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Environmental Sustainability of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

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Environmental Sustainability of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems Reuse and Recycling: Environmental Sustainability of Public Disclosure Authorized Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized An Energy Storage Partnership Report Reuse and Recycling Environmental Sustainability of Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems This report of the Energy Storage Partnership is prepared by the Climate Smart Mining Initiative and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) with contributions from the Faraday Institution, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the National Physical Laboratory, the Chinese Industrial Association of Power Producers, the Korea Battery Industry Association, the Indian Energy Storage Alliance, the Global Battery Alliance, the Belgian Energy Research Alliance, the UNEP DTU Partnership, and the World Bank Group. The Energy Storage Program is a global partnership convened by the World Bank Group through ESMAP to foster international cooperation to develop sustainable energy storage solutions for developing countries. For more information visit: https://www.esmap.org/energystorage ABOUT ESMAP The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a partnership between the World Bank and 18 partners to help low and middle-income countries reduce poverty and boost growth through sustainable energy solutions. ESMAP’s analytical and advisory services are fully integrated within the World Bank’s country financing and policy dialogue in the energy sector. Through the World Bank Group (WBG), ESMAP works to accelerate the energy transition required to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. It helps to shape WBG strategies and programs to achieve the WBG Climate Change Action Plan targets. https://esmap.org © 2020 August | International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes if full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to [email protected]. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). 2020. Reuse and Recycling: Environmental Sustainability of Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems. Washington, DC: World Bank. Translations—Add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—Add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author(s) of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-Party Content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work and does not warrant that the use of any third party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. Production Credits Editor | The World Bank Production Editor | Heather Austin, The World Bank Designer | Debra Malovany, The World Bank Images | Cover: Sustainable energy concept; 3D computer generated image. @iStock. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS .................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... 1 Preface...................................................................... 2 LIBESS AND THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ........................................ 4 The Battery: A Brief History ................................................... 5 Recycling and Reuse of LiBESS ............................................... 7 Technology Attributes of Recycling and/or Reusing for LiBESS .................. 12 CURRENT REUSE AND RECYCLING PRACTICES ............................... 14 Recycling and Reuse: Some Common Issues .................................. 14 Data and Skills .............................................................. 14 Recycling vs. Reusing ....................................................... 14 Recycle .................................................................... 16 Reuse ...................................................................... 17 REGIONAL PROFILES ......................................................... 19 South Korea ................................................................ 19 China ...................................................................... 19 United States ............................................................... 22 Europe ..................................................................... 22 Africa ...................................................................... 23 Latin America .............................................................. 23 Reporting and Measurement Standards and Liability ........................... 24 FUTURE AREAS OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 25 Collection and Transportation of Lithium-ion Batteries .......................... 25 Reuse ...................................................................... 26 Recycling ................................................................... 27 Recommendations .......................................................... 27 GLOSSARY .................................................................... 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................... 31 REUSE AND RECYCLING: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS TABLE OF CONTENTS CTD. FIGURES Figure 1.1: Battery Technologies ............................................... 6 Figure 1.2: The Market Growth of the Li-ion Battery ............................. 9 Figure 1.3: The Circular Economy: A Pictorial Depiction .........................11 Figure 2.1: The Second Life Battery Cycle ..................................... 15 Figure 2.2: Recycling Steps for LiBESS ....................................... 17 Figure 3.1: China: Who are Participants in the Recycling Network? .............. 22 TABLES Table 1.1: Positive Electrode Options ........................................... 7 Table 1.2: Negative Electrode Options ......................................... 8 Table 1.3: Alternatives to Li-ion Batteries ....................................... 9 Table 3.1: Geographical Overview of Standards and Regulations ................ 20 ACRONYMS Ah ampere hour CIAPP Chinese Industrial Association of Power Producers EOL end of life ESMAP Energy Storage Management Assistance Program ESP Energy Storage Partnership EV electric vehicle GBA Global Battery Alliance GHG greenhouse gas HEV hybrid electric vehicles IEA International Energy Association IRENA Internaltion Renewable Energy Agency ISEA Indian Energy Storage Alliance KBIA Korena Battery Industry Association LiBESS Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems Li-ion lithium-ion (battery) LTSA long-term service agreement mAh mega ampere hour MW megawatt MWh megawatt hour NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NPL National Physical Laboratory OEM original equipment manufacturer PV solar photovoltaic SOC state of charge UNEP/DTU United Nations Environment Program (Danish Technical University) All currency in United States dollars (US$, USD), unless otherwise indicated. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he objective of this report is to provide an overview of the state of affairs with regards to reuse and recycling of lithium-ion or Li-ion batteries, in order to assess if and to what ex- tent developing countries can and should play a larger role in this burgeoning area. The state of research and practice with respect to the recycling and/or reuse of Li-ion Tbatteries is at a critical stage of development. Only now are countries, mostly in Europe, Asia and North America, beginning to seriously intensify plans for a wholesale transition of their society’s vehicular infrastructure from fuel injection to the electric motor engine. China, South Korea and Japan have explored end-of-life scenarios for electric batteries for over 20 years and
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