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The Wolf Debate in Finland

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Ruralia Institute Jukka Bisi Sami Kurki The wolf debate in Finland Publications 12 The wolf debate in Finland Expectations and objectives for the management of the wolf population at regional and national level Jukka Bisi Sami Kurki Seinäjoki 2008 Publisher: University of Helsinki Ruralia Institute Kampusranta 9 FIN-60320 SEINÄJOKI Puh. +358 6 4213 300 Fax. +358 6 4213 301 ISBN 978-952-10-4135-8 (paperback) 978-952-10-4136-5 (pdf) ISSN 1796-0649 (paperback) 1796-0657 (pdf) Printed by Oy Fram Ab, Vaasa Foreword The wolf has returned to the Finnish countryside and once again there is no avoiding the fact that the interaction of man and wolf is an extremely painful one. Attitudes to the wolf divide Finns, and the wolf itself causes opinion to change fast once it has arrived in new areas. The wolf is a perpetual problem environmentally, something people have to live with on a daily basis. But what is the importance of social sustainability and how can protection of the wolf be reconciled with what local people see as a decline in the quality of life? How should the wolf issue be managed and who should act in what situation? These are the questions which have to be addressed in preparations for a national policy on wolves. Studies relating to policy on large carnivores for the University of Helsinki’s Institute for Rural Research and Training (Ruralia) represent a breakthrough, yet people in rural communities have always been at the centre of research. The sustainable use of natural resources is becoming more and more about socio-economic issues, with ecology obviously imposing its own set of condi- tions. An interdisciplinary approach to environmental questions is the only way really to try and understand phenomena. This study focuses on the views and remarks of those whose life is tangibly affected by the wolf’s return. The aim of the study is to construct a basis on which policies relating to the management of the wolf population can be built in the future. If we want to create solutions we need to make a thorough analysis of the background to the conflicts and disagreements and try to understand them. The wolf will never stop being a problem, but aggravating the issue is in no-one’s interest, not least the wolf’s. The documented material in the study data is based on the considered views and opinions of some 2,000 people and the expression of their wish to be involved in the management of the wolf problem. But for the input of numerous organisations and individuals, there would have been very little to write about in this report. The research project was sponsored by the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Key partners in the collection and practical implementation of data were the Finnish Game Management Dis- tricts, the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, the Finnish Hunters’ Central Organisation, Metsähallitus (the Finnish national board of forestry) and the Finnish Ministry of the Environment. The layout and final revision of the report were the responsibility of Communications Manager Jari Eloranta, Publication Secretary Jaana Huhtala and Office Secretary Tiina Jakonen. Marko Svensberg provided invaluable assistance in the storing and documenting of the data and proved to be an expert in Excel databases. Mari Pohja-Mykrä’s and Sakari Mykrä’s expertise in the history of policy on large carnivores was of immense help. The University of Helsinki would sincerely like to thank the sponsors and all the partners involved. Seinäjoki 20.1.2005 Jukka Bisi and Sami Kurki Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. 7 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background to the study ............................................................................ 9 1.2 Status of the wolf population in Finland .................................................. 11 1.3 The wolf in current legislation – favourable conservation status ................15 1.4 Some history regarding Finland’s policy on wolves and attitudes to them ..18 1.5 Attitudes of the Finnish people to wolves and large carnivores – previous surveys .......................................................................................20 2 Background to the management of the wolf population – purpose and objectives of the study ........................................................... 27 3 Data and methodology ................................................................................. 28 4 Results ......................................................................................................33 4.1 Written responses received from stakeholders .......................................... 33 4.1.1 Regional distribution of the data presented ....................................33 4.1.2 Stakeholders’ replies ......................................................................34 4.1.3 Positive and negative views of the wolf and the wolf population ...36 4.1.4 Views on maintaining interaction between man and wolf .............. 42 4.1.5 Opinions on the size of the wolf population ..................................45 4.1.6 Ways of controlling the wolf population .........................................48 4.1.7 Problem wolves: how to define the notion and ways to deal with the problem ........................................................................... 51 4.1.8 Recognition of conflicts in the management of the wolf population ....................................................................................51 4.1.9 Meetings between stakeholders and their contribution .................. 52 4.2 The wolf debate – public hearings and their contribution ........................ 53 4.2.1 Meetings and participants .............................................................53 4.2.2 Areas for criticism in the wolf debate ............................................ 55 4.2.3 The existence of the wolf, the growth in the wolf population and the problems that causes .............................................................. 57 4.2.4 Opinions on the size of the wolf population ...................................59 4.2.5 Demands ......................................................................................61 5 Written replies and speeches and remarks broken down by Game Management District .................................................................................... 63 5.1 The area with an established population in eastern Finland ....................... 63 5.1.1 The Game Management District of North Karelia ........................... 63 5.1.2 The Game Management District of Kainuu .....................................69 5.1.3 The Game Management District of Kymi ........................................75 5.1.4 The Game Management District of South Savo .............................. 81 5.1.5 The Game Management District of North Savo .............................. 85 5.2 The area with a developing population .....................................................91 5.2.1 The Game Management District of Central Finland ........................ 91 5.2.2 The Game Management District of Oulu ........................................96 5.2.3 The Game Management District of Ostrobothnia .......................... 99 5.2.4 The Game Management District of Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia ............................................................................... 103 5.2.5 The Game Management District of Satakunta ..............................107 5.2.6 The Game Management District of North Häme ...........................110 5.3 The area where wolves are encountered occasionally .............................. 112 5.3.1 The Game Management District of South Häme .......................... 112 5.3.2 The Game Management District of Southwestern Finland ............ 115 5.3.3 The Game Management District of Uusimaa ................................ 117 5.3.4 The Game Management District of Lapland ................................. 119 5.4 Synopsis of the replies at national level ...................................................122 6 Discussion ................................................................................................... 126 6.1 Summary of the main results ..................................................................126 6.2 Barriers to consensus on wolves and their background .......................... 129 6.3 A socio-economically sustainable wolf policy .......................................... 134 6.4 Epilogue .................................................................................................137 Sources .............................................................................................................. 139 Appendix 1. The questionary in the preparing of wolf management plan .......... 143 Jukka Bisi – Sami Kurki 7 The wolf debate in Finland Expectations and objectives for the management of the wolf population at regional and national level Abstract Over the past few years, the wolf population has increased and spread to new areas in Finland. These developments have highlighted people’s conflicting attitudes to wolves and the different objectives for managing the wolf population. The wolf debate has been particularly heated in eastern Finland, where the wolf population and its growth are mainly concentrated. The supranational conservation objectives imposed by Finland’s membership of the EU and the practical application
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