DOCSLIB.ORG

Small-Hydropower Integration in a Multi-Purpose Dam-Bridge for Sustainable

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Small-Hydropower Integration in a Multi-Purpose Dam-Bridge for Sustainable G Model RSER-1447; No. of Pages 12 ARTICLE IN PRESS Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Small-hydropower integration in a multi-purpose dam-bridge for sustainable urban mobility a,∗ a b b a Aníbal T. de Almeida , Carlos Inverno , J. Lopes de Almeida , J. Alfeu Sá Marques , Bruno Santos a ISR, University of Coimbra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Polo II, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal b IMAR, University of Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, Polo II, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: This paper describes a project for the integration of mini-hydro renewable energy in the trolleybus trac- Received 16 December 2010 tion lines and in the electric battery operated mini-buses. Given the nearby hydropower resource of Accepted 18 July 2011 the Mondego river, a study was carried out in order to assess the technical and economical feasibility Available online xxx of hydropower production at an already existing multi-purpose mobile dam-bridge, located in Coim- bra, Portugal, where a very low head run-of-river small-hydropower plant can be installed. As the main Keywords: civil works have already been done, the hydropower installation costs are significantly reduced because Renewable energies the investment mainly resumes to hydro-mechanical, hydro-electrical and electrical equipment, with Renewable generation mix Small-hydropower expected low hydraulic structure impact, as well as minimum environmental and visual impacts. The optimization of the hydroelectric production takes into account the seasonal water supply demands Sustainable urban mobility for agricultural, municipal and industrial use, the water discharges from the upstream reservoir system of Aguieira–Raiva–Fronhas, the very low head turbines state of the art technology, the physical con- straints of the structure and the special feed-in tariff for renewable power plants. The small-hydropower plant, coupled with the electric public urban transportation fleet, will contribute to a sustainable clean mobility concept, reducing electric grid transportation losses by decentralized production and reducing greenhouse gases emissions, contributing to urban air quality improvement and to the Kyoto Protocol fulfillment. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 00 2. The Coimbra dam-bridge . 00 2.1. Introduction . 00 2.2. Main characteristics . 00 2.3. Actual exploration and discharge control . 00 2.4. Secondary channels . 00 2.4.1. Right bank channel . 00 2.4.2. Left bank irrigation channel . 00 2.4.3. Fish passage. 00 3. The Coimbra dam-bridge small hydro project. 00 3.1. Primary considerations . 00 3.2. Hydrological analysis . 00 3.2.1. Flow duration curve . 00 3.2.2. Headwater and tailwater curves . 00 3.3. Examples of minimum impact hydropower layouts. 00 3.4. Similar projects . 00 Abbreviations: UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; EU, European Union; GHG, Greenhouse gases; EC, European Commission; CO2, Carbon dioxide; SMTUC, Coimbra Municipality Urban Transport Services; AHM, Hydraulic Mondego Development; INAG, National Water Institute. ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 239 796 218/201; fax: +351 239 406 672. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.T. de Almeida). 1364-0321/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.047 Please cite this article in press as: de Almeida AT, et al. Small-hydropower integration in a multi-purpose dam-bridge for sustainable urban mobility. Renew Sustain Energy Rev (2011), doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.047 G Model RSER-1447; No. of Pages 12 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 A.T. de Almeida et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (2011) xxx–xxx 3.5. Estimated hydropower production and revenues . 00 4. Conclusions . 00 References . 00 1. Introduction As a party of the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC, Portugal, in accordance to the EU burden-sharing commitment, agreed on the objective of limiting the growth of GHG emissions to 27% of the 1990 levels, during the period of 2008–2012. The EU, as a whole, agreed with an 8% reduction of GHG emissions. More recently, in December 2009, during the UN climate summit held in Copenhagen (Denmark), the negotiations between developed and developing countries failed and the summit ended without new target goals for GHG emissions cuts. In order to achieve Kyoto emissions reduction target goals, the EC in March of 2007, established several key targets, known as the Fig. 1. Portuguese Mainland-installed power of renewable sources [5]. 20/20/20, for the year of 2020: • to the Portuguese National Climate Changes Program, from 1990 Reduction of at least 20% of GHG emissions. 2 • to 2005, emissions in the energy industries and transportation 20% share of renewable energies in the total EU energy consump- tion. subsectors increased respectively about 60% and 104% [4]. This situ- • ation reflects the country heavy dependence and demand increase 20% energy saving through improvements in the energy effi- ciency. in the past few years on fossil fuels, for electric energy produc- tion and transportation and the necessity of changes regarding the energetic policies. The EC in order to achieve these targets, decided to develop The Portuguese electric production system suffered in the last legislative and non-legislative frameworks to cut CO2 emissions, few years significant positive changes in order to reduce the emis- reduce oil dependence and also improve mobility inside European sion of pollutant gases. In the thermal production system, there cities supporting and financing several programs like CIVITAS – was an increase of the efficiency, especially with the integration of CIty, VITAlity and Sustainability. The CIVITAS program “for bet- combined-cycle natural gas and cogeneration power plants. In the ter and cleaner transport in cities” included the Portuguese city of pollutant coal power plants, scrubbers and electrostatic precipita- Coimbra in the 3rd phase of the main project, the CIVITAS PLUS, in tors were installed in order to reduce gases and particles emissions. the MODERN – MObility, Development and Energy use ReductioN Wind power had by far the largest increase in the production mix, – Project, supported by the 7th RTD Framework Program of the EC. since 2003. Wind power and hydropower represented in 2008, One of the main measures for the city of Coimbra is the feasibility respectively 38.3% and 47.8% of the total renewable production and study of the implementation of a small hydro power plant in the the share of renewable sources represented 27.8% of total produc- already existing Coimbra dam-bridge. tion [5]. Fig. 1 presents the evolution of renewable energy installed Beyond the concept of sustainable urban mobility, the measure’s capacity in the Portuguese electric production mix from 2001 to main goal is the production of electricity in order to satisfy the elec- 2008. tricity consumption of the electric traction lines of the trolleybuses The largest improvement was, with no doubt the wind power, and electric mini-buses of the Coimbra’s urban public transporta- with an average yearly growing rate of 58%, from 2001 to 2008. tion fleet. From 2000 to 2008, the average consumption of the Hydropower schemes with capacity above 30 MW, between 30 and trolleybuses traction lines was about 760 MWh. The electric mini- 10 MW and less than 10 MW had a low average yearly growing rate bus provides a transport service for the historical zone of Coimbra, of respectively 1.6%, 2.3% and 3.0% from 2001 to 2008. Solar power characterized with high slopes and narrow streets, and from 2005 plants installed capacity also increased from 4.8 MW in 2006 to to 2007, the average consumption was about 145 kWh per 100 km 38.1 MW in 2008, but is not significant in the whole production. [1]. Each mini-bus travels an average distance of 45 km per day, In 2007, the Portuguese National Government established the so the total electricity consumed by the electric fleet of the pub- commitment of upgrading the electrical renewable share, from 39 lic transportation system can be approximated to 800 MWh/year to 45% of all electricity consumption by the end of 2010. To the [2]. When compared to equivalent diesel buses, the electric trol- fulfillment of this target, the most important objectives defined for leybuses and mini-buses present some advantages like: non-local 1 various renewable energy sources were [6]: emissions, gases emissions reduction in a global scenario, higher performance and overload capacity, low maintenance, low noise • emission, longer life and lower operation costs. Wind power: To increase installed capacity, by the year 2012, to According to the Portuguese National Inventory Report on GHG, a total 5100 MW (600 MW by equipment upgrade). • in 2006, total Portuguese GHG emissions without land-use, land- Hydropower: Reinforce of capacity of current.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles
    Article Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles Efstathios E. Michaelides Department of Engineering, TCU, Fort Worth, TX 76132, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The global market of electric vehicles has become one of the prime growth industries of the 21st century fueled by marketing efforts, which frequently assert that electric vehicles are “very efficient” and “produce no pollution.” This article uses thermodynamic analysis to determine the primary energy needs for the propulsion of electric vehicles and applies the energy/exergy trade-offs between hydrocarbons and electricity propulsion of road vehicles. The well-to-wheels efficiency of electric vehicles is comparable to that of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Heat transfer to or from the cabin of the vehicle is calculated to determine the additional energy for heating and air-conditioning needs, which must be supplied by the battery, and the reduction of the range of the vehicle. The article also determines the advantages of using fleets of electric vehicles to offset the problems of the “duck curve” that are caused by the higher utilization of wind and solar energy sources. The effects of the substitution of internal combustion road vehicles with electric vehicles on carbon dioxide emission avoidance are also examined for several national electricity grids. It is determined that grids, which use a high fraction of coal as their primary energy source, will actually increase the carbon dioxide emissions; while grids that use a high fraction of renewables and nuclear energy will significantly decrease their carbon dioxide emissions. Globally, the carbon dioxide emissions will decrease by approximately 16% with the introduction of electric vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Battery Car Competition Rules
    Colorado Middle School Car Competition Electric Battery Division The Colorado Middle School Car Competition is a classroom-based, hands-on educational program for 6th – 8th grade students. Student teams apply math, science, and creativity to construct and race model lithium-ion powered cars. The primary goals of the programs are to: • Generate enthusiasm for science and engineering at a crucial stage in the educational development of young people; • Improve students' understanding of scientific concepts and renewable energy technologies; and • Encourage young people to consider technical careers at an early age. Program description: • Students use mathematics and science principles together with their creativity in a fun, hands-on educational program. • Using engineering principles, students get excited about generating ideas in a group and then building and modifying models based on these ideas. • Students can see for themselves how changes in design are reflected in car performance. • Students work together on teams to apply problem solving and project management skills. The car competition challenges students to use scientific know-how, creative thinking, experimentation, and teamwork to design and build high-performance model electric battery vehicles. Rules Competition Structure: The Colorado competition will use preliminary time trials before progressing to a double elimination tournament for the finals. Each team will have three time trials to achieve their fastest time. Any car that does not finish in 40 seconds will be considered a Did Not Finish (DNF). Only the fastest 16 teams will progress to the double elimination tournament. In the event of a tie, teams will have a race-off to qualify for the double elimination round.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling, Testing and Economic Analysis of Wind-Electric Battery
    NREL/CP-500-24920 · UC Category: 1213 Modeling, Testing and Economic Analysis of a Wind-Electric Battery Charging Station Vahan Gevorgian, David A. Corbus, Stephen Drouilhet, Richard Holz National Renewable Energy Laboratory Karen E. Thomas University of California at Berkeley Presented at Windpower '98 Bakersfield, CA April 27-May 1, 1998 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Managed by Midwest Research Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093 Work performed under task number WE802230 July 1998 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authord expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from: Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available by calling (423) 576-8401 Available to the public from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • DESIGN of a WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri
    DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri - Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI Dr. Noah Manring, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined he thesis entitled DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM presented by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI a candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Noah Manring Dr. Roger Fales Dr. Robert O`Connell ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis advisor, Dr. Noah Manring, for his constant guidance, advice and motivation to overcome any and all obstacles faced while conducting this research and support throughout my degree program without which I could not have completed my master’s degree. Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Roger Fales and Dr. Robert O`Connell for serving on my thesis committee. I also would like to express my gratitude to all the students, professors and staff of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department for all the support and helping me to complete my master’s degree successfully and creating an exceptional environment in which to work and study. Finally, last, but of course not the least, I would like to thank my parents, my sister and my friends for their continuous support and encouragement to complete my program, research and thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY EFFECT ON CHARGING EFFICIENCY USING GALLIUM NITRIDE DEVICES THIEN NHIEN HUYNH Fall 2014 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Electrical Engineering with honors in Electrical Engineering Reviewed and approved* by the following: Seth Wolpert, Ph.D Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering Thesis Supervisor Peter Idowu, Ph.D Professor of Electrical Engineering Faculty Reader Ronald Walker, Ph. D Associate Professor of Mathematics Honors Advisor * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were created to lessen our dependence on natural resources. EVs and HEVs run on battery packs and the pack can be recharged from a household outlet. Because the vehicles are charged using energy draw from the grid, the problem of efficiency on a large scale become a concern. For conventional chargers, the charging efficiency may be improved due to enhanced in battery technology, charging protocol, or charging circuitry. Recently, Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices were introduced that have better performance than other semiconductors used in charging circuits. GaN has a higher bandgap than conventional materials which allows it to withstand high level of voltage. GaN can also operate at higher frequency resulting in much faster switching capability. The ability to withstand higher temperature allows GaN devices to require smaller heat sinks which effectively reduce the cost of the devices. In this thesis, a DC-DC converter as used in battery charger will be designed using Gallium Nitride devices and tested for efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Potential and Potential Energy
    Electric Potential and Potential Energy Electric Potential Work-energy theorem: Change in potential energy = work done m Higher PE Gravitational Potential Energy It requires a certain amount of work to raise an object • Chapter 17 (Giancoli) of mass m from the ground to some distance above the • All sections except 17.6 (electric m Lower PE ground. dipoles) i.e. We have increased the potential energy of the object. PE=W=Force x Displacement Electric Potential Energy ⎛ kqQ ⎞ Find the work done in bringing a charge q from infinitely ∆ W = − F∆ r = −⎜ 2 ⎟⋅∆ r far away to a distance R from charge Q. ⎝ r ⎠ Q R R ∆r kqQ PE = ∆W = - ∆r F ∫ ∫ r 2 + +q ∞ ∞ R R ⎡1⎤ Charge is moved towards R = kqQ⎢ ⎥ by increments of ∆r ⎣ r ⎦∞ kqQ For a small displacement ∆r, the work done is: PE = *Note: PE = 0 when R ∞ R ∆W = force x displacement = -F • ∆r (we have a negative sign as the direction of the force is This is the PE of a charge q when it is a distance R from Q. opposite to the direction of the displacement) • PE is a scalar quantity If the PE is negative (when the charges have opposite signs), then the work is done by the charge, decreasing its PE. • The sign of the charges must be kept in all calculations Displacement + F q • Depending on the signs of Q and q, the PE could be positive or negative If the PE is positive (when the charges are both positive or both negative), then work must be done on the charge q to bring it closer to Q, increasing its PE.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Potential Difference Between Two Points
    We are used to voltage in our lives—a 12-volt car battery, 110 V or 220 V at home, 1.5-volt flashlight batteries, and so on. Here we see displayed the voltage produced across a human heart, known as an electrocardiogram. Voltage is the same as electric potential difference between two points. Electric potential is defined as the potential energy per unit charge. We discuss voltage and its relation to electric field, as well as electric energy storage, capacitors, and applications including the ECG shown here, binary numbers and digital electronics, TV and computer monitors, and digital TV. P T A E H R C Electric Potential 17 CHAPTER-OPENING QUESTION—Guess now! CONTENTS When two positively charged small spheres are pushed toward each other, what 17–1 Electric Potential Energy and happens to their potential energy? Potential Difference (a) It remains unchanged. 17–2 Relation between Electric (b) It decreases. Potential and Electric Field (c) It increases. 17–3 Equipotential Lines and (d) There is no potential energy in this situation. Surfaces 17–4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy e saw in Chapter 6 that the concept of energy was extremely valuable 17–5 Electric Potential Due to in dealing with the subject of mechanics. For one thing, energy is a Point Charges W conserved quantity and is thus an important tool for understanding *17–6 Potential Due to Electric nature. Furthermore, we saw that many Problems could be solved using the Dipole; Dipole Moment energy concept even though a detailed knowledge of the forces involved was not 17–7 Capacitance possible, or when a calculation involving Newton’s laws would have been too 17–8 Dielectrics difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • Coupled Electric and Thermal Batteries Models Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) for Range Estimation in Electric Vehicles Ronan German, N
    Coupled electric and thermal batteries models using energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) for range estimation in electric vehicles Ronan German, N. Solis, L. Reyes, L. Silva, F.-A. Lebel, Joao Trovao, A. Bouscayrol To cite this version: Ronan German, N. Solis, L. Reyes, L. Silva, F.-A. Lebel, et al.. Coupled electric and thermal batteries models using energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) for range estimation in electric vehicles. 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’17), Sep 2017, Varsovie, Poland. 10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099372. hal-01948592 HAL Id: hal-01948592 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01948592 Submitted on 10 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Coupled Electric and Thermal Batteries Models using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) for Range Estimation in Electric Vehicles R. German1 , N. Solis1,2, L. Reyes1,3, L. Silva4, F.-A. LeBel3, João P. Trovão3, A. Bouscayrol1, 1 Univ. Lille, Centrale Lille, Arts et Métiers Paris Tech, HEI, EA 2697 – L2EP - Laboratoire d'Electrotechnique et d'Electronique de Puissance, F-59000 Lille, France. 2 Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba – Argentina. 3 e-TESC Lab, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency in Transportation: …A Key Element of the World’S Energy Future…
    Energy efficiency in transportation: …a key element of the world’s energy future… Issues are global …and so is much of the rest of the world… Weizmann Institute January 9. 2012 Updated August 23, 2012 Energy efficiency in transportation: …a key element of the world’s energy future… …and so is much of the rest of the world… Dr. Fred Schlachter Energy is a non-recyclable resource. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Use it and it is gone. American Physical Society Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics USAID Eco-Asia 1982 Who I am… Atomic and molecular physics. Particle Energy efficiency. Transportation. Public outreach and education. accelerators. Synchrotron radiation. Renewable resources. Radiation, mobile phones…. 2008 “Are microwaves the new tobacco?” “K-shell x-ray spectroscopy of atomic nitrogen.” 2011 Physical Review Letters 2011 1998 “Photoexcitation of a volume plasmon in C60 ions.” 2011 Physical Review Letters 2005 Energy efficiency in transportation: outline …we are on the wrong road… • Energy resource issues Source (renewable?) of energy • Technology issues Science and technology needs • Social/political issues Economic/political/policy needs Transportation and energy: key points What stands in our way on the path to a brighter energy future? Resource • Energy resource options limited… issues • Fossil fuels not a viable path… • Renewable sources generally intermittent, thus… • Energy storage: a key technology. • Energy efficiency best approach. • Barriers: public apathy, perceived cost, short- term thinking, poor urban
    [Show full text]
  • Is Electric Battery Storage Overrated As a Clean Technology?
    Environment Is Electric Battery Storage Overrated as a Clean Technology? Thomas N. Russo and Kwangjin “Marcus” Kim reduce carbon dioxide emissions and reduce envi- The United States and the world are undergoing ronmental impacts associated with the lithium-ion an accelerated energy transition with high stakes electric battery supply chain. regarding energy security (i.e., the availability, af- fordability, accessibility, reliability, and acceptabil- CLEAN ENERGY—A RELATIVE TERM ity of energy). Concerns about climate change and Most politicians, academics, environmental greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are dominating groups, and the energy industry tout their favored the debate about which energy technologies are fuel source or technologies as “clean energy” to some politically most acceptable to meet energy needs. degree. Webster’s Dictionary defines “clean energy” Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and electric as energy that is produced through means that do battery storage technologies appear to be the pre- not pollute the atmosphere. Solar, wind, and hydro- ferred technologies. However, we believe the no- power obviously qualify as “clean energy” sources. tion that renewables and electric storage (batter- However, most energy technologies produce some ies) are “clean” has been overstated. This column degree of environmental impacts on land, water, will shed some light on the following: what “clean fish and wildlife, and the atmosphere either during energy” means; the environmental impacts of operation or extracting fuels, minerals, and prod- lithium-ion batteries; and what governments and ucts that are components of the technology. Even electric vehicle and battery companies must do to energy efficiency has some degree of environmental impact, as foam insulation is derived from petro- chemicals that come from natural gas.
    [Show full text]
  • Usaid Grid-Scale Energy Storage Technologies Primer
    USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER www.greeningthegrid.org | www.nrel.gov/usaid-partnership USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER Authors Thomas Bowen, Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, Kaifeng Xu, Sika Gadzanku, Kamyria Coney National Renewable Energy Laboratory July 2021 A companion report to the USAID Energy Storage Decision Guide for Policymakers www.greeningthegrid.org | www.nrel.gov/usaid-partnership Prepared by NOTICE This work was authored, in part, by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under Contract No. IAG-17-2050. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government, or any agency thereof, including USAID. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov. Front cover: photo from iStock 506609532; Back cover: photo from iStock 506611252 NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. Acknowledgments The authors are greatly indebted to several individuals for their support and guidance. We wish to thank Dominique Bain, Marcus Bianchi, Nate Blair, Anthony Burrell, Paul Denholm, Greg Stark, and Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Oliver Schmidt at Imperial College London for their reviews. And we wish to thank Isabel McCan, Christopher Schwing, and Liz Breazeale for communications, design, and editing support.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance, Charging, and Second-Use Considerations for Lithium Batteries for Plug-In Electric Vehicles
    Performance, Charging, and Second-use Considerations for Lithium Batteries for Plug-in Electric Vehicles Andrew Burke Institute of Transportation Studies University of California-Davis May 2009 Research supported by UC Davis Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center and Sustainable Transportation Energy Pathways Program of the UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies Presentation based on this paper given at the The Electricity Storage Association Meeting, May 2009, Session on Transportation and the Grid 2 Abstract This paper is concerned with batteries for use in plug-in electric vehicles. These vehicles use batteries that store a significant amount (kWh) of energy and thus will offer the possibilities for second-use in utility related applications such as residential and commercial backup systems and solar and wind generation systems. Cell test data are presented for the performance of lithium-ion batteries of several chemistries suitable for use in plug-in vehicles. The energy density of cells using NiCo (nickelate) in the positive electrode have the highest energy density being in the range of 100-170 Wh/kg. Cells using iron phosphate in the positive have energy density between 80-110 Wh/kg and those using lithium titanate oxide in the negative electrode can have energy density between 60-70 Wh/kg. Tests were performed for charging rates between 1C and 6C. The test results indicate that both iron phosphate and titanate oxide battery chemistries can be fast charged. However, the fast charge capability of the titanate oxide chemistry is superior to that of the iron phosphate chemistry both with respect to temperature rise during charging and the Ah capacity retention for charging up to the maximum voltage without taper.
    [Show full text]