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Helena Miettinen 1 Helena Miettinen Menetetyt View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE kodit, elämät, unelmat provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Suomalaisuus paluumuuttajastatukseen oikeutettujen venäjänsuomalaisten narratiivisessa itsemäärittelyssä 2 3 Helsingin yliopisto Sosiaalipsykologian laitos Sosiaalipsykologisia tutkimuksia 11 Helena Miettinen Menetetyt kodit, elämät, unelmat. Suomalaisuus paluumuuttajastatukseen oikeutettujen venäjänsuomalaisten narratiivisessa itsemäärittelyssä Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston valtiotieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Helsingin yliopiston päärakennuksessa, Auditorium XII (Unioninkatu 34) tiistaina kesäkuun 22. päivänä 2004 klo 12. 4 Sosiaalipsykologisia tutkimuksia 11 Julkaisija: Sosiaalipsykologian laitos Helsingin yliopisto Toimituskunta: Klaus Helkama, puheenjohtaja Kari Mikko Vesala, Karmela Liebkind Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman Maaret Wager Jukka Lipponen, toimitussihteeri Copyright: Helena Miettinen ja Sosiaalipsykologian laitos, Helsingin yliopisto, P. O. Box 9, FIN-00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISBN 952-10-1841-0 (nid.) ISBN 952-10-1842-9 (PDF) ISSN 1457-0475 Kannen suunnittelu: Johanna Onnela Yliopistopaino, 2004 Kansikuva esittää tekijän äitiä Lyyli Karhulaa (k. 22.6.1998), joka loikkasi 17-vuotiaana Suomeen 22.6.1929. EK-Valpon Terijoen alaosasto tallensi arkistoihinsa laittoman maahanpyrkijän valokuvan (Kansallisarkisto). 5 6 Sisällys KIITOKSET ............................................................................................................13 1 JOHDANTO.........................................................................................................15 1.1 Tutkimuksen venäjänsuomalaisryhmät ........................................................17 1.1.1 Inkeriläiset...........................................................................................17 1.1.2 Loikkarit..............................................................................................22 1.2 Venäjänsuomalaisten vaiheet 1930- ja 1940-luvuilla...................................24 1.3 Koiviston kutsumat ja kuokkavieraat ...........................................................29 1.4 Venäjänsuomalaisia koskeva aikaisempi tutkimus.......................................31 1.5 Tutkimuskysymykset....................................................................................34 2 NÄKÖKULMIA ETNISEEN ITSEMÄÄRITTELYYN JA SUOMALAISUUTEEN.......................................................................................37 2.1 Identiteetin rakentuminen.............................................................................37 2.1.2. Sosiaalinen identiteetti .......................................................................39 2.1.3 Breakwellin identiteettiteoria ..............................................................40 2.1.4 Ryhmäjäsenyyksien ristiinluokittelu ...................................................41 2.1.5 Etninen, kulttuurinen ja kansallinen identiteetti..................................41 2.1.6 Toisen polven maahanmuuttajat ja etninen itsemäärittely.......................................................................................45 2.2 Suomalaisuuden sosiaaliset representaatiot..................................................48 2.3 Kansakunnan käsite......................................................................................49 2.4 Suomalaisuuden kuva...................................................................................51 2.5 Venäjänsuomalaisten etnisyys......................................................................54 2.6 Venäläisyys ja neuvostoihanteet...................................................................55 2.7 Identiteetin ylläpitäminen ja rakentuminen diasporassa...............................62 3 IDENTITEETIN RAKENTUMINEN ELÄMÄNTARINOISSA........................66 3.1 Narratiivinen identiteetti...............................................................................67 3.2 Sosiaalisten muistojen rakentaminen ...........................................................68 7 3.3 Tarinoiden mustat aukot ja vaietut kohdat .............................................70 4 TUTKIMUKSEN AINEISTOJEN JA ANALYSOINTITAPOJEN ESITTELY ..............................................................74 4.1 Tutkimuksen aineistot ..................................................................................75 4.2 Tutkimusmenetelmän arviointi.....................................................................78 4.3 Elämäntarinat tutkimusmateriaalina.............................................................82 4.4 Tarinoiden tulkinta .......................................................................................85 5 MENETETYT KODIT. INKERINSUOMALAISTEN ELÄMÄNTARINAT ...........................................................................................88 5.1 Kuka minä olen?...........................................................................................93 5.2 Minne kuulun?..............................................................................................95 5.3 Suomen kieli inkeriläisten etnisen identiteetin rakennuspuuna............................................................................................107 5.4 Evankelis-luterilaisuuden muuttunut merkitys...........................................116 5.5 Inkerin kärsimyshistoria.............................................................................124 5.5.1 Venäjän vallankumouksen jälkeinen aika .........................................125 5.5.2 Kulakointi ja kollektivisointi.............................................................127 5.5.3 Huominen, jota ei tullut. Vainon ajan vangitsemiset ........................130 5.5.4 Karkotukset ja evakuoinnit................................................................133 5.5.5 Sodanaikainen siirto Suomeen ..........................................................136 5.5.6 Saartorenkaasta Siperiaan .................................................................139 5.5.7 Inkerinsuomalaisten sotakelpoisuus..................................................141 5.5.8 Tilapäisestä hajaannuksesta diasporaksi ...........................................146 5.6 Passi ja kansalaisuus...................................................................................150 5.7 Suomalaiset nimet ......................................................................................153 5.8 “Inkeri-boomi” ja paluumuutto Suomeen ..................................................154 5.9 Minkälainen suomalainen olen? Itsemäärittelyn arvoulottuvuus............................................................................................166 5.9.1 Edistyksellinen inkerinsuomalaisuus ................................................166 5.9.2 Suomalaisuuden stigmaattisuus.........................................................167 5.9.3 Työ kunniassaan................................................................................169 5.9.4 Himmeä neuvostoidentiteetti.............................................................172 5.9.5 Itsemäärittely inkerinsuomalaisen kulttuurin kautta .........................174 5.9.6 Diasporan polvi ja inkerinsuomalaisuus............................................177 5.10 Inkeriläisyys erojen kautta määriteltynä...................................................180 5.11 Inkeriläiset toisten venäjänsuomalaisten silmin .......................................182 5.12 Suomalaiseksi itsemäärittelyn pysyvyysulottuvuus .................................183 5.13 Pakotettu identiteetti.................................................................................186 8 5.14 Vettä suussa. Nonkommunikaatio inkerinsuomalaisten kertomuksissa...........................................................................................188 5.15 Diasporassa asuvat, venäjänkieliset ja maallistuneet inkeriläiset................................................................................................190 5.15.1 Diaspora ..........................................................................................192 5.15.2 Venäjänkielistyminen......................................................................197 5.15.3 Maallistuminen................................................................................197 5.15.4 Identifioituminen inkerinsuomalaisen kulttuurin kautta.................................................................................................199 5.15.5 Kärsimyshistoria..............................................................................200 5.15.6 Kärsijän muuttuminen vainotusta kansanvihollisesta hyvinvointivaltion toiseksi................................................................202 5.15.7 Pakotettu etninen identiteetti...........................................................204 5.15.8 Inkeriläisten kertomusten vaietut kohdat ........................................204 5.15.9 Inkerinsuomalainen identiteetti sosiaalisena representaationa ................................................................................205 6 MENETETYT ELÄMÄT. LOIKKAREIDEN ELÄMÄNTARINAT .........................................................................................208 6.1 Kuka minä olen?.........................................................................................209 6.2 Suomenkielisiä suomalaisia........................................................................212 6.3 Loikkareiden uskonnollinen itsemäärittely ................................................217
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