¿HA World Populath*Year THE POPULATION FINLAND CI.CR.E.D. Seríes The Population of Finland A World Population Year Monograph Central Statistical Office ISBN 951-46-1697-9 Valtion. Painatuskeskus/Arvi A. Karisto Osakeyhtiön kirjapaino Hämeenlinna 1975 PREFACE »The Population of Finland» is Finland's introduction on the development of Fin- contribution to the population research land's population beginning from the eigh- series to be made in different countries at teenth century. In addition, the publication the request of the United Nations. The includes surveys on the development of the Committee for International Coordination labor force, on the demographic, labor of National Research in Demography (CIC- force and education projections made, and RED) has been in charge of the international on the effect of the economic and social coordination of the publication. The publi- policy pursued on the population devel- cation is part of the program for the World opment. Population Year 1974 declared by the United Nations. The monograph of Finland has been prepa- red by the Central Statistical Office of In this publication, attention has been Finland in cooperation with the Population focused on the examination of the recent Research Institute. population development with a historical CONTENTS I POPULATION GROWTH Page V LABOR FORCE Page 1. Historical development 7 1. Labor force by age and sex 39 2. Population development during 2. Labor reserves 42 pre-industrial period 7 3. Labor force by industry 43 3. Development of birth rate during 4. Change in occupational structure pre-industrial period 7 by region 45 4. Development of mortality rate 5. Employment status 47 during pre-industrial period 8 6. Labor force and the unemployed 48 • 5. Age structure of population during pre-industrial period • 9 6. Population development : during VI POPULATION FORECASTS industrial period 9 1. Introduction 51 • 7. Demographic transition 9 2. Assumptions of development of 8. Population development after population changes 51 • . World War II 10 3. Population growth 52 • 4. Regional development 53 II POPULATION CHANGES 5. Educational structure 54 1. General development of birth rate 12 6. Labor force 57 2. Regional development of birth rates since 1950 12 VII EFFECTS OF PREVAILING SOCIAL 3. Mortality • 15 AND ECONOMIC POLICY 4. Mean life expectancy 15 1. Most recent trends in social devel- 5. Age-specific mortality rates in opment 61 1960's 16 2. Population policy and social policy ' 6. International migration 17 in Finland 61 3. Population policy as aspect of so- III STRUCTURE OF POPULATION cial policy 62 1. Age structure of population 22 4. Social policy important in popula- 2. Marital status structure 24 tion policy 62 3. Family structure ' 25 4.1. Labor policy 62 4. Religion 25 4.2. Regional policy 63 5. Language groups 26 4.3. Housing policy 64 6. Education 27 4.4. Health policy 65 4.5. Family policy 66 IV GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 4.6. Educational policy 68 POPULATION AND INTERNAL MIGRA- 5. Future objectives of population TION policy 69 1. Geographical distribution of population . 29 VIII POPULATION CENSUSES AND 2. Urbanization and migration 33 STATISTICS OF POPULATION CHANGE 3. Migration to Helsinki and its 1. Population registers 70 surroundings 37 2. Population statistics 70 FIGURES 7 Age pyramid of population in Finland 1 Development of birth and death rates in 1970 in pre-industrial period 8 Number and percentace of emigrants in 2 Age structure of population in 1751 and population by province in 1961—1970 1870 9 Age structure of population in 1950 and 3 Development of birth and death rates 1970 in industrial period 10 Regional distribution of population in 4 Change in percentages cauced by natu- 1970 and change in population in 1950— ral growth in population size in 1970 by 1970 province in quinquennial periods 1951 — 11 Changes in population of 1970 caused by 1970 internal migration, given in percentages 5 Age-specific fertility rates by province by province in quinquennial periods in 1950, 1960 and 1970 1950-1970 6 Development of mortality in some age 12 Directions of net in-migration flows bet- groups in 1961 — 1970 ween provinces in 1966—1970 13 Net in-migration to urban communes by 18 Net retirement from extractive industry province, and excluding in-migration in 1960-1970 from rural municipalities of same pro- 19 Changes in economically active popula- vince in quinquennial periods 1961—1965 tion by industry in 1960-1970 and 1966-1970 20 Economically active population by 14 Labor force participation rates by age employment status in 1960 and 1970 and sex in 1962 and 1972 21 Unemployed persons seeking work by 15 Main groups of population at economi- duration of unemployment and by age cally active age by age and sex in 1972 group in November 1972 16 The employed by industry in 1959 — 22 Population development until 2000 1972 23 Distribution of population by age in 17 Economically active population by in- 1972, 1985, and 2000 dustry and age group in 1970 24 Number of women per 1,000 men in IS Changes in proportions of economically various age groups by 2000 active population by province in 1970/60 25 Development of population by province 19 Unemployment rates by age group in (Index 1972 = 100) 1964, 1968, and 1972 26 Distribution of population by adminis- 20 Unemployment rates by labor district trative unit type until 1985 in 1963, and 1972 27 Population development by generation 21 Population pyramids in 1972 and 2000 according to educational level, school 22 Distribution of employment by industry openings in 1972, and ratio between in 1972 and 1980 these two (According to forecast in •which, effects of migratory movement were taken into consideration) TABLES 28 Distribution of population by educa- 1 General fertilitv rates by province in tional level in 1970 and 1980 1950, 1960, and" 1970 29 Labor force participation rates (%) by 2 Mean life expectancy in 1901 — 1965 1985 3 Mean life expectancy by region in 1961 — 30 Development of labor force and average 1965 labor force participation rates, and 4 Age structure in 1950, 1960, and 1970 emigration of labor force by 1985, as 5 Population by age group and sex in estimated in population forecast 1970 6 Marital status distribution of population by sex in 1950, 1960, and 1970 APPENDICES 7 Marital status distribution of population I Development of population in 1751 — in corresponding age and sex groups in 1870 1950, 1960, and 1970 II Age-specific death rates in 1961—1970 8 Proportions of religious affiliations in III Types of families and number of total population in 1950, 1960, and 1970 family members in 1960 and 1970 9 Linguistic distribution of population IV Net in-migration of internal migration in Finland in 1950, 1960, and 1970 in quinquennial periods 1951 — 1970 10 Proportion of Swedish-speaking persons V Net in-migration to urban communes in total population by province in 1970 by province from rural municipalities 11 Proportions of junior secondary school, of the same province and from other senior secondary school, and university provinces in quinquennial periods 1961 graduates in 1950, 1960, and 1970 -65 and 1966-70 12 Distribution in percentages of popula- VI Population increase in centers of tion at age of 14 or above by age group various size in the 1950's and 1960's according to educational level of total and influence of internal migration on population in corresponding age/sex the increase groups in 1970 VII Economically active population by 13 Population distribution between centers province in 1960 and 1970 and change of various sizes in 1950, 1960, and 1970 in 1960-70 14 Influence of migration on changes of VIII Economically active population by population size in urban centers of industry and province in 1960 and various sizes in the 1950's and the 1970 1960's IX The unemployed and degrees of unem- 15 Persons in receipt of disability pension ployment by indutry in 1972 by age group and sex December 31, X Age structure of population by province 1965 and 1970 in 1972 and 1985 (1,000 persons) 16 Women's labor force participation rates XI Development of labor force by age by age and sex in 1960 and 1970 group in 1972 — 85 17 Economically active population by in- dustry in 1950, 1960, and 1970 and changes in 1960—1950 and 1970-1960 I POPULATION GROWTH 1 Historical development death rate varied considerably and caused great variation in the natural growth. Pre- The features that characterize the old agri- industrial society was plagued by epidemics, cultural society's transition into a society- famine, and war, which often succeeded dominated by industrial and service occupa- one another; in the years of war various tions are also discernible in the population infectious diseases spread fast and their development in Finland. There was hardly influence was greatest on the mortality any urbanization before the industrial era. rates of the weakest part of population: The population was stationary because the the children and the elderly. In these great majority earned its living from agri- exceptional years the population decreased culture. Traffic conditions between the by 2 — 5 percent, whereas under normal various parts of the country were poor. conditions the annual population increase was on the average 2 percent. Demographic statistics in Finland offer an excellent basis for a study of the size and In 1751 nearly 430,000 persons were living structure of the population since the 18th in Finland (Appendix I). The population century. This historical demographic survey doubled during the following 50 years and is divided into two periods, starting from redoubled in the next 60 years.