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STUBBORN and SILENT FINNS with 'SISU' in FINNISH-AMERICAN LITERATURE an Imagological Study of Finnishness in the Literary Production of Finnish-American Authors

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STUBBORN and SILENT FINNS with 'SISU' in FINNISH-AMERICAN LITERATURE an Imagological Study of Finnishness in the Literary Production of Finnish-American Authors B 76 OULU 2007 B 76 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O. Box 7500 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA B SERIES EDITORS Raija Taramaa HUMANIORA RaijaTaramaa ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Professor Mikko Siponen STUBBORN AND SILENT BHUMANIORA FINNS WITH ‘SISU’ IN Professor Harri Mantila FINNISH-AMERICAN CTECHNICA Professor Juha Kostamovaara LITERATURE DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho AN IMAGOLOGICAL STUDY OF FINNISHNESS IN THE LITERARY PRODUCTION OF FINNISH- ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM AMERICAN AUTHORS Senior Assistant Timo Latomaa FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Communications Officer Elna Stjerna GOECONOMICA Senior Lecturer Seppo Eriksson EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho EDITORIAL SECRETARY Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, UNIVERSITY OF OULU ISBN 978-951-42-8372-7 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-8373-4 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 76 RAIJA TARAMAA STUBBORN AND SILENT FINNS WITH 'SISU' IN FINNISH-AMERICAN LITERATURE An Imagological Study of Finnishness in the Literary Production of Finnish-American Authors Academic dissertation to be presented, with the assent of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Oulu, for public defence in Keckmaninsali (Auditorium HU106), Linnanmaa, on March 17th, 2007, at 12 noon OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2007 Copyright © 2007 Acta Univ. Oul. B 76, 2007 Supervised by Professor Anthony Johnson Reviewed by Professor Marsha Penti Professor Beth Virtanen ISBN 978-951-42-8372-7 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-8373-4 (PDF) http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514283734/ ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn03553205/ Cover design Raimo Ahonen OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS OULU 2007 Taramaa, Raija, Stubborn and Silent Finns With 'Sisu' in Finnish-American Literature. An Imagological Study of Finnishness in the Literary Production of Finnish-American Authors Faculty of Humanities, Department of English, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 1000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Acta Univ. Oul. B 76, 2007 Oulu, Finland Abstract This study examines indices of Finnishness in the production of second- and third-generation Finnish- American authors. Its aim is to analyse the common ethnic traits of Finnishness proposed by ethnographic research in relation to the literary texts presented by the selected authors. The research is literary in nature, investigating both societal and social arguments that are depicted in the central works of five chosen authors: namely, Lauri Anderson's Heikki Heikkinen And Other Stories of Upper Peninsula Finns; Mary Caraker's Growing Up Soggy and Elina, Mistress of Laukko; Joseph Damrell's Gift; Lynn Laitala's Down from Basswood; and Paula Robbins's Below Rollstone Hill. One of the most important disciplines within the field of Comparative Literature – where the function of critical scrutiny is to examine cultural identity, and various cultural models – has been imagological literary research. For the purposes of the present thesis, the theoretical basis of this research has been taken as the cognitive theory of cultural meaning in Comparative Literature, with its imagological approach. Raija Taramaa's theoretical model of Finnishness provides a supportive framework which helps to analyse Finnishness in the works of the five selected writers (who have no developed ability in the Finnish language). Through these means it is hoped that the present research will open up to its readers a deeper understanding of the cultural models describing Finnishness in the production of second- and third-generation Finnish-American authors, leading them into a detailed exploration of the ways in which the ethnic indices of Finnishness have remained in the cultural memories of these chosen authors. The research has indicated that cultural indices endure from generation to generation in an unfamiliar environment even at the time when the identity of the person in question has been changed during the former generation, for example, with respect to his or her native language. The study also reveals that a number of the indices representing the original culture have become simplified over the years, and that the cultural cohort of individuals exhibiting those traits has developed certain stereotypes that have faded in past decades but not yet disappeared. The ethnicity of a minority group of Finnish Americans surrounded by several other more dominant ethnicities has developed into symbolic ethnicity with limited commitments to ethnic cultural activities. The ethnic activities of the symbolic identifiers are likely to have an occasional character and to be acceptable in a multiethnic setting. Keywords: assimilation, comparative literature, cultural models, emigration, Finnishness, imagology, schemas, stereotypes Taramaa, Raija, Sisukkaat, itsepäiset ja hiljaiset suomalaiset amerikansuomalaisessa kirjallisuudessa. Imagologinen tutkimus suomalaisuudesta amarikansuomalaisten kirjailijoiden tuotannossa Humanistinen tiedekunta, Englannin kielen laitos, Oulun yliopisto, PL 1000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Acta Univ. Oul. B 76, 2007 Oulu Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on tarkastella toisen ja kolmannen polven amerikansuomalaisten kirjailijoiden tuotantoa suomalaisuuden näkökulmasta. Tarkoitus on tuoda esille niitä suomalaisuuden etnisiä piirteitä, jotka tänä päivänä ovat sellaisiksi tunnistettu sekä suomalaisten että amerikkalaisten etnografien tutkimuksissa. Työni sijoittuu kognitiivisen kirjallisuudentutkimuksen kenttään. Se sisältää yhteiskunnallisia ja sosiaalisia argumentteja siinä määrin kuin niitä esiintyy tutkimuksen kohteena olevissa teoksissa. Tutkimukseni kirjailijat sekä heidän teoksensa ovat: Lauri Anderson, Heikki Heikkinen And Other Stories of Upper Peninsula Finns, Mary Caraker, Growing up Soggy sekä Elina, Mistress of Laukko, Joseph Damrell, Gift, Lynn Laitala, Down from Basswood, ja Paula Robbins, Below Rollstone Hill. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kulttuurimalleja sekä skeemoja analysoitaessa imagologista lähestymistapaa, joka kirjallisuudentutkimuksen alalla on muodostunut yhdeksi tärkeimmistä lähestymistavoista nimenomaan kulttuuri-identiteettiä sekä eri kansallisuuksien kulttuurimalleja tutkittaessa. Kehittämäni teoreettinen malli suomalaisuuden eri piirteistä tukee fiktiivisten sekä osittain ei-fiktiivisten teosten analysointia ja luo sen viitekehikon, jonka mukaisesti olen tarkastellut suomalaisuutta valitsemieni viiden amerikansuomalaisen kirjailijan tuotannossa. Tutkimus pyrkii selvittämään missä määrin suomalaisuutta ilmentävät kulttuurimallit ovat säilyneet toisen ja kolmannen polven suomen kieltä osaamattomien amerikansuomalaisten kirjailijoiden kulttuurisessa muistissa sävyttäen heidän kerrontaansa suomalaisuuden eri etnisiä piirteitä tietoisesti tai tiedostamatta kuvaavina. Tutkimus osoittaa, miten kansalliset kulttuurilliset erikoispiirteet säilyvät sukupolvelta toiselle vieraassa kulttuuriympäristössä myös silloin, kun kulttuurin kokijan identiteetti on jo aiemman sukupolven aikana esimerkiksi kielen osalta muuttunut toiseksi. Moni suomalaista identiteettiä ilmentävä peruspiirre on vähitellen yksinkertaistunut tai saanut uusia vaikutteita mutta säilyttänyt kuitenkin siitä tietoisen ryhmän keskuudessa erilaisia suomalaisuudeksi luokiteltavia stereotyyppisiä käyttäytymisen malleja, jotka vuosikymmenten kuluessa ovat haalistunut, mutta eivät vielä hävinneet. Pienen amerikansuomalaisen vähemmistön identiteetti monien hallitsevampien etnisyyksien puristuksessa on vähitellen muodostunut symboliseksi etnisyydeksi, jolloin yksilöillä on vapaus valita sitoutumisensa aste kyseessä olevan kulttuurin vaatimuksiin. Näin ollen amerikan- suomalaisuutta ilmentävät tavat ja tunnusmerkit ovat suomalaisuuteen liitettyinä saaneet osaksensa sellaisia arvoja ja toimintamalleja, jotka sekä symbolisen että epäsäännöllisen luonteensa vuoksi ovat helpommin hyväksyttäviä monikulttuurisessa ympäristössä. Asiasanat: assimilaatio, emigraatio, imagologia, kognitiivinen kirjallisuudentutkimus, kulttuurimallit, skeemat, stereotypiat, suomalaisuus Acknowledgments When I first contemplated the theme of this thesis, four years ago after completing my Master’s thesis, my notion was that I would continue my research on the Finnish epic Kalevala. Comparing three different English translations of the Kalevala in my Master’s thesis gave an impetus to my research into Finnish-American literature. But it soon became apparent that the significance of the Kalevala in Finnish-American literature was not notable. The study of metaphors in the Kalevala translations gradually led to the study of Finnishness in Finnish-American texts. The final encouragement towards the present format and theory of my thesis was provided by my supervisor, professor Anthony Johnson. He has played a central role in guiding my thoughts in the interesting world of imagological theories used in this dissertation. The comments of my second supervisor professor Jopi Nyman were very useful, and they were well timed considering the expansion of the content of my thesis. As a consequence, I began to chart material for my study mainly via Internet in October 2002. Through these international contacts it was beneficial to receive advice from scholars in Finland, the United States, and Canada. Since then I have had discussions and correspondence with a number of people who have contributed to further clarifications of the substance of my research. I was very fortunate because in the
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