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ORNL Review, Vol ON THE COVER John Bates examines a thin-film lithium battery in the light of the nitrogen glow discharge in the vacuum deposition chamber used to produce microbatteries at ORNL's Solid State Division. The nitrogen gas reacts with lithium orthophosphate to form a new battery electrolyte film discovered at ORNL. See the article on p. 46. Photo by Bill Norris. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review is published quarterly and distributed to employees and others associated with ORNL. The address of the editorial office is Building 4500-South, M.S. 6144, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6144. Telephone: internal, 4-7183 or 4-6974; commercial, (615) 574-7183 or (615) 574-6974; FfS, 624-7183 or 624-6974. If you have changed your address and want to remain on the mailing list, please notify the editorial office. ORNL is managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. for the Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-840R21400 Printed in the United States of America. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 . ISSN 0048-1262 Editor Carolyn Krause Associate Editor Jim Pearce Consulting Editor Bill Appleton Designer Vickie Conner Technical Editing Mike Aaron Electronic Publishing Bob Eldridge Photography, Graphic Arts, and Printing and Duplicating departments Volume 25 Number Two, 1992 2 State of the Laboratory-1991: Strengthening R&D Alvin Trivelpiece Organizational changes and enhanced computing capabilities should bolster ORNL's R&D. 28 An Eye on Reactor and Computer Control Jack Schryver and Bill Knee Eye-gaze measurement technology improved by ORNL software may have fascinating uses. 36 Seeking Order in Chaos C. Stuart Daw ORNL is applying chaos theory to engineering problems such as fluidized beds. 46 Thin Films for Advanced Batteries Carolyn Krause ORNL has developed a thin-film lithium microbattery for computer memory chips. 57 Waste R&D at ORNL Diedre Falter ORNL is developing innovative environmental restoration and waste management techniques. 64 New Waste Technologies Jim Pearce 94 License Renewal for Nuclear Power Plants Claud Pugh SIDEBARS: Aging and Safety in Reactor Pressure Vessels Component Aging Research Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts DEPARTMENTS 120 Pick a Number 122 Awards and Appointments 129 User Facilities-Surface Modification and Characterization Collaborative Research Center 131 Educational Activities-ORNL-ORAU partnership in education 134 R&D Updates-Detection of pollutants in fish aided by a Laser; Bioprocessing R&D Center established; snails and stream health; wireless robots in hot cells; insights into wetland management; new batch of isotopes produced; monitor for testing wall stability; optical band absorber 144 Technical Highlights-advance in weld analysis at the HFIR; book on Integrated Forest Study; how superconductor grows shown by Z-contrast imaging; update on Advanced Toroidal Facility; 4 R&D Awards for ORNL technologies 160 Technology Transfer-new CRADAs on toxin in insulating gas, packaging of thin-film batteries, microwave sintering of capacitors, thermal performance of ceiling panels and roof insulation, computer images and geographical data for characterizing environmental conditions, and ceramic components in diesel engines; blood rotor licensed Oak Ridge NaJional Laboratory is a multiprogram, multipurpose laboratory that conducts research in the physical, chemical, maJerilll and life sciences; infusion, fission, and fossil energy; and in energy conservaJWn and other energy-related technologies. Editor's note: On February 6, 1992, ORNL Director Alvin W. Trivelpiece delivered his third State of the Laboratory address In his third State of the at the American Laboratory address, Trivelpiece emphasized the Museum of Science role of organizational chang and Energy in Oak and enhanced computing capabilities in supporting Ridge. The research and development. 1 - following is an updated, edited version of his talk. 2 s I look back on 1991 at Oak strengthen research and development (R&D) at Ridge National Laboratory, some the Laboratory and in this community. A famous quotations come to mind. Many of you remember-some perhaps The first is the ancient Chinese curse, "May you fondly-the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission live in interesting times." The second, from (AEC). This administratively lean and technically Charles Dickens' A Tale ofTwo Cities, is, "It was rich organization employed many scientists and the best of times, it was the worst of times." engineers in key management positions. For some These quotations certainly hit the mark for this of its years, it even had a Nobel Prize-winning past year. chemist, Glenn Seaborg, as its chairman. I suppose that if we had invented a new The AEC had a clear mission to produce Chinese calendar, 1991 would be "the Year of the nuclear weapons, enrich uranium, do fundamental Frog" because of the media attention we received research in physical and life sciences, and when some frogs left a contaminated ORNL pond advance the cause of nuclear power. To meet its and, after being run over by cars, were found to mission, the AEC used industry, universities, and be slightly radioactive. By the same token, 1990 its own facilities. It performed its mission in a was the Year of the Tiger because of the way that seems almost pastoral compared with "Because Department of Energy's Tiger Team assessment today's mode of operation. peace broke to determine whether ORNL was in compliance The AEC had many ups and downs. For out all over with environmental, safety, and health (ES&H) example, a test ban in the late 1950s resulted in a regulations. substantial cutback of activities. However, our the world, Because peace broke out all over the world, stable, reliable enemies in the former Soviet 1991 1991 qualified for a "best-of-times" rating. But I Union began firing off a bunch of weapons at suspect that some of our friends and colleagues in their test site, so the AEC's weapons production qualified for the former Soviet Union may have regarded 1991 activities picked up again. In the late 1960s, the a "best-of­ as the worst of times. The U.S. economy times" doesn't seem to be in a favorable state either. We have rating." a deficit and a foreign trade imbalance, and we certainly have an unemployment rate that is higher than desirable. The U.S. government is now under a great deal of pressure to both control spending and support projects in environmental restoration and waste management that a few years ago wouldn't even have been considered. I want to remind you of some of the events that may be responsible for our current situation. Because these events may color our attitude, we A few dozen frogs that migrated from an ORNL pond were found to should examine them and be radioactive after they were run over by cars. The incidents perhaps even adjust our attracted the attention of the news media, even though the thinking about our situation so radioactive frogs posed no health hazard unless eaten in quantity. that we are prepared to (The crushed frogs were disposed of as radioactive waste.) Number Two, 1992 3 STATE OF THE LABORATORY-1991: STRENGTHENING R&D report generally known as the "Ten Billion Exercise." Some of its proposed elements for making the United States energy independent actually were implemented. Bureaucratic Enrichment For the AEC, the chief issue of the day was not the energy crisis. Rather, it was the concern that people had over the AEC's dual role as both promoter and regulator of civilian nuclear power. That concern resulted in considerable pressure to break up the AEC, and, at the beginning of 1976, it was divided into the Enjoying the social hour after the State of the Laboratory address Nuclear Regulatory Commission were, from left, Clyde Hopkins, president of Martin Marietta Energy and the Energy Research and Systems, Inc.; Alvin Trivelpiece, ORNL director and an Energy Systems vice president; Herman Postma, former ORNL director and Development Administration retired senior vice president of Energy Systems; and David Reichle, (ERDA). The creation of two ORNL associate director for the Environmental, Life, and Social agencies from one is important Sciences. because it started a process I call bureaucratic enrichment. Bureaucratic enrichment profoundly affected us all. AEC fusion program enjoyed a burst of activity Suddenly, nonnuclear and other programs began because of the interest in conducting fusion to sprout up everywhere. The weapons experiments on tokamaks (conceived by the laboratories began experiencing severe cutbacks Soviets), and ORNL benefited by being one of the and considerable uncertainty, but the ERDA first laboratories to build and operate a tokamak programs were stable. However, as the political outside the Soviet Union. Those were really winds shifted in Washington, ERDA was exciting, fulfilling times when the employees of replaced by the Department of Energy in 1978. the AEC and its contractors thought their work was James Schlesinger, a former AEC chairman, important to the nation's survival. We had no became the first Secretary of Energy, and doubt, uncertainty, or anxiety about what we were bureaucratic enrichment was probably even doing. accelerated at that time. Whether that's good When I worked for the AEC from 1973 to 1975, news or bad news, I don't know; it's in the eye of Americans began experiencing lines at the gasoline the beholder. Certainly, the energy crisis is still a pumps because of shortages of imported oil-the major concern. so-called energy crisis. Dixy Lee Ray, AEC DOE started programs to build plants for chairman at that time, convened an AEC group and producing synthetic fuels. Some of the national asked it to determine ways to make the United laboratories even bought their first lumps of coal States less dependent on oil imported from for experiments related to liquefying and unstable countries; as a result, the AEC issued a gasifying coal.
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