CHAPTER I3

SETTLEMENTP,ITTERNS IN THE HUAMACHIICOANEA

JOHN R TCPIC

T TITIES \ITIEN I u'rite about Fluamachuco, The major lake in the area,Lagun:r Sausagocha,is I am referring to the Incaic province that locateclin the northeastern part of the area,between stretched from the Chaupiyungas to the the Rfo Shiracmacaand the tributaries of the Marafl6n N{arafl6n and frotn the Rio Crisnejas in the north (Figure1.1.1). to the Thblachacain the south (..9., Topic 1992, Our work in spannedeight seasons, 1998).Our survey of fortifications in the late I970s 1981-1984and 1986-1989.The projectwasintended to coveredthe north\\resternpart of the province (Topic combine intensivesite sun'ey with lirnited excavations. and Topic 1978, I9B7). Currently we are studying Unfornrnately,in the secondseason it becameclear that Catequil, an oracle and the principal huncttof the countryside \.{'asnot safe,and the focus ch:rngedto Huamachuco,whose shrine u"ls locatedin the center excavationsat selectedsites. Much of the areaaround of the province (Topic et al. 2002).In this chapter,I Fluamachuco still has not receivedintensive survey,and am concernedwith a much srnaller area around the the datirrgof sitesis largely basedon surfacecollections modern town of Huamachttco. of sherdsthat are rarely decorated. The zrreaunder consideration is at the southern Nevertheless, building on the work of McCown end of the Rio Condebamba basin, extending fron-r (1945) and Thatcher (1972),we were able to extend the Continental Divide in the west to the divide tlre list of known sitesfrom 79 to 177 . Of these,only 90 separatingthe Rfo Condebamba from the A{arafr6n have been dated,and excavationshave been conducted drainage(Figure 13.1).The major rivers are the at only 13.This study is basedon the 90 datablesites, Rio Yarnobambain the west, the Rio Grande de u,hich together have 122 datableoccupations. These Huamachucoin the central part of the zone,,and the 122 occupationsspan all the ceramicperiods and range Rio Shiracmacato the east. The Rio Grande has its in elevationfrom 2700to 4100 masl.Nthough we made headwatersat Laeuna Negra, on the slopesof Cerro an effort to survey all altitudinal zonespresent in the Huaylillas,which is sornetimessnow-capped in the area,the lower elevations'Jre not aswell representedas wintermonths; an ancientroad crossesthis mountain, the middle and hieh zones.There is definitely a need andthe rlarrow survey track throueh here follou'ed fbr more survey r.vorkin the Fluamachuco area, and the road.The MarcahuamachucoPlateau is located this chapteris a very prelirninaryreport on what is now betweenthe Rio Yarnobambaand the Rio Grande. quite an old data set. ANDE,AN CIVILIZATION

---'--- 012s45 KM

Figure 13.1. Areas suneved lx'the llu:rnrachuco project 198 1-1989 are indicated by cro.. hatching. Contour iutcn'als of 200 m arc depicted ancl the names of significant rivers and strealns are provided on this and subsequent fignres. The lakes:rre shou,n in solicl black.

Nthough the emphasishere is on the overall settle- m wide and more than 20 m long; atMarcahuamachuco ment patterns around Fluamachuco rather than on there are severalexamples that are hundreds of meters the internal plans of individual sites,in the phase-by- in length. They are subdivided into a seriesof rooms phase descriptions I provide some information about so that on plans, they look like a row of small rectan- individual sites. Three colnmon building types are gular roolns joined end to end. The terms rectangular, referred to: rectangulargalleries, circular galleries,and circular, and curvilinear refer to the overall configura- curvilinear galleries.All of theseare very long, narroq tion of the buildings, not to the shapeof the individual above-groundmasonry buildings. They are usually2-3 rooms.Fizures 13.4and 13.10sive someidea of how t SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HUi\MACHUCO AREA 213 thesebuilclings appear on maps. Most of these build- lastmound seemsto be constructedof rubble and dirt ings are only one story tall, but during at leastthe Early fill within rough retaining walls; it may have had a Huamachuco, Amaru, :rnd Late Fluamachuco phases, long curvilinear gallery running around its summit. multistoriedgalleries \.lrere built that were monurnental Preservation of structures is poor at the site, but in scaleancl constructed in a distinctive rnasonrvswle. rernainsinclude at leastrwo rectilineargalleries 20-30 JJ m long with srnaller internal divisions. Tivo sherds from this site have similaritiesto Pacopampzrmotifs, COLPAPHASE, ?_9OO BC and it is on this basisthat the site is dated.(Pacopamp:r Five sites have been tentatively placed in the Colpa is one of severalceramic phasesdefined at the site of phase,which we believe datesto the Initial period ;the phase datesto the Initial period.) (Figure 13.2,Table 13.1).Onlv one of thesesites has Flowever,there is also evidencefor the manufacrureof '.rnd beenexcarzated (PLd2-102). This site,which McCown ground slatepoints at the site, thesesuggest a date (1915:263,Figure 12)called the SquareFort, appearsto at the end of the Early Horizon in comparison with be domesticin nature and has no fortification f'eatures. siteson the coast,such as Cerro Arena. The character It is almost square,but with rounded exterior corners, of the site, which conrbines fortification ferituresu'ith and measuresabout 16 m on a side. It is essentially a very isolatedposition, also is cornparablewith sites a patio surrounded on three siclesby long narrow such as Chankillo in the CasmaValley, Quisque in the roorns.The u'allswere probably constructedu,itl-r pircn Nepeiia Vallev, and the fortressesof the Cayhuarnarca (unworkeclstone) foundations and adobe slrperstruc- phase in the Santa \talley, which we have interpreted -lhe ture. layout is quite forrnal and resernblesthe as evidencefor tinku, a ritualized, scheduledform of plansof Fluari compoullds in many respects,but this warfare (-lopic and lbpic 1997). is not surprising, since Huari :rrchitecture\.rras heavily The rype site for the phaseis La Colpa (PLd2-11), influenced by Huam:rchuco (Topic I99l; Tbpic and a hill rising above prime farmland in the Yamobamba Topic2000). drainage.The hill is natural, but its contours havebeen Site l4-5 is a group of rockshelterswithin a large rnodified bv the addition of terracesand fill. No build- outcrop located high on thejnlca (high altitude) south ings are preserved,but sherdsare numerous,ancl mally of Huarnachuco.There are a few pictographshere, but are decoratedor finely polished. sincethe site wasprobably occupieclrepeatedll', though These few sitestell us little about the La Colpa phase sporadically,these cannot be dated. seftlement pattern. The sites are srnall,averagine just Site B, locatedon Cerro Mamorco, is poorly pre- under 1 l-rain area(see Thble 1-3.9a).Most are located served.There are foundations of buildinss and a near arableland, indicating that farming wasirnportant. possiblesnrall low mound. The combination of Cerro Mamorco, Cerro F{uachac, Site20, Cerro Huachac,is in many v'avsthe rnost and L:r Colpa, all in the lor.r'erYamobamb:r drainaee, interestinE;site of this phase.It is located on a high, may indicate that this area was a focus for the occu- rugged,and barren spine surrounded on three sides pation. Site 145 was probably a temporary camping by steepdrop-offs. Orr the sole approachto the site, site. Cerro Fluachacmav be fortified, although it also accessis irnpededfirst by an artificial trench and then has every appearanceof being ceremonialin nature. by a wall about 4 rn thick. There are three mounds Nthough architectureis poorly preserwed,buildings at insidethe site, measuring 15 x 5 m x 2.-5m l-righ,1-5 Sites 102 and 20 are clearly precursorsto the buildings x 15m x 2 tr.rhigh, and 10 x 30 x ca. 5 m high. This at ll[arcahuamachuco.

Thble 13.1 Oolpr phase sites rvith data on irrea, elevation (rounded to neirrcst 100 m), ancl other phasesclf occupation.

8 Cerro r\Iarnorco 9,900 3-100 Sirnta B'irbara ll La Colpa 12,000 3200 Sausagocha 20 ClerroHrrachac l:,000 3300 102 255 3300 145 2,500 +100 i\Iodern ANDEAN CIVILIZA,TION

-"4\ \('\-\ N -t>?r1 V ).' a'\ \\ -, r \\(

e. t-\ (N/ (q \l azoo\ ) lr \ --J--7 l/a -r- ) )/{ a N >t<\+?/4- N- )/ \\ E\\ )t' \)s Pil--\} bS* ')(\-j.j fiL {)

VXt*' )l-*\7,---\ /t

N 'lI I I 1012345l-__-..---___- KM

on sites. Figure 13.2.Location of sitesassigned to the Colpa phase(? to 900 BC). SeeTable 1J.1 for hrrtherinfbrrnation SETTLE\,1ENT PATTERNS IN THE HUAM,\CHUCO,{REA 2t5

'."/1 >> -=)'lr,o-Z I - \\ rN( 1^d 1\:zooz- ; 17 ) t-'".$ft <.:r/ \ L--\\\5\ g*\J\"--1" /\ \\\ s,IN'*\.48\ N,lX\lt, \- \J

o-Tffii KM

Figure 13.3. Location ofsires assigned 'lable to the Sausagochaphase (900_200 BCI).See I 3.2 for further infbrmationon sires.

SAUSACOCHAPHASE: 9OO_2OO BC eventsin surrounclingregions during the Early Florizon (Topic anclTopic 1985). We have placed sevenreensites in the Sausagocha The distribution of settlementsizes (Figure I 3. I 3b) phase,which we believe datesto the Earlv llorizon suggestsan emerging hierarchy of sites.probably the (Figure 13.3,Tabl e 13.2). The cerarnicsfrom this phase, most important site during this phaseis Cerro Campana however,bear no Chavfn iconography,and its absence East (PLd2-+3). This site, which is well describedby suggeststhat the Fluamachuco area was isolated from McCown (19+5:260-261,Figure l2), can certainll, 2t6 ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

Thble 13.2 Sausagochaphase sites with data on area, elevation (rounded to nearest 100 m), and other phases of occupation.

I Sta. Btirbarir 6)75 3.+00 Sta. Birbarrr 2 9,141 3600 Anaru, Tuscan l1 La Colpa 12,000 320t) Colpa t2 Cerro Chico 8,000 3600 Tuscan

1l :a 2,+00 3600 Purpucala 25 120 3600 Purpucala 26 1,800 ,1600 Purpucala )6 Cerro El Toro 2,800 1600 Late Hu'.rmachuco,'Iirscan, Sta. Bdrbara +l Cerro Canrpana E,ast _50,000 3300 46 Cerro Campana \4/est -1,500 3200 Purpucala +8 1,050 3200 56 17,500 3200 'lLscan 60 Cerro Cacafr:rn I 7,100 3.+00 76 1,750 3200 Purpucala t0t 195 3100 Purpucala 120 900 1400 r58 Clanibarnba 62,500 3200 Sta. Birb:rra

be considereda village, if not a small town. Most of are on hills, and the architecture follows the contours the architecrureis rectangular in plan, and a common of the hills. The basicplan consistsof a seriesof srnall layout consistsof a squareor rectangularpatio flankecl rectangular rooms joined into rows to form galleries on one or rnore sidesby rectangular rooms. The two that curve around the hillsides. The construction of most interesting structuresare two large squarecourts roorns at different levelson the hill resultsin a concen- with rounded corners(McCown 1945:Figure 12e,f); tric pattern of rooms and r,l.allsthat enclosepatio areas. their sizeand the more massivew:rlls sugsest that these The outer walls rnay have been useftil for defense,and are important structuresand probablv public in narure. two trenchesat Cerro Chico may alsohave been related I havespeculated that thesestructures nright be sirnilar to defenseof the site. to the rooms with ritual hearthsat siteslike La Galgada A third group of sites(2+, 25, 26, +8, 76 and 120) (Tbpic l99B:ll7), but this speculationhas not yet been appearsto representhouseholds of varying-sizes.Most confirmed by excavation. of these sites consist of a circular patio surrounded or Eight other sitesprobably representhamlets. Many partially surrounded by small rooms. The plan of these of theseare poorly preserwedso that little architecture sitesis similar to the plansof Cerro CampanaWest and is visible(Sites 1, 11, 56, and 158).In other casesthere Cerro Chico but on a smallerscale. One site (76),how- were multiple occupations,and it is difficult to confinn ever,is quite different and has at leastthree rectanq-ular that the visible structuresdate to the Sausagochaphase. plazasand at leastone 15-m-long narrow rectangular For exarnple,Site 60 is a large mound on Cerro Cacafran gallery.Another site (24) has a few conjoined rectan- and, although there are a few Sausagochaphase sherds, gular rooms aswell as a circular patio. it is not clear that any part of the mound datesto that Although most Sausagochaphase sites appear to be phase.Sirnilarlv, Site 2 haswell-preserved architecture, primarily habitation sites,some may haveserved other but rnostof this probablydates to the Middle Horizon purposes.Cerro CampanaEast (43) is larger and has or Late Intennediate period. The two best examplesof ir different plar-rfrom most of the other sites,and has Sausagochaphase hamlets are Cerro Campana \A/est the rwo special structures already mentioned; it may (a6) (McCown l9+5: Figure 12) and Cerro Chico have served as a focus for much of the population in (12) (Figure 13.4).Much of the visible architecrure at the Fluamachucoarea. The sitesof La Colpa (11) and Cerro Campana West datesto the Purpucalaphase, Cerro El Toro (36) have higher frequenciesof decorated but excavationssuggest that the site had a similar plan ceramics,and Cerro El Toro is also located on z'rvery during the Sausagochaphase. Cerro Chico had only a high hill, which has difficult access.Site 101 is a small small reoccupationduring the Tuscanphase. Both sites mound with no evidence of domestic refuse, ancl the

t- SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HUAMACHUCO AREA 2t7

a t9 1s som ffi

h;

Figure 13.4. Plan of Cerro Chico (Site l2), e hilltop site dating to the Sausagochaand Tusc:rn phases. ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

Sausagochaphase occupation at Site 60 may also be Flowever, there does seem to be a real change in associatedwith the beginning of the construction of settlementpattern. First, there appearsto be no site the mound there. equivalentto Cerro Campana East; instead,there is The averagesize of Sausagochaphase sites (1.16 a large increasein sites in the 0.+-0.8 ha range (see ha) is only slightly larger than the La Colpa phase Figure 13.14a).Second, while the zrreasaround Laguna average(see Table 13.9a).In fact, since some site Sausagochaand in the Rio Granclede Huamachuco areasare undoubtedlv overestimated(especially those drainage, which were occupieclearlier, continue to for Sites60 and 158) due to later reoccupations,the be a focus of occupation during the Purpucala phase, averagesize of sitesduring the two phasesis probably there is a significant developn-rentof sites in the very similar. The Sausagochaphase sites, however, are Yamobambadrainage (Figure 13.5).It is difficult to say much more clearly distributed into three size classes. r,r,hetherthese new sites indicate population growth Basedon site areas,most of the population was living or sirnplymovements into new territories,but despite at relativelylow elevations,around 3200 and 3300 masl the decreasein total site areaI suspecttl-rat population (seeTable 13.9b).This location probably reflectsthe €lrowth \\rasa factor. importance of farming. Moreover, more thzrn2 5% of The Purpucalaphase settlements can be describedin the Sausagochaphase site areaclusters around Laguna terms clfsite clusters.The Yarnobarnbasites are divided Sausagochaitself, and this may reflect the importance into two clusters.The first cluster (Group A in Figure of lacustrineand marsh resources.On the other hand, 13.5),situated on Cerro Arenl, is centeredon two there is alsoa seriesof sitesaround 3600masl (especially larger population concentrations(Sites 123 and 130). Sites12,2+,25, and 26) in areaswhere there is easy Both of thesehave the foundations of circular galleries accessto pasrure.This site location probably reflects preserved,and Site 130 alsohas rectangularand curvi- the increasingimportance of herding (seeThbles 13.9a linear galleries.There may have been a population on and 13.9b). the order of thirty-five people at Site 123, and asmany as 100 at Site 130. Sites 122 and 124 aresmaller, three- to fbur-room affairswith possiblecorrals. Sites 132 and PURPUCALAPHASE. 2OO BC_AD 3OO 133are simple corrals. Site 125is a sr-nallcave, and Site 126 consistsonly of nvo terraceu.alls. Thirry-three sites are dated to the Purpucala phase, The secondYamobarnba cluster (Group B in Figure which we believe dates to the first part of the Early 13.5)is in the Candigurdnarer. Again, there is a series Intermediateperiod (Figure 13.5,Table 13.3).In the of corrals(Sites l3+,13B, and 141),some of which have future, it should be possible to divide Purpucala into attachedrooms. Sites 136,137 ,139, and 140are larger early and late subphases.Ceramics characteristicof and have circular, curvilinear, or rectangular galleries, early Purpucala share many attributes with those of as well as corral-like enclosures.Site 142 is the largest the Sausagochaphase tlnd indicate continued isolation site of this phase.It is an exceptionallywell-constructed of the Huamachuco arerr.Bv the end of the Purpucala site with quarried stone masonry and a defensivewall phase,however, there is clear ceramic influence from and dry moat flanking rwo sides.There are two cir- both the Recuayand Cajamarcastyles. cular gallerieson the summit and at least fwo tiers of Despite the increasednumber of sites in the curvilinear gallerieson the slopes.Tl-re architecture at Purpucala phase,the total site area is actually srnaller this site is almost monunlental in scaleand is a clear than that occupied during the Sausagochaphase (see antecedentto the later monulrlental architecture at Table 13.9a).Also, the averagesite size declines dra- Marcahuamachuco.Significantly, this site, and indeed matically. In part, these changesmay be due to the all the Purpucalaphase occupirtion in the Yamobamba shorter length of the Purpucala phase,resulting in area, is located near the main routes leading south to lower total site area,and the tendency by some of our Santiago de Chuco and the Callej6n de F{uaylasand field assistantsto define Purpucala phasesites more west toward the coast(see Figure 13.12). strictly, leading to more sitesand a lower averagesize. Another sitecluster consisting of Sites3,2+,25, and In fact, when total site aretris divided by the different 26 is locatednear the Rio Grande.Site 3 appearsto be durations of the phases,Sausagocha occupation aver- the focus of this cluster,although it is not exceptionally ages2.8 ha per century while Purpucala occlip2ltion large. It has a short dry moat and clefensiveu,all pro- averages3.0 ha per century. tecting it on the south. There is also a circular gallery

I ti SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN f HE HUAMACHUCO AREA 2t9

--"'- \(-t\ N i\)l -t ^;/ V 2.J

54, *

)/RY( ,\\/ z -^J\) l q$} RJ\ ( ((v,) W Stz il]

E 012345 KM

Figure 13.5.Location of sitesassiqnecl to the Purpucalaphase (200 BC-AD 300),includine Group A (CerroArena) ancl Group B (Candiglrrin)clusters. 'kble See l l.-l and the text for furtl'rerinfirrnution on sites. on the sumrnit, and a f-ell'rooms on the slopesof the circulirr galleriesaround their summits and often cun'i- hill. Sites2+,25, and 26, which are probably small linear gallerieson the lower slopes.Site 40 might also housegroups, have already been mentioned in the sec- be part of this cluster;althoush poorll, presen'ecl,there tion on the Sausagochaphase. is a large and densesherd scatterand one small square The Lag;unaSausagocha area continued to be a focus mound. Site 101,described for the Sausagochaphase, of occupation.Sites +6, 49, and -50are all located on is also a small squaremound. Site -17(McCown 1915: small peaksthat har.,ebeen artificially leveled.There are Figure 12) is probably the real focus fbr this area.It is, 220 ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

Table 13.3 Purpucala phase sites r,r.'ithdata on area, elcvation (rouncled to nearest 100 m), and other pl-rasesof occupation.

3 3,200 3600 24 2,+00 3600 Sausagocha 25 120 1600 Sausagocha

1l Sausagochrr L\) 1,800 1600 l0 720 1800 Early- FIuetnirchuco )/. 1,210 3600 t7 6,072 3200 .+0 Cerro Negro 15,000 1400 Early Huamachuco, Tilscrrn, Sta. Birbara

46 Oerro Carnpana \Vest 4,500 3200 Sausagocha 17 3,630 3200 49 5,500 1200 .50 2,000 3200 53 1,600 3200 5+ 10,800 3200 7+ 7,700 3100 /o 1,7-i0 3200 Sausagocha 101 195 3100 Sausagocha 122 Ccrro Arerra I +,200 I t00 123 CerroArena 2 6,200 I 500 t2+ Cerro Arena J r57 I 500 125 Cerro Arena 4 100 3400 126 Cerro Arena 5 1,200 3400 130 Cerro Arena 6 13,500 3400 r32 Cerro Arerra7 1,400 3300 133 Cerro Arena 8 600 330t) 134 Canclig'urinI 2,200 1400 Ito Candigurin 2 6,525 1400

t)/ Canc'ligpr6n3 6,000 l+00 138 Candigurdn4 160 3400 119 Cancligjrr:in-5 14,300 l+00 140 Candigurin 6 4,950 3500 1+1 C)andigur:in7 1,400 I 500 142 Candigurdn8 20,000 3600

like Site 142,exceptionally well constructedand consists rooms, laid out in a row but not joined to fonn a gal- of rectangulargalleries surrounding a trapezoidalpatio lery. These are surrounded by an oval enclosure.Site 74 (Topic and Topic 2000: Figure 8). Again, the archi- is totally destroyedbut has an extensivesherd scatter. tecture here verges on being monumental. There are Sites 30,32, and 76 appearto be houseswith corrals many decoratedsherds, including vesselswith Recuay or patios. or Pashashinfluence. Site 47 may represent an elite The economy of the Purpucalaphase was probably householdor the focusof public activities,which would basedon mixed farrning and herding. Sites tended to have included the people living at Site 46. cluster around three elevations(see Tables 13.9b and The rernaining sites seem not to relate to any site 13.9c:3200 m, 3400m, and 3600nasl), in contrastto cluster. Site 54 has rnany decorated sherds,including the Sausagochaphase, when settlement clustereclat sorne showing influence; the site is quite 32 00 masl.A large part of this changecan be attributed destroyed,but it appearsto havehad at least a circular to the growth of settlernent in the Yarnobarnba^re^) gallery surrounding the summit of the hill. Site 53 now and those settlements,with their nulnerous corral-like has only one 30-m-long rectangular gallery divided into enclosures,reflect a continuing increasein the irnpor- five or six rooms. Site 37 had about fifteen rectanzular tance of herding. However, those sites also had access SETTLEMENT PAl'f ERNS IN THE HUAMACHUCO AREA 221 to farmlands as well as marshy areasalong the Rio \^,asnot occupied intensively,nor \\,asthe whole area Yamobamba.The Rio Grtrndecluster also had accessto occupieclcontinuously. It appearsthat the earliestsettle- both farmine and herdins^lands, but r,r,aslocated above rnent \ .i,rsat the extrelne northwest end of the plateau marshes.The Saus:rgochacluster had accessonlv to on Cerro Viejo. The occupationthere probably startecl marshesand farrnlancl,except for Site 40, which hacl soon after AD 300. By AD -500,most of the occupation accessto all three resolrrcezones. had shifted to the central and sotrtheastareas of the The Purpucalaphase, then, was probably character- plateau;excavations in thesearers indicate that a variety izedby population growth, continued diversificationof of functions were represented. theeconomic base, possibly increased warfare, perhaps Residenceis most clearly indicated in the circular the emergenceof an elite, and, toward the end of the gallerieson the central part of the plateau and in the phase,increased interresional interaction. curvilinear galleries,which most pronrinently border the steepcliff at the edgeof the southeastend of the plateau. These galleriescan be one to three storiestall and have EARLYHUAMACHUCO. AD 300_600 abrurdantdomestic refuse. There are se\zenclear examples of circular galleries,along with other associatedarchi- The nineteen sites of the Early Fluamachucophase tecture, in the cenffal p:rrt of the plateau. The circular (Figure 13.6,Trble 13.4) fall into two classes,those galleries are not perfectly round, but they do enclosea with monumental architeccureand those lacking monlr- central patio in which small rectangallarrooms areusually mentalarchitecture. These two classesof sitesoverlap present.The curvilinear galleriesfbrm horseshoe-shaped in sizebut appearto be distinct in terms of the functions loopswith smallrectangular strucnrres located in the areas performed. they enclosedby the loops. Both the curvilinear and circular Severalsites (38, 39,40, 51, 131,135) are quite large salleries are extremely long buildines, with the internal @ble 13.4:0.5-6.3 ha), often with denserefuse, but are sp:rcedivided into smaller rooms by frequent transverse poorlypreserved. It is likely there once were numerous r,r.alls;both were also built in segments,and the vertical buildingsat these sites, and most have at least a few joints of the segmentsare clearlyvisible. foundationsremaining. There are no indications of The third classof building, u,hich rve htrvetermed monumentalstone architecture,however, and it is pos- the "niched hall," is ch:rracterizeclby rnassivewalls with siblethat most of tl-restructures were built primarily of a row of nichesin one or more of the interior wall faces; adobe.The sarneis probably true for a seriesof rnuch the halls representimmense rectangularroofed volumes smallersites (30, 42,I10,111, 112)ranging in sizefrom (Topic 1986). There are hum:rn bones incorporated 100mr to 900 mr (Trble 13.4). These sn-rallsites often in the thicknessof the walls, probably representing appearsirnply as leveled areaswith stone retaining secondaryburials of defleshedbones. The nicheswere wallsand a few sherds.These two sizesof siteswithout probably used prirnarily as placesto leave renewable monumentalarchitecture were probably primarily resi- offerings, but occasionallya late burial is found in a dentialin narure and their populationswere engagedin niche. Niched halls are much wicler than the galleries: agricultureand herding. Early Fluamachuco phase niched halls have roofed The siteswith monurnental architecture fall into areasof asmuch as B x 48 m, and the internal spaceis threesize clirsses:-52-5-4,000 m2, 5-20 ha, :rnd c:r. 240 undivided. Cerarnic collectionsfrorn niched halls hzrve ha.The largestof thesesites, Marcahuarnachuco, Cerro higher proportions of spoons,cups, and decorated Saz6n,Cerro lirsc'.rn,and Cerro Anaru, are all u.ithin wares than found in the circular and curvilinear gal- sightof each other :rnd within about an hour's walk at leries. We have interpreted the niched halls as places a fastclip. The proximity and size of the sites suggest where members of a lineagegatl-rered to feastin honor theyperformed different functions within a differenti- of their ancestors,whose boneswere buried in the walls atedsettlernent system. (seealso McEwan 1998).Most niched hallsare located Marcahuamachucois the largest site, has the best- on the southeasternpart of the plzlteau. preservedmonurnental architecture,and we havedone In addition to these three rnajor classesof architec- a largeamount of excavrltionat the site (for a rnap, see rure, there are other t)?es of buildings.The focal point McCown 1945;Topic and Topic 2000;Theresa Lange of the site was probably a large architectural complex Topic,Chapter 1-1,this volurne). It coversthe top of a calledthe Castillo.The Castillo is similar to the circular highplateau -3.5 km long, but the whole areaof the site galleriesand may have had 2rsmany as five stories,with ANDT,AN CIVILIZATION

'\( -"\ ')>cl tl '-t Yz (/J/. 'r^/ .2.J

-\"-\ / \ 81: \_ L_\ S,S (h-J-\ ,'{>+..) t\\\ ft^^-=-^^,its;1.--l ?/\ qt\* t gt -,^-l \a'u*, ('{F rf *e [ U * 135 wl$

1234 KM

Figure 13.6. Location of sites assigneclto the Earlv Huamachuco phase (AD -300-600). See Table 13 .4 fbr firrther infornration on sites. origir-ralentrances into the complex on the ground floor There are also at least three different tlpes of burial level. It is now almost completely filled with largely structures at the site, including the niched halls, chulpa- sterile rubble, to a depth of 9 m, which rnay have been like towers, and small, reenterable tombs that may used insteadof scaffoldingto facilitate construction, have been used as temporary burial placesuntil natural allowing heary stonesto be raisedto the wall tops.The decompositionresulted in defleshedbones that could be original intent may havebeen to remove the rubble fill incorporated into the walls of the niched halls (Topic and once construction had been completed, but, for what- Topic 2000: Figure 5). In addition, there are numerous e\/erreason, this was never done. small rectangularbuildings, at least two small circular SE']'TLE\4ENT PAf TERNS IN THE IILIA\,{ACiIUCO ARtA 223

Table 13.4 Earlv Hr.ranrachucophase sites u'ith data on area, clevatior.r(roundetl to nearest 100 ru), ar-rtlother phases of occupation

30 3800 Purpr.rc:rla i8 l20t) 39 3+00 +0 Cerlo Ncgro 1400 Purpucala, Tuscan, Sta. Birbara +2 320n

)l 3200 N{odern

c)t r\ 1,rrca hulnrachuco I r00 r\nrlru, Late Huanrachuco, Tuscltr 6+ Cerro Amaru l+00 A.rnaru, Late Iluan.rachuco? 6-5 Cler-r-oSaz6r.r I 100 ,\mlm, Lrrte I luanrachuco? 66 (lerro Tuscan 3100 Amaru?, Late Huamachuco?

O,' l-+00 8l Las Huacas I 500 Arnam r 10 360t) lll 1600 t12 1600 ll1 3-300 1.lt l 100 16+ XIallSn 2800 Lete Huarnachuco r7i Pr-rtrurblrnb:t .l100 l,ate Fluarulchucr-r structuresthat are possiblestorerooms, and large plaza Cerro Saz6n ancl Cerro Tuscrrnare intermediatein areas.It is clearthat a tremendousamount of construc- sizeand alsohave lnonurnental architecture.Cerro Saz6n tion took place at Marcahuamachucoduring the Early was probablv constructeclabout AD 400 and occupied Huamachucophase, and constmction continued through through much of the Nliddle Horizon. It has sorne the Amaru and Late Huatnachucophases. curvilineargalleries, but rectangulargalleries associated We originally interpreted Marcahuamachucoas the with plazasand patios are more comlnon (..g., Topic capital of an expansioniststate (Topic and Topic l986). and Topic 2000: Figure 9). Cerro firscan is located However, we h'avereconsidered that interpretation, fbr a nearby, ar-rdthe nvo sites rnay form a single site coru- number of reasons.First, while Fluamachucoinfluenced plex. Cerro Tuscanis rnuch more poorly preservedthan the architecturalstyle at siteson the westernside of the Cerro Saz6n,but there are rnassiveterraces, and hutnan continentaldivide, the dating of this influenceindicates remains have been found at the site. Both sites seem tc.l a long trend, beginning before l{arcahuamachuco have er.'idenceof dornesticoccupation; arnonq the foocl and lasting into the Late Florizon. Nthough there is remainsrecovered from Cerro Sazrinwere carnelidbones evidencefbr son'refonns of infrastructure that might and lrrrgequantities of carbonrzeclmatze. These sitesare be associatedwith a state-for example, roads-we alsoclosely associated with the north-south trunk route. have not been zrbleto identifu the large-scalepublic At one point I interpreted Cerro Saz

The group of srnallsites r,vith monumental rrrchitec- traced on the ground but is not rnentionedby Colonial ture probably performed a similar range of functions. docurnents;because there are a large number of steps Las Huacas is a shrine: although there are four artificial on part of this route, it may not have been used often by mounds at the site, the principal huacawas probably a Spanishhorsemen. Several other sites(81,64, and 164) naturll stoneoutcrop which hasbeen enclosedwithin a are located on the accessroutes of Nlarcahuarnachuco. circularwall (Loten 1985:30-31).Pumabamba is a very We have not located Early Fluarnachuco phase sites formallv plannedsite and exceptionallvwell built. It has along the southern route that is mentioned in docu- monumental rectangular galleriessurrounding a larqe ments, which went up the Rio Yarnobamba,but this rectangularpatio. There are alsosome nonmonumental areahas not beenwell surveyed(compare Figures 13.1 rooms forming a curvilinear gallery on the lou'er slope. and 13.6);there is a styleof tenon headsand other stone It resemblesSite 47, describedfor the Purpucalaphase, carvings that is shared 2rr11or1gFluamachuco, Santiago and may have been either an elite residenceor focus de Chuco, and Pashash(McCown 1945;Kroeber 1950; of comrnuniry activities. Malldn, located in an area Schaeilel1952; Grieder l97B) that probably datesto of spring-fed terraces below Marcahuamachuco,also this time period and sugeestscommunication up the Rio may have been a focus of cornmunity activities related Yamobamba.The shrine of Catequil, located berween to agricultural production. It has a circular gallery and Santiagode Chuco and Huarnachuco,was occupied and what appearsto be a srnallniched hall. Site 67 is srnaller functioning by this time period, though not necessarily and lesswell preserved,but has at leastone well-built as an oracle (Topic et al. 2002).It is notable that there roorn and semicircularplazas. is no evidenceof direct trfoche ceramicinfluence in the The Early Fluarnachucophase saw a dramatic Fluamachucoarea. increasein both total site area occupied and in the averagesize of sites,implving population growth (see Table 13.9a).Nthough a l:rrgepart of this changecan AMARUPHASE, AD 600_800? be accountedfor by the presenceof Marcahuamachuco, which r.vasonly seasonallyoccupied, and Cerro Amaru, The dates for the Amaru phase are tentative. This is ir shrine, there are still three other settlementsin the the tine period during which F{uari influence is felt in 3.2- tc>25.6-ha size range; there \trrereno sites in this Huirrnachuco,and while it appe:rrsthat Huari influence rangecluring the Purpucalaphase (see Figure 13.14a). was probably restricted to Middle Florizon 1b and 2a, Certainlv there \rrasan aggregationof population during it is still difficult to date those phasesabsolutely. Partly the Early Fluarnachucophase, and much of it was con- becauseof this dating difficulty and partly because centrated around the location of the modern town of Huari influence was brief and present at only a few sites, Fluamtrchuco(Figure 13.6;see also Fip;ure 13 .1 1). it is also difficult to determine the settlement pattern This population aggregation apparently causecl precisely. \4/e assumethat many more sites than the sorne formerly well-occupied areasto be abandoned eleven discussedhere r,vereactually occupied during during the Early Fluarnachucophase. This is especially this phase(Fig;ure 13.7,Table 13.-5). More specificallv, noticeable in the areasirnmediately west of Laguna it is probable that some sites classifiedas either Early Sausagochaand in the Yamobambaarea (Figure 13.6). Fluarnachuco or Late Fluamachuco were also occupied It is difficult to understandwhy this would happen,but durine the Amaru phase. it might be relrrtedto changing subsistencestrategies, A key event during the Amzrru phase\l.as the initia- since there is a growth in site area below 3400 masl tion of construction at Mracochapampa(61). This site and a declinein sitearea at 3600 masl(see Thbles 1 3.9b has been viewed as an intrusive Huari center, and rne and 13.9c). agreethat its construction relatesto Ffuari influencein Many Early Huamachuco phase sites appear to be the area. However, we have also pointed out that the relatedto roads(cornpare liigures 13.(r and 13.12).Sites p\an of Yiracochapamp:r is based on specific types of 65, 66, and 17 5 are loczrtednear the Inca road leading buildingscommon in the Fluamachucoare:lin the Early north from Fluamachuco,and this probably indicates Huamachucophase, and indeed earlier,and not present that that route predatesthe Late F{orizon bv a consid- in Arracuchountil Middle Horizon 1B (Topic 1986, erablernargin. Sites 131, 135, 110, 111,and lI2 ,are 1991;Topic and'Iopic 1986,2000).Niched halls,one located near a road leading south from Fluamachuco common element at \,4racochapirmpa,occurred earlier up the Rio Grande drainage.This road ctrn still be at Marcahuamachuco,and rectanglrlargalleries, which SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HUAMACHUCO AREA 225

ar\sooon4 i\ ) 1\.too',- ; 47

-d'?'t?l\x: *--.J/ A--r \-L\ \ )^53\L 6;;/^,S,N l

.177^ r \i\ \ * ss-.\\ lw \\]

012345 KM

Figure 13.7.Location of sitesassiEped to tl-reAn-raru pl-rase (AD 600-800?).Sce Tirble 13.5 for firrtherinfbrmation.

figure large in the plan, occurred the Fluamachuco-derivedgallery is the rnostrecogniz- earlier at sites such as Cerro Saz6n,Pumabamba, and able element in "Fluari" architecture throughout the Site47; indeed,these rectangular galleries surrounding central Andes (Topic and Topic 2000). patios can be consideredorthogonal variants of the Construction at Viracochapampa was never com- circular and curvilinear galleries also common in the pleted, and thus we do not know what the final plan of Huarnachucoarea. Niched halls and galleries are the the site was intended to be. Site 177 is the quarry area main architectural cornponentsat \,4racochaparnpa,and for the construction of Viracochapampa.There are ?,26 ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

Tirble 13.5 r\rrirru [)hr]scsites rvith drta on ilrea, elevrtiorr (roLrnderlto nearest 100 nr), rrnclother phrrsesof occttp'.ttion.

2 9,r+1 I fi00 Sirusagocha,Tirsc:rn 6I Viracochapirnrpa 1r+ R7; ,r000

o-) Mrrcahuiun:rchuco 2,400,000 I t00 L,arly F{uarnachuco, I-ate Hr-rattrachuco,firscan 64 (lerro Amaru 50,000 3+00 Early Huamachuco, Late Fluarnachuco! 65 (,er-r-oS:rz

1 ,-.7 l-rr (,.tntere l.+00 l l00

no building remains there, but the size and number of of 10 kg of Spondyhrcand small turquoise shell-shaped quarni pits havepermitted an estintatethat construction carvings,rituallt- broken, under its floor. activitiesat Mracochapampalasted only fir'e to twenty Fluari cerarnicinfluence is strongestat the shrine of years(Topic l99l). Cerro Anaru (Thatcher l()72, 1975, 1977).However, At least some of the labor requireclto builcl Cerro Amaru began to cleclinein importance during \riracochaparnpawas housed at the site itself (Topic the Arnaru phase,while Marcahuamachucocontinued l99l), but there is no evidence at Viracochaparnpafirr to grow (Topic and Topic 1992,2000). the infrastructure (storageand feasting facilities) that l-here is one other site that r,veknow of that is r,l'ouldhave been necessary to sponsorthe construction. characterizeclby the Huari nusonry style, typical of Cerro Saz6nwas contelnporaneous and nearby.Nthough \4rrtcochapampa(Topic l99l:163). This site,Carbarg6n Huari ceramicsare scarceat Cerro Saz6n,they do occur (Site 99), is located north of Marcahuamachucoand in at least two builclings,one with eviclencefor the appearsto be a partially finished enclosure.If fin- storageof meat and the other with probable evidencefbr ished, Carbarg6n might have functioned sirnilarly to chichabrewins (Topi. l99l:158). This limited evidence Malldn, occupied at least during the Early and Late may relate to the feasting of the r.r,'orkers.Significantly', Huanrachucophases and possiblyalso during the the vast majoriry of ceramicsin these buildings are Amaru phase.Both sitesare associatedwith spring-f-ed local wares, suggestingstrongly that local authorities, agricultural terracesystems, but the terracing at Malldn rather than agents of Huari, sponsoredthe construc- is more extensiveand more elaborate. tion. \,/iracochapampahas about the sanrenurnber of Site 154 u,asdated to the Amirru phaseonly because niched hallsas Marcahuamachuco, and Malcolm Florne there are the partial foundations of what appearsto (19t39:36,197) has calculated that it would havehad, on be a rectangularenclosure. This site, like Carbarg6n, cornpletion,about 84% of the architectur:rlarea; it was is clatedon the basisof the architecture rather than probably meant to replaceMarcahuamachuco as a center the ceramics,which are scarce.In the sarnearea Site for lineage-basedancestor worsl-rip(Topic and Topic 2 apparentlycontinued the ffend, alreadypresent in 2000;see also McEwrn 1998). the Early Fluamachucophase, of population aggrega- Although it is clear from radiocarbon dates that tion into larger settlements.Flere there are three patio M;rrcahuarnachucoand Las Flutrcascontir-rued to be and room units, rwo more or lessrectangular and one occupied,there is no evidenceof Fluari ceramic influ- circular. The dating is basedon radiocarbon evidence enceat either site.Construction continued at both sites, rather than ceramics. anclat Marcahuarnachucoseveral monurnental buildings Sites 159 and 167 arereally aspectsof a singlesite: \\,'erecompleted. The niched hall at Marcahuamachuc

I I I

V \ - )f *t<\*4\ ) rlJ Jl/ \ \ " r

KM

Figure 13.8. Location of sitcs irssigneclto the Late Huanrrrchuco phase (AD 800?-1000). See Thblc I i.(r fbr fr.rrtherintirrrr.ration.

Table 13.6 Late Fluamachuco pl-rasesites u,ith clataon lrca, elevation (rounded to nearest 100 m), arrclother phasesof occupation.

36 Cerro El Tbro I,880 1600 Saus,rgochl, Tirscert, St:r. Bririlara

o-t Marclhuamachuco 2,400,000 3,s00 Earlv Huamachuco, Amaru, Tuscan t38 900 3-500 Tisc:rn 93 1,500 4000 Tuscan 108 \istr Negre 5,000 2700 TLsc'ln

l6+ N{alhn r,80t) 2800 E,arly Huarnachuccr 175 Pr,rrn:rb.rmbr l.ft(r.l I 100 Flarlt' Hurrn:rchuco SETTt-EN,IENT P,AfTERNS IN THE HUANlACHUCO AREA 229

(2 x 2 m or 2 x 3 m). These roorns are much smaller Tuscan phasesettlement system. than normal dornesticspace, but without exc'avationwe Three site clustersemerge during this phase(Figure cannot determine r.l'hetherthey might have had sorne 13.9).These three site clusterscenter around Cerro other function, such as storage. Grande (Site 16),Cerro Granadilla(Site 100),and Site The other two Late Huamachuco sites are probably 70, and probably specializedrespectively in high-eleva- related to domestic, herding, and agricultural activities. tion herding and agriculture,low-elevation agriculture, Site 93 is probablv a houseconsisting of a patio and three and intermediate-levelagriculture with some herding. rooms. It rnav be prirnarily related to herding activities, This is not the settlement pattern one would expectif but its location along the road south may also have been the economy were based on the vertical archipelago important. \,4staAlegre (108) has severalleveled areas model; that model would predict large settlementsat and terraces,as r.vell as a denseceramic scatter,but little intermediate elevations,with satellitesat hiqher and preservedarchitecrure. It is in an areaideal fbr the culti- lower elevations. vation of fmits, maize,and other low-altinrde crops. Basedon site area (T)rble13.7), the Cerro Grande In analyzing the distribution by elevation of these cluster was the most important. Cerro Grande (Figure sites,it is bestto usethe acnralareas (see Thble 13.9b) 13.10)has monumental architecturein the form of a rather than the percentagesbecause many of the Early circular gallery crowning the summit that may have Huamachuco and Amaru phasesettienents at 3200, been constructed earlf in the Tuscan phase, or even 3300, and 3400 m elevation may have continued in late in the I-ate Fluamachuco phase,because there is use. From this perspective,it is significant that site evidenceof massivereconstruction. Cerro Chico (see ?rreasactually increasein both the highest and lowest Figure 13.4) has already been described;the Tuscan elevation ranges.This expansionreflects continued phaserefuse here was light. Site 19 is a large settle- diversification of the economic base and, if middle ment with a dense sherd scatter,with the remains of elevation sites continued to be occupied, continued rooms, plazasand possiblecorrals. Walls are crudelv population growth. constructed,however. On the brozrderregional level, it is noteworthy The Cerro Granadilla and \,4staNegre cluster has that the shrine of Catequil, the principal huaca of few architectural remains. but decoratedcertunics are Fluarnachuco,was undergoing remodeling during this common. phase(Topic et aL.2002).The remodeling suggeststhat Sites+0, 70, 7 | , and 73 forrn another cluster south a changein rinral practice v'as widespreadduring this of Laguna Sausagocha.Of these,Site 70 has the most time period. impressivearchitecfure, but it is not as well built as Cerro Grande. There is a circular patio at the top of the hill, anclthis is surroundedby severallower terraces TUSCANPHASE, AD IOOO_1170 on which were built rows of small squareroorns. The other siteshave few architecturalremains, but possible The Tirscanphase analysis highlights two changes.First, corralsare still visibleat Sites7 | and 73. new ceramic stylesappear that are easilydistinguished Of the other sitesoutside theseclusters, Sites 2, -36, from the Early and Late Huamachuco sryles,allowing 60, 88, and 93 havealready been mentioned. It is worth Tirscanphase sites to be readilyidentified. Second,there is noting, however,that Site 60 had attainedits full sizeand no new monurnental construction at Marcahuamachuco, rnay be the largest artificial mound ever constructed in so that if we discount the disproportionateinfluence of the Fluamachucoarea. Site 96 wassimplv a few sherds Marcahuarn'achucoon the sarnple,a return to a settlement from one pot, but its loc'.rtion,along u'ith Sites l0+,93, pattern reminiscent of the Purpucala phasein terms of and 2,,may be related to the use of the road that passes site sizedistributions is noticeable. nearby.Similarly, Site 143 appearsto be a windscreen, Although A{arcahuamachucowas still occupied, trndmay be a temporary stoppingpoint near the road to we cannot date the construction of any monumental the westernslopes. Site 144 is a group of corrals. -Iirscan architecture there to this phase.The phase It is useful to briefly eliminate Marcahuamachuco occupation is sporadic and tends to occur within the from the discussion,since it distorts all size distribu- shells of earlier buildings. Thus, the areasgiven for tions. If we eliminate the area of Marcahuamachuco Nlarcahuamachucoin the analysesof size distributions (240 ha) fron Table 13.9a,we havea totirl areaof 28.44 exaggeratethe importance of the site in the constructed ha for the remaining T[scan phasesettlement. Still 230 ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

_\ \(' N )\ R1 *t Yl )- .l- 7.zeoo tf t;

\Rro iOa y

pr--5 t ) r"u*, ( c-// L,{( )16 ) I t )* I I I ) )t) \ //rt It^d.z"\+t" I \/ \r' .i r-r f'..,?' ' I /1/ ., C^Y, / 12*\ D l\ 1)< ( 5(

;"?\it-: Y+XY \ \ n:i'fA-. i ( - \Y,r------\ / ,/ )) /,;:?X.** ( J_/"c-,-Ntw*aa [V04 \ \\ I \- / ^H>R-e(\lt 7$"51p )X,*-

- 012345 KM

Figure 13.9.Locirtion of sitesassigned to the Tuscrn phase(AD 1000-1+70).See Thble ll.7 for ftrrrherinfbrnratron.

ignoring tr'Iarcahuarnachuco,then, the averageTuscan was a similar clustering of site areasinto low, interme- phasesite is about 1.5 ha in area.It is also useful to diate, and high elevations,but the range in elevationis -lables compare the Purpucala and Tuscan phases,since they larger (see 13.9b and 13.9c).Both thesecom- representthe settlelnent patterns before and after the parisonsindicate populadon growth fiom the Purpucala 'lhe occupation of Marcahuanachuco. total site area to the Tusc:rnphase. There is a sirnilar patrern of sites during the Tuscan phase was almost double the area clusteredtogether, with one site in eachcluster serving occupied during the Purpucalaphase, and the average as a central place not becauseof its size, but because sitesize was three tirnesgreater (see Table 13.9a).There it has nore elaboratearchitecture (seeFigures 13.9 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HUAMACHUCO AREA 231

7-/

-?

{\'

_s .:i

J

j

J V/* { .: \/ rnKX,/ u\u- - t*=+=i"

Figure 13.10. Plan of Cerro Grande (Site 16), a key site of the Tuscan phase. and 13.10).This suggestsa two-tiered site hierarchy, Finally, it is worth noting that during the Tuscan with each site cluster being an independent sociopo- phase the 3200 and 3300 m elevation areaswere litical entity. On the other hand, Purpucala phasesite unpopulatedor only very sparselypopulated (see Thbie clusterstended to be located in areaswhere they had 13.eb). accessto severaldifferent resourcezones, whereas the Tuscan phase clusters had accessto only one or two. Thus, the Tuscan phaseclusters may have been more SANTABARBARA PHASE, economically specializedand might have needed to AD t470-t532 cooperatemore than the Purpucalaclusters. The need to cooperatemight also have restrained any tendency The SantaBarbara phase corresponds to the Inca domi- toward armed conflict. Although Tuscanphase sites are nation of Fluamachuco. Perhaps it is no coincidence often located on hills. there is little evidencethat thev that the main Inca sites are located around 3200 and were fortified. 3300m elevation(Figure 13.11, Thble 13.8). 232 ANDE,AN CI\/ILIZATlON

Thble 13.7 firscan phase sites with clataon area, elevation (rounded to nearest 100 rn), and clther phases of occupation.

2 9,1+1 3600 Sausagocha, Anaru

t2 Cerro Chico 8,000 3600 Sausagocha t6 Cerro Grande I 1,400 3900 l9 56,700 1400 3(t Cerro El Toro -l,gg0 3600 Sausagocha,Lrrte Huamachuco, Sta. Birbara

40 Cerro Negro 15,000 3.+00 Purpucala, Early Huarnachuco, Sta. Bdrbara 60 Cerro Cacaiian 17,100 3400 Sausagocha

63 Marcahuamachuco 2,400,000 3500 Early Huamachuco, Amaru, Late Huamachuco 70 12,000 3500 71 5,280 3500 73 400 3500 88 900 3s00 Late Huarnachuco 93 1,500 4000 Late Huamachuco 96 9 4100

100 Cerro Grrrnadilla +8,000 3000 Sta. B:irbara? 104 40 4000 108 \'/ista Negre 5,000 2700 Late Huatnachuco 143 59,800 4100 1++ I I,200 4100

Table 13.8 Santa B:irbara phase sites with clataon area, elevation (rouncled to nearest 100 rn), and other phasesof occupation.

I Sta. Bdrbara 6,375 3400 Sausagocha 8 Cerro Marnorco 9,900 3400 Colpa 36 Cerro El Tbro 2,880 3600 Sausagocha,Late Huamachuco, Tuscan 40 Cerro Negro 15,000 3400 Purpucala, Early Huamachuco, Tuscan 59 10,400 3300 69 14,+00 I 500 82 Las Colcas 720 3400 t57 254 4000 158 Canibamba 62,500 1200 Sausagocha 179 Marcochuco 35,000 3300 Huamachuco 2.s0,000 1200

Fluarnachuco itself was the main Inca center, but were probably for storing a variety of goods in very most of the evidence is now covered by the modern dry environments.The other storerooms (Sites8, 82, town (Topic and Topic 1993).What remains is a part of and 59) have earth floors and canalsrunnin€f under the the Inca p\aza,which mlrst originally have been almost floors. These were probably for tubers (Topic and Topic double its presentsize, and the probable remainsof the l9B457-66; Topic and Chiswell \992). ushnuunderlying the chapel of SanJos6.Finds of Inca Other sitesthat were probably closelyrelated to the ceramicsare common in the town. Incaoccupation are Sites 157,I58, and 179.Site 157 is On the hili slopessurrounding Fluamachucoare locatedalorlg the road; it is largely destroyedbut appears numerousInca colcas(Figure 13:11:Sites 1, B, 59, 82) to be a rectangularpatio surrounded by rooms. We have (Topic and Chiswell 1992). We have estimated that only a very small sampleof highly eroded sherdsfrom there were once 215 colcaswith averagemeasure- the site, but they appear to be Late Horizon, and the rnents of about I x 5 m. Slightly more than half of site may be a tam.bo.Site 179 (Marcochuco)is probably thesehave floors elevatedon stone pillars (Site 1) and a site housing mitnuqkuna.Docvnents tell of aTnitntaq SE,TTLEMENTPATTERNS IN THE HUAMACHUCO AREA 233

Y \ -_r-7 ltL lw --(r{^*r1- "\{-.i{ fJ \ %; * rr-- \ 59 \- ,) *8 ) t!-

E 012345 KM

Figure 13.11.Location of sitesassigned to the SantaB{rbara phase (AD 1+70-1532).See'Ihble 13.8 fbr further infbrrnation. settlementat a place called SanMarcos de Chuco and, The remaining sitesrepresent the local population. judging by the tam.hosserved by these mitmaqleuvta,the Site 69 is a large, densesherd scatter with few archi- settlementshould be in this generalarea (see, e.g., Topic tectural remains. It undoubtedly housed much of the and Topic 1993 36-37). The ceramicsshow hear,yInca populationformerly locatedat Sites70,7l,and73. Sites influence but were probably locally made. Canibamba 36 and 40 continued to be occupied.Probably other (Site 158)has been coveredby a landslide,but ceramics Tuscan phasesites also continued to be occupied (see with strong Inca influence have been recovered(Topic Figure 13.9).For example,Cerro Granadilla (Site 100) and Topic 1993). is located near the rnodern caserioof Llampa. Llampa 231 \\DE\N CI\ILIZATION

IN

offi-? KM

Figure 13.12. Knou.n prehistoric roads in the Huarnachucho area are shown. The location of these roacls is based both on gror.rnd survey and colonial documentation. The dotted lines indicate the approxirnate locations of routes that are nou'clestrol,ecl.These routes u,-erein use during the Santa Bdrbara ohase. but their initial use oredates Incaic times.

was also the name of the highest ranked waraT?goand The rnost notable change in the site size distri- pachaca(autonomous lineage) in the Huamachuco area. bution for this phase(see Figure 13.16b)reflects The documentary sourcesgenerally describea dispersed the presence of the Incaic administrative center at settlement pattern with the local population organized Huamachuco. This site correspondsin size to the into four warangas(theoretically a group of 1,000 tax- second order sites,such as Cerro Saz6n,during the paying households),each composed of a varyins number Early Huamachuco and Amaru phases.There were no of pachacas(a group of 100 taxprying household$ (Topic sites in this size range during the Late Huamachuco 1992,1998;Topic and Topic 1993). or Tuscanphases. )LIl i_L'r\t\l ?,\T \Li..):,) i\ l nL F1u^\\ \CiruiCu 'rr<.Lr J')

Purpucala oa o) or8 c o c

o o .N 'aoN

-C _c (u_ ob 35 .E .g A^ a4 =oa =0) U) a^ b3 J o 32 tr E f - z1 zl

N5 NS N('IOOO (,)o)il39 NS(O ..^PPP9.-luf9l -i'rsbobnrsbobi\) ;n ;- N)5 @O)N5@O)N)5cDO') (a) Sizerange of sitesin hectares (a) Size ranqe of sites in hectares

OR o8 o) - c

q) o .N 'a6N a6 -c _c

d- o5 oi5 .= .c aA a4 = =c) o =.,a^ S2 E E f =. z1 zl

N)S N5 N) (t (,) O) N) (J| Nf9 cDo)ilHg lufs) 'i'r.sbobi'r.sbobi'J -irJ.sbbi'J.sbobi'J A@O) (b) (b) Size ranoe of sites in hectares Size range of sites in hectares

Figure 13.13.(a) Site size distributior-rs for sitesdating to the Colpa phase. Figure 13.l+. (a) Site size distributions fbr sites clatins to thc Purpucala (b) Sitesize distrilrr.rtions for sitesclating to the Sausagoch:rphase. phase. (b) Site size clistributions for sites dating to the Errly Hururtchuco pnase.

SUMMARY phasesall emphasizeoccupation in the 3200-3400m The datapresented in this chapter support the follou.ins elevations,and sitesoften have accessto both marshes interpretations of long-term demographic, economic, and f'armland.Beginning in the Purpucalaphase, there and sociopoliticaltrends in the Huamachuco area. is a trend toward increasinguse of the jalcafor herding. Continuolpopulntion grozuth. Continued popula- Slightly later, beginning in the Early Huamachuco tion growth is best reflected in the gradual extension phase,there is a trend toward the increasingexploita- of occupation into both the low and high elevations tion of low-altitude lands that r,r,ereat times provided (Tables13.9b and 13.9c).The trend irr total site area with terraced irrigation systerns.Thus, there is eviclence is less clear (Table 13.9a),largely becauseof distor- not only for the extensionof subsistenceactivities into tions introduced by large, special-purposesites such as more marginal zonesbut also for the inter-rsificationof Marcahuamachuco,Cerro Saz5n,Cerro Amaru, and agricultural activitiesduring the later phases.The ver- \,/iracochapampa.Nthough population growth appears tical archipelagomodel may not explainthe settlement to be continuous, we cannot )'et specifu the rate of pattern well at the level of the pachaca(for example,the grorvth at different tirnes, nor can we suggestfigures site clustersof the Purpucala and Tirscan phases)r,r'ithin for population densitieswith any confidence. the Fluamachuco Basin.The fact that some site clusters C'ltnngesin subsistettcestrategies. Related to population can be related to toponyms derived from pachacaand grornth, subsistencestrategies change (see Thbles 13.9b waranganames reflects the degreeof territorialiw that and 13.9c).The Colpa, Sausaeocha,and Purpucala seemsto be associatedwith these sociopolitical units. 236 ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

o8 OR C c -7(u q) 0) N .N 'a6 @n h -C -c O ruE 3s 0)r - -c '= o4 =c) .=C)4+ a^ a ts\) b3 (l) E- E f fr zl z1

JN)S rr\)5 t! (JI N) (Jl .^srPlug.- N)S(O (rO)N(Jl N59 N) F @ O) N S @ O) N) Fbob) -i'rsbbi'JFbobi'J S@O)

(a) Sizc ranog of Sites in hectares (a) Sizc ranoe of sites in hectares

oR o8 o) (U c -7 0) o .N N @n n a6 -C _c (6 Es (D5 .E ; a4 c)+ d) = .F_ a =3 b.) q) E_ E f =, z1 zl

N)A N)5 N) ('l JN)CN (to)N('| N)S(o 'sros@ i^S,)9P9.- -irJsbobi'rsbobi'J N) S @ O) N 5 @ O) N) ;;s bo b)

(b) Size range of sites in hectares (b) Sizerange of sitesin hectares

Figure 13.15. (a) Site sizedistributior-rs fbr sitesdating to tl.reAnaru Fig;ure 13.16. (a) Site size distlibutions for sites clatir-rgto tl.reTuscan phase.(b,) Site size disrributions for sitesclatir-rg to the Late Huamachuco phase. (tr) Site size distributions fbr sites clating to the Str. Birbara Dnase. ;lhase.

On the other hand, some members of each pachaca or two pachaca-sizedsocial units. La Colpa and Cerro may have been dispersedamong the site clusters,as El Toro mav also have servedas sirnilar foci fbr more may have been the casein the Cajamarcaarea (Remy dispersedpopulations. The Purpucalaphase witnessed 199262 ff.). the agglutination of population in the Yamobirmbaarea Chanqesin the siz.eo.f sociopoliticnl uq?its. When ceramics to form another focus. By the end of this phase,archi- first appearin the Huarnachucoarea, there appearsto tecfure at fwo siteswas almost monumental in scale,a have been only a rather small population which was true elite may have emerged, the size of sociopolitical largely isolated from developmentsin surrounding units was probably intermediate between the pachaca areas.The Colpa phase population probablrzlived in and the \4.aranga,and there was increasingcontact with dispersedhouseholds w.ith low archaeolosicalvisibilin'. surrounding areas.Throughout these phasesthere is The sitesof this phasethat we havediscovered are prob- evidencefor warfare,but it doesnot seemto havebeen ably not typical. Three seemto be ceremonial centers, particularly intense. while one seemsto be a more elzrboratehousehold and The Early Huamachuco phasewitnessed tl-re intro- suggeststhe beginrlingsof acquired starus.During the duction of tension betr,r'eent$'o traditions. On the Sausagochaphase, Cerro CarnpanaEast developsin ar-r one hand, the tendency for an elite to differentiate areaof fairly densepopulation located around Laguna themselvescontinued. The people buried in the Sausag;ocha.There was probably public architecrureat mausoleumat Cerro Amaru were probably able to dif- this site, and it may havefunctioned asthe focus of one ferentiate thernselvesin life by controllinq the activities SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HUAMACHUCO ,AREA 237

Table 13.9a. Ttrtal site area and averaq-esize of sites bv phase.

Colpa 4.67 0.93 Sausaglocha 19.82 l t6 Purpucalrr 15.11 0.+6 Early Huamachuco 288.9r- t5.21 funaru 300.81 2r- .35 Late Huamachucr-r 2+1.59 3+.,51 Tuscan 268.++ t4.t2 Santa Bdrbara +0.73 3.70

Thble 13.9b. Area (x 1,(XX)nr2) bv phase ancl elevation (rouncled to nerrest I 00 nrasl).

Colpa 0 12.0 22.3 9.9 0 0 2.5 Sausagocha 0 99.3 50.2 2+.+ 0 2+.3 0 Purpucaia 0 35.8 9.9 59.0 16.9 28.7 0.7 EarlyHuamachuco 5.7 71.4 331.5 76.8 2402.4 1.2 0.7 Arn:rru 110.3 2.+ 201 .5 51.0 241 3 .0 9.1 0 LateHurrnachuco 10.7 0 0 0 2400.9 2.9 1.5 Tuscan 51.0 0 0 88.8 2418.6 20.0 01.9 SantaBdrbara 0 312.5 +5.4 32.0 14.+ 2.9 0.2

Thble 13.9c.fuea (aspercentage of total areaby phase)antl elevation(rouncted to nerrest100 rnasl).

Colpa 26 48 SausaElocha 50 25 L2 11 Purpucala L1 6 ll t9 Early Huamachuco + 2 ll 83 +

Amaru 11 + 7 80 + Late Huamachuco + 99 + + Tuscan ) 90 I 4 Santa Bfrbara 77 4 I + at the shrine, which by the Amaru phasewas possibly Site 20. Marcahuamachucocombines the circular and attracting pilgrims from as far away as Ayacucho. curvilinear gallerieswith ancestralshrines, the niched The Cerro Sazon/Cerro Tlrscan complex mav reflect halls, which were probably constructedand used by increasing political centr^Irzation, which would also individual lineagesor pachacas.At Marcahuarnachuco, support the interpretation of an increasinglydifferenti- eventuallyabout rwenty different pachacasgathered to ated elite class.It is possiblethat theseelites rnay have feastin honor of their ancestors.This gatheringcreated lived in compounds which took the form of rectangular a senseof sharedidentiry a cultural uniry without any galleriessurrounding a central patio; we have these overt implication of the dominanceof one pachacaover kinds of structuresall the way back to the Colpa phase, another. It is quite possiblethat the score of pachacas asat Site 102. maintaining facilities at Marcahuamachucoall lived On the other hand, Marcahuamachucorelates to a within sight of the Marcahuamachucoplateau. tradition of communal organization,which is reflected The tension between these traditions continued in another typical site plan: the circular and curvilinear through the Amaru phase and possibly into the Late galleries.These site planspromote hieh levelsof inter- Fluarnachucophase. But eventually the tension was action,since all the doors open out olrto a central patio, resolved in favor of the lnore conln)unal organiza- and egalitarianism,since individual households are tion representedby Marcahuamachuco.Increased subsectionsof a single faEade;in many respects,these regional interaction correlated with the emergence sitesare like Amazonian circular villagesor the pueblos of elites; interaction seemsto decline during the Late of the American Southwest.Again, we have these kinds Fluamachucophase. Elites benefit rnore than ordinary of sitesgoing back to the Colpa phase,for exarnpleat folk from interregional interaction, and the limited 238 {NDE,\N CIVILIZATION

evidencethat we have suggeststhat local elites at both REFERENCES Cerro Anaru anclat Cerro Saz6npromoted interaction with Fluari. Cor-rversely,at Marcahuamachuco there Griecler,Terence is little evidencefbr interregional interaction, while 1978 The Art nnt{ Archteology rlf'Pnshnsh.Unir.ersity of interaction betv'een local groups was emphasizedand TexasPress, Austir-r. facilitated. F{orne,Malcolm Robert Marcahuarnachucocontinued to be usedin the Tuscan 1989 A Regional Analvsis of Prehistoric Settlement phase,but the lack of construction at the site suggests Patterns in the Huamachuco Area, . Master's stagnation.By the Tirscanphase, the shrine of Catequil th esi s, Ti'er-rtlJnive rsitl', Pe te rlrorou gh, Ontari o. had gained at least regional irnportance;it would have Kroeber,Nfred Louis servedas a synbol of culrural identiw for a larger area 19,s0 A Local Swle of Lif-elike Sculptured Stone Heads than Marcahuamachuco and may have undermined the in Ancient Peru. In Beitrrige Zttr Gesel/tutgs-tmd importance of Marcahuarnachuco.It was also now cer- l/ii I k u z: i ss e n s t hnft Pt'oje s s ot' Dr : Ri ch tu' d T bt n nu nI d * tainly functioning as (Topic an oracle et al. 2002). -reinentnchtzigsten Gebtutstnq gewidmet, pp. 195-198. I have here equated the site clustersof the Tuscan Verlag Gebr. \4ann., Berlin. phase,ancl earlier phases, to the pachacasdescribed in Loten, II. Stanley the early Colonial period. A much looser organization, 198,5 Marc:rhuamuchuco:DvnasticArchitecturebefore at a level anaiogousto warangas,is suggestedb1'the the Inca. Rlturtlo, ,1 PttltlicotionoJ-the Royn/ Ontario distribution of ceramicstyles strch as l{uamachuco-on- Mu-retnn,Toronto 17 (1):21--l 1. \\hite and FluamachucoImpressed; the distributions McElr'an, Gordon E of these styles, however, do not coincide neatly u'ith 1998 The Functions the locationsof the Incaic \Marangas,nor do the dis- of Niched Halls in \'\irriArcl-ritecture. tributions of these srylescover areasas large as those Lut i uArn et'i crmAn ri quity 9( I ):68-86. attributed to the Incaic \4'aran€fas.I have argued, in f:rct, McCnrvn, Theodore D. that much of the organization describedin Colonial l9+5 Pre-lncaic Huamachuco: Survev irnd Excavations documents, including the equation of a Fluarnachuco in the Region of Huamachuco and Cajabarnba. ethnic group with the boundariesof the Incaic province, In Uniaer'-rit.yof Cnliforniu Publicution.rin Americott was createdby the Inca (Topic 1998). Archteologl,nnd Etl:noloqy,vo7. 39, pp. 223-399. University of Califrrrniir Press, Berkelel, and Los Acknouledgments Angeles. \\'ork \,'as supported by funding from the Social Reml', Pilar Sciencesand Humanities ResearchCouncil of Canada t992 El docurnento.In Lns z:isittrsn Cnjtrnnrcn1r71-72/ and by Tient University, Peterborough, Ontario. 1t78 (2 vols.), edited by l{aria Rostworou'skiand Perrnission for the field researchwas granted by the Pilar Renry,vol. 1,pp.37-109.Instinrto de Estudios CIRBM, Inc. Peruanos,Lin-ra. I thank Mike Moseley for guiding me into archae- Schaedel,Richard P. ologv and teaching rne how to look at sites.If I have 1952 An ,4nolysisoJ'Centrol Andenn StoneSculptm'e. Lln- looked and failed to see,the fault lies with rne. I grate- published doctoral dissertation,Yale UniversiB,, fully acknowledgethe help and enthusiasrnof the Ncu'Haven. C-I-. many Peruvian, Canadian,and American snrdentsand Thatcher, P assistantsu.ho worked u'ith the Huarnachuco project John 1972 Continuit:1,rrnd Chnnqe in the Cermnicsof Httnmuchttco, and who gathereclrnuch of the inforrnation presented here. An earlier version of this chapter was presented lr{orth Highlrtnds, Peru. Unpublished doctoral dis- at the symposium La InvestigrrcitinA'queol6gica en el sertation, Universiry of Pen nsylvirnia,Pittsbtirgh. Norte Peruano, held in Chiclarzo,Peru, in November 1975 Early Interrnediate Period and Middle Florizon 1986. After the preparation of that paper, Malcolm 1B Cerarnic Assernblagesof Fluiunachuco,North Florne in 1989wrote a thesiswith much more detailed Highlands, Peru. i{nupl Pnchn10-12 (1972_74): analvsisthan can be presentedhere; the interpretation t09-r27. given here, however,has evolved considerably from our 1977 A Middle Horizon 1B Cache frorn Huamachuco, viewsin the late 1980s. North Highlrrnds,Peru. itlta,ptPotlsn 15:101-110. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HU,AMACHUCO AREA 23t)

Topic,John R. by Jonathan Haas, Shelia Pozorski, and Thomas 19it6 A Sequenceof Monumental Architecture from Pozorski, pp. 47-55. Cambridge University Press, Fluarnachuco. In Perspectiueson llndean Prebistory Cambridge. and Protohistor'y,eclited by Daniel H. Sandweiss 1992 The Rise and Decline of Cerro Amaru: An Ardean and D. Peter Kvietok, pp. 63-83. Latin American Shrine during the Early InterrnediatePeriod StudiesProgram, Cornell Universiry Ithaca, NY. and Middle Horizon. In Ancient Images,Ancient 1991 Huari and I luarnachuco. In Hurtri ,ldminisn'ntite Tl:ought: The .lrchneolog, oJ'Ideologt,edited b1. A. Sfiucfure: PrehixoticNIonumenta\ Architecture and State Sean Goldsmith, SandraGan'ie, David Selin, Goaentmenr,edited by \\4lliarn H. Isbell and Gordon and JeanetteSmith, pp. 167-i80. Proceedings E.,\"IcEwan,pp. 141-164.Durnbarton Oaks Reseirrch of the Twenw-Third Arnual Conference of the Library anciCollection, Washington, DC. Archaeological Association of the Universiry of 1992 Las huacascle Huamachuco: Precisionesen torno a Calgary. una imagen indigena de un paisajeandino. In Fray 1993 A Summary of the Inca Occupation of Huamachuco. -/urm de Sttn Pedro:La pcrsentcitfutlel clem.onio:Cirfuiur In Proaittcittl Inca: Artlsaeologicullnd Ethnol:ristot'ical de losprimerls agt$tinls en el none del Peni, edrtedby AssessmentoJ'the Impnct oJ-theInca Stnte, edited by TeresaVan Ronzelen,Luis Millones,John R. Topic, NlichaelA. AIalpass,pp. 17-43.Universiw of Iowa Jos6 L. Gonzllez, arrclEric E. Deeds, pp. 41-99. Press,Iorva City. .ilgazara y CAMEI, &I6laga-M6xico. t997 Flacia una corrrprensi6n conceptual de la g'uerra 1998 Ethnogenesisin Huamachuco.Andettn Pnst 5:109- arrdina. In tlrqtreologio, rmtropologftre histot'in en los 127. ,lndes: Homenaje a XLn'ia Ro.rta'orou.ili,eclited b1' 2003 From Ster,r,ardsto Bureaucrats: Architecture and RafaelVar6n GabaiandJavier Flores, pp. 567-590. L'rforn'rationControl at , Peru. Lntin Instituto de Esnrdios Peruanos/ Banco Central de ;7nterican Antiq uity L4(3):243-274. Resewadel Perir,Lima. Topic,John R., and (loreen Chiswell 2000 Flacia la comprensi6rr del fen6meno Huari: IJna 1992 Inka Storase in Fluan-rachuco.In Inka Stornge perspectiva nortefla. In Hurtri y Tiwrmnk'u:hlodelos S-ystem.s,edited by Terry Y. Levine, pp. 206-233. as.ct,idencia.r, edited by Peter Kaulicke and W'illiarl Universiq,'of Oklahoma Press,Norman. I{. Isbell. Boletin de Arqueologia PUCP, no. 4, pp. 'fheresa Topic,John R., and Lange Topic 181-217.Lima. -lopic, 1978 Prehistoric Fortification Svstemsof Northern Peru. Topic, John R., Theres'.rLange and Alfredo Mellr,' C'urrentAnthropologl, 1 9(3):6 1 8-6 19. 2002 Catequil: The Archaeology, Ethnohistory and 1985 Coast Highland Relationsin Northern Peru: The Ethnography of a Major Provincial Huaca. In Structure and Strate$'of Interaction. Paper pre- Andean AychoeologyI: I4tyiotiott.sin Sociopolitical sentedattheSlrteendr'\nnualChacmoolConf-erence Orgunizatioz, edited by William H. Isbell and on the Status,Structure, and Stratification:Current Ifelaine Silverman,pp. 303-336. Kluwer Acadernic ArchaeologicalReconstructions, Calgary. / Plenum Press,New \brk. 1986 Ei Horizonte NIeclio en Hulmachuco. Ret'istadel Topic, Theresa Lanse, andJohn R. Topic Museolrlncionnl 47:12-52. 1984 Hunm.acb'ucoArchaeologicnl Project: Prelim.inttry 1987 The Archaeological Investigation of Andean Mil- Reporton the Third Senson,Jtme-August 1983.Tient itarism: Some Cautionarl' Observations.In The Llniversirv OccasionalPapers in r\ntl-rropolog1,,no. Origitts ond Deaelopmentof the Andean State, edited l, Peterborough,Ontario. ANDEAN C IVILI ZATION A TRIBIJTE TO MICHAEL E, MOSELEY

EDITED BY JCYCE MARCUS AND PATRICK RYAN \)(iILLIAMS

MoxocRAPH 63 CorsEN lxsrrrurE oF AncHAEoLocY UxIVERSITY oF CnIIFORNIA, Los ANCELES