DOCSLIB.ORG

WRAP Theses Kadhum 2017.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WRAP Theses Kadhum 2017.Pdf A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93250 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Diasporic interventions: State-building in Iraq following the 2003 Iraq war by Oula Kadhum A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies January 2017 CONTENTS PAGE - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV - ABSTRACT VI - LIST OF ABBREVIATION VIII CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1 - THE PUZZLE 4 - ARGUMENT 6 - SETTING THE SCENE - BACKGROUND TO THE 2003 INTERVENTION OF IRAQ 9 - THE CONTRIBUTION 12 - STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH 14 CHAPTER 2 – CONCEPTS 19 - DIASPORA, DIASPORA WHEREFORE ART THOU DIASPORA? 19 - CONFLICT-GENERATED DIASPORA 22 - DEFINING DIASPORA IN THIS STUDY 23 - TRANSNATIONALISM 24 - DIASPORA MOBILISATION PAST AND PRESENT 26 - THE STATE 30 - STATE-BUILDING 35 - DEFINING STATE-BUILDING 44 CHAPTER 3 – DIASPORA MOBILISATION FOR STATE-BUILDING 47 - DIASPORA MOBILISATION FOR STATE-BUILDING – THE STATUS QUO 47 - EXPLANATORY FACTORS AND HYPOTHESES 55 - DIASPORA PROFILES 56 -HOSTLAND FOREIGN POLICY 63 - LINKS TO ETHNO-SECTARIAN PARTIES 68 - ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS 72 - DEFINING THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 74 CHAPTER 4 – METHODOLOGY 82 - SMALL- N COMPARATIVE METHOD 82 - THE COMPARATIVE METHOD 84 - CASE SELECTION 86 - DATA GATHERING 88 - PARTICIPANT SELECTION AND ETHICS 89 -DATA ANALYSIS 92 - CODING 93 - ANALYSING THE DATA WITH PROCESS TRACING 94 - POSITIONALITY AND REFLEXIVITY 97 CHAPTER 5 – THE IRAQI DIASPORA IN THE UK 104 - THE UK IRAQI DIASPORA 105 - IRAQI DIASPORA POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN THE 1980S AND 1990S 110 - IRAQI OPPOSITION IN LONDON – PUSHING FOR REGIME CHANGE 112 - THE LEAD UP TO MILITARY INTERVENTION 118 - THE IRAQI DIASPORA AND STATE-BUILDING FOLLOWING MILITARY INTERVENTION 125 - SUPPORTING THE STATE THROUGH CIVIL SOCIETY 134 - ASSESSING DIASPORIC INTERVENTIONS IN IRAQ 2003-2005 137 - IRAQ’S 2005 ELECTIONS AND BEYOND 143 - ASSESSING DIASPORIC INTERVENTIONS FOLLOWING THE 2005 ELECTIONS 155 -CONCLUSION 157 CHAPTER 6 – THE IRAQI DIASPORA IN SWEDEN 159 ii - THE IRAQI DIASPORA IN SWEDEN 160 - THE IRAQI DIASPORA IN SWEDEN AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY BEFORE 2003 166 - POLITICAL ACTIVITY FOLLOWING THE FIRST GULF WAR 169 - SWEDEN’S FOREIGN POLICY AND DIASPORA POLITICAL ACTIVITY DURING OCCUPATION 174 - SWEDISH POLITICAL ACTIVITY FROM 2004 TO 2008 178 -ASSESSING DIASPORA MOBILISATION FOR STATE-BUILDING FROM 2005 TO 2008 186 - DIASPORA MOBILISATION FOR STATE-BUILDING SINCE 2008 191 -CONCLUSION 204 CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION 207 - THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 218 - POLICY IMPLICATIONS 228 - REFLECTIONS ON THIS STUDY AND ITS LIMITATIONS 230 - FUTURE RESEARCH 231 PRIMARY SOURCES 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY 236 APPENDIX 1 266 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout this PhD journey I often daydreamed about the moment when all there was left to do was write my acknowledgements. In my mind it signified the end of a Kafkaesque journey that can best be described as a deconstruction of self. Part of why this was the case can be attributed to the fact that the PhD was not only driven by an academic curiosity but also a personal ambition to connect and get to know Iraq outside the parameters of my family’s diasporic memories. That journey inspired a wide range of emotions that have challenged and confronted my thoughts and feelings about how I think about Iraq, but also who I am. Ultimately, I emerge a different person with new ideas, and more importantly, new questions about the world around me. Throughout this study, there have been numerous individuals who have guided, supported and encouraged my research. First and foremost, let me start by thanking my supervisors at Warwick University, Maria Koinova, Renske Doorenspleet and Nicola Pratt. Maria, thank you for selecting me for the ERC project, it has certainly been an unforgettable experience. Thank you for continuing to set the bar higher and higher, you have made me a more resilient person. Renske and Nicola, not only did your sharp intellect and critique of my work challenge me and make me a better academic, but your kindness, generosity and unflinching support kept me going through some difficult moments. I feel immensely lucky to have had you both as my supervisors. I also want to thank my Head of Department, Nick Vaughan-Williams, for the wisdoms he shared, and support throughout. Nick, your positivity, sage advice and belief in me meant a great deal. This PhD would not have been possible without the kindness of participants in the UK and Sweden, who often welcomed me into their homes, fed me and looked after me during my fieldwork in London and Stockholm. Their generosity was matched by the time they took to educate me and share their stories about Iraq and life in the diaspora. I have learnt so much and feel honoured to have had the opportunity to hear about your lives, your work and your Iraq. To my dear friends, my SOAS crew: Elina Konstantinou, Sheilla Patel, Marcus Mason, Naveed Somani, and Jen Roberts, I have loved our lively discussions on politics and life that have intellectually stimulated me, challenged me and spurred me on throughout my PhD. You are all so special to me and inspire me greatly. I look forward to many more passionate exchanges over brunches, lunches and dinners! To my ladies, Marilyn Perdomo, Lucy Rohr and Olivia Thompson. Each one of you has made a difference during this time. Marilyn, thanks for the chats, dinners and many Negronis! Your continuous ridicule of me keeps me grounded and the laughter we share is priceless. Liv, my companion in avocado iv and crisps and so much more! Thanks for the continuous support; the eye watering laughter and the unforgettable PhD care pack! Luce, your love, wisdoms and care, the wine that always flowed, our cackling together and your belief in me. To Yasmine Ahmed, Dania Qatarneh, Rohan Talbot, and Yann Bary for continuing to ask about my PhD and your encouragement. Also a big thanks to my PhD colleagues at Warwick and elsewhere who shared this time with me, and the highs and lows of PhD life. Pablo Adriano, Bahar Baser, Emmanuelle Degli Esposti, Johanna Bergstrom, Carlos Jolon, Dzeneta Karabegovic, and Lisa Tilley. To my beautiful family, who were always there, like a solid rock through the many moments of doubt, moans and groans. Mama and Baba, you have inspired me throughout and taught me so much about the hope of life, and the need for continued positivity, even in the face of tragedy and pain. Both of you have pushed me forward in life and I am so grateful for all you have done for me. To my amazing brothers Nash, Hassan and Medyen and my gorgeous sister Rafeef, I love you guys so much. Thank you for the pep talks, the hilarious Zamunda whatsapp exchanges, the unremitting encouragement, and your unconditional love and belief in me. You are the best brothers and sister a girl could have. To my musical family, Johan Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Pat Metheny, Paco de Lucia, John Coltrane, Nina Simone, Ella Fitzgerald, Tupac Shakur, Neil Young, Joan Baez, Vicente Amigo, Santana, Bob Marley and Miles Davis for their exquisite company. Finally, to my partner in crime, my media naranja, my habibi and my wonderful husband, Fabio Diu. Thank you for the walks, the talks, the delicious dinners, and all the love, care, advice and wisdom you shared with me throughout this time. You were there for me day and night. You understood me, and what I was doing; sometimes better than I understood myself. None of this would have been possible without your love and support. v ABSTRACT This study addresses how the UK and the Swedish Iraqi diaspora mobilised towards state-building in Iraq following the 2003 US led intervention. It explores why some diaspora mobilised towards state-building processes through institution-building and governance while others through civil society. While the literature has explored diasporic development and peace-building, it has not systematically addressed diaspora mobilisation for state-building. Neither has it paid sufficient attention to the factors that shape diasporic political choices in intervention and conflict settings. My thesis contributes to this body of literature and argues that an overlooked dimension of state-building, is that of civil society. State-building involves top- down approaches of institution-building but also bottom-up approaches of participatory politics that encourage democratic practices. I thus develop a new two-category operationalization of state-building to capture the interventions and transnational fields of different diaspora groups and individuals. My findings show that during different time periods, three factors have shaped the mobilisation of the UK and Swedish Iraqi diaspora towards state-building; diaspora profiles, hostland foreign policies towards the homeland and links to homeland political parties in Iraq. Theoretically these findings demonstrate that diaspora’s socio-economic profiles and networks are key to understanding the type of politics that diaspora can engage in. Meanwhile, hostland foreign policies can shape diasporic interventions by creating different relationships with homelands and thus different opportunities for engagement. Furthermore, in divided societies, diaspora connected to homeland political parties, or represented by them, are more likely to be involved in the apparatus of the state, where as those excluded are more likely to engage outside the structures of power through civil society. Finally, my study demonstrates that temporal vi dimensions are crucial for understanding, which factors mattered, when and why.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Kurds; History and Culture
    Western Kurdistan Association publications Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture Jemal Nebez THE KURDS History and Kulture Presentation held in German on the 19th September 1997 in the Kurdish Community- House in Berlin, Germany First published in German in 1997 by: The Kurdish Community House in Berlin, Germany First publication in English, including a Bio-Bibliography of Jemal Nebez, by: WKA Publications - London 2004 Translated into English by: Hanne Kuchler Preface by: Dr. Hasan Mohamed Ali Director of the Board of the Kurdish Community House in Berlin, Germany 1 Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture 2 Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture PREFACE On the occasion of the inauguration of the Kurdish community-house in Berlin, Germany in September 1997, the well-known Kurdologist Dr. Jemal Nebez held a warmly received speech under the title: The Kurds – their history and culture. This speech was not only of great importance because of its contents and coverage, but also because it was based on precise data and historic scientific evidence. In his speech Dr. Nebez covered various subjects, e.g. pre- Christian ancient history and the mythology of the Kurds, the cultural height and depth of the Kurdish people in the shadow of the numerous expeditions by alien peoples through Kurdistan, the astounding variety of religions in Kurdistan, with special stress on syncretism as the most striking feature of the Kurdish religious culture, delineating syncretism as inherently different from mixed religions. As an analytically thinking scientist (physicist) the speaker did not get stuck in the past, nor was his speech 3 Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture an archaeological presentation, but an Archigenesis, which in fluent transition reaches from past epochs to the present situation of the Kurdish people.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    NOTES Introduction 1. Robert Kagan to George Packer. Cited in Packer’s The Assassin’s Gate: America In Iraq (Faber and Faber, London, 2006): 38. 2. Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neoconservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004): 9. 3. Critiques of the war on terror and its origins include Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (Routledge, New York and London, 2004); Francis Fukuyama, After the Neocons: America At the Crossroads (Profile Books, London, 2006); Ira Chernus, Monsters to Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin (Paradigm Publishers, Boulder, CO and London, 2006); and Jacob Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons (Doubleday, New York, 2008). 4. A report of the PNAC, Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century, September 2000: 76. URL: http:// www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf (15 January 2009). 5. On the first generation on Cold War neoconservatives, which has been covered far more extensively than the second, see Gary Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture and the War of Ideology (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1993); Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America’s Politics (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1979); Murray Friedman, The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005); Murray Friedman ed. Commentary in American Life (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2005); Mark Gerson, The Neoconservative Vision: From the Cold War to the Culture Wars (Madison Books, Lanham MD; New York; Oxford, 1997); and Maria Ryan, “Neoconservative Intellectuals and the Limitations of Governing: The Reagan Administration and the Demise of the Cold War,” Comparative American Studies, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 Iraq War: Intelligence Or Political Failure?
    2003 IRAQ WAR: INTELLIGENCE OR POLITICAL FAILURE? A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Dione Brunson, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April, 2011 DISCLAIMER THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT REFLECT THE OFFICIAL POLICIES OR POSITIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY. ALL INFORMATION AND SOURCES FOR THIS PAPER WERE DRAWN FROM OPEN SOURCE MATERIALS. ii 2003 IRAQ WAR: INTELLIGENCE OR POLITICAL FAILURE? Dione Brunson, B.A. MALS Mentor: Ralph Nurnberger, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The bold U.S. decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was anchored in intelligence justifications that would later challenge U.S. credibility. Policymakers exhibited unusual bureaucratic and public dependencies on intelligence analysis, so much so that efforts were made to create supporting information. To better understand the amplification of intelligence, the use of data to justify invading Iraq will be explored alongside events leading up to the U.S.-led invasion in 2003. This paper will examine the use of intelligence to invade Iraq as well as broader implications for politicization. It will not examine the justness or ethics of going to war with Iraq but, conclude with the implications of abusing intelligence. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you God for continued wisdom. Thank you Dr. Nurnberger for your patience. iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Mom and Dad for their continued support.
    [Show full text]
  • ISIS: a Product of the United States' Quest for the Neoconservative Identity
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2016 ISIS: A Product of the United States' Quest for the Neoconservative Identity Christopher White Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation White, Christopher, "ISIS: A Product of the United States' Quest for the Neoconservative Identity". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2016. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/535 ISIS: A Product of the United States’ Quest for the Neoconservative Identity Christopher White Trinity College—Hartford, CT Class of 2016 1 Table of Contents: Introduction: pg 3 Ch 1: Four Theses on the Role of the United States Within the International Order pg 5 Ch 2: America and the Iran-Iraq War (1982-1988): the Development of the Four Theses of America’s International Position? pg 21 Ch 3: A New International Order: The Gulf War and the Changing Role of the Untied States in the Post Cold War Security Environment pg 45 Interlude: President Clinton—Continuing an American Tradition in Iraq pg 74 Ch 4: The Invasion of Iraq 2003: Resuming the Neoconservative Tradition of American Foreign Policy in the Middle East pg 81 Conclusion: The Threat of ISIS—A Product of the Long Tradition of Neoconservatism and the American Identity in Iraq pg 100 2 Introduction Today the United States is engaged in a war against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). The Islamic extremist group poses real life threats to people all over the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructive Friction Or Petty Turf Wars? Organisational Resistance to the Integration of Defence, Diplomacy and Development
    European Security and Defence Forum Workshop 2: New Transnational Security Challenges and Responses Constructive Friction or Petty Turf Wars? Organisational Resistance to the Integration of Defence, Diplomacy and Development Andrea Baumann D.Phil candidate, University of Oxford 11 November 2009 This paper was presented at the European Security and Defence Forum (ESDF) organized by Chatham House. Chatham House is not responsible for the content of this paper. The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of Chatham House, its staff, associates or Council. Chatham House is independent and owes no allegiance to any government or to any political body. It does not take institutional positions on policy issues. This document is issued on the understanding that if any extract is used, the author(s)/ speaker(s) and Chatham House should be credited, preferably with the date of the publication or details of the event. Where this document refers to or reports statements made by speakers at an event every effort has been made to provide a fair representation of their views and opinions, but the ultimate responsibility for accuracy lies with this document’s author(s). The published text of speeches and presentations may differ from delivery. ESDF Workshop 2: Constructive Friction or Petty Turf Wars? INTRODUCTION The risk of state failure and the multiple sources of instability associated with it – the availability of ‘ungoverned space’ for criminal and terrorist elements, generations of unemployed and uneducated youth, low economic growth as well as wider regional repercussions – have come to be perceived as major security challenges in the twenty-first century.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan in the Danger Zone a Tenuous U.S
    Pakistan in the Danger Zone A Tenuous U.S. – Pakistan Relationship Shuja Nawaz The Atlantic Council promotes constructive U.S. leadership and engagement in international affairs based on the central role of the Atlantic community in meeting the international challenges of the 21st century. The Council embodies a non-partisan network of leaders who aim to bring ideas to power and to give power to ideas by: 7 stimulating dialogue and discussion about critical international issues with a view to enriching public debate and promoting consensus on appropriate responses in the Administration, the Congress, the corporate and nonprofit sectors, and the media in the United States and among leaders in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas; 7 conducting educational and exchange programs for successor generations of U.S. leaders so that they will come to value U.S. international engagement and have the knowledge and understanding necessary to develop effective policies. Through its diverse networks, the Council builds broad constituencies to support constructive U.S. leadership and policies. Its program offices publish informational analyses, convene conferences among current and/or future leaders, and contribute to the public debate in order to integrate the views of knowledgeable individuals from a wide variety of backgrounds, interests, and experiences. The South Asia Center is the Atlantic Council’s focal point for work on Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan as well as on relations between these countries and China, Central Asia, Iran, the Arab world, Europe and the U.S. As part of the Council’s Asia program, the Center seeks to foster partnerships with key institutions in the region to establish itself as a forum for dialogue between decision makers in South Asia, the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Reluctant Victims Into Challengers Narratives of a Kurdish Political Generation in Diaspora in Sweden Zettervall, Charlotta
    Reluctant Victims into Challengers Narratives of a Kurdish Political Generation in Diaspora in Sweden Zettervall, Charlotta 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Zettervall, C. (2013). Reluctant Victims into Challengers: Narratives of a Kurdish Political Generation in Diaspora in Sweden. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Reluctant Victims into Challengers Narratives of a Kurdish Political Generation in Diaspora in Sweden Charlotta Zettervall Copyright © Charlotta Zettervall Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology ISBN 978-91-7473-412-6 ISSN 1102-4712 Lund Dissertations in Sociology 103 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2013 Oh, the leaky boundaries of man-made states! How many clouds float past them with impunity; how much desert sand shifts from one land to another; how much mountain pebbles tumble on to foreign soil in provocative hops! ..
    [Show full text]
  • Towards the Study of New Kurdish Migration in Turkey5
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository KAROL KACZOROWSKI Towards The Study of New Kurdish Migration in Turkey 5 ABSTRACT: The paper proposes a new approach to the study of Kurds in Turkey, it focuses on the new wave of voluntary migration. The article begins with a general overview of WKHRULHVRQPLJUDWLRQWRSURYLGHVFLHQWL¿FFRQWH[WWKHQWKHKLVWRU\RIIRUFHG.XUGLVK migration in Turkey is explained including its potential impact on new migration. The WKLUGSDUWRIWKHSDSHULVGHYRWHGWRWKHÀRZRIYROXQWDU\PLJUDWLRQLQWKH7XUNLVK 5HSXEOLFWKHLUFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQGVLJQL¿FDQFH7KHIRXUWKDQG¿QDOSDUWGH¿QHVWKH scheme of voluntary migration in Turkey and some characteristics of Kurdish migra- tion in 20th century. As Minoo Alinia (2004: 80) states, „Kurdish Migration is basically involuntary, and Kurdish communities mainly consist of war refugees and political refugees (of course disregarding the labour migration of the 1960’s)”. However, one can argue that since the beginning of 21st century voluntary migration played a substantial role in the mobility of Kurds, owing to stabilization in Southern Kurdistan (Au- tonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq) and improvement of democracy in Turkey. Most of the existing studies on Kurdish migration are focused on displacement and H[SXOVLRQH[SHULHQFHGE\WKLVJURXSHVSHFLDOO\EHWZHHQDQG,WDSSHDUV that there is a shortage of works examining voluntary migration and new spatial movements of Kurds in the 21st century. This article proposes such types of stud- ies and will provide some background for them as follows: Part 1, some theories used in analyzing Kurdish migration and internal-migra- tion in Turkey are cited providing conceptual framework. Part 2, is devoted to 5௔7KHDUWLFOHZDVZULWWHQLQWKHVFRSHRISURMHFW¿QDQFHGE\3ROLVK1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH&HQWHUE\ the decision number DEC-2013/09/N/HS3/02014.
    [Show full text]
  • Individual Values and Acculturation Processes of Immigrant Groups from Turkey: Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands
    Journal of Identity and Migration Studies Volume 15, number 1, 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLES Individual Values and Acculturation Processes of Immigrant Groups from Turkey: Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands Ergün ÖZGÜR Abstract. This quantitative research describes the values of three ethnic groups in comparison with each other as well as with the native groups. It also discusses the acculturation processes of Circassians, Kurds and Turks in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. The first research question, “Do immigrant and native groups have similar values?” shows value similarities of Circassians with the French in Belgium, German and Dutch respondents. They have value differences from Flemish respondents. Kurds and Turks have value similarities with German and Flemish respondents, and they have value differences from the Dutch. The second research question, “What acculturation processes do immigrant groups go through?”, confirms high hard assimilation means of Circassians, and high separation means of Turks and Kurds in the Netherlands. In Belgium, Turks have hard high assimilation means, is unexpected, given that Belgium has been a modestly multicultural country. In Turkey, Kurds and Circassians have high assimilation, and Circassians have high integration means. Contrary to the discourses about less participation of immigrants, research findings reveal value similarities of immigrant and native groups in three countries. The European authorities need to develop participative policies to reduce immigrants’ sense of discrimination and natives’ perception of threat for a peaceful society. Keywords: immigrant groups from Turkey, individual values, acculturation processes, discrimination-threat perception, European countries Introduction This comparative research describes the values of three ethnic groups in comparison with each other as well as with the native groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnish Studies
    Journal of Finnish Studies Volume 23 Number 1 November 2019 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-7328298-1-7 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458, Box 2146, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TEXAS 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hilary-Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University [email protected] Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Tim Frandy, Assistant Professor, Western Kentucky University Daniel Grimley, Professor, Oxford University Titus Hjelm, Associate Professor, University of Helsinki Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Johanna Laakso, Professor, University of Vienna Jason Lavery, Professor, Oklahoma State University James P. Leary, Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Madison Andrew Nestingen, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, University of Helsinki Jussi Nuorteva, Director General, The National Archives of Finland Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury Beth L.
    [Show full text]
  • Battlespace Diaspora: How the Kurds of Turkey Revive, Construct and Translate the Kurdish Struggle in London
    This is a repository copy of Battlespace diaspora: how the Kurds of Turkey revive, construct and translate the Kurdish struggle in London. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/142575/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Demir, I (2015) Battlespace diaspora: how the Kurds of Turkey revive, construct and translate the Kurdish struggle in London. In: Christou, A and Mavroudi, E, (eds.) Dismantling Diasporas Rethinking the Geographies of Diasporic Identity, Connection and Development. Routledge , pp. 71-84. ISBN 9781472430335 Copyright (c) Anastasia Christou and Elizabeth Mavroudi 2015. This is a Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge (Taylor & Francis) in Dismantling Diasporas on 28 March 2015, available online: https://www.routledge.com/Dismantling-Diasporas-Rethinking-the-Geographies-of-Diaspori c-Identity/Christou-Mavroudi/p/book/9781472430335 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ PUBLISHED BOOK CHAPTER: Demir, Ipek (2015) 'Battlespace Diaspora: How the Kurds of Turkey Revive, Construct and Translate the Kurdish Struggle in London', in Christou, Anastasia and Mavroudi, Elizabeth (eds.) Dismantling Diasporas: Rethinking the Geographies of Diasporic Identity, Connection and Development (Abingdon: Routledge), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurdish Diaspora in Canada: a Study of Political Activism and the Uses of the Kurdish Language
    The Kurdish Diaspora in Canada: A Study of Political Activism and The Uses of The Kurdish Language Esengul Tasdemir Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa Ó Esengul Tasdemir, Ottawa, Canada, 2019 Abstract This thesis focuses on the Kurdish people of Turkey, who have struggled and advocated for a separate nation-state of their own. The Turkish state’s denial of Kurdish identity, and its heavy assimilation and oppression of the Kurdish people have turned some Kurds into political activists, both in Turkey and in the diaspora. In addition, the historical ban and current stigmatization of the Kurdish language have crystallized the importance and centrality of the language, particularly for both Kurdish identity and the Kurdish movement. This thesis explores the forms of political activism in Canada of the Kurds originating in Turkey, and the role of the Kurdish language in their activism. Using a qualitative research design, interviews with activists and participant observations were conducted in the cities of Toronto and Montréal. The findings draw attention to the significance of community centres as umbrella institutions for political activism, and as sites for the enactment of different forms of collective resistance. The study also illustrates that the role of the Kurdish language in activism is more salient at a representational level. That is, the Kurdish language is represented as the main identity marker fuelling activism, implying that speaking Kurdish is an act of resistance and thus political.
    [Show full text]