¿HA World Populath*Year

THE POPULATION

FINLAND

CI.CR.E.D. Seríes The Population of

A World Population Year Monograph

Central Statistical Office ISBN 951-46-1697-9

Valtion. Painatuskeskus/Arvi A. Karisto Osakeyhtiön kirjapaino Hämeenlinna 1975 PREFACE

»The Population of Finland» is Finland's introduction on the development of Fin- contribution to the population research land's population beginning from the eigh- series to be made in different countries at teenth century. In addition, the publication the request of the United Nations. The includes surveys on the development of the Committee for International Coordination labor force, on the demographic, labor of National Research in Demography (CIC- force and education projections made, and RED) has been in charge of the international on the effect of the economic and social coordination of the publication. The publi- policy pursued on the population devel- cation is part of the program for the World opment. Population Year 1974 declared by the United Nations. The monograph of Finland has been prepa- red by the Central Statistical Office of In this publication, attention has been Finland in cooperation with the Population focused on the examination of the recent Research Institute. population development with a historical

CONTENTS

I POPULATION GROWTH Page V LABOR FORCE Page 1. Historical development 7 1. Labor force by age and sex 39 2. Population development during 2. Labor reserves 42 pre-industrial period 7 3. Labor force by industry 43 3. Development of birth rate during 4. Change in occupational structure pre-industrial period 7 by region 45 4. Development of mortality rate 5. Employment status 47 during pre-industrial period 8 6. Labor force and the unemployed 48 • 5. Age structure of population during pre-industrial period • 9 6. Population development : during VI POPULATION FORECASTS industrial period 9 1. Introduction 51 • 7. Demographic transition 9 2. Assumptions of development of 8. Population development after population changes 51 • . World War II 10 3. Population growth 52 • 4. Regional development 53 II POPULATION CHANGES 5. Educational structure 54 1. General development of birth rate 12 6. Labor force 57 2. Regional development of birth rates since 1950 12 VII EFFECTS OF PREVAILING SOCIAL 3. Mortality • 15 AND ECONOMIC POLICY 4. Mean life expectancy 15 1. Most recent trends in social devel- 5. Age-specific mortality rates in opment 61 1960's 16 2. Population policy and social policy ' 6. International migration 17 in Finland 61 3. Population policy as aspect of so- III STRUCTURE OF POPULATION cial policy 62 1. Age structure of population 22 4. Social policy important in popula- 2. Marital status structure 24 tion policy 62 3. Family structure ' 25 4.1. Labor policy 62 4. Religion 25 4.2. Regional policy 63 5. Language groups 26 4.3. Housing policy 64 6. Education 27 4.4. Health policy 65 4.5. Family policy 66 IV GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 4.6. Educational policy 68 POPULATION AND INTERNAL MIGRA- 5. Future objectives of population TION policy 69 1. Geographical distribution of population . 29 VIII POPULATION CENSUSES AND 2. Urbanization and migration 33 STATISTICS OF POPULATION CHANGE 3. Migration to and its 1. Population registers 70 surroundings 37 2. Population statistics 70

FIGURES 7 Age pyramid of population in Finland 1 Development of birth and death rates in 1970 in pre-industrial period 8 Number and percentace of emigrants in 2 Age structure of population in 1751 and population by province in 1961—1970 1870 9 Age structure of population in 1950 and 3 Development of birth and death rates 1970 in industrial period 10 Regional distribution of population in 4 Change in percentages cauced by natu- 1970 and change in population in 1950— ral growth in population size in 1970 by 1970 province in quinquennial periods 1951 — 11 Changes in population of 1970 caused by 1970 internal migration, given in percentages 5 Age-specific fertility rates by province by province in quinquennial periods in 1950, 1960 and 1970 1950-1970 6 Development of mortality in some age 12 Directions of net in-migration flows bet- groups in 1961 — 1970 ween provinces in 1966—1970 13 Net in-migration to urban communes by 18 Net retirement from extractive industry province, and excluding in-migration in 1960-1970 from rural municipalities of same pro- 19 Changes in economically active popula- vince in quinquennial periods 1961—1965 tion by industry in 1960-1970 and 1966-1970 20 Economically active population by 14 Labor force participation rates by age employment status in 1960 and 1970 and sex in 1962 and 1972 21 Unemployed persons seeking work by 15 Main groups of population at economi- duration of and by age cally active age by age and sex in 1972 group in November 1972 16 The employed by industry in 1959 — 22 Population development until 2000 1972 23 Distribution of population by age in 17 Economically active population by in- 1972, 1985, and 2000 dustry and age group in 1970 24 Number of women per 1,000 men in IS Changes in proportions of economically various age groups by 2000 active population by province in 1970/60 25 Development of population by province 19 Unemployment rates by age group in (Index 1972 = 100) 1964, 1968, and 1972 26 Distribution of population by adminis- 20 Unemployment rates by labor trative unit type until 1985 in 1963, and 1972 27 Population development by generation 21 Population pyramids in 1972 and 2000 according to educational level, school 22 Distribution of employment by industry openings in 1972, and ratio between in 1972 and 1980 these two (According to forecast in •which, effects of migratory movement were taken into consideration) TABLES 28 Distribution of population by educa- 1 General fertilitv rates by province in tional level in 1970 and 1980 1950, 1960, and" 1970 29 Labor force participation rates (%) by 2 Mean life expectancy in 1901 — 1965 1985 3 Mean life expectancy by region in 1961 — 30 Development of labor force and average 1965 labor force participation rates, and 4 Age structure in 1950, 1960, and 1970 emigration of labor force by 1985, as 5 Population by age group and sex in estimated in population forecast 1970 6 Marital status distribution of population by sex in 1950, 1960, and 1970 APPENDICES 7 Marital status distribution of population I Development of population in 1751 — in corresponding age and sex groups in 1870 1950, 1960, and 1970 II Age-specific death rates in 1961—1970 8 Proportions of religious affiliations in III Types of families and number of total population in 1950, 1960, and 1970 family members in 1960 and 1970 9 Linguistic distribution of population IV Net in-migration of internal migration in Finland in 1950, 1960, and 1970 in quinquennial periods 1951 — 1970 10 Proportion of Swedish-speaking persons V Net in-migration to urban communes in total population by province in 1970 by province from rural municipalities 11 Proportions of junior , of the same province and from other senior secondary school, and university provinces in quinquennial periods 1961 graduates in 1950, 1960, and 1970 -65 and 1966-70 12 Distribution in percentages of popula- VI Population increase in centers of tion at age of 14 or above by age group various size in the 1950's and 1960's according to educational level of total and influence of internal migration on population in corresponding age/sex the increase groups in 1970 VII Economically active population by 13 Population distribution between centers province in 1960 and 1970 and change of various sizes in 1950, 1960, and 1970 in 1960-70 14 Influence of migration on changes of VIII Economically active population by population size in urban centers of industry and province in 1960 and various sizes in the 1950's and the 1970 1960's IX The unemployed and degrees of unem- 15 Persons in receipt of disability pension ployment by indutry in 1972 by age group and sex December 31, X Age structure of population by province 1965 and 1970 in 1972 and 1985 (1,000 persons) 16 Women's labor force participation rates XI Development of labor force by age by age and sex in 1960 and 1970 group in 1972 — 85 17 Economically active population by in- dustry in 1950, 1960, and 1970 and changes in 1960—1950 and 1970-1960 I POPULATION GROWTH

1 Historical development death rate varied considerably and caused great variation in the natural growth. Pre- The features that characterize the old agri- industrial society was plagued by epidemics, cultural society's transition into a society- famine, and war, which often succeeded dominated by industrial and service occupa- one another; in the years of war various tions are also discernible in the population infectious diseases spread fast and their development in Finland. There was hardly influence was greatest on the mortality any urbanization before the industrial era. rates of the weakest part of population: The population was stationary because the the children and the elderly. In these great majority earned its living from agri- exceptional years the population decreased culture. Traffic conditions between the by 2 — 5 percent, whereas under normal various parts of the country were poor. conditions the annual population increase was on the average 2 percent. Demographic statistics in Finland offer an excellent basis for a study of the size and In 1751 nearly 430,000 persons were living structure of the population since the 18th in Finland (Appendix I). The population century. This historical demographic survey doubled during the following 50 years and is divided into two periods, starting from redoubled in the next 60 years. At the the population development during the pre- end of the pre-industrial period, in 1870 industrial period, which lasted until the the population of Finland was 1,769,000 breakthrough of industrialization in Fin- persons. land in 1870. At that time the population development had reached an early stage The most dominant feature in the popula- of demographic transition. This year can tion development during the pre-industrial also be regarded as the first year of strong period was a great variation in the death urbanization because before 1870 there rate. As the birth rate continued to be had been no remarkable increase in the high, mortality did not affect the popula- number of urban dwellers. tion development in the long run. In 1751 — 1870 the natural annual growth was on The second period covers the years from the average 1 percent. The population 1871 until the present: an industrial break- growth was strongest at the end of the through which lasted until 1917, an indust- 18th century: 2 percent in a few years. rial stabilization in the years 1918—1946, and an industrial expansion since 1947. A The influence of epidemics, famine, and demographic transition also occurred during war are clearly discernible in the develop- this period, as did a strong urbanization ment of the mortality rates (Figure 1). movement that brought about a distinct Twice wars decreased the population of Fin- change in the occupational structure. land. During the war of 1789—91, the population decline was insignificant in 2 Population development during pre- comparison with that during the War of industrial period Finland in 1808 — 09. The cholera epidemic of the 1830's and the years of famine at Data concerning the population before the the end of the 1860's led to a considerable middle of the 18th century are mainly decline in the population. based on estimates and desultory informa- tion that were collected for the purposes of taxation and the enlistment of recruits 3 Development of birth rate during pre- for the army. It has been estimated that industrial period approximately 250,000 persons were living The birth rate was at its highest at the in Finland in the middle of the 16th century. end of the 18th century. At the very Towards the end of the 17th century, the beginning of the period under discussion, total population had grown to nearly half the annual birth rate kept above 40 per a million but declined again to less than mil. However, there was yet no strong 400,000 in the 1690's because of the years decline in the rate, although it had already of crop failure. According to estimates, the decreased slightly at the beginning of the annual population growth was on the pre-industrial period. When considering the average 0.5—0.6 percent before the middle pre-industrial period as a whole, the general of the 18th century. trend was a slight decline in the birth rate and at the end of the period the crude Pre-industrial society was characterized by birth rate had declined to almost 35 per high birth and death rates. The annual mil. When searching for the reasons for the The scourges of pre-industrial society epi- declining birth rate, attention is first drawn demics, famine, and war, had a remarkable to the decreasing marriage rate (Appendix influence on mortality in general. The I). In the 18th century, the crude marriage mortality rate varied a great deal, tending rate was almost 9 percent, but towards to rise from the middle of the 18th century the end of the pre-industrial period the onwards until leveling around the turn of average crude rates in quinquennial periods the century. Because the share of the declined. Changes also occurred in the elderly increased, the mortality rate again marital status structure of the population slightly rose towards the end of the pre- during this period. Married women con- industrial period. The increase in the stituted approximately 65 percent of the proportionate number of the elderly was women in the age group of twenty years primarily due to the declining birth rate. or over in the middle of the 18th century, but the figure dropped to 57 percent within The mortality rate remained relatively high, a century. in the 18th century (Figure 1). In the first half of the 19th century, mortality The rising average age at marriage, which rate declined slightly, and the crude mor- shortened the fertile period, was one reason tality rate settled at 20—25 per mil. The for the declining birth rate during the pre- strong fluctuation in the mortality rate had industrial period, and another was that the a remarkable influence on the natural marriage rate generally decreased. Birth growth. In exceptional years, the mortality control was not of importance at that time, rate rose drastically. Epidemics often raged although the birth rate was lower in towns simultaneously with wars, killing some of than in the country as early as the end the population that " was not directly in- of the pre-industrial period. volved in the war operations. The worst death toll of the pre-industrial period was in 1868, the year of a great famine in Fin- 4 Development of mortality rate during land; nearly 138,000 persons i.e. 8 percent pre-industrial period of the total population, died. Furthermore The mortality rate did not decline as clearly during the two years of the »War of Fin- as did the birth rate during the pre-industrial land» (1808-09), the mortality rate rose period. There was a significant decline to 6 percent. It was low in some of the only in the infant mortality rate. While years immediately following these excep- the infant mortality rate was still relatively tional ones, mainly because the majority high in the late 18th century (Appendix of the weakest part of the population, i.e., I), it declined to some extent at the turn the diseased, the children, and the elderly, of the century and settled at 180 per mil had perished during the worst periods of at the end of the pre-industrial period. famine, epidemics, and war. For instance, Epidemics, famine, and war caused a rise after the years of crop failure in the 1860's, also in the mortality rates of the age group the mortality rate fell below 20 per mil of under one year, and in some instances but rose to the normal level after a few the infant mortality rate would rise even years. by one half of the normal level.

Figure 1. Development of birth and death rates in pre-industrial period

1760 1780 1750 1790 18OO 181O 1620 ISJO 185O 1BÉ0 187O Birth rate Death rate 5 Age structure of population during pre- 38.7 percent and that of females 35.8 per- industrial period cent, whereas the share of the elderly was at the same time 5.2 percent of the men In the investigation of the age structure of and 7.0 percent of the women. the population during the pre-industrial period (Figure 2), attention is first drawn In 1870 the age structure was strongly to the great share of children. In 1751, affected by the high mortality rate during the proportion of children in the age group the years of crop failure. The number of 0—4 was remarkably greater than the the elderly decreased in particular. The proportion of any other age group in the birth rate was also relatively low, the total population. Because data on the proportion of the age group 0—4 years age structure of the population and on being remarkably smaller than a hundred the number of births and deaths before years earlier. The proportion of the 0—14 the middle of the 18th. century are not year-old childen in the male population had available, it is difficult to determine the fallen to 35 percent, and that in the female exact reasons for this age structure. The population to 33 percent. The proportion last plague in our history, which occurred of the elderly had dropped to 3.5 percent during the first half of the 18th century in the male population to 4.5 percent in together with the war in the 1740's, reduced the female population. The low percen- the population to a great extent. In 1751 tages of the elderly were a result of the the proportion of 0 — 14 year-old children high mortality rate in the years of thé was considerable, the share of males being great famine (1865—1868).

Figure 2. Age structure of population in 1751 and 1870

1751

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 S 10 12 U 12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 Percent-

6 Population development during industrial obvious at the end of the pre-industrial period period, and the birth rate was lower in urban centers than in rural areas. Internal The 1870's can be seen as a milestone in migration influenced the development of the development of Finnish society. The the age structure of the urban population: breakthrough of industrialism that had a as early as the end of the pre-industrial revolutionary impact on society began period. Changes in the economic and in- during this decade. Towards the end of dustrial structure brought young people to- the pre-industrial period, the population urban centers and consequently, the share growth had slowed down and strong varia- of the economically active population was tions in the mortality rate had left their greater in these centers than in the rural traces on the population development. The areas. proportion of urban population, which had been low during the pre-industrial period, The mortality rate dropped slightly during: rose to 7.5 percent in 1870 and grew sharply the pre-industrial period and began to thereafter. With the exception of a few decline considerably at the beginning of years, the annual growth of the urban the industrial period. population was 3—4 percent. The overall picture of the demographic revolution in Finland is similar to that in. 7 Demographic transition any industrialized western country. Before The industrial breakthrough and urbani- the initial stages of this change, the age zation led to a demographic transition: structure of the population was even, the a drop in the mortality and birth rates. shares of the younger age groups being A slow decline in the birth rate was already greater than those of the elderly. Figure 3. Development of birth and death rates in industrial period

JPer 1,000

50

r s/"1. ' 1

1871 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 191(0 1950 1960 1970 Birth rate — -" - Death rate

The mortality rate began to decline slightly several years. During World War II the before the actual industrial breakthrough. population growth was insignificant, mainly By the end of the 19th century it was because of the exceptional circumstances. •dropping sharply. As the birth rate was Immediately after World War II, the birth relatively high, at the same time the natural rate began to climb, and in 1947 it was •growth was relatively high as well. as high as at the beginning of the century. The year 1947 was a record year as regards At the beginning of the industrial period, the birth rate: the crude birth rate then in the 1870's, the crude death rate had rose to 28 per mil. More than 106,000 •declined to 20 per mil (Figure 3), and the children were born, which is the greatest crude birth rate remained about 35 percent. number of children ever born in Finland Both rates were on the decline, but the in one year. After 1947, the birth rate birth rate was relatively high until the declined smoothly, and as the mortality •outbreak of World War I. Beginning in rate ceased to fluctuate at the end of the 1910, there was a distinct decline in the 1950's, the natural growth slowed down. birth rate, the crude rate dropping below The sharp drop in the birth rate and the .30 per mil. With the exception of a few stabilization of the mortality rate led to years, the birth rate was on the decline an increase in the proportion of the elderly. -until the mid-1940's. This again increased the mortality rate, and slowed down the natural growth. As late There was an obvious trend in the mortality as the 1950's, the natural growth was Täte: it continued to decline altough there approximately 1 percent per year but drop- •were significant annual fluctuations until ped to about 0.6 percent in the 1960's. World War I. The natural growth had "begun to decline annually at the end of If the decline in the birth rate in Finland -the 19th century and by the 1920's it was is compared with the postwar development approximately 0.8 percent per year. Because of corresponding rates in the other European the birth rate dropped sharply in the 1930's countries, it is noteworthy that the birth and the decline in the mortality rate ceased, rate in our country remained high longer -the natural growth also slowed down. than anywhere else. Particularly in the 1960's the birth rate dropped sharply, and the present crude birth rate in Finland is 35 Population development after World one of the lowest — if not the lowest — War II in the world. In 1972 the crude birth rate "World War II turned the population deve- was 12.8 per mil. lopment in an entirely new direction. In -the 1930's, the declining birth rate had Although the population development during slowed down the population growth in the whole industrial period is characterized •general. The population replacement had by a migratory movement from rural areas •declined, which is indicated by the net to urban centers, which is a result of the reproduction rate remaining below one for change in the economic and occupational

10 structure, the migratory movement did not people became economically active at the emerge on a larger scale until after World same time in the late 1960's, part of the War II and was at its strongest in the new labor force had to emigrate to . 1960's. Besides the profound change that Automated industry in Sweden could provide took place in the economic and occupational the unskilled workers with employment. In structure, the large age groups that were 1969 and 1970 the net emigration rates born after World War II entered the labor rose to such heights that the excess of market in the 1960's. The labor force no births over deaths was not enough to longer needed in agriculture changed to compensate for the population loss. These other occupations, which often necessitated years were the first after the years of famine a change of residence. As the economic in the 1860's in which the total population and occupational structure altered pro- of Finland declined during peace time, foundly and a record number of young

11 II POPULATION CHANGES

1 General development of birth rate was low during World War II but began As mentioned in Part I on the population to rise sharply immediately thereafter. One growth, there was some decline in the birth reason for this was the post-war increase rate as early as the pre-industrial period. in the marriage rate. In the middle of the 19th century the birth rate was lower in urban centers than in rural areas, and there were also differences 2 Regional development of birth rates since between the various parts of the country. 1950 In comparison with the national average, the birth rate in 1851—1865 was lower in Declining birth rates had a remarkable Southern and Eastern Finland, whereas influence on the population development in in Central and Northern Finland the birth the 1950's and 1960's and on the develop- rate was remarkably above average. The ment of the total populations of the differences between the birth rates of the provinces. In the 1950's the population different areas cannot be explained by im- increased in some provinces because of plying that they were higher in the most high birth rates, whereas in the 1960's the remote . On the contrary Eastern natural growth was slow in almost all Finland had a relatively low birth rate in provinces since the birth rates tended to the middle of the 19th century. The rising decline and out-migration increased. age at marriage had an influence on the general development of the birth rate In 1951 — 1970, the natural growth was throughout the country, and therefore the greatest in the provinces of Lappi and , regional differences must to a great extent as seen in Figure 4. In all the provinces be due to a spreading popularity of inten- of Southern Finland the natural growth, tional birth control. was weaker because the birth rates were lower. The declining birth rate, which is illustrated together with the development The correlation of industrialization and of the general fertility rate in Table 1, urbanization with the declining birth rate slowed down the population growth through- and the regional differences became clearer out the country. The general fertility rate around the turn of the 19th century. Along indicates the number of children born to with industrialization, the ties with agri- 1,000 women in the age group 15—44 in cultural society weakened. In 1880, 77 one year. percent of the population earned its living from agriculture. There was a new revival in the economic life. Industry and com- In 1950, fertility was above the national merce attracted more and more people. average in all the provinces outside the Traffic conditions improved and public industrialized part of Finland. In 1950 the schooling was initiated. Better contacts fertility rate was at its highest in the province were established between the various parts of Lappi, where it rose to 158. The provinces of the country, and the urbanization process of Ahvenanmaa and had the lowest brought young people from rural areas to fertility rates, which were more than 50 towns. percent lower than that of the province of Lappi. The high fertility of the province of Lappi is also seen in the population The birth rate in urban centers was low growth. In the 1950's, the population in and the growth of the urban population the province of Lappi increased annually was for the most part a result of in-migra- on the average by 2 percent. The net out- tion. The rural population began to adopt migration had little influence on the popula- ideals that had previously been characteristic tion development in the province of Lappi of urban society, and in the early 20th cen- in the 1950's, and in 1956—1960 there was tury the birth rate declined sharply through- some net in-migration to the province. out the country.

In the 1930's, strong fluctuations in the In the 1950's, fertility increased only in economic development affected the devel- the provinces of Ahvenanmaa and Uusimaa opment of the birth rate, also. During the and decreased in all the others. The fertility economic depression in the early 1930's, rate decreased most, almost 27 percent, in the birth rate dropped in all parts of the the province of . It declined sharply country but climbed slowly as soon as living even in the other provinces of Northern conditions were stabilized. The birth rate and Eastern Finland in the 1950's.

12 Figure 4. Change in percentages caused by natural growth in population size in 1970 by province in quinquennial periods 1951—1970 Province Lappi | I*.-'.-":»'.'.* 35

Oulu I fc-XvlvAv 30

Pohjois-Karjaia 23

Kuopio

Keski-Suomi

Vaasa

Mikkeli

Kymi

Härae

Turku and f

Uusimaa

Ahvenanmaa

0 •1036 30?$

Table 1: General fertility rates by province in 1950, 1960, and 1970

Province 1950 1960 1970 1960/1950 1970/1960

Uusimaa 74 76 59 + 2.7 - 22.4 and Pori 94 78 62 - 17.0 - 20.5 Ahvenanmaa 73 83 73 + 13.7 — 12.0 Häme 93 78 61 - 16.1 — 21.8 98 84 58 - 14.3 - 31.0 120 94 62 - 21.7 — 34.0 Pohjois-Karjala 110 63 — 42.7 Kuopio 134 98 65 - 26.9 — 33.7 Keski-Suomi 93 64 - 31.2 114 87 71 - 23Í7 — 18.4 Oulu 148 117 74 - 20.9 — 36.8 Lappi 158 128 72 - 19.0 — 43.8 Total 106 89 64 - 16.0 - 28.1

In the 1960's, there were great changes the country, which were still distinct in in regional fertility trends. The differences 1960, leveled in the 1960's. In 1970, the in fertility between the various parts of fertility rate was highest in Northern and

13 Figure 5. Age-specific fertility rates by province in 1950, 1960, and 1970

Uusimaa Turku and Pori Ahvenanmaa

150 100 I 50

Hum i Kyrai Mikkel

150

100

50

Pohjoilis-Ka -jala. Kuopio Kcskí-Suomi 200

150

100

50 I Ir H

1 Vaasa Oiilu J.aPr

200 r

; 150 - - 100 ' • "1 ' í ' -| 50 6 Sii i i- CM CVJ I I I I I • 1 I I I I l 1 I in 1T\ O LO O in O ir\ o o ir\ o *- CM CM tO t<^ -^-

1950 1960 1970

14 Eastern Finland but had declined most in In the 1960's, the fertility rate continued1 these areas in the 1960's. In the province to decline except in the youngest age group. of Lappi fertility decreased by 43.8 percent The drop was strongest in the older age- in ten years. In the province of Pohjois- groups, and with the exception of Southern Karjala fertility also decreased to almost Finland, the fertility rate declined by more- the same extent as in Lappi. Fertility in than 50 percent in the age group 30 years Pohjois-Karjala was still remarkably above or over in comparison with the situation- the national average in 1960 but dropped in 1960. below the national average by 1970.

As the decline in fertility in the provinces 3 Mortality that were suffering the most from net out- migration in the 1960's was 30—40 percent, The decline in the mortality rate that began the population increase in these provinces at the end of the past century continued underwent an inevitable, profound change. until the first half of the 1960's. In general, Fertility was highest in the province of the decline in mortality was a result of Oulu in 1970, and in 20 years all the pro- economic development and particularly of vinces reached the level that had been the medical progress. The drop in the mortality- lowest in 1950. The highest fertility rate rate was sharpest in the young age groups, in 1950 was 158 and the lowest 74, whereas and particularly the decline in the infant the respective rates in 1970 were 74 and mortality rate was great still in the 1960's. 58. The crude death rate that had been close- to 20 per mil in the early 20th century- dropped below 10 per mil in the 1950's. If fertility is investigated by age group, it can be ascertained that in this respect there are differences between various provinces. Although the decline in the mortality rate- Figure 5 shows the age-specific fertility has been remarkable in the 20th century- rates in quinquennial age groups by pro- there are some features that are character- vince. A closer investigation of the age- istic of Finland in compasison with the res- specific fertility rates reveals that they pective development in other industrialized were clearly on the decline in all the pro- countries. When industrialized countries are- vinces as early as the 1960's, which could compared, the difference between the mean already be noted in the investigation of life expectancies of Finnish men and Fin- the general fertility rate. In the youngest nish women is one of the greatest, and. age group, 15 — 19, the fertility rate in- the excess mortality of men in the economi- creased slightly if these two decades are cally active age is high. But the infant mor- compared. This is partially due to the tality rate in Finland is one of the lowest facts that the average age of childbearing in the world. women dropped slightly and that the marriage frequency increased among persons The most common causes of death are- under the age of 20. In 1950, 15.3 percent circulatory diseases, which in 1969—1971 of first marriages were contracted by under were the reason for about 50 percent of twenty-year-old persons. The corresponding the male deaths and for about 60 percent percentage had risen to 21.8 by 1970. In of the female deaths. Various tumours and 1950, 3.7 percent of live-born children respiratory organ diseases were the second were born to women under 20, but the most common cause of death. The share- respective percentage had risen to 10.4 by of violent deaths among men was more- 1970. than double that among women. The majority of accidents causing violent deaths- took place in traffic. Suicides were much An investigation of the age-specific fertility more common among men than women. rates reveals that now children are born to younger age groups than earlier. Except in the provinces of Southern Finland, fer- tility was highest in the age group 25 — 29 4 Mean life expectancy in 1950. In the provinces of Lappi and The decline in mortality was sharpest im Oulu, the fertility of the age group 35 — 39 the younger age groups, and the mean life- was higher than of the age group 25—29 expectancy increased considerably, especially in the southern provinces. in the age group 0 (Table 2). The life ex- pectancy at the age of 0 years was 45.3 years- By 1960, fertility in the older age groups for men and 48.1 years for women in the had declined and the drop was greatest in first half of the 20th century but rose to- the regions where the fertility rate had 65.4 years for men and 72.6 years for women earlier been high. In the 1950's, fertility by the beginning of the 1960's. decreased in the age group 20—24 as well as in the age group 15—19 in the provinces The drop in women's mortality rate was- of Southern Finland. considerably sharper than in that of men. Table 2: Mean life expectancy in 1901—1965

Mean ife expectancy Change in Men 1901-10/ Age 1961 65 1901- 1911- 1921- 1931- 1941- 1946- 1951- 1956- 1961- percent 1910 1920 1930 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965

0 45.3 43.4 50.7 54.5 54.6 58.6 63.4 64.9 65.4 44.4 1 51.3 48.3 55.3 58.0 57.7 61.1 64.7 65.7 65.8 28.3 5 52.9 48.7 54.0 55.9 55.4 58.0 61.2 62.2 62.1 17.4 10 49.9 45.2 50.0 51.7 51.3 53.4 56.5 57.4 57.3 14.8 20 42.1 37.9 41.9 43.3 42.9 44.4 47.0 47.8 47.8 13.5 30 34.9 32.5 35.1 35.9 35.4 36.3 38.0 38.6 38.5 10.3 40 27.4 25.9 27.6 28.1 27.5 28.0 29.2 29.7 29.5 7.7 50 20.0 19.4 20.3 20.9 20.2 20.3 21.0 21.4 21.2 6.0 60 13.6 13.4 14.0 14.6 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.4 14.3 5.1 70 8.3 8.3 9.0 9.5 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.9 8.9 7.2 80 4.6 4.8 5.5 5.9 5.5 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.9 6.5

Women Change in 1901 10/ Age 1901- 1911- 1921- 1931- 1941- 1946- 1951- 1956- 1961- 1961-65, 1910 1920 1930 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 percent

0 48.1 49.1 55.1 59.6 61.1 65.9 69.8 71.6 72.6 50.9 1 53.1 53.6 59.1 62.5 63.8 68.0 70.9 72.1 72.8 37.1 5 54.6 54.3 57.8 60.4 61.6 64.8 67.3 68.5 69.0 26.4 10 51.7 51.1 53.8 56.2 57.4 60.2 62.5 63.7 64.2 24.2 20 44.5 43.8 46.0 47.9 48.9 51.0 52.8 53.9 54.4 22.2 30 37.3 37.0 38.7 40.2 41.0 42.4 43.4 44.4 44.7 20.0 40 29.9 29.7 31.0 32.1 32.7 33.6 34.2 35.0 35.2 17.7 50 22.3 22.3 23.3 24.0 24.4 24.9 25.2 25.9 26.0 16.6 60 15.1 15.1 15.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.5 17.5 16.0 70 9.0 8.9 9.6 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.4 10.3 14.4 80 4.9 4.9 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.3 8.2

In almost all the age groups, the drop in Life expectancy was shortest for men in the female mortality rate was double in northern , i.e., 63.7 years, whereas comparison with that in men's mortality the mean life expectancy was highest for rate. This led to a contimraous increase in women in southwestern Finland, i.e., 73.7 the difference between the mean life ex- years. pectancies of men and women of the same age. As late as the early 20th century, the In all the regions, the mortality rate was difference between the mean life expectancies distinctly higher among men. It Was highest at the age of 0 years was three years in among men in northern Karelia, where favor of women, but in the 1960's the the difference between the life expectancies difference grew to seven years. of men and women at the age of 0 years was more than eight years. The difference The regional differences in the mean life was least in central where it expectancy can be investigated only for was slightly over six years. the years 1961—1965 on the basis of the existing statistics. As illustrated in Table 3, the mean life 5 Age-specific mortality rates in 1960's expectancies of both men and women were Appendix II shows the mortality rates of somewhat higher in the southern parts of quinquennial age groups from the years the country. 1961—70. No far-reaching conclusions can.

16 Table 3: Mean life expectancy by region in 1961—1965

Men Women Region Mean life All Finland Mean life All Finland expectancy = 100 expectancy = 100

Total 65.4 100.0 72.6 100.0 Province of Uusimaa Uusimaa 65.7 100.5 73.3 101.0 Ahvenanmaa Province of Turku and Pori Varsinais-Suomi 67.1 102.6 73.7 101.5 66.1 101.1 72.9 100.4 Province of Häme Tammermaa 66.7 102.0 73.1 100.7 Southern Häme , 66.0 100.9 72.6 100.0 Province of Kymi Southeastern Finland 65.4 100.0 73.2 100.8 Province of Mikkeli Southern Savo 65.3 99.8 72.2 99.4 Province of Pohjois-Karjala Northern Karelia.. 63.7 97.4 71.8 98.9 Province of Kuopio Northern Savo 65.0 99.4 72.3 99.6 Province of Keski-Suomi 65.5 100.2 72.0 99.2 Province of Vaasa Southern Ostrobothnia .... 67.0 102.4 73.3 101.0 65.8 100.6 72.2 99.4 Province of Oulu 65.1 99.5 72.0 99.2 Northern Ostrobothnia .... 64.0 97.9 72.0 99.2 Province of Lappi Lappi 64.7 98.9 72.4 99.7 however, be drawn concerning the mortality 6 International migration trends from the mortality rates of various The influence of international migration on age groups. the growth of population is twofold. The short-term effects of migration change only the size and structure of the population The excess mortality of men is distinct in the countries of departure and arrival. when the mortality rates of the two sexes The sex and age structures of migrant's are compared. The mortality rates are generally differ from those of the average higher among men, except in the youngest population in the countries of departure age group. The difference is particularly and arrival. The long-term effects of migra- distinct in the age group over 30 where, tion also change the mortality and birth with the exception of the oldest age groups, rates because of the difference in age the mortality rate of men is almost twice structures. that of women. Higher male mortality appears in the younger age groups, also Compilation of statistics is necessary for because men of these age groups are more the definition of the long-term effects. exposed to accidents than women. Various Data have to be collected on the migrants' heart and circulatory diseases are common age, sex, mortality rates, and birth rates. among men over 40 years and cause excess Similar data serve population forecasts, mortality in these age groups. Figure 6 but the concept »migrant» and the length shows the development of mortality in some of the observation period also need to be age groups. Although there is some annual defined. variation in the mortality of the each age group, the difference between men and Emigration played an important role in the women is remarkable in this respect, and population development of Finland around seems not to be on the decrease. the turn of the 20th century, in the 1950's,

17 Figure 6. Development of mortality in some age groups in 1961 — 1970 Per 1,000

13 50-5^ Men

12 •

7

6 Men 5 - 50-5^ Women

if •

2 Women 20-2^ Men 1 30-3^ Women 20-2*+ Women

1961 1962 1963 196^ 1965 1966 19671968 1969 1970

and in the 1960's. During the first deca- would have been 12.1 percent but was des of this century, the most popular reduced to 10.3 percent by emigration. country of destination was North America, and in the 1950's and 1960's, Sweden. The above estimate of the emigration in Emigration from Finland to America was the 1950's is based on the difference between checked by poor traffic connections during the population censuses of 1950 and 1960, World War I. During the next few decades, taking into account the excess of births emigration lost its importance as a phe- over deaths. The estimate of emigration nomenon affecting the population develod- compiled in this way is naturally rather ment. In 1901-1920, about 140,000 per- unreliable because any person who was sons emigrated from Finland. omitted from the population census was classified as an emigrant. In the first decades of the 20th century there was little emigration, and it did not Accurate migration statistics are compiled affect the present population development on immigrants in Sweden, but records of in Finland. In the 1940's, the population return migration and short-term migration decrease of approximately 43,000 persons are inaccurate. The Swedish statistics show was compensated for by the net immigra- that in 1951—1960, 95,000 persons migrated tion during the preceding two decades. from Finland to Sweden, and 30,000 return- ed. The most detailed information about The population decrease caused by emigra- immigrants is available in the population tion was rather remarkable in the 1950's. censuses in Sweden. According to the 1960 Net emigration was roughly 70,000 persons population census, 101,000 persons of Fin- in 1951 — 1960. Approximately 65,000 nish origin were living in Sweden at the emigrants left Finland for Sweden. la the end of the year, the majority of them being 1950's, the population growth in Finland women (60,000) — an unusual characteristic

18 in international migration. Their age struc- the number of obtained passports; a com- ture differed to a great extent from that parison of the statistics of different countries of the indigeneoús population. 69 percent shows that only 60 percent of the migrants of the Finnish immigrants were economically leaving Finland for countries outside Scan- active persons of the age group 15—44, dinavia are registered. The total emigration and 18 percent belonged to older age groups. in 1961 — 1970 can be estimated by com- Of the Swedish indigeneous population paring the total population and the excess (born in Sweden), 40 percent were of the of births over deaths between population age group 15—44, and the share of the censuses. Estimated in this way, 178,000 older age groups was 38 percent. persons left Finland as emigrants (net) in the 1960's. The estimate is too high rather Compilation of the migration statistics was than too low. According to statistics col- not essentially improved in the 1960's. lected in Sweden, the net immigration from Only the joint Nordic migration records Finland was 142.C00 persons in the 1960's. system created a reliable basis for Nordic The migration from Finland to Sweden in migration statistics. Since 1970, statistics 1968 — 1970 was 50 percent less than in on the places of departure of Finns emigrat- 1961-1970. ing to the have been published. The Swedish immigration statis- Attention was focused in Finland on emigra- tics were improved in 1968, when statistics tion only after it had increased and threaten- on the immigrants' sex and age by quin- ed the population growth. In the 1960's, quennial age group were collected for the the population growth was as small as 3.4 first time. These improvements received percent, i.e., three times less than during impetus from the strongly increasing im- the preceding decade. Without the influence migration to Sweden in the late 1960's. of emigration, the population would have grown by 7.4 percent. Data concerning emigration to countries outside are still on a rather An investigation that is merely based on poor statistical basis. They are based on numbers of persons easily gives a somewhat

Figure 7. Age pyramid of population in Finland in 1970 75- I 70-74 Men I Women 65-69 I 60-64 55-59 ä 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 ;

= Swedish residents born in Finland

19 misleading impression of the importance of was 64,295, it would have been 9 percent emigration. When a quarter of a million higher had the women of Finnish natio- persons at their economically most active nality then living in Sweden stayed in age leave a small country such as Finland, Finland. The significance of this population changes in the age structure will affect the group as regards birth rates is double ,in natural growth even in the long run. Long- comparison with its proportion in the total term estimates can be based on the Swedish population. Emigration did not yet affect population censuses. Statistics are compiled the birth rates to so great an extent in the on immigrants according to their native 1960's because the emigration towards the country and nationality. According to the end of the decade and in 1970 was consider- 1972 population census, there were 207,000 ably more extensive than earlier. Finnish citizens living in Sweden. In 1944— 1970, 63,000 Finnish nationals became The young age of the emigrants and the naturalized citizens of Sweden. In 1970 influence of emigration on the age and sex there were 270,000 persons living in Sweden structures of the population in Finland are who had at one time been or still are Fin- 1 illustrated by the population pyramid which nish citizens. ) shows what the situation would be in Fin- land had those born in Finland and living Population change statistics in Sweden in Sweden in 1970 stayed in our country since 1970 have recorded live-born children (Figure 7). As regards the youngest age according to their mothers' nationality. groups, the pyramid is misleading because These statistics show that 5,756 children the statistics compiled on persons who were were bom in Sweden in 1970 to women born in Finland do not include children of Finnish nationality. As the number of born to Finnish parents in Sweden. children born in Finland at the same time The population decrease caused by emigra- tion to Sweden is relatively greatest in the 1) Migration from Finland to Sweden age groups 25—29 and 30—34, i.e., 10 before 1944 was insignificant percent in both age groups. The number

Figure 8. Number and percentage of emigrants in population by province in 1961 — 1970

20 of emigrants is numerically greatest in In 1971 —1972 the migration between Sweden the age group 20—24 (totaling 41,000). and Finland was return immigration to The population pyramid shows that the Finland. The labor market situation in influence of emigration is much : greater on Sweden became less favourable; it has been the age groups of the economically active stated in time series analyses that the population than on the total population. annual fluctuation in the migratory mover In the young age group 20—34, the popula- ment can best be explained by the num- tion decrease caused by emigration is about ber of vacant jobs in Sweden. The best 10 percent whereas in the total population explanation for the regional variations in it is only 5 percent. the migratory movement in Finland in 1970 was unemployment, which, however, Tn addition to reducing the proportion of has not had any statistically significant the young economically active age groups, effect in the time series analyses. emigration is also a problem since it tends to.draw population only from, certain areas. In the 1960's, a relatively greater number It is difficult to estimate the development of emigrants came from northern Finland of the migratory movement in the future. and the Swedish-speaking regions than from There are factors which will probably the other parts of the country. Numerically change the situation so that in the 1970's emigration, was; however, greatest from the migration will not be such a problem in province of Uusimaa (Figure ,8)-.x) : Emigra- Finland as it was in the 1960's. The most tion was a difficult social problem in nort- recent population forecast suggest that hern Finland particularly around the turn the annual net emigration will be app- of the 1970's because internal migration roximately 5,000 persons, but the present reduced the population at the same time. data indicate that this might be an overest- timate.

*) Figures :for the map were collected Finland has never played an important role from population censuses of the total popu- as a country of destination. Some Russian lation by province, taking into account emigrants came to Finland iduring the first internal migration and natural growth. decades of the present century, but their The estimates are rough. number was relatively small.

21 Ill STRUCTURE OF POPULATION

1. Age structure of population The change took place almost entirely in the 196O's because the proportions of the Table 4 is a brief illustration of the age various age groups were almost the same structure of the population in our country in 1960 as ten years earlier. and the changes in it over the past two decades. When interpreting the above ratios, it is necessary to take into account that in The »ageing» of the population is distinct. 1950 the large post-war age groups were In 1950, the proportion of persons under included only in the age group fifteen or 15 years was 30 percent but in 1970 only under, whereas in 1970 they already belong- 24.3 percent, and at the same time the ed to the economically active population. proportion of the pensioned increased from By 1960 the situation had not yet greatly 6.6 to 9.3 percent. The proportion of the changed in this recpect. economically active population (age group 15—54) grew from 63.4 to 66.4 percent Figure 9 shows th& age distributions in at the same time. 1950 and 1970 in more detail by individual

Table 4: Age structure in 1950, 1960, and 1970

0-14 1208801 30.0 1 340 184 30.1 1118 550 24.3 15-64 2 554 354 63.4 2 778 236 62:5 3 052 298 66.4 65- 266648 6.6 327 802 7.4 427 488 9.3 Total 4 029 803' 100.0 4 446 222 100.0 4 598 336 100.0

Figure 9. Age structure of population in 1950 and 1970

1950

Number • = Male majority 50,000 IP = Female majority

40,000 ' •

30,000 ••

20,000 ••

10,000- '

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Age 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1390 1880 1870 1860 Year ol birth

22 1970

30,000

20,000 •

10,000 •

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ARe 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 Year of birth

years of age. Male and female distributions population will include only the persons are superimposed to illustrate the majority from 17 to 64 years. On the other hand, of either one. a remarkable number of comprehensive school graduates will continue their studies When the age distributions in 1950 and either in a , a senior 1970 are compared, a distinct difference secondary school, or an institution of higher can be seen in the form. The large age education. Consequently, the economically groups born in 1946—1950 are very distinct active population will be much smaller and the declining birth rate has reduced than the total number of persons from 17 the number of children, a phenomenon to 64 years. that characterizes the age distribution in 1970. Table 5: Population by age group and sex in 1970 The male majority in the younger age groups, due to the excess of male births over female births, is a normal phenomenon as is the fact that the male majority turns into a female one at a certain stage. In the older age groups the female majority is very distinct. In the age structures under discussion, an exceptionally distinct female majority appears in the age groups 0-6 10.6 11.2 10.1 where •war diminished the number of men. 7-16 28.0 29.6 26.5 In the 1950 distribution this appears in 17-64 52.1 52.0 52.1 the age group 25—40 and in the 1970 65- 9.3 7.2 11.3. distribution in the age group 45—60. The Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 male majority yields to a female majority in the first case in the age group 25 and in the latter case in the age group 41. A The economically active population con- conclusion may be drawn: without the stitutes only one half or slightly more of population decrease caused by wars, the the total population, which means that male majority would turn into a female there is a decrease in comparison with 1950, majority in age groups several years older. when the proportion of the economically active was 60.3 percent of the total popu- After the school reform is completed by lation. The proportion of the school age 1978, all citizens in the age group 7—16 population was then 16.5 percent and that will be defined as children at the compulsory of the population under school age (0 to school age. Thus the economically active 6 years) was 16.6 percent.

23 2 Marital statut structure Marital status is essentially dependent on age and will be discussed as such below. Table 6 illustrates the marital status distributions in 1950, I960, and 1970 by percentage and Single 47.9 51.1 44.9 sex. Married 44.0 45.4 42.7 Widowed 6.1 2.1 9.9 Divorced 2.0 1.4 2.5 Table 6: Marital status distribution of popu- Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 lation by sex in 1950, 1960, and 1970 Men are more often single than women. The proportion of married persons is also greater among men although the difference 1950 is less distinct than in the group of single persons. The proportions of the divorced and particularly the widowed are greater Single ... 53.1 55.6 50.8 among women than men. Because of men's Married . 39.5 41.2 38.0 higher mortality rate there are more widowed Widowed 6.4 2.5 9.9 women than widowed men, and widowed Divorced . 1.0 0.7 1.3 men remarry more frequently than widowed Total .... 100.0 100.0 100.0 women. For example, in 1970, 5,246 men and 14,378 women were widowed, whereas. 3,390 men and 3,017 women remarried.

As regards the changes in the marital status, structure in 1950—1970, the proportion of single persons decreased and that of the married increased, but the change was not Single 51.8 54.6 49.2 particularly great in either category. The Married 40.9 42.4 39.6 share of divorced persons, however, doubled, Widowed .... 5.9 . 2.1 9.5 and the primary reason for this was pos- Divoced 1.4 0.9 1.7 sibly urbanization. The proportion of the Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 widowed remained almost the same.

Table 7: Marital status distribution of population in corresponding age and sex groups- in 1950, 1960, and 1970.

15-44 45-64 65- 1950 M F M F M F

Single 46.8 40.2 11.4 18.9 9.3 15.5 Married 51.8 55.5 82.3 58.2 63.3 24.6 Ever-married 1.4 4.3 6.3 22.9 27.4 59.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1960

Single 47.4 38.6 10.1 16.3 9.8 17.8 Married 51.5 58.3 84.1 62.1 65.7 25.2 Ever-married 1.1 3.1 5.8 21.6 24.5 57.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1970

Single 48.2 39.2 10.2 13.4 9.7 18.6 Married 50.3 57.6 83.6 65.0 69.1 27.8 Ever-married 1.5 3.2 6.2 21.6 21.2 53.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

24 Table 7 shows the percentages of marital Although the number of families increased status groups in 1950, 1960, and 1970 the number of single persons also grew by age and sex. The figures indicate in simultaneously. On the basis of the number more detail the distribution of population of persons belonging to a family (86.7 by age and sex into various marital status percent in 1960 and 85.5 percent in 1970) groups. Widowed and divorced persons the proportion of single persons was 133 have been classified as ever-married persons. percent of the total population in I9601 and 14.5 percent in 1970. The age group 15—44 is probably the most interesting, at least as regards women, The most common family type is a married because their reproductive period occurs at couple with children. Of the total number that age. The frequency of marriages in of families in 1970, 63.5 percent represented this female age group is of great importance this type (65.5 percent in 1960). The least to population replacement. During the common family type is a father with children. period under discussion, the marriage fre- The numerical distribution of families is quency of women was approximately 57 dependent on marital status because the two percent. The corresponding male ratio was most common family types are a family slightly lower. It might be mentioned that consisting of a married couple with children the female ratio reached the maximum, and one consisting of a married couple about 80 percent, in the age group 35—40, without children. In the other two family and the male maximum was 85 percent in types there is only one parent, who is the age group 50—55. divorced, widowed, or single.

When the distributions in Table 7 are In 1960 the number of married couples was- studied by age group and sex, a general 886,719 and in 1970 980,846, an increase trend appears: in older age groups, partic- of 10.6 percent. The corresponding increase- ularly those above 65 years, the proportion in other.family types was 1.8 percent. In of men is remarkably higher in the category proportion to the total population, the- of married persons than that of women. number of families consisting of a married The main reason for this is men's higher couple had, however, grown much less, and mortality rate, but to some extent this is the proportion of other family types had also due to men's postponed average age decreased slightly. at marriage, which can also, be seen in the group of the re-married. Among women, The number of children is distributed unevenly between the various family types, the shares of the widowed and the. divorced 1 increase with age far more than among depending on the children's age. In 1970 men. approximately 86 percent of childen belonged to the family type consisting of a married couple and 14 percent to other family 3 Family structure types. About 94 percent of children under 7 years belonged to the first family type Data on families and the number of family and 6 percent to the second. The influence members in 1960 and 1970 are compiled of marital status is implicit in these data. in Appendix III. The average number of children under 7 years per family decreased in the 1960's» The number of families grew in the 1960's as illustrated in Appedix III. by 9.4 percent, which is far more than the population growth at the same time (3.4 percent). The average number of children 4 Religion decreased in all types of families. The The most eminent religious groups in our average number of children, all families country are the Evangelic-Lutheran Church included, was 1.86 in 1960 and 1.60 ten and the Greek Orthodox Church. There is years later. The figures in question refer also a considerable number of persons hav- to unmarried children living with their ing no religious affiliation. The following parents. The number of families consisting table indicates the proportions of the various of only the two spouses increased by 25.6 religious affiliations in the total population percent in the 1960's. in 1950, 1960, and 1970.

25 Table 8: Proportions of religious affiliations in total population in 1950, 1960, and 1970

Evan- Greek Other Persons Total gelic- Orthodox denomi- without Year Lutheran nations affiliation o/ o/ o/ /o /o /o 1950 95.0 1.7 0.6 2.7 100.0 1960 92.4 1.4 0.7 5.5 100.0 1970 92.4 1.2 1.2 5.2 100.0

Support of the Evangelic-Lutheran Church the provinces of Pohjois-Karjala and Kuo- has decreased, but still over nine tenths pio, where the support of the Greek Ortho- of the total population are its members. dox Church is relatively strong. The spread The Greek Orthodox Church has lost even of other religions varies. Some are support- more of its support, and a good one percent ed in all parts of the country, some only of the total population are its members. in southern Finland, where the support is The continuous and relatively rapid growth often strongest in the largest urban centers. of other denominations is remarkable, Persons who do not confess to any particular but the increase of the support of all the religious faith are evenly spread throughout small religious communities within this the country, but their share in percentages category has not been equal. According is greater in urban centers than in rural to the 1970 population census, the following areas. religious communities had over 1,000 mem- bers: 5 Language groups Jehovah's Witnesses 8 977 Finland is a bilingual country, Finnish Free Church in Finland 7 447 being the predominant language in almost Adventists 4 090 all parts of the country. The second official Roman Catholics 2 524 language, Swedish, is predominant in some Olaus Congregation 2 153 parts of southern and western Finland. The (Lutheran congregation for Lutherans from municipalities are divided into three cate- Sweden) gories according to the predominant Jesus Christ Church 1894 language: Finnish, Swedish, and bilingual. Baptists 1708 The division is made on the basis of the Methodists 1694 language spoken by the majority of inhab- Jewish Congregations 1217 itants, but the rights of the minority are Viipuri Congregation also guaranteed by a regulation stipulating {private Greek Orthodox congregation) ,1 160 that a municipality is bilingual if a minimum of 10 percent or 5,000 of its inhabitants speak the other language. As regards the regional spread of the various •denominations, the support of the Evan- The following table illustrates the linguistic gelic-Lutheran Church is the most even distribution of the total population in 1950, throughout the country. Exceptional are 1960, and 1970.

Table 9: Linguistic distribution of population in Finland in 1950, 1960, and 1970

Main language

Year Finnish Swedish Other or unknown Total

0/ 0/ Number /o Number Number Number 0/ /a /o /a 1950 3 670 918 91.1 348 286 8.6 10 599 0.3 4 029 803 100.0 1960 4 108 269 92.4 330 538 7.4 7 415 0.2 4 446 222 100.0 1970 4 286 895 93.2 303 406 6.6 8 035 0.2 4 598 336 100.O

26 The proportion of the Finnish, language has ments upon entering a vocational school increased evenly at the cost of the other also vary. languages, primarily Swedish. Of the other languages, little spoken in our country, the The following table illustrates the propor- Russian and the Lapp languages can serve tions of the persons having different educa- as examples. Russian is the main language tional backgrounds in the total population of nearly 1,700 persons, the majority of over 15 years of age in 1950, 1960, and whom live in the province of Uusimaa. 1970. Lapp is the main language of over 2,000 persons living in the province of Lappi. Table 11: Proportions of junior secondary school, senior secondary school, and uni- Most of the Swedish-speaking population versity graduates in 1950, 1960, and 1970 lives in the coastal regions of the provinces of Uusimaa and Vaasa as well as in Ah- venanmaa. There is also a small Swedish- speaking population in the province of Tur- ku and Pori, primarily on the coast and the . Table 10 illustrates the propor- Junior secondary school 5.5 7.6 11.6 tion of the Swedish-speaking population in Senior secondary school 3.0 4.2 7.1 percentages by province. Degree from institute of higher education 1.2 1.7 2.7 Table 10: Proportion of Swedish-speaking persons in total population by province in During the past two decades, the number 1970 of graduates from all these three educational levels has doubled. The numbers of senior secondary school and university graduates Swedish-speaking have grown more than that of junior se- Province population condary school graduates, which implies that competition and requirements on the labor market have become stricter. On the basis of the 1970 figures it may be said Uusimaa 14.9 that today over one fifth of the total popu- Turku and Pori 4.3 lation at the age of 15 or over has completed Ahvenanmaa 96.3 at least junior secondary school and about Häme 0.3 one tenth has graduated from senior se- Kymi 0.7 condary school. It must be noted that Mikkeli 0.1 the educational level of the younger age Pohjois-Karjala 0.0 groups is higher than illustrated by the Kuopio 0.1 above figures. In the future, after the Keski-Suomi 0.1 implementation of the comprehensive school Vaasa 23.5 system, all citizens will have at least junior Oulu 0.1 secondary school education. Lappi 0.1 Whole country 6.6 That the educational level is dependent on age is partially a natural necessity, but various social factors, financial resources, and even attitudes to school also influence 6 Education the level. These factors cannot be studied The discussion on education in this context in detail in this context, but we can study covers only the educational levels of upper the educational distribution by age and basic schooling, secondary schooling and sex groups instead. higher education, as well as the respective educational institutes: the junior and senior Table 12 illustrates the distribution of the secondary schools and the institutes of educational level in the total population higher learning. All citizens, except the at the age of 14 or more in 1970. Even mentally retarded and the very old, have was taken as a criterion completed education. Most in the classification, and consequently the of the elderly have, however, completed figures are not comparable as such with only a course that is equivalent to a concise the figures in the previous table. However, primary school curriculum. Illiteracy is considering the amount of education, we practically non-existent in Finland. As can say that »upper basic education» is regards vocational and technical education, equivalent to junior secondary school edu- comparison is difficult because the educa- cation, »secondary education» to the matri- tional contents and lengths, of the cour- culation examination from senior secondary ses vary a great deal, and the prerequisites school, and »higher education» to a degree concerning previous educational achieve- from an institute of higher education.

27 Table 12: Distribution in percentages of population at age of 14 or above by age group according to educational level of total population in corresponding age/sex groups in 1970

Upper basic education. Secondary education, Higher education, Age percent percent percent group Both Both Both sexes M F sexes M F sexes M F

14-19 20.7 16.6 25.0 11.6 13.2 9.9 20-29 11.1 8.2 14.3 40.9 40.6 41.1 . 5.8 5.7 5.9 30-39 8.2 3.9 12.6 24.4 24.8 23.9 8.6 9.4 7.9 40-49 6.4 2.9 9.7 15.4 15.9 15.0 5.6 6.3 4.9 50- 5.2 2.9 6.8 9.5 10.4 8.8 3.8 4.7 3.1 Total 9.4 6.4 12.0 19.9 21.2 18.8 4.7 5.3 4.3

The influence of age is most distinct in Approximately 25 percent of the total secondary education. Because of their age population has completed at least secondary the youngest have not yet participated in education. The percentage is higher among; secondary education, and the majority of men than women. About 47 percent of the- the older age groups did not have the age group 20—29 has completed secondary- opportunity for secondary education at the education. There is hardly any difference appropriate age. Presumably, at least se- between the sexes in this respect. In th& condary education has been available to eldest age groups (50 or over), the pro- the age group 20 — 29, and four out of ten portions are much smaller but are still above have taken advantage of the opportunity. 10 percent among both men and women. Roughly one fifth of the total population has obtained secondary education. There All the age groups have had a relatively is no distinct difference between the sexes equal share of higher education except the in this respect. age group under 20 years. Most persons with higher education belong to the age- As regards upper basic education, the pro- group 30—39; nearly every tenth in this portion of the older age groups with upper group has completed a course of study basic education is far lower than that of at an institution of higher education. Every the corresponding age groups with secondary 20th person of the total population has a. education. The difference is partially a degree from an institute of higher education. result of the current educational classifica- The difference between the sexes in this tion: most of the junior secondary school respect favors men; a greater number of graduates who do not pursue further studies men have studied in an institute of higher in the senior secondary school go to voca- education. It seems that in the future more tional institutes which are also classified women will receive higher education than as secondary education institutes. A similar men: in the age group 20—29, the female phenomenon also appears in higher edu- ratio is higher than the male ratio as regards- cation and is equally due to classification higher education. alone. Upper basic education seems to be an intermediate level at which schooling seldom stops.

28 IV GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AND INTERNAL MIGRATION

1 Geographical distibution of population population growth during the last 20 years. The population growth has been relatively Strong industrialization in Finland neces- rapid in the provinces of southern Finland. sitated a new spatial distribution of the Owing to the high birth rate, the popula- population. Trie need for labor on farms, tion has grown rather strongly even in the which were the most common productive provinces of Oulu and Lappi. In these units in the agrarian society, differed es- provinces population began to decline con- sentially from the need for labor in a country siderably after the middle of the 1960's. that was in the process of rapid industriali- zation. The structural change in production had two different effects on the population: The special status of Uusimaa is obvious people began to seek industrial jobs which, if the province is compared with the other better than agriculture, ensured subsistence provinces' net in-migration and net out- to the farmless. Secondly, the move from migration rates. The province of Uusi- agriculture into industrial circumstances, maa received one fourth of its population which required more individual effort than of 1970 through the in-migration in the working as a family unit on a farm, altered 1950's and 1960's. the average family size. Industry that required specialized skills could not employ When illustrating the quinquennial devel- children, and this led to a decline in the opment by the proportion of the net in- birth rate, which subsequently reduced the migration and the net out-migration of a family size. province to its 1970 population, it can be noted that the net in-migration to the pro- As a result of industrialization, the popu- vince of Uusimaa has been of the same lation moved to southwestern and southern magnitude at different times (Figure 11). parts of the country, where harbors: and In the other two provinces with net in- the old urban centers constituted the frame- migration, Ahvenanmaa and Häme, the work for urbanization. This phenomenon net in-migration did not begin to influence of concentration was counterbalanced by the population development considerably a higher birth rate in the non-industrialized until the late 1960's (Appendix IV). regions. The effect of industrialization on the birth rate was twofold: the birth rate During the entire period under discussion, was lower in the industrialized regions and 26 percent of the 1970 population of the it was also lower in the agricultural areas province of Uusimaa had in-migrated to of the industrialized southwestern and sout- the area. The rate of in-migration remained hern parts of the country than in the other the same during all the quinquennial periods. agricultural areas. There was some net in-migration to the provinces of Ahvenanmaa and Häme, but As early as the 1930's, the population growth it influenced the population development in cities and towns depended on internal only in the late 1960's. migration, which most influenced the cities and towns in the provinces of Uusimaa, The net out-migration was greatest from Ahvenanmaa, Häme, and Turku and Pori. the provinces of Pohjois-Karjala, Mikkeli, The contribution of internal migration to and Kuopio. The net out-migration rate the population growth in cities and towns was almost the same during all the quin- was 90 percent. quennial periods. The net out-migration from the province of Pohjois-Karjala, how- The concentration of the urban population ever, decreased during the last quinquennial in the cities and towns of the province of period in comparison with the two previous Uusimaa in southern Finland (in 1950, quinquennial periods. 35 percent of the urban population was living in the cities and towns of the province The figure indicates that the province of of Uusimaa), the internal migration to the Lappi is exceptional. In the late 1950's, urban centers, and the industrialization of it received some net in-migration, an excep- the entire province of Uusimaa have made tional situation, and it did not become an it the main net in-migration area during important region of net out-migration until the period of our country's independence. the late 1960's. Simultaneously, there was strong emigration from the province; in Figure 10 shows the spatial distribution of 1968 — 1971 the province lost 7.1 percent the population in 1970 and the rate of of its population through emigration to

29 Figure 10. Regional distribution of population in 1970 and change in population in 1950-1970

Population increase in 1950—70

Population decrease in 1950—70 in relation to population size in 1970

500, 000

30 Figure 11. Changes in population of 1970 caused by internal migration, given in percen- tages by province in quinquennial periods 1950—1970

Increase Decrease

ÖQ Ahvenaiimaa

26 Unsimaa,

20 10 10 20

Sweden. During the first half of the 1950's, was to some extent counterbalanced by the province of Uusimaa was a place of net out-migration from the province of arrival for in-migrants from all the other Turku and Pori to those of Häme and provinces in Finland. The majority of the Uusimaa. The places of arrival for internal in-migrants came from the province of migrants at the late 1960's were the pro- Häme, the province of Kymi, the province vinces of Uusimaa, Häme, and Turku and of Kuopio, and the southern parts of the Pori. Regardless of the net in-migration province of Turku and Pori. Some migra- to the provinces of Häme and Turku and tion that differed from the general migra- Pori, these provinces suffered from rather tion flows to the province of Uusimaa and strong out-migration to Uusimaa. southern Finland appeared at the same time; e.g., the province of Oulu received The regional distribution of population was net in-migration from the provinces of not decisively altered by the internal migra- Vaasa and Kuopio. tion to Uusimaa because the birth rates were considerably higher in the net out- During the first five years of the 1960's, migration areas. At the beginning of the- the central position of the province of 1950's, the differences were still conciderable Uusimaa as a place of destination was but have been leveling out ever since. The further emphasized. The migration flows average annual number of liveborn children from southern to northern Finland slowed in percentages of the number of 20—44- down. Together with Uusimaa, the pro- year-old women was 107 percent higher in vince of Häme became an important net the province of Pohjois-Karjala than in. in-migration center. Uusimaa at the very end of 1950; ten years later the difference was 48 percent, and in At the end of the 1960's, the province of 1970 it was only 20 percent. In the 1960's Häme was the second most important net the birth rates dropped sharply and the- in-migration center (Figure 12). Net in- regional differences leveled out throughout migration to Häme totaled approximately the country so that the provinces that one fourth of the net in-migration to the represent the extreme values as regards, province of Uusimaa. The place of destina- internal migration illustrate the general tion for net out-migration from the pro- development. vince of Häme was solely the province of Uusimaa. The province of Turku and The regional differences in the birth rate Pori usually received net in-migration from in the natural growth influence the- the eastern and northern provinces, which geographical distribution of population less-

31 Figure 12. Directions of net in-migration flows between provinces in 1966—1970

32 than internal migration. This is because population has altered the age structure net in-migration to one area implies net out- of population in an unfavorable direction as migration from the area of departure and regards the natural growth. The decline consequently the impact of internal migra- in the natural growth has been slowest in tion is in a way double. Regional differences the province of Lappi because the internal in the natural growth have never been so and the external migration did not lead to great in Finland that they could have extensive depopulation in that area until eliminated the influence of internal migra- the late 1960's. The results of this decline tion completely. The present trend indicates in the economically active population, that regional differences in the natural caused by the internal and the external growth will decrease. migration from the province of Lappi will not be obvious until the 1970's. The natural growth has had most effect on. the population development in the The future leveling of the regional differences province of Lappi. The population growth in the natural growth will probably lead to has been next largest in the provinces of a rather strong concentration of population Oulu and Pohjois-Karjala. The natural in southern Finland. The balancing effect growth has been slowest in the southern of the natural growth on the migratory provinces. In the provinces of Pohjois- movement has clearly decreased. Karjala, Mikkeli, and Kuopio, the natural growth has begun to decline sharply. At In the 1950's and 1960's, there was hardly the end of the 1960's it was below the any redistribution of population. The extent national average in these provinces, a of the change naturally varies depending on situation contrary to that at the beginning the regional unit used, so that the change of the 1950's. becomes greater as the regional unit becomes smaller. The change in the distribution, The decline caused by the internal migration examined by major areas, is relatively small in the proportion of the economically active but seems to be accelerating.1)

1950 1960 1970 Major area Population percent Population percent Population percent Southern Finland 2152 895 53.4 2 432 723 54.7 2 680 601 58.3 Central Finland . 1 349 944 33.5 1401 394 31.5 1 319 419 28.7 Northern Finland 526 964 13.1 612 105 13.8 598 316 13.0 4 029 803 100.0 4 446 222 100.0 4 598 336 100.0

In the 1950's, the populations of all the If large urban centers spring up in a pro- major areas were still on the increase. In vince, the migration between provinces and the 1960's, the population was growing only the redistribution of population may slow in southern Finland, and its proportion in down. the total population of the country rose by 3.6 percentage points. Regional development of urbanization has been very even in Finland. In the past two decades, there have been no remarkable 2 Urbanization and migration changes in the concentration of population Urbanization began in Finland as late as in the urban centers of southern Finland, the 1970's. The prerequisites for it were a phenomenon that appeared already at the created by a simultaneous strong industrial beginning of the century. This can be seen development. In the first decades of the in the following scheme. The municipal present century, the larger cities had rela- division of 1970 has been applied in the tively more net migration than the smaller scheme. A rural municipality that became ones. This was one of the reasons for the a town, e.g., in 1963 is thus listed as a net in-migration to the province of Uusi- town even in 1950. maa. The location of the largest urban centers x) The major areas: northern Finland: thus influences the redistribution of popu- the provinces of Lappi and Oulu; central lation caused by migration. Migration is Finland: the provinces of Keski-Suomi, influenced not only by the size of the urban Kuopio, Mikkeli, Pohjois-Karjala, and Vaa- centers and urbanization in general but also sa; southern Finland: the provinces of Ah- by the distance between the place of venanmaa, Häme, Kymi, Turku and Pori, departure and the place of destination. and Uusimaa.

33 1950 1960 1970 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban munici- munici- munici- munici- munici- munici- palities palities palities palities palities palities Southern Finland 43.2 70.8 42.5 70.5 44.8 71.3 Central Finland 40.7 21.0 39.6 20.9 37.8 20.0 Norhern Finland 16.1 8.2 17.9 8.6 17.4 8.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

The distribution, by administrative district The trend is indicated in Figure 13. It type of the population residing in the major shows the total net in-migration to urban areas has been nearly the same for almost communes in the quinquennial periods of twenty years. Population growth in southern the 1960's, excluding the net in-migration Finland has been distributed evenly between from the rural communitites within the rural municipalities, towns, and cities. same province. Appendix V shows the absolute and the relative distributions. This distribution of population between different types of administrative districts Compared with the 1970 population, the in the various major areas is an indication city of Maarianhamina in Ahvenanmaa of the urban centrers vitality and shows received most net in-migration. At the that they can develop independently of then- beginning of the decade, 81.3 percent of regional location. This is a remarkable its net in-migration came from rural muni- phenomenon considering the simultaneous cipalities in the same province, but towards strong urbanization. In 1950, 38.2 percent the end of the decade this proportion of the population lived in towns and cities, declined to 44.9 percent. Figure 13 indicates ten years later the respective proportion that during the latter half of the decade, was 44.4 percent, and in 1970 it was 50.9 Maarianhamina strengthened its status as percent. a net in-migration city in comparison with the preceding quinquennial period. It will obviously be possible to effectively limit the in-migration to southern Finland In another strong net in-migration center, by creating strong regional centers. In the towns and cities of the province of the 1950's and 1960's the towns and cities Häme, the rate of net in-migration from located in various parts of the country the rural municipalités within the same were able to absorb people from nearby province was 46.7 percent of the total net regions without any supporting measures. in-migration at the beginning of the decade, Recent development indicates that the and 27.8 percent towards the end of the situation is rapidly worsening in this respect. decade. Nevertheless, the net in-migration The net out-migration from the cities and to the urban communes of the province towns of the provinces suffering most from of Häme was greater at the end than at out-migration to other provinces has grown, the beginning of the decade. whereas the net in-migration to these cities and towns from the rural municipalities in The urban communes of the province of the same province has not increased but Uusimaa deviated greatly from those of has tended to slow down. the other provinces. At the beginning of the decade, the net migration to the rural The migration between provinces and the municipalities in the province was a nega- migration within a province are recorded tive 6.1 percent, and towards the end of separately in the statistics. They show the the decade down to 34.1 percent. The growth distinction between the net in-migration to of this net migration was negative partly cities from the rural municipalities in the because the rural municipality of same province, and the in-migration from changed into a town on January 1, 1963. other provinces. This is not, however, only explanation for the negative growth of net migration. Investigated by province, all cities and towns had net in-migration in the 1950's The proportion of Helsinki in the population and the early 1960's. The trend may be of the towns and cities of the province of examined only in the quinquennial periods Uusimaa was 68.4 percent in 1970. The 1961 — 1965 and 1966—1970 because the new exceptional status of the urban centers of provincial division of 1960 makes a com- the province of Uusimaa was due to a parison between the 1950's and the 1960's metropolitanization process. The urbaniza- impossible. tion of the province in the 1960's favored

34 Figure 13 Net in-migration to urban communes by province, and excluding in-migration from rural municipalities of same province in quinquennial periods 1961 —1965 and 1966-1970

20 •

15 •

10 -

-5 -

-10 •

Net in-migration, Net in-migration excluding in-migration per cent of population in 1970 from rural communes of the same province

1966-70 1966-70 I 1961-65 I 1961-65

, and the in-migration flows to the provinces, but towards the end of the province of Uusimaa were directed to the decade, the rate of net in-migration from close vicinity of Helsinki. the rural municipalities exceeded the rate of net out-migration to other provinces by The urban communes of the province of about 1,000 persons. In the late 1960's, Pohjois-Karjala, one of the provinces char- the population moving to the urban com- acterized by net out-migration, were ex- munes of the province from its rural muni- ceptional. In the two quinquennial periods, cipalities was four times greater than the 5,000 persons migrated to the urban com- total net in-migration. When emigration munes from the rural municipalities of the is taken into consideration, the changes in same province, but simultaneously approxi- the migratory movement of the province mately 3,000 persons out-migrated to other of Lappi have been immense. provinces. In the provinces characterized by net out- There was one out-migrant to another pro- migration the net in-migration to urban vince per two in-migrants from the rural communes by province is dependent on the municipalities. A similar phenomenon af- in-migration to these urban centers from fected the population development in the the nearby rural municipalities, which must towns and cities of the provinces of Mik- exceed the net in-migration (the number keli and Kuopio as late as the end of the of arrivals minus the number of departures) 1960's. The urban communes in the pro- before it can compensate for the depopula- vince of Lappi deviated from those of the tion caused by the out-migration from the other provinces. In the early 1960's, the urban centers to other provinces. The urban communes of the province were following table illustrates how many per- not affected by out-migration to other sons have to migrate from a rural munici-

35 pality within one province for there to be vince). The prerequisites for the develop- a minimum net in-migration of one person ment of the urban communes of the pro- to the urban communes in the provinces vince of Lappi in particular were dependent that suffer most from out-migration: on the population arriving from the rural municipalities within the province because Province Number of in-migrants from rural the urban centers in the province lost much municipalities within same pro- of their population to other provinces and vince/net in-migration to Sweden. 1961-1965 1966-1970 The picture of the even distribution of Pohj ois-Karj ala 2.4 2.1 urban population in the major areas will Mikkeli 1.2 1.7 not change even if urbanization is invest- Lappi 1.1 4.6 igated on other grouping bases. Measured by the changes in the administrative forms, The prerequisite of having a minimum of urbanization increased slightly faster in one person's net in-migration to the urban southern and central Finland, but when communes of the province of Pohjois-Kar- they are compared with northern Finland jala was that at least two persons inmigrated the difference is not great: to the urban centers from the rural munici- palities of the same province. In the pro- vince of Lappi, the respective ratio approa- Major area Urban communes ched five toward the end of the 1960's. 1950 1960 1970 Southern Finland 37 40 43 The even population growth of the urban Central Finland .. 20 20 25 communes that was referred to at the Northern Finland beginning of this section is based on the 6 7 10 net in-migration from the rural munici- 63 67 78 palities even in the major areas suffering from a relative population decline. Without Measured by the size of the urban centers, the net in-migration from the nearby rural urbanization in 1950 was fastest in the municipalities, the urban communes of the small cities and towns having less than major areas of central and northern Fin- 25,000 inhabitants. The development in land would have suffered from net out- the population distribution between centers migration throughout the 1960's (by pro- of various sizes was in general very even.

Table 13: Population distribution between centers of various sizes in 1950, 1960, and 1970

1950 1960 Type of center 1970 1950 Population percent Population percent Population percent

Helsinki 369 380 9.2 452 777 10.2 510 352 11.1 and Turku 206 303 5.1 256 592 5.7 307 653 6.7 50,000-25,000 300 149 7.4 418 158 9.4 546 747 11.9 Other urban communes 664 444 16.5 848 407 19.1 975 556 21.2 Rural munici- palities 2 489 527 61.8 2 470 288 55.6 2 258 028 49.1 Total 4 029 803 100.0 4 446 222 100.0 4 598 336 100.0

It was stated earlier that two opposing sizes can be ascertained. The 1950's and factors caused the even development in the 1960's also stand out as deviating decades regional distribution of population. In the in this respect.1) 1950's natural growth in provinces of net out-migration was considerably greater than in the provinces of net in-migration. In the 1960's the regional differences in the natural *) Statistics on .the migratory movement growth leveled considerably. of the 1950's include also information on the migration in 1951—55. Net emigration If the migratory movement is examined during this period was 32,000 persons. as such, rather great differences in the Partial incorporations of municipalities have development of the urban centers of various not been taken into account in the grouping.

36 Table 14: Influence of migration on changes cent in the 1960's. Appendix VI details of population size in urban centers of various the effect of the migratory movement on sizes in the 1950's and 1960's. the population growth in centers of various sizes. Type of 1951-i960 1961-1970 In-migration constituted 70 percent of the center 1950 percent of percent of population growth in Tampere and Turku mean popu- mean popu- in the 1950's and 1960's. In the rural lation lation municipalities, the natural growth rate did not exceed the net out-migration rate. Helsinki 15.2 8.7 Tampere and 3 Migration to Helsinki and its surroundings Turku 13 2 13 9 50,000-25,000 . The exceptional status of the province of 17.4 18.3 Uusimaa as the main area of net inmigration Other urban has been elucidated in the above discussion. communes 2.3 8.3 Net in-migration to the province of Uusi- Rural munici- maa totaled 145,000 persons in 1961 — 1970; palities -8.3 -10.4 this was 14.5 percent of the total population of Uusimaa in 1970. Uusimaa is an excep- In the 1960's the population development tional province also in the sense that even in small cities and towns with less than its rural municipalities had net in-migration 25,000 inhabitants became more dependent during the 1950's and 1960's. on the migratory movement. This was due to the decreased natural growth in these One of the reasons for this exceptional cities and towns and to the increased net status is that the greatest urban center of in-migration. The net in-migration to these our country is located in Uusimaa. In the centers in 1951 — 1960 was 22.9 percent of 1940's, the population of Helsinki increased the net in-migration 1961 — 1970. The in- faster than the total population of the pro- migration contributed 9.4 percent to the vince, but the growth slowed down in the population growth in 1950's, and 59.3 per- 1950's and 1960's:

Population growth Population Population growth Population of Helsinki, of Province of percent Uusimaa, percent 1941-1950 ... 16.4 (1950) 369 000 12.7 (1950) 667 000 1951-1960 ... 18.4 (I960) 453 000 24.8 (I960) 833 000 1961-1970 ... 12.7 (1970) 510 000 20.7 (1970) 1 005 000

Althoug the population growth of the city In the migratory movement between Hel- of Helsinki slowed down in the 1960's, the sinki and the surrounding municipalities, metropolitan area continued to attract popu- Helsinki suffered from net out-migration lation. Instead of Helsinki, the population as early as the 1950's. In-migration from growth concentrated in the nearby munici- these municipalities to Helsinki was annually palities. The net in-migration to the nearby about 3,000 persons in the 1950's and 6,000 town of was the highest in the whole in the 1960's. At the end of the 1960's, country, 130.8 per mil. the out-migration from Helsinki to the surrounding municipalities increased from The net in-migration to Helsinki ceased an average of 10,000 persons in 1961 — 1968 and became net out-migration in two se- to 15,000 persons in 1969 — 1970. The net parate stages. The change first appeared out-migration from Helsinki to the nearby as an even rise in the out-migration begin- municipalities was the main reason for the ning in 1962. In 1962 — 1970, the out- depopulation of Helsinki. migration nearly doubled and was app- roximately 27,000 persons in 1970. In- The increase in the out-migration from migration decreased by 2,000 persons after Helsinki does not imply that Helsinki lost 1967. In 1970, the net out-migration from any of its influence as the national com- Helsinki for the first time exceeded the mercial and administrative center. Res- net in-migration. The approximate annual idential buildings in the center of the city net in-migration to Helsinki and its sur- were often converted into offices, which roundings totaled on the average 13,000 compelled the inhabitants to leave for persons in the 1950's and 1960's. suburbs and neighbouring municipalities.

37 That an increasing number of the inhabitants tion oí Helsinki, caused by the net out- of the neighbouring municipalities worked migration, had practically no other influence in Helsinki in the 1960's implies that the than an increase in the traffic between Hel- influence of Helsinki as the center of the sinki and the neighbouring municipalities nation was on the increase. The depopula- and a decrease in the revenues of Helsinki.

38 V LABOR FORCE

1 Labor force by age and sex 1960's. The population at the economically Labor force or labor supply designates the active age increased by about 10 percent economically active population that pursues in the 1960's. The labor force, however, increased by only 3 percent at the same gainful occupations or, if unemployed, seeks 1 employment and is available on the labor time. ) The increase in the labor force was market. The extent of the labor force is slower than the increase in the economically mainly dependent on the total population active population; to investigate the reasons of the country, its structure, and the extent for this difference, the labor force participa- of its participation in the economic life. tion rates or the activity rates, as well The labor force participation rate, again, as their changes in the 1960's, are discussed is influenced by various social, economic, below. and individual factors, as described below. The activity rates illustrated in Figure 14 Great changes took place in the size and date from 1962 and 1972. No comparable structure of the population of Finland in the data are available from 1960.

Figure 14. Labor force participation rates by age and sex in 1962 and 1972 Per cent 100

90 \ 8o * 70 - // 6o \ /I

50 |- - / 40 7 \ 1962 ! 1962 \ 30 Men # _f 1972 Women 1972 20

15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 45- 55- 60- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 45- 55- 60- 64 64

The figure shows that the activity rates of and institutes of higher learning increased men in all age groups declined between by about 90 percent in 1960—1970. 1962 and 1972, most distinctly in the young- est and the oldest age groups. The activity rates of women increased in the middle *•) According to population censuses, the age groups and there was decline only in economically active population increased by those of the youngest and the two oldest 4.7 percent in the 1960's (Table 17). The age groups. difference between the increase in the economically active population and the increase in the labor force may be due to Increased school attendance and studying the terms used in the labor force inquiries lowered the activity rates of the younger and the population censuses, according to age groups in the 1960's. For instance, which the unpaid family workers in particular the number of students in vocational schools are defined in different ways.

39 As the increase in the capacity of educational classification is, however, essential because institutions exceeded the growth, of the age the population that is able to participate groups that were attending school, the in the labor market constitutes the major participation rate of the young in schooling part of the labor resources of our country. increased and their labor force participation In the 1960's, the proportion of the labor rate respectively declined. At the individual supply, or the employable, dimininshed in level, the above implies that more time is the total population. This was mainly due now spent on studying and that entrance to the sharp increase in the number of to the labor market takes place at an older persons pensioned as unemployable. Pension age. security of the unemployable improved considerably at that time; the Occupational When the population at the economically Pension Acts came into force in 1961 and active age is discussed in terms of labor 1962, and real increases in the old age supply, it is necessary to place the un- pensions were implemented in the middle employable and the employable in sepárete of the 1960's. Because of the improved categories. The difference between the un- pensions, those whose working ability had employable and the employable is not decreased were able to transfer from the definite and it may be affected by public working population into the category of health and labor policy measures. This economically inactive persons.

Table 15: Persons in receipt of disability pension by age group and sex December 31, 1965 and 1970

Men Women Men Women

Age 1965 1970 1965 1970 1965 1970 1965 1970 Of total population (%)

16-34 8 350 10 533 7 113 8 544 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 35-44 8116 9133 7 295 7 623 2.8 3.2 2.4 2.7 45-54 13 963 20 289 12 691 16 412 6.0 8.6 4.6 5.8 55-59 13 608 19 283 13 179 17 743 11.9 17.6 9.4 12.9 60-64 17 514 28177 19 581 27 743 19.9 28.0 17.0 20.9 16-64 61 551 87 415 59 859 78 065 4.3 5.9 3.9 5.0

The proportion of disabled persons increased the high morbidity rate and the out-migra- in all age groups between 1965 and 1970, tion from those regions in the 1960's, which both among men and women. The number affected the economically most active of women in receipt of disability pension population. was relatively smaller than the number of men receiving disability pension, and the The development of the general pension share of disability pensioners was higher security system (including the enterprisers' among both men and women towards older pension) has reduced both men's and age groups. The highest number of dis- women's labor force participation rates in ability pensioners was in the age group of the older age groups. The activity rate of 60 — 64 year-old men, of whom 28 percent men in the age group 60 — 64 lowered by received disability pension in 1970. In this 20 percent in 1962 — 1972; the change is context it might be mentioned that regionally great in comparison with the general devel- the proportion of the labor resources in the opment of the labor force participation rates economically active population varies a great in the same period. deal. For instance, in 1970 the proportion of persons in receipt of disability pension in In 1962—1972 the labor force participation the population at the economically active rate increased in the age group of 25—44 age was 3.8 percent in the province of year-old women only (Figure 14). Owing Uusimaa, whereas that in the province of to this growth, the women's participation, Pohjois-Karjala was as high as 9.2 percent. rate in the Finnish labor force is remarkably The great share of the disabled in the pro- high; in 1972 the proportion of women in vince of Pohjois-Karjala, and in eastern the economically active population was and northern Finland in general, is due to 45 percent, i.e. nearly one half of the total.

40 Previously, when agriculture was the greatest men less than ten years earlier. This in- source of employment, farming and stock- dicates that the increase in the economi- breeding brought women into gainful em- cally active population in 1962 — 1972 was- ployment. As agriculture lost its significance due only to the higher activity rate of as a source of employment, simultaneous women. changes in the occupational structure of the production system, particularly the According to population censuses (Table 16), increase in the service occupations, guaran- the share of the gainfully employed in- teed numerous working opportunities for creased particularly among married women women. In 1972 two thirds of the emp- between 1960 and 1970; their labour force loyees of commerce, banks, and services participation rate rose from 45 to almost were women. The increased proportion of 53 percent. The unmarried women's labor women in the economically active popula- force participation rate dropped during the- tion is also seen in the following figures: in same period by more than 10 percent so- 1972 there were 31,000 more women than that already in 1970 it was lower than that men in the total labor force, and 18,000 of the married women.

Table 16: Women's labor force participation rates by age and sex in 1960 and 1970.

Unmarried Married

Age 1960 1970 1960 1970

percent percent

15- ... 52.9 42.0 45.0 52.6 15-19 41.6 27.2 42.5 47.0 20-29 76.0 69.7 47.0 61.3 30-39 85.9 85.9 49.2 63.6 40-49 84.4 82.3 51.4 61.1 50- ... 36.6 25.6 34.7 32.6

The educational level seems to affect the pension system in the older age groups, married women's labor force participation and by women's increased activity rate on. rate. According to the 1970 population the labor market (the influence of emigration census, the labor force participation rate on the labor force has been omitted in this- of women with secondary education was context). Because of the prolonged period 61 percent and that of women with higher of education, the younger age groups now education 75 percent, while at the same enter the labor market later, and the eco- time the labor force participation rate of all nomically active population becomes eco- married women was 53 percent. Investiga- nomically inactive earlier because of the im- tions on women's gainful employment have proved pension system than at the beginning revealed that in the higher social strata of the 1960's. It appears that the share of maintenance of one's occupational and the economically active years in man's life- professional skills and enjoyment of one's has decreased and the share of other activ- work are often the major reasons why ities increased. Women's time spent on mothers work outside their homes. In the child care and housekeeping has diminished lower social strata it is mainly economic and the proportion of time spent in gainful reasons that oblige women to enter the employment has increased. labor market. The following scheme shows the effect of The above indicates that in the 1960's the the changes in 1962 — 1972 in the proportions size and structure of the labor force were of the activities discussed above on th& most strongly affected by the increasing labor force by age and sex in 1972. amount of education in the younger age The impact of emigration has been omitted groups, by the lowering of the labour force and the changed situation concerns only participation rates owing to the improved the population residing in Finland.

41 15-64 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 1,000 persons Men ... -125 -49 -21 — 9 - 2 — 3 -10 —31 Women -1 —37 0 +16 +20 +21 - 4 -17

If men's labor force participation rates in 2 Labor reserves 1972 had been equal to those in 1962, the number of economically active men would In terms of labor supply it is appropriate have been 125,000 persons more than what in this context to discuss that part of the it actually was in 1972; i.e., more than 10 employable population not participating in percent of the male labor force in the age the labor force because this population group 15—64. group constitutes the major part of the labor reserves. In 1972, one fourth of the The changes in women's activity had employable population in the age group different effects on the labor force parti- 15 — 64 belonged to the labor reserves in cipation rates in different age groups. The our country; the proportion of men was general trend was, however, that the in- 16 and that of women 35 percent. The crease in the labor force participation rates total labor reserves in 1972 were 750,000 of the middle age groups compensated for persons, of whom about one third were the decrease in the activity rates of the men. The age distribution of the labor younger and the two oldest age groups. reserves was as follows.

15-64 15--19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60-64 percent Men 100 53 30 7 1 1 2 2 4 Women 100 26 14 9 7 12 14 8 10

A remarkable number of the persons in the quently women remain economically inactive younger age groups belong to the male or are obliged to accept employment that labor reserves. The majority of the labor does not correspond to their educational reserves consisting of the younger age groups level. Housekeeping and participation in are schoolchildren and students who will the labor force are equal alternatives for most probably enter the labor market after some women. When the demand for labor completing their studies because the major is great, they enter the labor market, and motive for their studies is to prepare for when the demand is less, they become gainful employment. The majority of the economically inactive owing to the shortage older age groups belonging to the labor of employment. reserves are retired persons who will most probably never return to the labor market. Figure 15 shows, as a summary of the above, the main groups of population in the age Except schoolchildren and students, there group 15—74 by age and sex in 1972. are no remarkable male labor reserves. The female labor reserves are larger and also The figure clearly indicates how the popula- of greater importance as regards the labor tion constituting the labor force of Fin- supply. In 1972, the female labor reserves land is relatively young today. The total consisted of 500,000 persons, of whom labor force in 1972 was 2,200,000 persons, 330,000 were housewives. The distribution of which more than one million, or almost of the labor reserves into age groups is a half, were less than 35 years old. App- more balanced among women than men roximately 40 percent of the labor force but the proportions of the two youngest were from the age group 35 — 54 and one age groups are the greatest. tenth from the age group 55 years or above. The age structures of the male and the The proportion of the labor reserves in the female labor forces are to a great extent total labor resources varies regionally. The parallel; in both sex groups the proportion proportion is smallest in the province of of the age group 25—34 is the greatest and Uusimaa and greatest in the province of the proportions of the other age groups Lappi, where 43 percent of women belonged are also equal. to the labor reserves in 1971. Owing to underdeveloped economic life, the number In the youngest age group there is an of appropriate jobs for women is inadequate extensive labor reserve, i.e., more than in eastern and northern Finland, conse- 400,000 persons who will become economi-

42 Figure 15. Main groups of population at economically active age by age and sex in 1972

t\ Labor force Wt\ Unemployed ^| Unemployable persons employable persons

Men Women

',000 ,000' 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4oo 450 cally active in the next few years. Part 3 Labor force by industry of the women belonging to this reserve In 1972, 45 percent of the economically will remain outside the labor force in most active population in our country was em- cases as housewives. The size of this group ployed in service industries, 36 percent in can be decisively influenced by practical processing industries and 19 percent in social policy measures that especially con- extractive industries. Thus, the industrial cern opportunities for vocational education, structure of the labor force is already quite gainful employment, housing, and children's oriented towards service occupations, and day care. The absolute and the relative on the other hand, the proportionate number numbers of persons under the age of 15 of the economically active engaged in decreased remarkably in the 1960's. The agriculture and forestry is smaller than ever number of young people entering the labor before. market in the 1970's will be 100,000 persons less than in the 1960's. Consequently, the This chapter concentrates on the develop- growth of the labor resources will slow ment of the occupational structure in the down in the coming years. This reduction 1960's and illustrates the occupational of the age groups entering the labor market, structure of the labor force by age and emigration, and eventual changes in the region at the beginning of the 1970's. Table labor force participation rates will have a 17 illustrates the changes in the occupational decisive impact on the development of the structure of the labor force in Finland in size and structure of the labor force. 1950 — 1970 according to the industrial

Table 17: Economically active population by industry in 1950, 1960, and 1970 and changes in 1960 — 1950 and 1970 — 1960

Economically active population Change

1950 1960 1970 1950 1960 1970 1960-50 1970-60

1,000 persons Percent Percent

Extractive industries 909 721 429 46 35 20 -20.7 -40.5 Processing industries 553 639 723 28 31 34 +15.8 +13.0 Service industries 494 667 934 25 33 44 +34.9 +40.1 Total1) 1984 2033 2129 100 100 100 +2.5 +4.7 l) incl. industry unknown

43 distributions of the economically active Figure 16 The employed by industry in population in the population census. 1959-1972 The occupational structure of the economi- cally active population underwent a profound change during these 20 years. In 1950 and as late as 1960, the extractive industry was »00 the largest branch of industry in our country, but owing to a strong decrease in this sector in the 1960's, only one fifth of the loo economically active population is now em- S —i ployed in agriculture and forestry. The 700

Figure 17. Economically active population by industry and age group in 1970

Per cent Agriculture and Manufacturing Construction Services

30 l~ forestry

25

20 15

10 5

I IA IA IAIA IA IA LA tA IA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA lf\ T- r\j rA-d" IA MD rvj r^4" LA \o force. The year 1967 was exceptional was the youngest; almost one third of the because the number of the employed labor force belonged to the age group 15 — decreased owing to a slump in Finland. 24. The increase of the labor force in the The number of those employed in the processing industry at the end of the 1960's service industry has increased year by mainly took place in industry and not in year, most strongly in 1961, 1964, and 1972. the construction field. The majority of the employees in the service industry were The development of the size of the labor 25 — 34 years old, the employees even in force by industry is also reflected in the this industrial branch thus being relatively age structure of the economically active young. The persons employed in the con- population. Figure 17 illustrates the age struction industry were older, the peak of structure of the employed population by the age structure being in the age group industry in 1970. According to the figure, 35-44. the age structure of industrial workers

44 The age structure of the persons employed areas suffering from depopulation also in agriculture and forestry was exceptional, provides similar information; one half of about one half of its labor force being over the agricultural enterprisers in the age 45 years old, and less than one third under group 45 — 64 and their spouses will leave 35 years. Owing to the age structure of their farms in the next five years. the labor force in the extractive industry, the number of persons employed in that Table 18 illustrates the numbers of persons industrial branch -will decline sharply in employed in the extractive industry by 10- the next few years. On the basis of the year age groups in 1960 and 1970 and the agricultural enterprisers' pension insurance, corresponding net retirements. Retirement 5,600 insured persons received pension in was naturally greatest in the oldest age 1970 (the pension system was implemented group; only 12 percent of those at the in the same year, which explains the small minimum age of 55 in 1960 were still em- number of pensioners). It is estimated that ployed in 1970. The second highest rate in 1975 the number of pensioners will be of retirement occurred in the youngest age over 87,000. An inquiry made in the rural group.

Table 18: Net retirement from extractive industry in 1960 — 1970

Year of birth Age in 1960 In economically active Retirement population

1960 1970

1,000 persons 1,000 persons percent

1945-36 15-24 120 61 59 48.9 1935-26 25-34 125 94 31 24.6 1925-16 35-44 147 104 43 29.4 1915-06 45-54 163 87 76 46.5 1905- 55- 162 20 142 87.6

A large number of persons in the youngest the five southernmost provinces of our age group moved from the extractive country. In the other provinces the number industry to the processing and the service of the employed decreased at the same time industries. The prerequisite for this change by almost 60,000 persons, and consequently was often migration from northern or the increase in the above five provinces eastern Finland to southern Finland or was as great as 155,000 persons. abroad. It can be assumed that improved educational opportunities contributed to this move away from the extractive industry. Figure 18 Changes in proportions of economi- cally active population by province in 1970/60 The number of the employed decreased least in the middle age groups. Agriculture Per Per and forestry have obviously been accepted cent -15 -10-5 0 4-5 *10 *15 +20 +25 cent Province

as permanent occupations at this age and Whole country a change of employment is less common Uusimaa than in the younger age groups. Turku and Pori

Häme 4 Change in occupational structure by Kymi Mikkeli region Pohjois-Karjala If the development of the size and structure Kuopio Keski-Suomi of the economically active population in Vaasa the 1960's is investigated by region, great Oulu differences can be discerned. Although the Lapp! number of the economically active increased by 96,000 persons in 1960 — 1970 (Appendix The growth in the economically active VII), the increase took place only in the population was greatest in the province provinces of Uusimaa, Turku and Pori, of Uusimaa, where their number increased Ahvenanmaa, Häme, and Kymi, which are by more than 100,000 persons, which is

45 more than one half of the total growth in demand for labor and the other provinces the five southernmost provinces. The by a labor supply. The developing industrial economically active population in the pro- life in southern Finland received a vince of Pohjois-Karjala decreased by almost remarkable share of its labor force from 15 percent (Figure 18); this decrease was northern Finland, from the extractive in- relatively greatest in eastern and northern dustry and the new age groups entering Finland. The average decrease in the the labor market. Part of the labor force economically active population in the other released from northern and eastern Fin- parts of the country was less than 7 percent, land emigrated abroad, mainly to Sweden. and the increase in the five southernmost The emigration was greatest from northern provinces surpassed 13 percent. Finland and concerned unskilled workers in particular. In the 1960's, the five southernmost pro- vinces of Finland were characterized by a

Table 19: Changes in economically active population by industry in 1960—1970

Extractive Processing Service Total1) industry Region industry 1,000 persons

Provinces of Uusimaa, Turku and Pori, Ahvenanmaa, Häme and Kymi -105 +58 + 179 + 155 Rest of Finland -187 +25 + 88 - 59 All Finland -292 +83 +267 + 96 incl. industry unknown

In the 1960's the changes in the various eastern and northern Finland the extractive industries were similar in both the regions industry still employs more young persons that supplied labor and those that had a entering the labor market than in the demand for it but so that only in southern southern provinces. On the other hand, Finland was the increase in the number attention should be paid to the high average of persons employed in the processing and age of persons employed in the extractive the service industries greater than the industry, which will account for a sharp decrease in the number of those employed decrease in the labor force of agriculture in the extractive industry (Table 19). and forestry in the next few years. This will, in turn, have a reducing effect on Of all the industries, the importance of the size of the labor force in eastern and the extractive industry as a source of northern Finland. employment in eastern and northern Fin- land is still remarkable; in 1970 one third The number of persons employed in the of the economically active population in processing and the service industries in these regions worked in agriculture and Finland increased by 350,000 persons in forestry and in southern Finland only a the 1960's, as shown in Table 19. The good tenth. In eastern and northern Fin- share of the five southernmost provinces land, the proportion of persons employed of this growth was more than two thirds. in the extractive industry in 1970 continued Thus, in 1970 nearly 70 percent of the to be greater than it had been in the sout- labor force in industry, the construction hernmost provinces ten years earlier (Ap- field, and service occupations in the whole pendix VIII). The importance of the country was living in this region. The extractive industry as a source of employ- processing and the service industries were ment in the regions characterized by a labor concentrated in southern Finland mostly supply can also be seen in the age structure in the province of Uusimaa, where lived of the economically active. According to one fourth of the persons employed in the the 1970 population census, about one processing industry and one third of those fourth of the labor force in agriculture and employed in the service industry. forestry in southern Finland were persons under the age of 35, but in the other regions The active population's strong out-mig- of Finland, one third. This implies that in ration from eastern and northern Fin-

46 land in the 1960's led to structural differences occupational skills of the unmloyed or between the regions that are characterized their dependence on their domicile constitute by a need for or a supply of labor. The an obstacle to a balance between the demand regional distribution of the labor force is for and the supply of labor. By building different from what it was ten years ago up industry in the underdeveloped regions and contrary to the interests of the whole and by other measures of social policy it country. The labor force is concentrated may be possible to overcome the regional in southern Finland, and owing to the differences and, as a long-term objective, selectivity of the out-migration, the propor- level out the present inbalance on the tion of the economically inactive population labor market. has increased in eastern and northern Fin- land. This development appears in the regional labor force participation rates. In 5 Employment status 1960, the labor force participation rate in Table 20 illustrates the distribution of the the southern provinces was 65 percent, economically active population by employ- and in the other parts of the country almost ment status in 1960 and 1970. The table 66 percent. In 1970 the situation was the also includes, in percantages, the changes contrary: in southern Finland the labor during this period. force participation rate was 62 percent but in the other parts of Finland only 58 percent, The greatest changes took place in the i.e., almost 8 percentage points lower than categories of clerical and office workers and ten years earlier. family helpers. The former group increased by 46 percent and the latter decreased by The concentration of industry and services 48 percent. Shop assistants, the majority in southern Finland has had detrimental of whom are women, are also included in effects on the labor market. There is a the category of clerical and office workers; continuous need for labor in certain in- the proportion of women, in particular, dustries in southern Finland, while the increased (by 56 percent) in this category. rate of unemployment is relatively high The reason for increased number of persons in eastern and northern Finland. On the in this category was the growth of commerce one hand, the housing shortage in southern and services, which in turn was a result of Finland, and on the other, the deficient industrialization and a phenomenon con-

Table 20: Economically active population by employment status in 1960 and 1970

1960 Employment status Both sexes percent M percent percent

Enterprisers 395 141 19.4 323 664 26.3 71477 8.9 Clerical and office workers 454 867 22.4 203 410 16.5 251 457 31.4 Operatives 880 910 43.3 613 471 49.8 267 439 33.4 Family helpers 302 350 14.9 91882 7.4 210 468 26.3 Total 2 033 268 100.0 1 232 427 100.0 800 841 100.0 1970

Enterprisers 302 200 14.3 242 678 19.8 59 522 6.7 Clerical and office workers 665 557 31.4 273 441 22.3 392 116 43.9 Operatives 993 593 46.9 666 397 54.4 327 196 36.7 Family helpers 156 907 7.4 43150 3.5 113 757 12.7 Total 2118 257 100.0 1 225 666 100.0 892 591 100.0 Change 70/60 Enterprisers —92 941 -23.5 —80 986 -25.0 -11955 -16.7 Clerical and office workers +210 690 +46.3 +70 031 +34.4 +140 659 +55.9 Operatives +112 683 + 12.8 +52 926 + 8.6 +59 757 +22.3 Family helpers —145 443 -48.1 -48 732 -53.0 -96 711 -46.0 Total +84989 +4.2 -6 761 -0.5 + 91 750 + 11.5

47 •current with it. This also, at least partly, The absolute and relative numbers of the accounts for the decrease in the number unemployed in the total labor force vary •of enterprisers, fanners being included in by month and year. In 1968 — 1972, the this category. In addition, attention should annual number of the unemployed in our be paid to the fact that, owing to centrali- country was approximately 59,000, and zation in industry the number of enter- the average unemployment rate was 2.7 prisers did not grow in proportion to the percent. number of clerical and office workers. Furthermore, the growth in the number of During the preceding quinquennial period •operatives was not remarkable, either (app- (1963 — 1967), the annual number of the rox. 13 percent). This can be explained by unemployed was approximately 39,000 per- referring to the special features of the sons, i.e., 20,000 persons less. The rate of latest stage of industrialization which in- unemployment was then 1.8 percent. The -clude, i.a., automation and a change in worst unemployment since 1959 occurred duties, which now require more skill and in 1968, when approximately 88,000 persons training. Consequently, the demand for were unemployed. The proportion of women labor on the operative level is not as great in the unemployed has also increased to :as on the level of clerical and office workers. some extent. In 1963—1967, one fifth of For example, as regards men, the increase the unemployed were women and in 1968 — in the category of clerical and office workers 1972 a good fourth. was 34.4 percent but on the operative level only 8.6 percent. Nevertheless, the The increase in the number and proportion •structure of the economically active popu- of the unemployed in 1968 — 1972 was par- lation in our country is now predominantly tially due to periodic lulls in the economic •operative. In 1970, the proportion of manual growth and partially to an increase in -workers was 47 percent, and that of the structural unemployment; thus the changes •second largest category, the clerical and in the structures of the supply of and office workers, was 31 percent, while the demand for labor were not equal. rest of the employment categories were relatively small. The discernible variation in the number of the unemployed within a year is mostly due to seasonal fluctuations in our industryi 6 Labor force and the unemployed and its effects can be particularly seen in the employment rates of the extractive and This chapter mainly deals with the un- the construction industries. The number of employed belonging to the labor force. the unemployed is highest in the winter An unemployed person is one without months December through March and lowest •employment or occupation but wanting from July through October. For instance, and seeking such work. The group of the the number of the unemployed was app- unemployed, defined in this way constitutes roximately 73,000 during the first quarter the so-called open unemployment. Un- of 1972, but during the third quarter it employment may also occur in the form was 20,000 persons less. •of incomplete employment, which concerns persons whose potential contribution to the labor force is only partially utilized, who Figure 19 Unemployment rates by age -against their will work only part-time, are group in 1964, 1968, and 1972 "holding jobs that do not correspond to Per cent their educational backgrounds or their TO r acquired professions or vocations, or whose •productivity is below average. The third form of unemployment is hidden unemploy- ment, which was discussed earlier in the •context of labor reserves. This conserns 1961* persons who against their will remain 1968 unoccupied or become voluntarily unoc- 1972 cupied because they do not find appropriate available employment and consequently give up their search for work. No statistics on national level are processed in Finland on underemployment or hidden unemployment. The information available is based on special studies on certain regions at a given date. Because of insufficient •information, the following presentation mainly concentrates on the unemployed within the sphere of open unemployment. 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- its- 55- 6o- 65-

-48 The risk of unemployment varies greatly Unemployment in the younger age groups between different groups according to the is mainly due to the greater mobility of unemployment rates by age group illustrated the young into, outside and within the in Figure 19. The rates represent three labor force. For instance, approximately different years, and in all these years the 200,000 persons enter the labor market for unemployment rates were highest in the the summer season each year, the great youngest age groups. As shown in the majority of them being schoolchildren and figure, almost every tenth young person in students. The number of the unemployed the age group 15 — 19 belonging to the labor increases in May and June because of these force was unemployed in 1968. The risk of persons who are temporarily in the eco- unemployment was smallest in the age nomically active population. The young groups30 —34 and 35—44. (The unemploy- who permanently belong to the economi- ment rate of those above the age of 65 is not cally active population also change em- included because the data are not reliable). ployment and occupation more often than The rate of unemployment in the age group the average population, and they may be 45 —64 was distinctly on the increase 1968 temporarily unemployed during the transi- and 1972 in comparison with 1964. The tion period. The quality of unemployment employment situation in Finland was worse in the youngest age groups is mostly so- in 1968 and 1972 than in 1964, and it called frictional unemployment of relatively seems that whenever the employment situa- short duration, as shown in Table 21. tion becomes worse the risk of unemploy- ment grows more in the older than in the middle age groups.

Table 21: Unemployed persons seeking work by duration of unemployment and by age group in Novenber 1972

Duration of Age groups unemployment in weeks 15-19 20-29 30-44 45-54 55-59 60- 15-

Percent

1-8 74 72 67 61 53 38 . 66 9-26 22 23 24 25 25 23. . 23 27- 4 5 9 14 ' 22 40 11 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

According to Table 21 the unemployment ing from long-term unemployment lack of the age group 15—29 lasted less than vocational training, and only 16 percent 9 weeks in more than 70 percent, and more of the unemployed are qualified to participate than 27 weeks in only 4—5 percent of in vocational training courses according to the cases. The duration of unemployment the information provided by public employ- increased along with age and was quali- ment officers. Recurrent unemployment is tatively more serious in the older age characteristic of persons who are without groups. If a person who was unemployed work for long periods. for more than 8 weeks is classified as long- term unemployed, almost one half of the The risk of unemployment also varies by unemployed in the age group 55—59 and industry (Appendix IX). The rate of un- two thirds of the persons above the age employment has generally been highest in of 60 fell into this category. Of all the forestry and the construction industry and unemployed persons, more than one third lowest in agriculture and the fields of were unemployed for a long time. financing and insurance. Forestry and the construction industry are sensitive to eco- The majority of the long-term unemployed nomic fluctuations and characterized by are men. The duration of unemployment strong seasonal fluctuations. These fluctua- both among men and women is decisively tions have, however, lessened in the last dependent on age: the older the unemployed few years, but the rate of unemployment is, the more likely his unemployment will is above average in all industries. be lengthy. Almost all the persons suffer-

49 Open unemployment is a poor measure of According to Figure 20 the difference bet- the employment situation in agriculture ween the unemployment rates of 1963 and because hidden unemployment and under- 1972 was greatest in the labor districts of employment are frequent particularly in the Kuopio, , , Oulu, and Rova- extractive industry. During the winter niemi (in eastern and northern Finland). months agriculture cannot provide full The unemployment rates in southern and employment on small farms, and the poten- western Finland (in the labor districts of tial contribution of the agricultural workers Helsinki, Turku, and Tampere) were almost to the labor force is only partially utilized the same in both years although unemploy- or completely unused. Opportunities to find ment in the whole country was on the gainful employment outside the farm are rare average greater in 1972 than in 1963. Thus, and not sufficient to provide employment unemployment in the early 1970's is pri- for the extractive industry workers during marily a problem of the population of the winter months. eastern and northern Finland. In these areas, the development of production and The regional distribution of unemployment the creation of new jobs are necessary also varies a great deal, even though under- because unemployment, underemployment, employment and hidden unemployment and hidden unemployment, as well as the cannot be statistically estimated in Fin- threat of unemployment, are factors which land for the time being. Hidden unemploy- contribute to migration. ment and underemployment are stronger than average in areas where open unemploy- There are many job vacancies in southern ment is greatest. In 1971 the average Finland, particularly within the industrial unemployment rate in Finland was 2.2 and the service occupations. Although there percent, the respective rate in the pro- is a permanent shortage of labor in certain vince of Uusimaa was 0.9 percent and in fields, the rate of unemployment in eastern the province of Lappi 5.5 percent. The and northern Finland is relatively high. unemployment rate in the province of The unemployed in eastern and nort-hern Lappi was thus more than six times come, however, from the fields than in the province of Uusimaa. The same of the construction and forestry, which year the rate of unemployment in the pro- makes the adjustment of the labor supply vinces that in the 1960's had been character- to the labor demand difficult. A considerable ized by a demand for labor was on the number of the unemployed seeking work average 1.5 percent and in the other parts are either old or young handicapped, or of Finland 3.3 percent. Regardless of bound to their place of residence training intensive migration to southern Finland them for new vocations and their changing and emigration abroad, unemployment still domicile problems not easily solved. occurs in eastern and northern Finland, and the differences between southern Fin- land and the other parts of the country in this respect seemed to increase in the 1960's.

Figure 20 Unemployment rates by labor district in 1963 and 1972

LiW duírict -10 WUr Cmmlry

1-10 12 i h 5*7 «?10

50 VI POPULATION FORECASTS

1 Introduction distribution are based on the population forecast published by the Central Statistical The iirst population forecast, based on Office in 1973. The calculations concerning assumptions of the developments in fertility, the industrial, occupational, educational, mortality, and migration, was made in labor force, etc. structures of the population Finland at the beginning of the 1930's. have been made by applying the estimates Initially the forecasts were only calculations of the development of the said factors to which showed the population development the population forecast. of the whole country and which were made in connection with population censuses. At the turn of the 1950's, population forecasts were also made by region in order to sup- port the drafting of regional plans. In 2 Assumptions of development of population addition to the Central Statistical Office changes of Finland, these forecasts were made by The birth rate of Finland is for the time numerous other organs that were responsible being low in comparison with those of the for national and regional planning. In the other European countries, and it declined future the making of regional population sharply in the 1960's. The factors that and labor force forecasts will be more contributed to this development were dis- closely connected with other regional policy cussed earlier. It is assumed that this decline planning. will lessen and the regional differences in the birth rate will level out by 1985. The The following forecasts of population growth, age-specific fertility rates and their sums demographic structure, and geographical in 1970 and 1985 are as follows:

Year Age group 15 — 19 20 — 24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 Sum 1970 32 119 108 64 34 10 1.815 1985 30 105 95 50 20 5 1.525

The sum of the rates will decrease from the other age groups, the same probabilités of levelof 1970 which was 1.815, to 1.525 by death that were used as the starting point 1985. The respective sums in 1950 and have been used for the entire forecast 1960 were 3.130 and 2.705, and in 1972 period. According to these estimates, the approximately 1.610. mean life expectancy in the age group 0 years will grow by about 0.5 —1.0 years Changes in the mortality rates were insigni- by 1985. According to the estimates, the ficant during the past decade. The mean differences between the male and female life expectancy of men at the age of 0 grew mean life expectancies will continue to only by 0.5 years in the 1960's. The exist. respective mean among women was app- roximately one year. The mortality rate Measures have been taken in our country dropped most distinctly in the young age in the 1970's to check the emigration of groups, and it is assumed that this trend labor. Some of these measures are the ag- will continue. The probabilities of death in reements made to channel the emigration 1970 — 1971, which are the starting point of labor through official public employment for this forecast, have been reduced per agencies, separate housing programs to year in the young age groups.1) In the assist the migrants' return from Sweden, and improved information on available employment opportunities and living con- ditions in Finland. A forecast in which 1) Probabilities of death until 1985 have emigration has been taken into account been reduced by 2 percent a year in the assumes that emigration will be less signi- male age group 0—30 and the female age ficant than it was at the end of the 1960's, groups 0 — 34, and by 1 percent a year in but that during the next economic boom the male age group 31 — 35 and the female it will still be relatively intense. The hypo- age group 35—44. theses used in the forecast are as follows:

51 Estimated net major objective of social policy. Data on Year emigration (per year) the effects of regional policy measures on the regional population development are 1973 - 3,000 still insufficient. 1974-1975 -10,000 1976-1985 - 5,000 3 Population growth Already at this stage the emigration estima- According to the forecast madeon the basis tes can be considered too high. of the fertility,^mortality, and migration estimates discussed; above, the population The population forecast has been made in in Finland will continue to' increase until two alternative calculations, of which one 1980, whereafter it'will decrease. If emigra- is a so-called calculation of self-support in tion equals immigration, the population of which the effect of the migratory movement our country will increase by approximately has not been taken into account whereas 10,000 a year in the 1970's. The growth in the other calculation both the above- will slow down in the 1980's and cease at mentioned assumption of emigration and the end of the decade. The ageing of the internal migration have been taken into large age groups, will have a retarding consideration. influence on the population growth; and consequently the : death rate will increase It has been assumed that the directions and the birth rate decrease. Table 22 of the internal migration flows will remain shows the development of the population the same as they were in 1970—1971. The size, population growth, and the crude birth effects of regional policy and financial and death rates by 2000 as indicated by decisions on the development of the migra- in which the influence of the migratory tory movement have not been taken into movement has been taken into account. consideration. Recently, limiting the migra- The figures in the last column illustrate tory movement or directing it to growing the population development without the urban centers has been emphasized as a effects of migration. .

Table 22: Population development until 2000

Year Alternative including effect of migration Self-support alternative

Ave- Population Crude Crude Ave- Population rage growth birth death rage growth size of rate rate size of popu- 1,000 Per Per Per popu- 1,000 :Pcr lation persons 1,000 1,000 1,000 lation persons 1,000-.

1972-75 4 643 +22 +4.9 12.8 10.1 4 653 +41 +9.0 1975-80 4 652 + 13 +2.7 12.7 10.9 4 694 +46 +9.8 1980-85 4 656 -12 -2.6 12.3 11.7 4 725 +20 +'4.4 1985-90 4 642 -14 -3.1 11.9 12.3 4 731 -5 -1.1 1990-95 ...... 4 618 -42 -9.1 11.1 12.8 4 706 -38 -8.0 1995-2000 ... 4 565 -69 -15.0 10.2 13.2 4 651 -67 -14.2

The development of the age structure of older towards the end of the century. The the population is discussed below in age proportion of persons over 64 will increase groups important in terms of labor force by 1.7 percent by 1985 but at a somewhat (Table 23). A clearly discernible feature is slower rate towards the end of the century. the decrease of population in the age group The greatest changes in this age group under 15 years. At the beginning of the cannot be expected until after 2000, when forecast period, the proportion of the age the large age groups reach the age of 64. group 15—44 will increase (2.6 percent), but it will decrease sharply (5.8 percent) Population pyramids illustrate the devel- towards the end of the century as the large opment. The small age group that was age groups grow older. There will be no born after the Civil War in 1919 and the great changes in the age group 45—64 by low fertility rates in the 1930's stand out 1985 but the proportion of this age group as late as 1972 from the otherwise even will increase as the large age groups grow population development (Figure 21). These

52 Table 23: Distribution of population by age in 1972, 1985, and 2000

Migration alternative

Age group 1972 1985 2000

number (1,000) % number (1,000) % number (1,000) %

0-14 1071 23.1 855 18.4 747 16.5 15—44 2103 45.4 2 231 48.0 1 904 42.2 45—64 1 003 21.6 1015 21.9 1 291 28.6 457 9.9 543 11.7 571 .12.7 Total 4 634 100.0 4 644 100.0 4 513 100.0

Table 24: Number of women per 1,000 men in various age groups by 2000

Age' 2000

0-14 961 957 957 15-44 ..;... 966 969 974 45-64 :. 1223 1 132 1083 over 64 1695 1824 1 707 Total population 1072 1075 1073 features are no longer discernible in the The major factor contributing to the leveliiig population pyramid of '2000. The large age out of the difference is that the age groups groups that were born in the late 1940's that were reduced in number by war will •will1 still be under 60 years in 2000 and be replaced by 1985 by the age groups that clearly discernible as an age group larger were born in the 1940's or later. Respectively than ;the others. the female majority in the age group of 64 or over will be emphasized by 1985, when there will be approximately 1,824 women Figure 21 Population pyramids in 1972 per 1,000 men in that age group. The figures and 2000. in Table 24 illustrate the male or female majority in the various age groups.

4 Regional development The two most distinct features in the regional development of population are and will be the concentration of population in southern Finland and urban centers. The concentra- tion in southern Finland can be seen if ^0- 20- " 20 • ItO '^O -20 20 ^0 1,000 persons the population development is investigated by province. The provinces of Uusimaa, The characteristics of the distribution by Turku and Pori, and Häme are. regions sex, as well as.the small majority of men with net in-migration. The population in the younger age groups and the majority development in the provinces of Kymi of women in the older age groups, will and Ahvenanmaa is relatively, stabile. The remain. To the age of 44, there will be other provinces are on the average char- a male majority, and in the older age groups acterized by net out-migration. It must be there will be a remarkable female majority. kept in mind, however, that when the In the age group ,45—64 the differences forecast was made,, the regional objectives will, however, level out slightly, towards the and directives. which will probably in the end of the century, although the excess future check the migratory movement to mortality of men is assumed to : continue. southern Finland and direct it to regional

53 Table 25: Development of population by province (Index 1972 = 100)

Forecast including effects of Self-support alternative migration Province 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985

Uusimaa 104 109 113 101 102 102 Turku and Pori . 101 102 102 100 101 100 Ahvenanmaa 101 102 102 100 99 97 Häme 102 104 106 101 102 102 Kymi 100 101 100 100 101 101 Mikkeli 97 93 90 100 100 101 Pohjois-Karjala .. 95 89 83 100 102 103 Kuopio 98 94 91 101 102 102 Keski-Suomi 98 96 93 101 102 103 Vaasa 99 96 94 101 101 102 Oulu 98 94 90 102 104 106 Lappi 97 92 88 102 104 107 All Finland 100 101 100 101 102 102 growth centers instead, were not taken into The concentration of population in urban consideration. centers is illustrated by population devel- opment by administrative unit type. Ac- Table 25 illustrates the population devel- cording to the forecast that takes into opment in each province by indexes by account the effects of the migratory move- 1985. According to the forecast in which ment (Table 26), the concentration in cities the effect of the migratory movement was and towns will continue evenly in the 1970's taken into account, the population will but will be relatively greater than in the grow relatively most in the provices of 1960's. This is partially due to the insigni- Uusimaa and Häme, while it will decrease ficant natural population growth in rural relatively most in the provinces of Pohjois- municipalities in the 1970's, whereas this Karjala and Lappi. The natural growth growth was relatively strong in the 1960's. will be greatest in the provinces of Oulu The natural growth in cities will still be and Lappi, where fertility will be above relatively great (Table 26). The annual the national average as late as the 1970's population increase in cities and towns (See also Appendix X). is over 33,000 at the beginning of the 1970'B, about 65 percent of it being due to in- There are great regional differences in the migration. age structures of the population. The proportion of young persons under 15 years is greatest in regions where fertility 5 Educational structure is high, i.e., in the provinces of Oulu and Only rough estimates have been made in Lappi. The proportion of the population our country of the future development of at the economically active age is greatest the educational structure of the total popula- in regions characterized by net in-migration tion. The existing estimates are mostly and smaller than the national average in calculations concerning the schooling of regions characterized by net out-migration, persons for specific professions, e.g., dentists, because the majority of migrants are young lawyers, and agronomists. The population, persons at the economically active age. is discussed below from the point of view According to the forecast, the proportion of the development of the student popula- of young persons at the economically active tion, which is one of the most important age in 1985 will be greater than average, starting points in the quantitative planning and that of persons at the age of 64 or of education. above, smaller than average in the provinces of Uusimaa, Oulu, and Lappi (Appendix Table 27 illustrates the development of the X). That the proportion of persons at the population groups which are of central age of 64 or above will be greater than the importance in the educational system in national average in the province of Turku terms of average generation size, the number and Pori, which is a region characterized of school openings per generation at dif- by net in-migration, is due to a longer ferent educational levels in 1972, and the than average life span in that region. ratio between these two. The generation

54 Table 26: Distribution of population by administrative unit type until 1985

Administrative unit 1972 1975 1980 1985 (1.1. 1972) num- num- num- num- ber per- ber per- ber per- ber per- 1,000 cent 1,000 cent 1,000 cent 1,000 cent

According to forecast including effects of migratory movement Cities and towns 2 547 55.0 2 647 57.0 2 789 59.9 2 897 62.4 Rural municipalities . 2 086 45.0 1999 43.0 1870 40.1 1747 37.6 Total 4 633 100.0 4 646 100.0 4 659 100.0 4 644 100.0

Natural growth 2 547 55.0 2 585 55.3 2 625 55.7 2 638 55.8 Rural municipalities . 2086 45.0 2 089 44.7 2 089 44.3 2 094 44.2 Total 4633 100.0 4 674 100.0 4 714 100.0 4 732 100.0

Table 27: Population development by generation according to educational level, school openings in 1972, and ratio between these two (According to forecast in which effects of migratory movement were taken into consideration)

Educational level 1972 1980 1985 Age

Ai B B/Ai A2 B/Aa A3 B/A3 Average School The ave- The ave- size of openings rage size rage size gener- of year of year ation class class (1,000) (1,000) (1,000)

Primary level 7-15 694.6 -•) _ 581.5 — 520.1 Secondary level 16-18 84.1 88.4 1.05 75.9 1.16 72.0 1.23 Higher education level 19-21 84.6 18.8**) 0.22 69.1 0.27 62.5 0.30

*) At compulsory education age **) Proportion of institutes of higher education 9,800 openings sizes illustrate the educational demand in The average generation at the age of 16 — 18 terms of student openings at different edu- illustrates the annual demand for school cational levels. The above ratio illustrates openings in secondary education. This age the sufficiency of school capacity in the group will decrease by about 14 percentage hypothetical situation that the number of points by 1985. In 1972 there were 88,400 school openings remains at the same level school openings in secondary education, as it was in 1972. which exceeded the average size of that age group by 4,300. It should be kept in Children of 7 — 15 years belong to the mind, however, that some openings were compulsory comprehensive school age. This filled several times by the same person age group will decrease by 1985 by approxi- because of grade repetition; that students mately 175,000, i.e., by 25 percentage arrive from outside the educational system, points from the starting level. and that the distribution of school openings

55 is not regionally.1) It has been estimated No exact numerical data can be given in that in the late 1970's the openings in this context on the future development of secondary education should exceed the the educational structure of the total popula- generation entering the comprehensive school tion. Making forecasts is difficult because by approximately 30 percent so that there records on degrees and diplomas received would be enough openings for students are still under development and no plans transferring from the comprehensive school, have been made regarding the distribution •which is considered as the objective. Ac- of students between the various fields of cordingly, the school capacity should be study in the years to come. The estimates remarkable increased even though the presented have been based on crude classi- generations continuously grow smaller. fications of educational levels.

The average size of the age group 19—21 Implementation of the comprehensive school illustrates the educational demand at the system and the rising standard of living level of higher education. In 1972 the ratio will increase the demand for education. between the openings and the size of the One of the major educational objectives is age group was 0.22. By 1985 the age group to increase the general basic education will decrease by about 26 percentage points, because mobility between various professions at that time there will be enough openings and occupations will increase in the future. for approximately 30 percent of the genera- The number of persons with only a primary tion. Plans have been made for the deve- school education in the age group 15 — 64 lopment of higher education; according to has been estimated to decrease by more these plans the openings will be increased to than 500,000 persons in the 1970's (19 21—22,000 by the late 1970's, i.e., there percent). The number of persons with will be places for one third of the average degrees from an institute of higher education generation 19—21. or equivalent vocational or techinical dip- lomas has also been estimated to rise sharply. The number of graduates from the institutes of higher education was slightly below 90,000 in 1970, but the equivalent estimated l) E.g., in 1972 the ratio between school number will be above 180,000 in 1980. The openings in secondary education and the number of persons with vocational or size of the age group was 0.88 in the pro- technical diplomas will increase by more vince of Pohjois-Karjala, and 1.23 in the than 400,000 persons. : The estimates of the province of Uusimaa. educational distribution of population at

Table 28: Distribution of population by educational level in 1970 and 1980

Education Population at age Population at age of 15-64 **) of 14 or above •) in 1970 1970 1980

(1,000) percent (1,000) percent (1,000) percent

Vocationally differentiated education Degree from institute of higher education 88 (2.5) 85 (2.8) 183 (5.7) Other vocational techical diploma 687 (19.3) 641 (21.0) 1103 (34.4) Vocationally indifferendiated education Matriculation examination only 96 (2.7) 85 (2.8) 90 (2.8) Junior secondary school only 259 (7.3) 205 (6.7) 339 (10.6) Primary school only 2 434 (68.3) 2 036 (66.7) 1491 (46.5) Total population 3 564 (100.0) 3 052 (100.0) 3 206 (100.0)

*) Advance population census information *•) Distribution based on calculations made by Economic Council division that investigates objectives of social policy and their measurement

56 the age of 15 — 64 are based on calculations opments and on their influence on the made by the Economic Council division labor force development. that investigates the objectives of social policy and their measurement (Table 28). Labor supply is primarily dependent on the For comparison, advance population census size of the population at the economi- information is presented on the distribution cally active age, and on the labor force of population at the age of 14 or above participation rate. Below, the size of the by educational level in 1970. labor force has been estimated in two alternatives by using different labor force participation rates. In the first alternative, 6 Labor force the labor force participation rates have Few labor force forecasts have been made been estimated on the basis of the trend. in our country in connection with the (Calculation 1). In the second one, the forecasts concerning the development of labor force participation rates that have population, employment, or national eco- been calculated by quinquennial periods nomy. Calculations made on the basis of have been kept at the level of 1972, except population forecasts have been called labor in the age group 15 — 24, whose labor force supply forecasts; the development of the participation rates are the same as in size of the labor force has been considered Calculation (1). Table 29 illustrates the to be primarily dependent on the popula- estimates of labor force participation rates tion development and secondly on the compined into crude age groups. development of the economic activity. Estimates of the development of the demand Some observations may be presented on for. labor based on the forecasts-of produc- the development of labor force participation tion and productivity. by industry have rates. In the young age groups (15—24), been called labor demand forecasts and labor force participation has decreased as have been made only for short-term or education has increased, and it is assumed medium-term periods. In addition, some that this trend will continue. No remarkable long-term labor force • forecasts have been changes are expected to occur in the labor made but these cannot be considered to force participation of young people at the belong to either of the above categories. economically active age (25—44), except They have been based on rough estimates that women's participation in the labor of the; population and the production devel- force will probably continue to increase.

Table 29: Labor force participation rates (percent) by 1985

Calculation (1) Labor force participation rates according to trend

Men Worn en Age group 1972*) 1975 1980 1985 1972 1975 1980 1985

15-19 40.7 29.2 23.4 20.5 33.7 26.2 22:5 20.4 20-24 66.2 65.6 65.0 64.5 65.7 65.4 64.8 64.3 25-54 91.9 90.5 89.6 89.0 72.4 72.9 73.7 75.4 55-64 65.7 60.0 57.8 56.7 44.2 43.9 43.3 41.6 65-74 15.3 13.6 11.5 10.2 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8

Calculation (2) Labor force participation rates by quinquennial age group in age group 25—74 at level of 1972, in age group 15—24 according to trend

Age group 1972*) 1975 1980 1985 1972 1975 1980 1985

15-19 40.7 29.2 23.4 20.5 33.7 26.2 22.5 20.4 20-24 66.2 65.6 65.2 64.6 65.7 65.5 64.9 63.4 25-54 90.8 91.8 92.2 92.5 71.8 72.3 72.8 72.9 55-64 66.7 65.8 67.2 66.5 44.6 44.6 45.2 44.7 65-74 15.3 15.4 15.0 15.6 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.2

•) Estimates based on labor inquiry

57 In the older age groups, particularly men's lizes, the size of the labor force will be labor force participation rates have declined 2,209 persons in 1980 according to Calcula- remarkably as the pension systems have tion (1). The labor force participation rates developed. It is assumed that the trend of migrants have been estimated to be will continue but the decline will not be slightly higher than the average in the as sharp as earlier. In the respective women's economically active population. labor force participation rates the decline has been less sharp. As regards women, we According to Calculation (1), with no migra- can expect that the labor force participa- tion the total increase in the labor force tion in the older age groups will even in- in 1972-1975 will be about 5,000 and crease because for the time being the labor thereafter about 10,000 persons annually. force participation rates are relatively high The male labor force will at first decrease in the young age groups, and it is likely but begin to grow towards the end of the that a great number of women as they decade. The growth of the labor force is grow older will choose to stay in their due to the increasing number of persons occupations. Previously young women's at the economically active age, particularly labor force participation was relatively in the male age group 25 — 54 but also in insignificant and often their entering the the respective female age group, and to labor market at an older age was not possible. a slight increase in women's participation in the labor force in that age group. Table 30 illustrates the estimated develop- ments of the size of the labor force and the If the labor participation rates of the older average labor force participation rates. The age groups remain at the same level as labor force participation rates by age group in 1972, the growth of the labor force are given in Table 29. At the starting point, will be more rapid than shown in Calcu- the estimates are based on figures given lation (1), i.e., annually on the average in labor force inquiries in which the con- 12,000 persons in 1972-1975, 15,000 per- cept 'labor force' includes both the em- sons in 1976 — 1980, and 12,000 persons in ployed and the unemployed. The devel- 1981 — 1985. The estimated size of the opment of the labor force has been estimated labor force in the Calculation is probably •on the basis of the calculation of self- too great particularly in the older age support in the population census. The groups, if compared with the expected influence of migration on the development development. As a whole, the Calculation •of the labor force, as estimated in the popu- indicates the conditions, dependent on the lation forecast, is also presented. For in- population factor, for the growth of the stance, if the estimated migration materia- labor force if the labor force participation

Table 30. Development of labor force and average labor force participation rates, and «migration of labor force by 1985, as estimated in population forecast

1985

Calculation (1) M 1190 1185 1211 1236 Labor force F 983 1002 1027 1051 Total 2173 2 187 2 238 2 287 Labor force participation rate 62.4 62.0 62.7 '(in age group 15—74) 63.7 •Calculation (2) M 1190 1210 1261 1302 Labor force F 983 998 1023 1043 Total 2173 2 208 2 284 2 345 Labor force participation rate 63.0 63.3 64.3 (in age group 15—74) 63.7 Effect (cumulative) of migration on labor force, as estimated in popu- lation forecast — -12 -29 -42

*) Estimates based on labor inquiry

58 rate remains at the present level in the therefore slow down during the forecast out-of-school population. period even for this reason. The migration estimate given in the popula- One of the labor supply sources in Finland tion forecast an overestimate according to has traditionally been agriculture. In the the most recent development, would only 1960's, the agricultural population decreased retard the growth of the labor force but not by nearly 300,000 persons. It must be reverse it into a decline. The average labor kept in mind, however, that the agricultural force participation rates will first decline labor force is relatively old. In 1972 about slightly but then turn into a rise even 17 percent of the total labor force belonged though the labor force participation rates to the agricultural population. One third by age group mainly decline. This is due of it were persons in the age group 45 — 74, to the increase in the population that is and only 14 percent were less than 30 years most active on the labor market. old. Consequently, the labor force decrease in agriculture is mostly natural decrease The given estimates are only crude calcula- and retirement. tions indicating the trends because, for instance, the influence of the demand for Rough estimates may be given on the labor on the development of labor force development of the population's occupational participation has not been taken into structure on the basis of existing forecasts of consideration. The labor demend is likely the labor demand by industry. The esti- to influence the labor force participation mates made in the 1960's are characterized of at least certain population groups, such by an overestimated development of em- as women, older age groups, and the young. ployment, mainly for the reason that In these population groups in particular, strong emigration was not expected. In a long, unsuccessful search for work causes the forecasts, release from agriculture and a withdrawal from economic activity, and forestry is generally underestimated, the respectively, when a labor force shortage development of employment in commerce prevails, the labor force reserves become and the construction industry overesti- active. Thus, the forecast labor force mated, and the development of employment shortage in the 1970's may influence the in industry and service occupations under- labor force participation rates so that estimated. they cease to decline. According to the forecasts, the development Increased education and the improved of employment in agriculture is primarily pension system are, however, factors likely dependent on the other industries' capacity to continue to have an opposite effect, to absorb the population released from particularly on the young population groups. agriculture. The most recent forecasts Similarly, the imbalance between regions as show that the annual decrease in the agri- regards labor supply and demand and cultural labor force will be on the average misleading directions in the vocational over 20,000 by 1980. The estimates are training of the labor force may result in probably too low because in 1970—1972 a situation in which the estimated growth the employment in agriculture decreased on of the labor force is impossible. the average by 31,000 persons annually. On the basis the data given by the Farmers' Regional differences in the labor supply Pension Institute, the number of the insured are remarkable. In 1972 almost one fourth will decrease by about 15,000 persons of the labor force in Finland was located annually in 1972 — 1980, and the number in the province of Uusimaa. The size of of pensioners will grow by about 12,000 the labor force is naturally dependent on persons annually. the size of the population at the economi- cally active age (cf. Appendix X), but According to the existing forecasts, em- there are also regional differences in labor ployment in industry will grow annually force participation. The labor force partici- on the average by 3,000 — 6,000 persons pation rates are higher in regions characteri- in 1970 — 1980. Taking into consideration zed by economic expansion than in under- that the annual growth in industry was developed ones. It is probable that these on the average 13,000 persons in 1970 — differences will remain at the present level 1972, it is obvious that this growth has during the forecast period or may even been underestimated. grow if the direction of the migratory flows does not change. The labor force Employment in the construction industry reserve currently of the labor market is has generally been estimated to remain at relatively larger in the underdeveloped the same level throughout 1970 — 1980. In regions. In numerous regions this reserve 1970 — 1972, the employment decreased on consists, however, of relatively old persons the average by 3,500 persons a year. The and the growth of the labor supply will construction industry is, however, sensitive

59 to economic fluctuations, so the decrease Planning Center of the distribution of may be of short duration. The estimates the labor force by industry in 1972 and of growth in the employment of commerce, 1980. The most recent trends have been banking and insurance vary within 6,400 — taken into consideration in the estimate. 8,200 persons annually, which approximately corresponds to the development in 1970 — 1972, when the growth was on the average Figure 22 Distribution of employment by 7,500 persons a year. The forecasts show industry in 1972 and 1980 no great changes in employment in the field of traffic; the estimated annual growth is 600—900 persons. This also corresponds Services to the observed trends. Transport Trade and financing The increase of employment in the service Construction industry, is estimated at 10,000—13,000 persons a year in 1970—1980. This may Manufacturing also be an underestimate because in 1970— 1972 the increase in employment was 17,500 Agriculture and forestry persons annually. 1972 1930 Figure 22 illustrates the forecast made on the basis of an estimate by the Economic

60 VII EFFECTS OF PREVAILING SOCIAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC POLICY

1 Most recent trends in social development 2 Population policy and social policy in Finland Social development in Finland has. been characterized by a strong structural change During the recent decades, the word 'popula- during the past decade. In the structure tion policy' has seldom appeared in official of production this has particularly ap- publications or documents. No official peared as a strong reduction in the propor- quantitative or qualitative population policy tion of agriculture and as an expansion of objective has been issued. Population policy the industrial and the service occupations. has, however^ been practiced in the various The predominant feature of this develop- sectors of social: policy, which has been ment has been a decrease in the population strongly emphasized in Finland during the of areas of dispersed settlement and a growth recent decades. of urban centers of various sizes. After World War II, special attention was paid:to family policy, which has generally, This structural change has:been a problem at least earlier, been identified with popu- in the circumstances of Finland. A cent- lation policy. Later, in the 1960's, the ral role has been played by agriculture. focus shifted to health policy and pension Because of the strong growth of producti-. policy. . The Health Insurance Act was vity and the limited conditions for growth issued, and the system was improved in marketing, the labor force in agriculture and expanded. The benefits of People's and forestry has strongly decreased during Pensions have increased year after year. the past decade. At the beginning of the 1960's, the general occupational pension schemes came into The low population density and the prevail- force, and they, have been expanded to ing social structure are factors which often cover wider segments of the population. necessitate a change of domicile for persons Employment policy and labor policy have released from agriculture. As a result, been developed intensively at the same time. there has been lively in-migration to the urban centers. According, to public opinion in the 1950's, there were no population problems in The effects of the migratory movement Finland. The large post-war age groups, have been many. The move of labor to however, caused pressure on the various rapidly growing industries characterized by sectors of society: first there were school high productivity has been an important entrance problems, then difficulties in find- factor in the rise of productivity and the ing employment and housing. But the increase of well-being. In the places of problems of the large age groups were not departure, investments made by society considered population problems, even though have, however, been left unutilized, and it was generally agreed that these problems, the level of services has fallen. It has should be alleviated in all possible ways. continuously been necessary to build new The measures taken for this purpose, i.e., service facilities, dwellings, and roads in the establisment of new schools, the in- the urban centers. The newcomers have creasing of the number of jobs, and other had difficulties in adjusting themselves to measures related to the growth were felt the places of arrival because they have not to be positive and justified. Not until the been trained for their new occupations, and early 1960's, when the population increase because there has been a shortage of housing turned into a decline because of the migra- in the urban centers. As the urban centers tory movement and the decreasing birth in the developed areas were- no longer able rate, was it recognized that there were to absorb the newcomers because of, for disquieting features in the situation. The example, the housing shortage, and as the press began to discuss population problems. labor demand was strongly decreased by Population factors were taken into account the natural increase in the population at in committee reports as well. the economically active age and by a strong slump during the second half of the 1960's, There was: a general anxiety over the wide-spread unemployment was an un- decreasing labor supply, particularly because avoidable result, to which an outlet was there was a shortage of skilled workers in offered by a relatively intense emigration the urban centers of southern Finland but in the late 1960's. also because of the ageing age structure of

61 the population and the excessive growth aspects of social policy, which is the present of the sustenance responsibility of the practice in Finland. economically active population. It was even felt that our national existence was Theoretically, all measures of social policy threatened, and the recommended measure could be divided in the same way, depending •was to make the birth rate rise. The moderate on whether the set objectives relate to circles emphasized that strong fluctuations population policy or other policies. In in population changes should be abolished practice, the objectives are not clearly by a consistent policy. During the most discernible; this can be seen for instance, recent decades the fluctuations have been in legislation. Several objectives are often, particularly visible in the development of aimed at simultaneously, either consciously fertility and migration. or unconsciously. Aspects of population policy have been discussed in detail only in one or two State Population policy cannot be seen as a committee reports in the last few years. separate section of the general social policy The Committee on Leveling Family Ex- as the social welfare policy or the labor penditures considers a goal-oriented popu- force policy. Population policy should lation policy the basic motive in family rather be conceived as an aspect of social policy. Referring to the necessity of satis- policy which can be linked to the social fying the labor demand, to the declining policy measures taken and the means there- birth rate, and to Finland's difficulties in by used by the authorities, regardless obtaining foreign labor, the committee1 pro- the sectors to which these measures belong. posed that society should, by family-policy Vica versa, we can say that steps taken income transfers, secure a sufficient growth to reach the objectives of population policy of population. The Committee on Children's may be included in all sectors of social Day Care, which submitted its report in policy. • 1971, brought forth as arguments for children's day care, not only aspects relating From this viewpoint, such social policy to family policy but also those, relating to measures as are important in population population policy, and stated, for example, policy, and directly or indirectly influence that by a well-organized family policy the or may influence, the population develop- structure of the labor force can be influenced ment or its state are discussed below regard- and an even population development and lèss'qf whether such objectives are explicitely a harmonious and predictable labor policy expressed in the legislation concerning the can be secured. measures. Attention is mainly focussed on. such social policy measures as have a direct influence on the well-being of an individual The authorities' and non-governmental and a family, in other words, on the measures- organizations' interests in solving popu- influencing their income, security of income, lation problems has recently increased. housing and' health. Not included in the Some political parties have considered it discussion are the majority of measures- important also to draft population policy relating to economic policy, such as struc- programs, and regional planning associ- tural, taxation, and industrial policies, which ations have begun to draft regional popu- constitute the necessary framework for lation objectives. No nationwide popula- economic growth. The period under discus- tion target has, however, been set.. sion has been limited to the past two decades. The main emphasis is, however, on the- Regardless of the absence of an . explicit events and plans of the most recent years. population policy in Finland, it is evident, however, that numerous social policy mea- sures have influenced the population devel- opment and the changes in it, for instance, 4 Social policy important in population housing policy and labor policy. These policy have generally been motivated by social and humanitarian aspects. 4.1. Labor policy Reaching continuous full employment has- been one of the most important tasks of economic policy in the post-war years. 3 Population policy as aspect of social Work is considered above all a factor which, policy affects production, and production is con- The identification of family policy with sidered to be at its maximum when there population policy in Finland is a result is full employment. Work is also important of the motivation of family policy measures for an individual. First of all, his well-being- by either explicit or implicit aspects of depends on his work income, and work also population policy. The same family policy offers him an opportunity to exert influence measures could equally be motivated by on and participate in society.

62 The development of the labor policy has Act obliges the State authorities to promote- undergone many phases during the years labor demand, and to balance the supply of Finland's independence. First the policy and demand in various fields and regions. was to improve the employment situation According to the principle expressed in the- and the social services for the unemployed. Employment Act, the general economic In the post-war period the prevailing labor policy is in the first hand responsible for policy has been characterized by providing the achievement of a high and even em- the unemployed with work in public utility ployment rate. Thus, according to the- construction and the . In the 1960's, Act, »the State shall aim at influencing: the labor policy aimed at economic devel- the labor demand by general economic- opment and the promotion of economic policy measures in order to achieve and balance. In the most recent years, more maintain a high rate of employment.» The- emphasis has been laid on the labor supply, most important means of abolishing th& on the development of labor resources and employment disturbances have been to the channeling of the labor. The major time the state and municipal public utility- measures in the development and channeling construction works and the like and to- of the labor reserves are employment service, some extent direct the State's works re- occupational guidance, promotion of spatial gionally on the basis of the employment mobility, and occupational training. situation.

The most prominent employment dist- In the most recent labor policy, various urbance in Finland is the economic fluctua- financial supporting measures to improve- tion caused by the demand sector. Enter- mobility have gained importance regionally. prises do not use labor equally each year. An unemployed person seeking work may- During a slump, enterprises lay off labor, be granted mobility assistance including" and unemployment increases. . During a remuneration for travel expenses, daily- boom labor is hired, unemployment dec- allowance during travel, etc. Occupational reases, and there is often even a labor training is also given to the unemployed! shortage that increases inflationary pressure and those in danger of losing their jobs, on the most rapidly expanding fields of if they have difficulties in finding employ- production. ment because of non-existent, insufficient,, or outdated' skills. Another important problem is seasonal fluctuation. In production, it is naturally The aged small farmers, particularly in the- and primarily a result of the northern developing areas, constitute a group which location of our country, but our industrial is not easily aided. The majority of these structure also contributes to it. The adapta- farmers are at an age at which it is not tion of production to seasonal changes practical to train or transfer them to other regularly causes unemployment in the winter occupations. Measures that conform with, and a labor shortage in the summer. The the legislation concerning the developing disadvantages of the seasonal fluctuation areas are mainly directed to industrial are particularly felt in eastern and northern activity and service occupations; and dc* Finland, where the share of industries that not greatly improve the status of the aged are especially sensitive to seasonal fluctua- small farmers. tions, i.e., construction and agriculture, is still relatively important. 4.2. Regional policy A third problem of labor policy caused by As a result of the strong structural change, the demand sector is a continuous change there has been extensive internal migration in the structure of production activity. The from sparsely populated eastern and north- great regional differences in employment ern Finland to relatively urbanized and may also be included in the structural industrialized southern Finland. The dis- problems. There has been a labor shortage advantages of the migratory movement in the urban centers of southern Finland have especially been felt in the places of for several years, while in the northern departure. parts of the country there has been both considerable emigration and unemployment Much attention has recently been given to that increases the social service expenditure. the advancement of the developing area While there is a shortage of labor in south- policy. Committees and working groups- ern Finland, the unemployment rate in have considered the objectives and programs eastern and northern Finland may be as of this policy. In 1973, a Planning Depart- high as 4—6 percent. ment was established in the Prime Minister's- Office, and the planning of the developing The new labor policy is outlined in the area policy will be centralized in this office. Employment Act (946/1971) that came A consistent and well-planned regional policy- into force at the beginning of 1972. The is, however, at its initial stage.

63 Structural changes in the developing areas advantage over the other parts of the have primarily affected the agricultural country. The operating conditions in the population. Excess agricultural production various parts of the developing regions in the industrialized countries and the vary, but it can be said that if industrial general weakening of economic conditions enterprises do not establish themselves in since the middle of the 1960's have obliged these regions, it will be impossible to achieve the State authorities to take measures to any growth. The checking of the depopu- adjust agricultural production to domestic lation in the developing areas is thus consumption. In connection with this, steps primarily dependent on these areas' possi- have been taken to reduce the size of the bilités of getting new industrial jobs. A cultivated area. As a result, the agricultural strong developing area policy is therefore population has migrated in great numbers necessary. The implementation of this to the urban centers of southern Finland objective of development requires that and to Sweden since the middle of the sufficiently large centers be established to 1960's, and municipalities in northern and create strong regional labor markets which, eastern Finland find themselves in a difficult will attract enterprises, and that the in- situation. In terms of satisfactory social dustries chosen as objects of the developing services for example, the first problem is area policy have a demand for products not a limited population but poor liveli- that grows rapidly and an increase in hood opportunities. their production and employment great in proportion1 to the investments of capital. The developing area policy should also be In addition to the central role of the directed more to private enterprises. So extractive industry in the developing areas' far, the methods used in Finland have had industrial life, another problem is that the no particular effect on the location of industrial structure is unfavorable to growth. private enterprises or on their production The predominant industry in central and structure. northern Finland is the pulp and paper industry, which accounts for more than 40 percent of the industrial employment op- The problems of growth cannot be solved portunities in these regions. The growth only by more effective industrial invest- of this industry is beginning to be limited ments. The climate and the sparse popu- by an insufficiency of raw material in the lation also cause extra expenditure in the developing regions. construction and maintenance of housing and the traffic network. The problems of social policy in the developing areas will The public authorities have taken various accumulate if the industrial policy continues measures to promote industry in the devel- to reject the labor force and to absorb oping regions. In principle, the regional capital to the same extent as in the 1960's. policy includes elements of all social policy sectors, but in practice, various economic policy measures have primarily been imple- mented in regional policy. At least previ- 4.3. Housing policy ously, important measures in the developing In Finland, the housing policy is an impor- areas included the improvement of trans- tant sector of the social policy. In 1970, portation facilities and other steps to utilize the proportion of housing expenditure in "the natural resources, e.g., investments the GNP at market price was 16 percent; made by enterprises. In recent years, the The numerous committee reports, investiga- goal has been to improve the conditions tions, books, and newspaper articles that under which enterprises operate in the have been written of subjects related to developing areas and the training of labor. housing in the past few years evidence The shortage of skilled industrial workers of the importance of housing policy. Even and insufficient industrial training are still though the housing production has been factors that slow down the industrial growth. extensive during the past two decades, If the efforts to improve the operating there is still a housing shortage in Finland. conditions of industry are not rapid and The reasons are manifold. Approximately extensive enough, the migratory movement 110,000 dwelling units had to be left in will probably increase. Emigration has the areas which were ceded the Soviet "become the major problem of. regional Union by the peace treaty of 1947. Owing policy. to internal migration, the urban population increased rapidly in the 1950's and According to industrial forecasts, the 1970's particularly in the 1960's. The large post- will be a great challence to the regional war age groups married and' established development policy. If the production a great number of new households. The develops in the same direction in various demand for housing, particularly in the regions, southern Finland will on the basis urban centers, has continuously exceeded of its favorable basic structure, have an the supply.

€4 In the 1960's, 8.2 dwelling units per 1,000 belonging to the southern labor districts persons were produced in Finland, which and in the largest population centers in exceeded the respective average number in rural areas. the other European countries. The number of overcrowded dwellings decreased consider- . For the time being, we have no exact data ably between 1950 and 1970. In 1950 the on the effects of the housing shortage on degree of congestion in Finland was 1.5 the population development and people's persons per room and in 1970 1.03 persons willingness to establish families. Owing per room. It must be taken into account to the structural change, there has been that the kitchen is included in the number a housing shortage in cities and towns, of rooms in Finland. which has created discontent and decreased willingness to establish families.. It is There were 106 households per 100 dwelling probable that this is also the reason why units in 1970. The disproportion was greater parents have postponed having children in cities and towns than in rural munici- and kept the family size small. Owning palities. one's dwelling has been popular in Finland so far. It is probable that if rented dwellings The insufficient number of dwelling units were available at a moderate price, the in southern Finland is caused by urban- housing problems of young people who are ization and the accumulation of production establishing families and of migrating fam- activity and population; it has been im- ilies would be less difficult to solve. As in possible to adjust housing to the structural many other sectors, society has not been change of society. In eastern and northern able to adjust itself to the extensive and Finland the insufficiency of dwelling units rapid structural change in the housing is a result of a low income level. policy sector. The objectives of housing policy have been mostly related to social welfare. The Report of the Committee on Housing Policy, 4.4. Health policy published in 1965, sets socially satisfactory During the past few decades public health housing conditions as the^ebjective of care has been the most rapidly expanding housing policy. The objective set by the field in our national economy, and this Committee is to create a standard of housing has led to a situation where public health in which each household has a dwelling care has been the most rapidly growing and each person a room, the kitchen included item of expenditure in the State budget. in the number of rooms. The Committee The expenditure on public health care on the Principles of Social Welfare stated was 1.7 percent of the national income in in its report in 1971 that the dwelling is 1955, but 5 percent in 1969. The share of the most important partial factor in the the public health care (»care of the sick») standard of living. Securing the right to in the social welfare expenditure was 22.5 housing, which has not been accorded enough percent in 1960 and 28.7 percent in 1969. attention so far, should be solved in con- Society's contribution to cover sickness nection with the social security reform. The expenses has grown rapidly in Finland Committee specifies families with children because the hospital services, which are as one of the groups for whom dwellings provided below cost, have been made should be guaranteed. more available and the health insurance system has been implemented. The Committee on the Problems of the Mobility and Housing of the Labor Force In spite of the rapid expansion of the public states in its report that the possibilities and health services, no essential improvement the increased willingness to migrate should has been observed in public health, nor be facilitated by housing policy measures. has morbidity decreased. Thus the hoped- for effects of the public health care system So far, the effects of labor mobility have have remained insignificant and the devel- not been taken into account in the housing opment of its productivity rather slow. policy. The difficult housing situation as such has not checked the mobility of labor Morbidity is more common and the pro- but has slowed it down and created great bability of death higher, except in the difficulties for the migrants. The shortage youngest age groups, than in the other of dwelling units and their high price or European countries. Men's mortality rates low standard have caused out-migration are particularly alarming. The lower-than- of the population that has been permanently average life expectancy of Finnish men in settled in an area. According to a committee comparison with Finnish women and the investigation made in 1970, the strained average European life expectancy has long housing situation has considerably checked caused anxiety to the public health labor mobility in most cities and towns authorities. Many explanations have been

65 given, e.g., the less-than-average use of and be directly or indirectly included in. medical services per inhabitant in com- them. parison with other countries. The male population has been left without periodical According to the Public Health Act, public health examinations, whereas health. municipalities are responsible for public services free-of-charge have been available health education, instruction in the use of to the majority of women as part of maternity- contraceptives, nursing, ambulance service, care. In this respect the maternity allow- school health care and preventive and ances given to all mothers after delivery remedial dentistry beginning with the age since 1949 are of importance as regards group under 17 years, and later also in. national health. The monetary value is the older age groups. Public health ser- low it equals an industrial worker's wages vices are free-of-charge. Until further for 2 — 3 days, but because the prerequisite provisions are made, the patients have to for receiving this allowance is a compulsory pay a fee, the amount of which is defined health examination in a prenatal clinic, it by special decree. Thus, the establishment has contributed to the low infant mortality of public health centers will above all rate in Finland, which, is today one of the increase the efficacy of the health care lowest in the world. of the economically active population and at the same time implement an overall public health care system in our country. It has been stated in numerous investiga- The patient will no longer need to be an- tions that morbidity and mortality vary xious about finding appropriate medical regionally to a great extent in Finland: examination or hospital services. Approxi- they increase from southwest to northeast mately 10,000-130,00 inhabitants will fall and from south to north. In the regions of under to the sphere of one health center, a low living standard in eastern and north- and it has been estimated that one center ern Finland, mortality is far higher than will employ four to six physicians. It is in the other parts of the country. This is obvious that an extensive reorganization partially due to the changes in the industrial of the public health care system will require structure. Occupational mobility of the a long time and that the public health disabled labor force is limited: the ill centers will not function effectively until population accumulates in spatially stable the 1980's. • • occupational groups which tend to decrease in size, such as agriculture and forestry. 4.5. Family policy Owing to the prevailing practice and values The Finnish view of family policy and its within the medical service system, and to methods have been influenced by the family the structure and the financing of the policy practiced in Sweden. For instance, public health care system, the focus of in the implementation of the child allowance public health care has. in Finland, as well system in 1948, the Swedish example was as in other countries, been on treatment of followed. During the last few decades, the effects of a disease. Therefore hospital family policy has directly or indirectly care has been particularly emphasized. The been motivated by aspects of social policy extensive investments and operating costs rather than by those of population policy. of the hospital system have become a great Family policy has become a partial sector financial burden to the state and the of the social policy, and its main function municipalities. is to level the expenditure caused by children, i.e., the family expenditure. According to the currently prevailing opinion on public health policy, the resources for The development of the family policy in public health care should be channeled Finland has been uneven. This is partially primarily to preventive care and to the due to the fact that no clear objectives treatment of diseases at their initial stages. have been set for our family policy. There The Public Health Act which came into has been no total-oriented planning of the force in 1972 (66/1972) also aims towards family policy. On the other hand, in the this goal. The objective of the Public development of our social policy the focus Health Act is to shift the focus of the health has during the last ten years been on other policy to health care and outpatient care sectors than family policy. Between 1950 by creating administrative and financial and 1971 the proportion of the national conditions for the development of a basic income used for the various supporting municipal health care system. The Public measures of family policy decreased from Health Act thus aims at an extensive 3.3 to 2.1 percent. development and improvement of the public health care system. The measures necessary The reorganization of the leveling of the for preventive health care should, however, family expenditures has been discussed in be implemented in all social policy sectors numerous committee reports in the last few

66 years. Private persons, organizations, rese- tance paid for all children under the com- arch institutes, etc. have also participated pulsory school age. This assistance was in the discussions. In 1966 the Committee motivated by the coinciding of childbearihg on the Leveling of Family Expenditure and the need for day care with the time thoroughly weighed the motives and objec- that the parents' incomes are lowest and tives of our family policy. they are establishing a family and seeking a dwelling. At the time the Children's Day The Committee proposed that child allow- Care Act was passed by the Parliament the ances should be more progressive and that Bill on Child Assistance was not. they should be tied to the cost-of-living index. Later the so-called mother's salary At the end of 1972, a report by a working system should be implemented; this salary group set' up by the Ministry of Social would be payable to housewives with small Affairs and Health was submitted discussing children. The motive behind the Committee's again the implementation of child assistance, recommendation is that every mother should which was now motivated by the fact that have thé opportunity to take care of her children at school age get considerable child at least during the child's first three services free-of-charge, that the income level years of age. Mother's salary in this form of young couples is low, and that the inital has not met with general approval. It is investments in a home must be made not considered to improve women's status simultaneously with the establishment of because, for example, it is not possible to a family. pay such an amount that her withdrawal from gainful employment would be economic- ally advantageous. The mother's salary sys- Although the motivations of the Committee tem has been seen as an obstacle to the are based on the principle of social justice, principle of women's equality. It has also an aspect relating to the.population policy been suggested that child-care allowance be is also implied in the proposal. For this made payable to the supporters of small reason the proposal will seem reasonable children; this allowance would be paid not to the wide segment of population that only to the family member staying at home considers the sharply dropping birth rate but also to a supporter who is gainfully an impediment to the development of the employed. The child-care allowance would country. The Parliament passed the govern- thus be paid to the supporter of the child ment bill in the spring of 1973, and a rise regardless of whether he or she is gainfully in the allowance for children under the age employed or takes care of the child during of three was implemented at the beginning the day. of July. The general leveling of family expenditure The employment opportunities offered by is of little importance economically. The the growing industry and the financial child allowance, which is the most important advancement of society have directed the means of leveling family expenditure/ is population flows to the urban centers. paid for each child under the age of 16 Young persons at the marriageable age that lives in Finland. At the initial stage constitute a remarkable part of the migra- of the system, the allowance was the same ting population. At the same time mothers' for each child but since 1962 a, step-up labor force participation, particularly that system according to the number of children of the mothers with children below the has prevailed. The purchase value of the compulsory school age, has continuously child allowance decreased steadily in the increased. According to the recommenda- 1960's. tion submitted by the Committee on Child- ren's Day Care, a new Children's Day Care Act was issued in 1972. This Act aims at In addition to the child allowance, a making day care a part of the public social moderate family allowance is one of the service system. According to the Act, a measures for leveling family expenditure. municipality is responsible for the avail- This allowance is payable to families with ability of children's day care, organized or at least four children under the age of 16 supervised by the municipal authorities to or to families whose primary breadwinner the extent and in the forms that are necessary is deceased or permanently disabled. Another to. meet the demand. Taking into account stipulation is that the family's taxable in- the possibilities of finding trained child-care come does not surpass a set amount. A personnel, it has been estimated that the dwelling allowance may also be included need for children's day care can not be in the measures for leveling family expendi- met completely until the next decade. ture. This allowance is paid to families with two or more children, living in rented quarters, who meet the set requirements The Committee on Children's Day Cáre also concerning the degree of crowding an income proposed a supporting measure, child assis- level.

67 Other measures of family policy are the lower-salaried jobs than in industrialized special child allowance, payable for children Finland. whose parents are divorced and for illegiti- mate children whose support has not been In recent years the capacity of the institutes otherwise quaranteed, and the care allo- of secondary education has increased by wance for handicapped children who are about 2 percent annually. The growth will cared for at home. The focus of social continue along similar lines in the near policy has in recent years been on other future. When the young age groups grow sectors than family policy, which is therefore smaller in the middle of the 1970's, the lagging behind. Measures taken in other capacity will be sufficient even if new fields such as health policy and educational schools are not built as rapidly as they policy have, however, improved the economic have been last few years. It is important status of families with children. to provide, not only enough places in schools, but also equal access to basic general education for all regardless of their 4.6. Educational policy place of residence. One of the most important The expansion of education has been rapid educational objectives in the 1970's will be in Finland. It was strongest in the 1950's, to abolish regional differences in vocational when the net number of children at the education. compulsory school age increased annually by 30,000. The proportion of the educational In the late 1950's and particularly in the expenditure of the national product in the 1960's the focus of education was shifted past two decades has been about 5 percent. to the level of higher education. The most In the 1960's, the focus of education was recent reforms on this level have been the shifted to post-primary education. The increase in capacity, the development of enrolment in vocational schools doubled the administration, and the improvement and in technical institutes more than tripled. of the circumstances for research. Five new The number of students in business schools instituties of higher education were establisd- and colleges in the 1960's was double in ed in 1958 — 1972, four of them in the devel- comparison with the previous decades. oping regions. The southern parts of the University enrolment also-doubled during country have been in a more favorable "the decade. position than the northern ones. In the middle of the 1960's, one third of the students The Comprehensive School Act of 1968 of the institutes of higher education came implies a considerable reform of educatio- from Uusimaa in southern Finland. nal policy. According to the Act, the four- year primary school and the five-year It is obvious that in order to have education junior secondary school will be combined meet the present needs, the current edu- to form a compulsory comprehensive school. cational system in which schooling is The comprehensive school system which provided for a certain age group is not will be implemented gradually, and the sufficient. Although this deficiency may be rising standard of living will obviously alleviated by developing children's readiness increase the educational demand to the to learn — a factor which is also stressed extent that already by the end of this in the reorganization of secondary educa- decade the entire age group of comprehen- tion — it is important that inp the future sive school graduates will continue their adult education also constitute an integral studies in institutes of secondary education. part of the school system. Increasing The junior secondary schools, vocational attention has been paid in recent years to schools, and senior secondary schools have the development of adult education. The had enough capacity in the whole country Government appointed at the beginning of to meet the educational demand, but the 1971, a committee to reform secondary opportunities for further studies have been adult education. The establishment of a Tather unevenly distributed between the system of continuous education will be an various parts of the country. In the north- educational objective of major importance ern parts only half of those interested have in the 1970's. had access to vocational education in recent years. This has led to a situation where Although the proportion of educational the families in the developing regions, who expenses paid by those being educated is have not had the necessary financial only 20 percent of the total educational resources for sending their children to school expenditure and although State aid to in urban centers, have been obliged to education makes low-interest loans as well choose shortest possible schooling, i.e., the as in certain cases scholarships, available free-of-charge six-year primary school and to students for pursuing secondary and two-year civic school. In- the developing post-secondary studies, schooling is quite Tegions, more students have been educated a burden to many a citizen. This is parti- in lower educational institutes and for cularly due to the housing shortage in

68 urban centers, students have difficulties in become too large, and efforts have been finding accommodation and the prices of made to cut down the growth. housing are high. The declining birth rate is undoubledly one The educational policy implies that each of the results of the rapid structural change has an equal opportunity to obtain the in Finland. These results can be seen not basic knowledge and skills required in only in the declining birth rate but also in society. If education is extended to cover almost all social sectors. It is therefore the years when people usually get married excepted that in the future the development and have their first child, it is possible of society will be directed with a more that even some wished-for children will not defined purpose than has been done so far. be born. Children born to students of Attention will be particularly accorded to secondary schools vocational institutes, or the leveling of the differences between the even universities have been considered developing regions and the industrialized accidental exceptions to the general rule parts of the country. This requires com- or a responsibility of no one but the parents. mercial, industrial, regional, housing, edu- As the amount and duration of schooling cational, and labor policy measures which continue to increase, it is all the more can improve the economic structure of the necessary to take into account in the edu- developing regions. cational policy the marriages contracted by and the children born to students and the Achieving a balance between the developing care and upbringing of the children during and the industrialized regions is in a way their parents' period of study. connected with the efforts to establish a more even distribution of the results of production between the various population 5 Future objectives of population policy groups. Increasing social security and decreasing social inequality will probably The decelerating population growth due to constitute an essential part of social policy the declining birth rate, which is one of in the 1970's. In the use of resources this the lowest in Europe, and to the relatively implies that the growth will continuously extensive emigration has recently been one be more rapid in the public than the private reason for public anxiety in Finland. sector, and that the income transfer policy of the public sector will play a more impor- The declining birth rate has spurred a reform tant role in the development of society. and expansion of the family policy. For instance, more attention has been given to Up to the present, the aspects of population the children's day care and to the effects policy have not been explicitely taken into of the leveling of family expenditures. It consideration in the planning of the social is uncertain whether the system of support policy. It is expected, however, that in to families will be developed to a greater the future the social policy will be motivated extent. So far, family policy has been part more by aspects of population policy. It is of social policy, and humanitarian aspects also obvious that more attention will be and principles of justice have been the paid to the kind of measures that should leading motives in the development of be taken in the various sectors of social social policy. Even leading social policy policy in order to balance the population makers think that income transfers have development.

69 VIII POPULATION CENSUSES AND STATISTICS OF POPULATION CHANGE

1 Population registers structure, e.g., the distribution of the popu- lation by age, sex, marital status, etc. In Statistics on the size and structure of the the beginning, the inventory of the popula- population have been collected in Finland tion was made every third, later every since 1749. The statistical data are based fifth, and since 1880 every tenth year. These on the official population registers of the inventories in the population registers, that country, the oldest of which are the parish later referred to as ten-year statistics, were registers of the Evangelic-Lutheran Church. a form of population censuses. Their greatest The Evangelic-Lutheran Church has collected weakness however, was that the data in the information on persons belonging to the registers concerning, e.g., occupation and parishes since the beginning of the 18th industry, were outdated. In addition the century, but population changes were not keepers of the population registers, parti- registered until the middle of the 18th cularly in large parishes, did not know century. In addition to the parish registers which of the registered persons were residing of the Evangelic-Lutheran Church, since in the parish and which had out-migrated. 1830 the statistics have included the parish registers of the Greek Orthodox Church, thereby coverning almost the entire popu- After 1870 population censuses based on lation of the country. In 1917 a separate information provided by the inhabitants register, caEed the Civil Register, was themselves were taken in some of the largest established for the persons who belonged cities, in addition to the above inventories to neither of the above religious denomina- in the population registers. The first popu- tions. In 1922 after the Religious Freedom lation census proper covering the whole Act came into force minor religious groups country was taken in 1950. According to established their own membership registers, an act which came into force in 1938, popu- and consequently the population statistics lation censuses have to be taken every since then have been based on: tenth year. Statistics have been collected on the annual Parish registers of the Evangelic-Lutheran population changes since 1749. Annual Church population registers have provided informa- Parish registers of the Greek Orthodox tion on the numbers of births, deaths, and Church migrations; population change statistics Civil Register have been compiled on the basis of this Membership registers of various religious information. denominations Currently, population data are based on In 1971 the Civil Register and the member- general population censuses, the latest of ship registers of various religious denomina- which was taken in 1970. International tions were combined into one register which (UN) recommendations have been observed is called the Municipal Population Register. to a great extent in taking the population censuses. The data on the size of the population in the years between population 2 Population statistics censuses are based on one hand on the Beginning in 1749, a so-called inventory data in population censuses, and data on was made in the population register to births, deaths, and migrations in the popu- classify various data on the population lation registers on the other hand.

70 Appendix I: Development of population in 1751 — 1870

Crude Crude Crude Excess Popula- Infant Population in marriage birth death of tion mortality the beginning rate rate rate births growth rate of the quin- quennial period Per 1,000

1751-55 9.9 45.3 28.6 16.7 16.6 223.8 429 912 1756-60 9.0 44.5 29.6 14.9 14.1 224.8 462 562 1761-65 8.2 43.7 32.3 11.4 13.5 247.9 501 433 1766-70 8.0 41.7 28.4 13.3 13.3 235.2 532 091 1771-75 8.3 38.8 23.7 15.1 16.9 201.9 569 010 1776-80 8.9 41.3 26.0 15.3 17.0 217.3 616 448 1781-85 8.0 40.4 27.7 12.7 4.6 218.0 665 908 1786-90 7.7 37.5 31.9 5.6 7.6 213.3 690 010 1791-95 9.9 41.1 29.3 11.8 17.8 216.7 706 566 1796-1800 8.0 39.2 23.8 15.4 15.5 198.0 783 526 1801-05 7.8 38.4 24.7 13.7 15.3 195.2 848 906 1806-10 7.9 34.3 39.0 -4.7 -10.6 242.8 905 607 1811-15 8.3 37.0 28.0 9.0 9.0 207.9 1 053 374 1816-20 8.6 37.7 24.9 12.8 14.5 195.6 1 114 705 1821-25 8.6 38.7 25.7 13.0 13.5 202.8 1 119 918 1826-30 8.4 37.8 24.2 13.6 13.6 193.9 1 274 744 1831-35 7.3 34.2 31.5 2.7 3.1 205.8 1 381 901 1836-40 7.3 32.6 25.0 7.6 7.3 187.8 1 392 367 1841-45 8.0 35.5 22.3 13.3 13.8 172.5 1 463 071 1846-50 8.3 35.4 24.6 10.8 11.3 173.3 1 561 050 1851-55 7.7 36.3 28.2 8.1 6.3 173.3 1 657 610. 1856-60 7.9 35.6 29.2 6.4 6.8 181.2 1 693 283 1861-65 7.7 37.0 25.8 11.2 10.8 178.4 1 770 643 1866-70 7.6 31.8 38.6 -6.8 -8.2 210.9 1 837 506

71 Appendix II: Age-specific death rates in 1961 — 1970 Men

Age 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

0-4 5,65 5,71 5,09 4,95 4,90 4,02 3,97 4,02 3,84 3,56 5-9 0,65 0,61 0,64 0,67 0,75 0,67 0,72 0,62 0,73 0,65 10-14 0,48 0,53 0,54 0,49 0,51 0,55 0,51 0,41 0,39 0,48 15-19 1,26 1,10 1,00 1,08 0,95 1,08 1,01 1,03 1,06 1,25 20-24 1,59 1,59 1,49 1,60 1,60 1,42 1,31 1,36 1,27 1,56 25-29 1,91 2,10 1,85 1,94 1,97 1,58 1,79 1,80 1,95 1,59 30-34 2,48 2,45 2,70 2,14 2,35 2,28 2,05 2,25 2,46 2,36 35-39 3,22 3,77 3,74 3,37 3,93 3,43 3,46 3,75 3,64 3,80 40-44 5,48 5,14 5,35 5,68 5,73 5,47 5,56 5,27 5,97 5,30 45-49 8,41 8,90 8,61 8,54 8,66 8,74 8,93 8,88 8,85 8,63 50-54 13,36 13,31 14,28 13,66 14,28 13,59 13,96 14,26 14,66 13,09 55-59 20,91 22,26 21,37 21,57 21,93 21,64 21,35 21,46 22,48 21,15 60-64 32,34 32,77 32,28 32,98 32,77 31,49 32,18 31,93 32,74 31,56 65-69 47,29 50,26 49,74 47,76 49,09 47,32 47,28 48,48 50,14 46,67 70-74 69,42 74,12 72,54 71,71 76,37 73,01 74,84 71,65 71,42 73,03 75-79 103,73 119,15 107,24 111,06 110,21 111,80 110,35 114,37 111,36 105,08 80-84 161,99 174,53 161,84 168,07 179,11 167,23 167,43 176,76 167,44 167,14 85- 249,47 291,36 282,98 275,92 299,97 287,46 285,89 284,12 287,94 261,35

Women

Age 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

0-4 4,57 4,26 4,08 3,51 3,53 3,38 3,29 3,04 2,91 2,70 5-9 0,41 0,37 0,35 0,33 0,50 0,42 0,40 0,36 0,44 0,35 10-14 0,29 0,25 0,26 0,27 0,29 0,31 0,32 0,25 0,24 0,23 15-19 0,46 0,46 0,35 0,59 0,45 0,46 0,41 0,50 0,46 0,42 20-24 0,47 0,55 0,63 0,61 0,48 0,50 0,49 0,45 0,55 0,51 25-29 0,73 0,73 0,81 0,68 0,66 0,71 0,64 0,60 0,75 0,49 30-34 1,05 1,09 1,02 1,10 1,00 0,97 0,80 0,80 0,88 0,81 35-39 1,78 1,54 1,35 1,47 1,26 1,42 1,17 1,40 1,33 1,22 40-44 2,60 ' 2,49 2,28 2,04 2,31 2,26 1,84 2,25 2,05 1,87 45-49 3,44 3,66 3,68. 3,50 3,43 3,23 3,43 3,01 3,53 3,10 50-54 5,56 5,59 5,84 5,30 5,18 5,02 5,14 5,10 5,34 5,10 55-59 8,92 8,97 8,44 8,40 8,30 8,17 8,03 8,04 8,01 7,50 60-64 15,03 15,35 14,74 15,01 14,17 14,29 13,55 13,44 13,59 12,97 65-69 26,90 27,37 27,03 25,88 27,08 25,57 24,48 25,07 23,92 22,53 70-74 50,94 50,29 49,31 49,09 48,05 46,49 45,36 45,90 45,45 40,85 75-79 87,03 90,80 84,40 85,85 90,84 85,11 83,22 84,70 81,07 75,10 80-84 150,54 153,69 144,90 144,28 155,32 140,02 140,98 145,51 141,46 129,06 85- 250,26 276,56 257,72 258,23 277,88 259,76 242,37 244,21 247,68 230,23

72 Appendix III: Types of families and number of family members in 1960 and 1970

Year Married Married Mother Father Total couple couple with with without with children children children children

Families in total 1970 261 112 719 734 132 489 19 827 1 133 162 1960 207 897 678 822 129 706 19 845 1 036 270 Increase in 1960—70 . Abs. +53 215 +40 912 +2 783 -18 + 96 892 ]jercent + 25.6 +6.0 +2.1 -0.1 +9.4 Persons in the families 1970 522 224 3 003 026 354 943 52 711 3 932 904 1960 415 794 3 030 889 352 261 56 093 3 855 037 Portion of whole popu- lation % 1970 11.4 65.3 7.7 1.1 85.5 1960 9.4 68.2 7.9 1.3 86.7 Children in total 1970 1 563 558 222 454 32 884 1 818 896 1960 1 673 245 222 555 36 248 1 932 048 Average number of children per family ... 1970 — 2.17 1.68 1.66 1.60 1960 2.46 1.72 1.83 1.86 Under 7-year olds in total 1970 452 125 27 989 2 595 482 709 1960 547 250 24 966 2 404 574 620 Average of under 7-year olds per family 1970 0.63 0.21 0.13 0.43 1960 - 0.81 0.19 0.12 0.55

73 o r¡ + o o; o f; m oo « I J.4.INNH I iH T-1 I TIT+I I I I ' M ' Percen t o f i n 197 0 populatio n 1951-197 0 Numbe r

co H in ID c¡ ü) oí N Ci oi (M o OlOoilONN'tui I I I I M I I Percen t o f populatio n i n 197 0

OMND in co M H in

1966-197 0 N10M oo OtoMinroo 11 Numbe r 'ill !

i> O O ri d

Numbe r I I I ' I I ' •a o

+ I ++ I I I I I I I + Percen t o f populatio n i n 197 0

G* C 1956-196 0

Numbe r 777 ' 77

If) r! O 6 d i" CO t H N ri O + I ++ I I I I I I I I Percen t o f i n 197 0 populatio n 1951-195 5 roo iONO\i30cno m i-i i i in i TH I i Numbe r I I ' ' I ' I ' ' 'tIo c

Ci a Provinc e

74 Appendix V: Net in-migration to urban communes by province from rural municipalities of the same province and from other provinces in quinquennial periods 1961—65 and 1966 — 70

Net in-migration from rural communes of the same province

Province Popu- 1961-65 Percent 1966-70 Percent 1961-70 Percent lation of popu- of popu- of popu- in 1970 lation lation lation in 70 in 70 in 70

Uusimaa 746 493 -3 436 -0.5 -14 070 -1.9 — 17 506 —2.3 Turku and Pori 342 484 14 321 4.2 11281 3.3 25 602 7.5 Ahvenanmaa 8 546 705 8.2 426 5.0 1131 13.2 Häme 370 662 10 071 2.7 6 339 1.7 16 410 4.4 Kymi 199 915 6 369 3.2 4 887 2.4 11256 5.6 Mikkeli 69 873 6 844 9.8 5 423 7.8 12 267 17.6 Pohjois-Karjala 54 578 5 410 9.9 5 482 10.0 10 892 20.0 Kuopio 117 597 7 285 6.2 5 401 4.6 12 686 10.8 Keski-Suomi .... 85 594 5 328 6.2 3 863 4.5 9 191 10.7 Vaasa 139 818 8 966 6.4 6 115 4.4 15 081 10.8 Oulu 137 804 10 117 7.3 7 168 5.2 .17 285 12.5 Lappi 66 944 4 463 6.7 4 964 7.4 9 427 14.1 Whole countrv . 2 340 308 76 443 3.3 47 279 2.0 123 722 5.3

Net in-migration from other provinces

Uusimaa 59 704 8.0 55 334 7.4 115 038 15.4 Turku and Pori 2 359 0.7 6 049 1.8 8 408 2.5 Ahvenanmaa 162 1.9 523 6.1 685 8.0 Häme 11480 3.1 16 475 4.4 27 955 7.5 Kymi 857 0.4 —277 -0.1 580 0.3 Mikkeli -1 269 1.8 —2 173 —3.1 -3 442 -4.9 Pohjois-Karjala —3 161 5.8 —2 842 -5.2 -6 003 -11.0 Kuopio —1 674 1.4 -2 984 -2.5 -4 658 -4.0 Keski-Suomi 142 0.2 -56 -0.1 86 0.1 Vaasa —744 0.5 -1545 -1.1 -2 289 -1.6 Oulu 684 0.5 -2 195 -1.6 -1511 —1.1 Lappi —369 0.6 -3 877 -5.8 -4 246 —6.3 Whole country 68 171 2.9 62 432 2.7 130 603 5.6

75 "o io n •4-1 CO CO CJ tí cj oí iH rc e pu l S & S •= PU ü o oo co •+ CM

íter - igra - 3 •19 7 CO 00 •S a 1 Ne t 1 na l 1 tio n

o io n

ii t c¿ CJ . 1 60 o "3 c OÍ V£> t~ oO< Jes3 o I 1ftl O O ti 19 6 ter - fe c 1 _c 1 19 5 na l % tio r

tí o tí g me a pula i "o a _tí Ol oo Ol O io n .97 0 OJ i—1 g 1O 1-1 CM M cj 00 t^. CM CM tí 1 CM i-l •O cd "3 <-l CM C h a s tí •4-c> ri o o ulati o o I o a, uot : Oí Ol co Oi oi o O\ 00 L96 0 o T tn H CO N o 5Í ! 2 1 ro O 00 V 3 oo >o tí o1 O §

c o o c* u o

ü 13 O o o

H

76 Appendix VII: Economically active population by province in 1960 and 1970 and change- in 1960-70

Province 1960 1970 Change in 1960—70

(1,000) (1,000) Percent

Whole country 2033 2128 + 95 +4.7 Uusimaa 1 412 513 + 101 +24.5 Turku and Pori 2 306 319 + 13 +4.1 Ahvenanmaa 3 9 10 + 1 + 3.7 Häme 4 269 302 + 33 + 12.3 Kymi 5 150 157 +7 +4.9 Mikkeli 6 104 97 -7 -6.7 Pohjois-Karjala 7 91 78 -13 -14.5 Kuopio 8 120 111 -9 -7.4 Keski-Suomi 9 108 104 —4 -3.2 Vaasa 10 204 189 —15 -7.5 Oulu 11 175 167 —8 -4.3 Lappi 12 85 81 4 -4.6 Provinces 1—5 1146 1301 + 155 + 13.5 Provinces 6—12 887 827 -60 -6.7

77 Appendix VIII: Economically active population by industry and province in 1960 and 1970

Province 1960 1970 1 A U Processin g Service s Al l Processin g industrie s Service s industries' ) Extractiv e industrie s industrie s industries ) Extractiv e industrie s

1,000 persons

"Whole country 2033 721 639 667 2128 429 723 - 934 Uusimaa 1 412 41 160 210 513 24 178 302 Turku and Pori 2 306 104 109 93 319 63 125 125 Ahvenanmaa 3 9 4 1 4 10 2 2 5 Häme 4 269 69 117 82 302 43 136 118 Kymí 5 150 47 55 48 157 28 60 66 Mikkeli 6 104 57 21 26 97 34 24 36 Pohjois-Karjala 7 91 54 15 22 78 31 16 30 Kuopio 8 120 63 25 31 111 38 28 43 Keski-Suomi 9 108 48 31 29 104 27 34 41 Vaasa 10 204 104 48' 50 189 63 56 66 Oulu 11 175 92 36 46 167 54 42 66 Lappi 12 85 38 21 26 81 22 22 36 Provinces 1 — 5 1146 265 442 437 1301 160 501 616 Province? 6 — 12 887 456 197 230 827 269 222 318

Incl. industry unknown

Province 1960 1970 Su ; so ;

ai e s

3 iv e :iv e íe s .S.» ces s ces s ust r vic e tra c ust r ust r ust r tra c ust r ust r vic e = "2 x -a pu ; Se r W.S fi.S Se r W.S Percent

"Whole country 100.0 35.5 31.5 32.8 100.0 20.2 34.0 43.9 Uusimaa 1 100.0 10.0 38.9 50.9 100.0 4.6 34.8 58.9 Turku and Pori 2 100.0 33.8 35.6 30.3 100.0 19.7 39.1 39.1 Ahvenanmaa 3 100.0 40.6 15.6 42.8 100.0 23.4 18.4 54.9 Häme 4 100.0 25.7 43.5 30.5 100.0 14.2 45.2 39.1 Kymi 5 100.0 31.2 36.9 31.8 100.0 17.9 37.9 41.7 Mikkeli 6 100.0 54.4 19.9 25.6 100.0 35.3 24.8 37.3 Pohjois-Karjala 7 100.0 59.3 16.4 23.9 100.0 39.2 20.7 37.9 Kuopio 8 100.0 52.9 20.9 26.0 100.0 34.1 25.5 38.5 Keski-Suomi 9 100.0 44.8 28.4 26.5 100.0 26.3 32.5 39.4 Vaasa 10 100.0 51.0 23.7 24.7 100.0 33.4 29.6 35.1 Oulu 11 100.0 52.7 20.8 26.2 100.0 32.5 25.1 39.7 Lappi 12 100.0 44.8 24.2 30.4 100.0 26.6 26.4 44.2 Provinces 1—5 100.0 23.1 38.6 38.1 100.0 12.3 38.6 47.3 Provinces 6 — 12 100.0 51.5 22.1 26.0 100.0 32.5 25.8 38.5

3) Incl. industry unknown

78 Appendix IX: The unemployed and degrees of unemployment by industry in 1972, percent

Unemployed Degree of unemployment

Total 100.0 2.5 Agriculture 3.0 0.5 Forestry 11.8 9.8 Manufacturing 14.1 1.3 Building 17.0 6.8 Other construction 5.0 4.3 Trade 7.6 1.2 Transport 3.8 1.3 Financing and insurance 0.3 0.2 Services 9.8 1.2 Unemployed who have moved over to labour force 12.7 — Unknown 14.9 60.7

79 + O^NH(70N (O H rt OÍ N l»l n H Pe r Tota l cen t

1 en

OlHOiOO r-i-CTi O\ OS Ö 1 oí Pe r cen t

1 Pe r cen t 197 2 3 oCU o 1

o SO

S 0> o> Ä

80 Appendix XI: Development of labor force by age group in 1972 — 85

Calculation (1) Women

Age group 1972 1975 1980 1985 1972 1975 1980 1985

15-19 87 59 45 35 69 51 42 34 20-24 149 141 131 124 140 135 126 120 25-54 799 850 905 939 647 693 736 775 55-64 136 116 114 125 119 114 114 114 65-74 19 19 16 13 8 9 9 8 15-74 1 190 1 185 1211 1236 983 1002 1027 1051 Both sexes 2 173 2 187 2 238 2 287

Calculation (2) Men "Women

Age group 1972 1975 1980 1985 1972 1975 1980 1985

15-19 87 59 45 35 69 51 42 34 20-24 149 141 131 124 140 135 126 118 25-54 799 862 931 976 647 687 727 760 55-64 136 127 133 147 119 116 119 122 65-74 19 21 21 20 8 9 9 9 15-74 1190 1210 1261 1302 983 998 1 023 1043 Both sexes 2 173 2 208 2 284 2 345

81