonly used as a fuel for this purpose. (The most environmentally . Batteries that cannot be recharged after they have been The benefits go beyond transportation, as the electricity grid is also poised friendly way of producing the hydrogen is by of water using discharged are called primary (or disposable) batteries Examples to gain from better utilisation sources.) are the alkaline batteries used for many portable devices. of renewable energy and Secondary batteries can be charged after discharged and, hence, Solar cars also exist. They use photoelectric cells that use sunlight more effective energy are known as rechargeable batteries. The -acid battery used in to generate the electrical energy to charge the batteries. management. Possible standard cars is a common example. Another is the lithium ion battery future benefits of electric used in electric cars. The small lithium ion batteries used in portable cars may include using this devices such as mobile phones are very familiar. Batteries are also stored energy of the battery The electric motor classified as wet or dry. Awet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte while to power your home a uses a paste as an electrolyte. (Vehicle to Home) or to An electric motor is a device that converts into electrical energy even sell electricity back to ( ), either linear or rotational. motive force the grid (Vehicle to Grid). Rotational force is called torque and the torque produced by an electric motor is instantaneous Charging the batteries Research on other energy and constant. This is why electric ESB has a nationwide charge point network. The charge points are sources, such as solar and cars have better acceleration accessed using an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) access card fuel cells, is ongoing. It is ESB’s 32 ecar ambassadors who are taking part in than standard vehicles. which can be used both in the ROI and Northern Ireland. Some of the also important to realise that The Great Electric Drive. Follow them on Facebook public points are Fast Chargers and these provide an 80% charge in people are now familiar with and the ESB ecars blog. Fundamental to the motor’s the standard ICE car for over operation is the fact that when a S N approximately 25 minutes, while a full charge on a standard point can take between 1 and 6 depending on the model of ecar. Fast 100 years. Even if there were no cost issues it would take time for this conductor located in a magnetic Chargers are available approximately every 60 km along motorways and mindset to change. Another important consideration is that the average field is carrying a current, a force – main inter-urban routes to service drivers taking longer journeys. In car journey in Ireland (and many other countries) is actually less than 20 is exerted on the conductor. To battery + general, ecars are supplied with a 7-pin plug that is used to charge the km, hardly a distance to generate much range anxiety. When all factors Find this and other lessons on www.sta.ie (Lorentz Force Law) battery from public charge points and home charge points; it allows for are considered, there is little doubt that we will see many more ecars on the controlled and safe charging of the EV. our roads over the next few years. The Electric Car The Electric Car

Introduction Why is the ecar coming back? Ecar owners can also take advantage of a technical We are so used to the internal combustion engine (ICE) that we There is no doubt that the ecar is on its way back and there are several development called regenerative braking. When are inclined to think that the electric car is a new idea. In fact, compelling reasons for this. Currently, there is serious concern about the reliability and cost of fuel imports. There is also environmental concern the brakes of an ICE car are the electric car made its first appearance in the 1880s and by about the pollution and greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by exhaust applied to slow a car down the 1890s there were fleets of electric taxis in London and New emissions. Aside from these issues, ESB research has shown that energy is wasted, mainly as York. It is interesting to learn that an electric vehicle held the drivers find that the ecar provides a very satisfying driving experience. heat. In other words some of world road speed record between 1899 and 1902 (106 km/h). They particularly value the smoothness and comfort of the journey, the the ICE car’s kinetic energy However, petrol and diesel engines dominated the scene after silence of the motor and the superior acceleration from standstill. is transformed into useless About ESB that. This was due to technical improvements in the internal However, the fact that batteries need to be recharged presents a heat energy. Regenerative braking uses this kinetic ESB is an energy utility, active in , combustion engine and the availability of cheap fuel. challenge. Drivers of standard cars know that they will be able to refuel easily because of the widespread existence of filling stations. Electric car energy to drive the electric motor as a generator to produce the electricity transmission and distribution as well as the supply of to charge the batteries. electricity, gas and energy services. The company has In this lesson we discuss the evolution of the electric car, the drivers do not have this confidence on long journeys, a problem known as range anxiety. This is why ESB engineers are installing a national a regulated asset base of €8.5billion and 42 per cent of science and technology behind it and the reasons why it is network of charge points. www.esb.ie/chargepointmap Ireland’s electricity generating capacity, including becoming more important to modern life. What does the future hold? 800MW of renewable generation (wind, hydro and The total cost of ownership is a measure that is often used to compare pumped storage). The battery is the key ecars with ICE vehicles. This measure includes purchase, maintenance What is an electric car? Established in 1927, ESB operates through a portfolio of The first battery used in an electric vehicle was thelead-acid battery and running costs. An ecar has relatively low maintenance and running costs. ESB estimates that the cost of electricity for charging the battery brands: ESB Networks, Electric Ireland, Northern Ireland An is a vehicle that uses an to which was invented in 1859. Everyone is familiar with the fact that electric vehicle (EV) electric motor is around 2 cents per km. This is cheaper than petrol or diesel. Electricity and ESB International. propel it. Vehicles equipped with only an electric motor are called ‘fully batteries become ineffective when they lose their charge and that only electric’ or pure electric vehicles. Those equipped with both an ICE some can be recharged. Clearly an ecar battery should be rechargeable. In addition, the grant which is currently available for the purchase of It also needs to deliver enough to the motor and be light enough (internal combustion engine) and an electric motor are called hybrid power electric vehicles makes the cost competitive with standard cars. As About ESB ecars for the car to carry effectively. The battery in wide use at present is the electric vehicles. Those vehicles with an ICE and which can also be demand rises, manufacturers will achieve economies of scale, and lithium ion (Li-ion) battery. These lightweight batteries have the charged from an electrical source are called plug in hybrid electric production costs will decrease. ESB ecars is responsible for the roll-out of a nationwide advantage of high energy density i.e. they store more energy per unit charging infrastructure as well as the supporting IT vehicles (PHEV). In hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor can be of volume than other batteries. At present on average 20% of all electricity produced in Ireland is from arranged in series or in parallel. In the series configuration the battery and Communications platforms. There are 1,200 public renewable sources. This will increase significantly over the coming years electric vehicle charge points across the island of powers the electric motor but, when the charge in the battery gets low, leading to further decarbonisation of electricity. This low carbon energy the ICE drives a generator that recharges the battery. In the parallel Ireland, providing reliable low carbon transport options Know your batteries can be used to electrify the transport sector to eliminate emissions and for drivers. setup either the ICE or the electric motor (or both) can turn the car also to improve air quality in our cities and towns. An electric battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy. wheels directly. There are many types of electric vehicle, including trams, Find out more about ESB at www.esb.ie trains, trucks and cars. Cars that use electric motors are often referred A battery is a collection of cells and each cell contains two electrodes Electric cars can also be used to store excess wind power produced at night or during low demand periods. Unless there is additional demand or to as ecars. (cathode and anode). These are located in an electrolyte that allows ions to move between them. The electrodes are connected a storage system in place at these low demand periods, this electricity is There are also vehicles that use fuel cells to charge the batteries. These to terminals. The chemical reactions at the electrodes produce an lost forever. Ecars present an opportunity to utilise the excess capacity by cells convert the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity. Hydrogen electromotive force (emf) between the terminals. This is the terminal storing the energy in car batteries with smart charging. is commonly used as a fuel for this purpose. (The most environmentally voltage. Batteries that cannot be recharged after they have been The benefits go beyond transportation, as the electricity grid is also poised friendly way of producing the hydrogen is by electrolysis of water using discharged are called primary (or disposable) batteries Examples to gain from better utilisation renewable energy sources.) are the alkaline batteries used for many portable devices. of renewable energy and Secondary batteries can be charged after discharged and, hence, Solar cars also exist. They use photoelectric cells that use sunlight more effective energy are known as rechargeable batteries. The lead-acid battery used in to generate the electrical energy to charge the batteries. management. Possible standard cars is a common example. Another is the lithium ion battery future benefits of electric used in electric cars. The small lithium ion batteries used in portable cars may include using this devices such as mobile phones are very familiar. Batteries are also stored energy of the battery The electric motor classified as wet or dry. Awet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte while to power your home a dry cell uses a paste as an electrolyte. (Vehicle to Home) or to An electric motor is a device that converts into electrical energy even sell electricity back to ( ), either linear or rotational. motive force mechanical energy the grid (Vehicle to Grid). Rotational force is called torque and the torque produced by an electric motor is instantaneous Charging the batteries Research on other energy and constant. This is why electric ESB has a nationwide charge point network. The charge points are sources, such as solar and cars have better acceleration accessed using an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) access card fuel cells, is ongoing. It is ESB’s 32 ecar ambassadors who are taking part in than standard vehicles. which can be used both in the ROI and Northern Ireland. Some of the also important to realise that The Great Electric Drive. Follow them on Facebook public points are Fast Chargers and these provide an 80% charge in people are now familiar with and the ESB ecars blog. Fundamental to the motor’s the standard ICE car for over operation is the fact that when a S N approximately 25 minutes, while a full charge on a standard point can take between 1 and 6 hours depending on the model of ecar. Fast 100 years. Even if there were no cost issues it would take time for this conductor located in a magnetic Chargers are available approximately every 60 km along motorways and mindset to change. Another important consideration is that the average field is carrying a current, a force – main inter-urban routes to service drivers taking longer journeys. In car journey in Ireland (and many other countries) is actually less than 20 is exerted on the conductor. To battery + general, ecars are supplied with a 7-pin plug that is used to charge the km, hardly a distance to generate much range anxiety. When all factors Find this and other lessons on www.sta.ie (Lorentz Force Law) battery from public charge points and home charge points; it allows for are considered, there is little doubt that we will see many more ecars on the controlled and safe charging of the EV. our roads over the next few years. TheThe Electric Electric Car Car

The Electric Car

SyllabusSyllabus references references StudentStudent Activities Activities ExaminationExamination Questions Questions DidDid You You Know? Know? TheThe main main syllabus syllabus references references for for the the lesson lesson are: are: 1.1. InvestigatingInvestigating simple simple cells cells LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2005, 2005, Q. Q.11 11 • • IrelandIreland has has many many advantages advantages as as a alocation location for for the the successful successful adoptionadoption of of electric electric vehicles. vehicles. These These include include short short inter-urban inter-urban LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics TheThe principle principle of of the the electrochemical electrochemical ReadRead the the following following passage passage and and answer answer the the accompanying accompanying questions. questions. routes,routes, high high levels levels of of wind wind power power and and mild mild climate, climate, a asingle single cellcell is iseasy easy to to demonstrate. demonstrate. All All you you • • Mechanics:Mechanics: Force; Force; , Work, Energy, Energy, Power Power “ The“ The scientist whose whose research research would would unite unite electricity electricity and and magnetism magnetism serviceservice provider provider and and a aunified unified distribution distribution network. network. GovernmentGovernment needneed is isa aglass glass of of water water and and a afew few supportsupport is isalso also available; available; purchasers purchasers of of new new electric electric vehicles vehicles • • Electricity:Electricity: Charge, Charge, Potential Potential vv waswas Michael . Faraday. He He developed developed the the first first electric electric motormotor in in 1821, 1821, rodsrods or or wires wires of of different different metals metals showingshowing that that a acurrent current carrying carrying conductor conductor could could be be made made to to revolve revolve cancan avail avail of of grants grants of of €5,000 €5,000 for for an an ecar ecar and and €2,500 €2,500 for for a ahybrid. hybrid. • • CurrentCurrent in in a amagnetic magnetic field; field; motorsmotors (,(copper, steel, steel, , magnesium, ...). zinc...). aroundaround a amagnet. magnet. He He went went on on to to expand expand on on Oersted’s Oersted’s observation observation AboutAbout 70 70 percent percent of of the the world’s world’s lithium lithium comes comes from from brine brine (salt(salt lakes) lakes) and and the the rest rest from from hard hard rock. rock. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Technology Technology UseUse a avoltmeter voltmeter to to measure measure the the thatthat an an electric current produces produces a amagnetic magnetic effect. effect. Perhaps, Perhaps, • • ESBESB and and not-for-profit not-for-profit organisation organisation FoodCloud FoodCloud have have teamed teamed up up • • Energy,Energy, Electricity Electricity voltagevoltage produced; produced; this this is istypically typically FaradayFaraday thought, thought, the the opposite opposite was was also also true: true: a amoving moving magnetic magnetic fieldfield could could generate generate an an electric electric current. current. This This was was to to be be called called forfor the the new new Food Food Rescue Rescue Project, Project, which which uses uses an an ESB ESB electric electric • • Option:Option: Electronics Electronics and and Control Control lessless than than one one . volt. electromagneticelectromagnetic induction. induction. Soon Soon he he had had created created the the first first electric electric carcar to to collect collect surplus surplus good good food food and and deliver deliver it itto to local local charities charities in in LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Chemistry Chemistry UseUse different different pairs pairs of of metals metals and and generator,generator, and and everyday everyday life life would would never never be be the the same same again. again. thethe Dublin Dublin city city area. area. 72,000 72,000 meals meals are are expected expected to to be be delivered delivered inin a ayear. year. • • OptionOption 2: 2: The The Electrochemical Electrochemical Series: Series: Different Different combinations combinations recordrecord the the voltage voltage and and the the polarity polarity in in each each case case produced. produced. HisHis experiments experiments with with induced induced currents currents produced produced the the transformer.” transformer.” ofof metals metals produce produce different different voltages in in a asimple simple cell. cell. AdaptedAdapted from from Milestones Milestones of of Science; Science; Curt Curt Supple; Supple; 2000 2000 • • WhoWho Killed Killed the the Electric Electric Car Car (2006) (2006) and and The The Revenge Revenge of of the the 2.2. InvestigateInvestigate the the effect effect of of adding adding some some salt salt or or dilute dilute acid acid to to the the ElectricElectric Car Car (2011) (2011) are are documentary documentary films films relating relating some some JuniorJunior Certificate Certificate Science Science water.water. The The voltage voltage will will not not be be changed changed dramatically dramatically but but since since (i)(i) ListList three three factors factors that that affect affect the the force force on on a acurrent-carrying current-carrying interestinginteresting facts facts about about ecar ecar development development (www.youtube.com). (www.youtube.com). thethe conductivity conductivity is isincreased increased the the cell cell should should be be able able to to deliver deliver conductorconductor placed placed near near a amagnet. magnet. • • ForceForce and and Energy; Energy; Chemical Chemical and and magnetic magnetic effects effects of of an an electric electric current. current. • • YouYou can can find find out out all allabout about the the ecar ecar at www.esb.ie/ecars. atwww.esb.ie/ecars. greatergreater current current and and so so have have more more power. power. To To measure measure the the power power (ii)(ii) WhatWhat energy transformation takes takes place place in in an an electric electric motor? motor? ScienceScience and and Technology Technology in in Action Action is isalso also widely widely used used justjust add add a aresistor resistor (try (try 1 1kΩ kΩ or or 10 10 kΩ) kΩ) across across the the terminals terminals of of thethe voltmeter; voltmeter; the the power, power, P, P, is isthen then equal equal to to V V2/R 2/R (in (in watts). watts). (iii)(iii) WhatWhat is isthe the function function of of a acommutator commutator in in a adc ? motor? byby Transition Transition Year Year classes. classes. BiographicalBiographical Notes Notes V V= =I.R I.R => => I =I =V/R. V/R. (iv)(iv) DrawDraw a asketch sketch of of the the output output voltage voltage from from an an ac ac generator. generator. 2 2 P P= =V.I V.I = =V V(V/R) (V/R) = =V V/R/R (v)(v) HowHow are are the the slip slip rings rings connected connected to to an an external external circuit circuit in in an an ac ac GastonGaston Planté Planté (1834–1889) (1834–1889) LearningLearning Outcomes Outcomes 3.3. InsteadInstead of of using using a aglass glass of of water, water, simply simply place place a aselection selection of of generator?generator? metalsmetals on on someone’s someone’s hand hand and and check check the the voltages voltages as as before. before. GastonGaston Planté Planté was was a aFrench French Professor Professor of of (vi)(vi) A Atransformer transformer and and an an induction induction coil coil can can both both be be used used to to change change Physics.Physics. In In 1859, 1859, he he invented invented the the lead-acid lead-acid cell cell OnOn completion completion of of this this lesson, lesson, students students should should be be able able to: to: If Ifthe the person person is iswearing wearing a aring ring it itcan can be be included included in in the the a asmall small voltage voltage into into a alarger larger voltage. voltage. What What is isthe the basic basic whichwhich formed formed the the first first battery battery that that could could be be comparison;comparison; you you should should be be able able to to distinguish distinguish between between pure pure differencedifference in in the the operation operation of of these these two two devices? devices? • • DefineDefine the the term term ‘electric ‘electric vehicle’. vehicle’. goldgold and and alloys. alloys. recharged.recharged. His His first first one one was was mademade of ofa rolla roll of of • • DistinguishDistinguish pure pure and and hybrid hybrid electric electric vehicles. vehicles. (vii)(vii) Name Name the the Irish Irish physicist physicist who who invented invented the the induction induction coil. coil. twotwo sheets sheets of of lead lead separated separated by by a alinen linen cloth cloth • • DescribeDescribe the the function function of of the the electric electric motor. motor. (some(some reports reports say say rubber rubber strips). strips). This This was was (viii)(viii) Give Give two two factors factors that that affect affect the the efficiency efficiency of ofa transformer.a transformer. immersedimmersed in in a asolution solution of of sulfuric . acid. • • StateState why why improvements improvements in in electrochemical electrochemical storage storage technologiestechnologies are are critically critically important. important. AlthoughAlthough most most famous famous for for this this invention, invention, in in 18851885 he he had had discovered discovered the the first first fossils fossils of ofa a • • IdentifyIdentify some some advantages advantages of of the the ecar ecar over over ICE ICE vehicles. vehicles. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2001, 2001, Q. Q.10 10 True/FalseTrue/False Questions Questions hugehuge prehistoric prehistoric flightless flightless bird, bird, now now named named after after him him • • DescribeDescribe the the role role of of ESB ESB in in the the popularisation popularisation of of electric electric DefineDefine (i) (i) potential potential difference, difference, (ii) (ii) e.m.f. e.m.f. (electromotive (electromotive force). force). (Gastornis(Gastornis parisiensis parisiensis). ). vehiclesvehicles in in Ireland. Ireland. a)a) LightLight travels travels faster faster than than radio radio waves. waves. T T F F DescribeDescribe an an experiment experiment to to measure measure the the internal internal resistance resistance of of a acell. cell. HisHis design design was was further further improved improved by by French French chemical chemical engineer engineer b)b) InIn a aseries series e-vehicle e-vehicle the the engine engine drives drives the the generator generator to to CamilleCamille Alphonse Alphonse Faure Faure (1840 (1840 –1898) –1898) who who increased increased the the capacity capacity InIn the the diagram, diagram, a acar car battery battery has has an an e.m.f. e.m.f. of of 13.75 13.75 V Vand and an an internal internal ofof the the lead-acid lead-acid battery battery leading leading to to their their large large scale scale manufacture. manufacture. chargecharge the the motor. motor. T T F F resistanceresistance of of 0.08 0.08 Ω. Ω. The The effective effective resistance resistance of of the the car car headlights headlights is is GeneralGeneral Learning Learning Points Points c)c) LithiumLithium ion ion batteries batteries are are used used only only in in mobile mobile phones. phones. T T F F 1.501.50 Ω Ω and and the the effective effective resistance resistance of of the the starter motor motor is is0.20 0.20 Ω. Ω. Calculate:Calculate: TheseThese are are additional additional relevant relevant points points which which are are used used to to extend extend d)d) Lead-acidLead-acid batteries batteries have have a ahigher higher energy energy density density than than knowledgeknowledge and and facilitate facilitate discussion. discussion. lithiumlithium ion ion batteries. batteries. T T F F (i)(i) thethe potential potential difference difference across across the the headlights headlights when when they they are are the the onlyonly load load on on the the battery; battery; ReviseRevise The The Terms Terms • • ElectricElectric cars cars were were popular popular in in the the late late 19th 19th century century and and early early 20th 20th e)e) AnAn electric electric motor motor is islighter lighter than than an an internal internal combustion combustion century,century, They They were were more more comfortable comfortable and and easier easier to to use use than than the the engineengine delivering delivering the the same same power. power. T T F F (ii)(ii) thethe total total current current CanCan you you recall recall the the meaning meaning of of the the following following terms? terms? internalinternal combustion combustion engine engine vehicles vehicles of of the the time. time. However, However, further further f) f) TheThe electric electric car car was was invented invented in in the the 1980s. 1980s. T T F F flowingflowing in in the the RevisingRevising terminology terminology is is a apowerful powerful aid aid to to recall recall and and retention. retention. circuitcircuit while while the the developmentdevelopment of of the the ICE, ICE, (including (including the the electric electric starter), starter), and and fast fast g)g) A Amagnetic magnetic field field is is a acrucial crucial component component in in an an electric electric Acceleration,Acceleration, alkaline alkaline batteries, batteries, anode, anode, cathode, cathode, chemical chemical energy, energy, starterstarter motor motor is is refuellingrefuelling ensured ensured that that the the electric electric car car fell fell into into disuse. disuse. electricelectric car, car, ecar, ecar, electric electric vehicle vehicle (EV), (EV), economies economies of of scale, scale, electric electric motor.motor. T T F F switchedswitched on; on; motors,motors, electrolysis, electrolysis, electrolyte, electrolyte, electromotive, electromotive, force, force, emf, emf, emissions, emissions, • • TheThe first first viable viable electric electric car car was was built built in in London London by by an an engineer engineer h)h) AnAn electric electric motor motor delivers delivers constant constant torque. torque. T T F F namednamed Thomas Thomas Parker Parker in in 1884. 1884. He He was was also also responsible responsible for for (iii)(iii) thethe potential potential fuelfuel cell, cell, generator, generator, heat heat energy, energy, hybrid hybrid electric electric vehicle vehicle (PHEV), (PHEV), internal internal electrifyingelectrifying tram tram systems systems and and the the London London Underground, Underground, i) i) TheThe ESB ESB Charge Charge Point Point Network Network provides provides around around 200 200 differencedifference across across combustioncombustion engine engine (ICE), (ICE), kinetic kinetic energy, energy, lead-acid, lead-acid, Li-ion, Li-ion, lithium lithium ion, ion, chargecharge points. points. T T F F thethe headlights headlights while while LorentzLorentz Force Force Law, Law, magnetic magnetic field, field, massmass produce, produce, mechanicalmechanical energy, energy, • • TheThe charge charge point point system system being being developed developed by by ESB ESB ecars ecars has has thethe starter starter motor motor is is motivemotive force, force, parallel, parallel, photo photo electric electric cells, cells, pollution, pollution, pure pure electric electric vehicle, vehicle, manymany smart smart features features including: including: measuring measuring and and communicating communicating j) j) A Afuel cell generates generates energy energy by by burning burning hydrogen. hydrogen. T T F F switchedswitched on. on. regenerativeregenerative braking, braking, renewable renewable sources, sources, RFID RFID (Radio (Radio Frequency Frequency usageusage data data and and giving giving the the electricity electricity system system operators operators the the ability ability k)k) PrimaryPrimary batteries batteries can can be be recharged recharged at at any any time. time. T T F F Identification),Identification), series, series, solar , car, torque, torque, total total cost cost of ofownership. ownership. toto control control EV EV power power demand demand and and reduce reduce or or increase increase load load dependingdepending on on requirements. requirements. CheckCheck your your answers answers to to these these questions questions on on www.sta.ie. www.sta.ie. CheckCheck the the Glossary Glossary of of terms terms for for this this lesson lesson on on www.sta.ie www.sta.ie TheThe Electric Electric Car Car The Electric Car

SyllabusSyllabus references references StudentStudent Activities Activities ExaminationExamination Questions Questions DidDid You You Know? Know? TheThe main main syllabus syllabus references references for for the the lesson lesson are: are: 1. 1. InvestigatingInvestigating simple simple cells cells LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2005, 2005, Q. Q.11 11 • • IrelandIreland has has many many advantages advantages as as a alocation location for for the the successful successful adoptionadoption of of electric electric vehicles. vehicles. These These include include short short inter-urban inter-urban LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics TheThe principle principle of of the the electrochemical electrochemical ReadRead the the following following passage passage and and answer answer the the accompanying accompanying questions. questions. routes,routes, high high levels levels of of wind wind power power and and mild mild climate, climate, a asingle single cellcell is iseasy easy to to demonstrate. demonstrate. All All you you • • Mechanics:Mechanics: Force; Force; Work, Work, Energy, Energy, Power Power “ The“ The scientist scientist whose whose research research would would unite unite electricity electricity and and magnetism magnetism serviceservice provider provider and and a aunified unified distribution distribution network. network. Government Government needneed is isa aglass glass of of water water and and a afew few supportsupport is isalso also available; available; purchasers purchasers of of new new electric electric vehicles vehicles • • Electricity:Electricity: Charge, Charge, Potential Potential vv waswas Michael Michael Faraday. Faraday. He He developed developed the the first first electric electric motormotor in in 1821, 1821, rodsrods or or wires wires of of different different metals metals showingshowing that that a acurrent current carrying carrying conductor conductor could could be be made made to to revolve revolve cancan avail avail of of grants grants of of €5,000 €5,000 for for an an ecar ecar and and €2,500 €2,500 for for a ahybrid. hybrid. • • CurrentCurrent in ina magnetica magnetic field; field; motors motors (copper,(copper, steel, steel, magnesium, magnesium, zinc...). zinc...). aroundaround a amagnet. magnet. He He went went on on to to expand expand on on Oersted’s Oersted’s observation observation AboutAbout 70 70 percent percent of of the the world’s world’s lithium lithium comes comes from from brine brine (salt(salt lakes) lakes) and and the the rest rest from from hard hard rock. rock. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Technology Technology UseUse a avoltmeter voltmeter to to measure measure the the thatthat an an electric electric current current produces produces a amagnetic magnetic effect. effect. Perhaps, Perhaps, • • ESBESB and and not-for-profit not-for-profit organisation organisation FoodCloud FoodCloud have have teamed teamed up up • • Energy,Energy, Electricity Electricity voltagevoltage produced; produced; this this is istypically typically FaradayFaraday thought, thought, the the opposite opposite was was also also true: true: a amoving moving magnetic magnetic fieldfield could could generate generate an an electric electric current. current. This This was was to to be be called called forfor the the new new Food Food Rescue Rescue Project, Project, which which uses uses an an ESB ESB electric electric • • Option:Option: Electronics Electronics and and Control Control lessless than than one one volt. volt. electromagneticelectromagnetic induction. induction. Soon Soon he he had had created created the the first first electric electric carcar to to collect collect surplus surplus good good food food and and deliver deliver it toit to local local charities charities in in LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Chemistry Chemistry UseUse different different pairs pairs of of metals metals and and generator,generator, and and everyday everyday life life would would never never be be the the same same again. again. thethe Dublin Dublin city city area. area. 72,000 72,000 meals meals are are expected expected to to be be delivered delivered in ina ayear. year. • • OptionOption 2: 2:The The Electrochemical Electrochemical Series: Series: Different Different combinations combinations recordrecord the the voltage voltage and and the the polarity polarity in ineach each case case produced. produced. HisHis experiments experiments with with induced induced currents currents produced produced the the transformer.” transformer.” of ofmetals metals produce produce different different voltages voltages in ina simplea simple cell. cell. AdaptedAdapted from from Milestones Milestones of ofScience; Science; Curt Curt Supple; Supple; 2000 2000 • • WhoWho Killed Killed the the Electric Electric Car Car (2006) (2006) and and The The Revenge Revenge of of the the 2.2. InvestigateInvestigate the the effect effect of of adding adding some some salt salt or or dilute dilute acid acid to to the the ElectricElectric Car Car (2011) (2011) are are documentary documentary films films relating relating some some JuniorJunior Certificate Certificate Science Science water.water. The The voltage voltage will will not not be be changed changed dramatically dramatically but but since since (i)(i) ListList three three factors factors that that affect affect the the force force on on a acurrent-carrying current-carrying interestinginteresting facts facts about about ecar ecar development development (www.youtube.com). (www.youtube.com). thethe conductivity conductivity is isincreased increased the the cell cell should should be be able able to to deliver deliver conductorconductor placed placed near near a amagnet. magnet. • • ForceForce and and Energy; Energy; Chemical Chemical and and magnetic magnetic effects effects of ofan an electric electric current. current. • • YouYou can can find find out out all allabout about the the ecar ecar at www.esb.ie/ecars. atwww.esb.ie/ecars. greatergreater current current and and so so have have more more power. power. To To measure measure the the power power (ii)(ii) WhatWhat energy energy transformation transformation takes takes place place in inan an electric electric motor? motor? ScienceScience and and Technology Technology in in Action Action is isalso also widely widely used used justjust add add a aresistor resistor (try (try 1 1kΩ kΩ or or 10 10 kΩ) kΩ) across across the the terminals terminals of of thethe voltmeter; voltmeter; the the power, power, P, P, is isthen then equal equal to to V V2/R 2/R (in (in watts). watts). (iii)(iii) WhatWhat is isthe the function function of of a acommutator commutator in ina adc dc motor? motor? byby Transition Transition Year Year classes. classes. BiographicalBiographical Notes Notes V V= =I.R I.R => => I =I =V/R. V/R. (iv)(iv) DrawDraw a asketch sketch of of the the output output voltage voltage from from an an ac ac generator. generator. 2 2 P P= =V.I V.I = =V V(V/R) (V/R) = =V V/R/R (v)(v) HowHow are are the the slip slip rings rings connected connected to to an an external external circuit circuit in inan an ac ac GastonGaston Planté Planté (1834–1889) (1834–1889) LearningLearning Outcomes Outcomes 3.3. InsteadInstead of of using using a aglass glass of of water, water, simply simply place place a aselection selection of of generator?generator? metalsmetals on on someone’s someone’s hand hand and and check check the the voltages voltages as as before. before. GastonGaston Planté Planté was was a aFrench French Professor Professor of of (vi)(vi) A Atransformer transformer and and an an induction induction coil coil can can both both be be used used to to change change Physics.Physics. In In 1859, 1859, he he invented invented the the lead-acid lead-acid cell cell OnOn completion completion of of this this lesson, lesson, students students should should be be able able to: to: If Ifthe the person person is iswearing wearing a aring ring it canit can be be included included in inthe the a asmall small voltage voltage into into a alarger larger voltage. voltage. What What is isthe the basic basic whichwhich formed formed the the first first battery battery that that could could be be comparison;comparison; you you should should be be able able to to distinguish distinguish between between pure pure differencedifference in inthe the operation operation of of these these two two devices? devices? • • DefineDefine the the term term ‘electric ‘electric vehicle’. vehicle’. goldgold and and alloys. alloys. recharged.recharged. His His first first one one was was mademade of ofa rolla roll of of • • DistinguishDistinguish pure pure and and hybrid hybrid electric electric vehicles. vehicles. (vii)(vii) Name Name the the Irish Irish physicist physicist who who invented invented the the induction induction coil. coil. twotwo sheets sheets of of lead lead separated separated by by a alinen linen cloth cloth • • DescribeDescribe the the function function of of the the electric electric motor. motor. (some(some reports reports say say rubber rubber strips). strips). This This was was (viii)(viii) Give Give two two factors factors that that affect affect the the efficiency efficiency of ofa transformer.a transformer. immersedimmersed in ina asolution solution of of sulfuric sulfuric acid. acid. • • StateState why why improvements improvements in inelectrochemical electrochemical storage storage technologiestechnologies are are critically critically important. important. AlthoughAlthough most most famous famous for for this this invention, invention, in in 18851885 he he had had discovered discovered the the first first fossils fossils of ofa a • • IdentifyIdentify some some advantages advantages of of the the ecar ecar over over ICE ICE vehicles. vehicles. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2001, 2001, Q. Q.10 10 True/FalseTrue/False Questions Questions hugehuge prehistoric prehistoric flightless flightless bird, bird, now now named named after after him him • • DescribeDescribe the the role role of of ESB ESB in inthe the popularisation popularisation of of electric electric DefineDefine (i) (i) potential potential difference, difference, (ii) (ii) e.m.f. e.m.f. (electromotive (electromotive force). force). (Gastornis(Gastornis parisiensis parisiensis). ). vehiclesvehicles in inIreland. Ireland. a)a) LightLight travels travels faster faster than than radio radio waves. waves. T T F F DescribeDescribe an an experiment experiment to to measure measure the the internal internal resistance resistance of of a acell. cell. HisHis design design was was further further improved improved by by French French chemical chemical engineer engineer b)b) InIn a aseries series e-vehicle e-vehicle the the engine engine drives drives the the generator generator to to CamilleCamille Alphonse Alphonse Faure Faure (1840 (1840 –1898) –1898) who who increased increased the the capacity capacity InIn the the diagram, diagram, a acar car battery battery has has an an e.m.f. e.m.f. of of 13.75 13.75 V Vand and an an internal internal ofof the the lead-acid lead-acid battery battery leading leading to to their their large large scale scale manufacture. manufacture. chargecharge the the motor. motor. T T F F resistanceresistance of of 0.08 0.08 Ω. Ω. The The effective effective resistance resistance of of the the car car headlights headlights is is GeneralGeneral Learning Learning Points Points c) c) LithiumLithium ion ion batteries batteries are are used used only only in inmobile mobile phones. phones. T T F F 1.501.50 Ω Ωand and the the effective effective resistance resistance of of the the starter starter motor motor is is0.20 0.20 Ω. Ω. Calculate:Calculate: TheseThese are are additional additional relevant relevant points points which which are are used used to to extend extend d)d) Lead-acid Lead-acid batteries batteries have have a ahigher higher energy energy density density than than knowledgeknowledge and and facilitate facilitate discussion. discussion. lithiumlithium ion ion batteries. batteries. T T F F (i)(i) thethe potential potential difference difference across across the the headlights headlights when when they they are are the the onlyonly load load on on the the battery; battery; ReviseRevise The The Terms Terms • • ElectricElectric cars cars were were popular popular in inthe the late late 19th 19th century century and and early early 20th 20th e)e) AnAn electric electric motor motor is islighter lighter than than an an internal internal combustion combustion century,century, They They were were more more comfortable comfortable and and easier easier to to use use than than the the engineengine delivering delivering the the same same power. power. T T F F (ii)(ii) thethe total total current current CanCan you you recall recall the the meaning meaning of of the the following following terms? terms? internalinternal combustion combustion engine engine vehicles vehicles of of the the time. time. However, However, further further f) f) TheThe electric electric car car was was invented invented in inthe the 1980s. 1980s. T T F F flowingflowing in in the the RevisingRevising terminology terminology is is a apowerful powerful aid aid to to recall recall and and retention. retention. circuitcircuit while while the the developmentdevelopment of of the the ICE, ICE, (including (including the the electric electric starter), starter), and and fast fast g)g) A Amagnetic magnetic field field is isa cruciala crucial component component in in an an electric electric Acceleration,Acceleration, alkaline alkaline batteries, batteries, anode, anode, cathode, cathode, chemical chemical energy, energy, starterstarter motor motor is is refuellingrefuelling ensured ensured that that the the electric electric car car fell fell into into disuse. disuse. electricelectric car, car, ecar, ecar, electric electric vehicle vehicle (EV), (EV), economies economies of ofscale, scale, electric electric motor.motor. T T F F switchedswitched on; on; motors,motors, electrolysis, electrolysis, electrolyte, electrolyte, electromotive, electromotive, force, force, emf, emf, emissions, emissions, • • TheThe first first viable viable electric electric car car was was built built in in London London by byan an engineer engineer h)h) AnAn electric electric motor motor delivers delivers constant constant torque. torque. T T F F namednamed Thomas Thomas Parker Parker in in1884. 1884. He He was was also also responsible responsible for for (iii)(iii) thethe potential potential fuelfuel cell, cell, generator, generator, heat heat energy, energy, hybrid hybrid electric electric vehicle vehicle (PHEV), (PHEV), internal internal electrifyingelectrifying tram tram systems systems and and the the London London Underground, Underground, i) i) TheThe ESB ESB Charge Charge Point Point Network Network provides provides around around 200 200 differencedifference across across combustioncombustion engine engine (ICE), (ICE), kinetic kinetic energy, energy, lead-acid, lead-acid, Li-ion, Li-ion, lithium lithium ion, ion, chargecharge points. points. T T F F thethe headlights headlights while while LorentzLorentz Force Force Law, Law, magnetic magnetic field, field, mass produce, produce, mechanical mechanical energy, energy, • • TheThe charge charge point point system system being being developed developed by by ESB ESB ecars ecars has has thethe starter starter motor motor is is motivemotive force, force, parallel, parallel, photo photo electric electric cells, cells, pollution, pollution, pure pure electric electric vehicle, vehicle, manymany smart smart features features including: including: measuring measuring and and communicating communicating j) j) A Afuel fuel cell cell generates generates energy energy by by burning burning hydrogen. hydrogen. T T F F switchedswitched on. on. regenerativeregenerative braking, braking, renewable renewable sources, sources, RFID RFID (Radio (Radio Frequency Frequency usageusage data data and and giving giving the the electricity electricity system system operators operators the the ability ability k) k) PrimaryPrimary batteries batteries can can be be recharged recharged at at any any time. time. T T F F Identification),Identification), series, series, solar solar car, car, torque, torque, total total cost cost of ofownership. ownership. toto control control EV EV power power demand demand and and reduce reduce or or increase increase load load dependingdepending on on requirements. requirements. CheckCheck your your answers answers to to these these questions questions on on www.sta.ie. www.sta.ie. CheckCheck the the Glossary Glossary of of terms terms for for this this lesson lesson on on www.sta.ie www.sta.ie

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