CHAPTER I3 SETTLEMENTP,ITTERNS IN THE HUAMACHIICOANEA JOHN R TCPIC T TITIES \ITIEN I u'rite about Fluamachuco, The major lake in the area,Lagun:r Sausagocha,is I am referring to the Incaic province that locateclin the northeastern part of the area,between stretched from the Chaupiyungas to the the Rfo Shiracmacaand the tributaries of the Marafl6n N{arafl6n and frotn the Rio Crisnejas in the north (Figure1.1.1). to the Thblachacain the south (..9., Topic 1992, Our work in Huamachuco spannedeight seasons, 1998).Our survey of fortifications in the late I970s 1981-1984and 1986-1989.The projectwasintended to coveredthe north\\resternpart of the province (Topic combine intensivesite sun'ey with lirnited excavations. and Topic 1978, I9B7). Currently we are studying Unfornrnately,in the secondseason it becameclear that Catequil, an oracle and the principal huncttof the countryside \.{'asnot safe,and the focus ch:rngedto Huamachuco,whose shrine u"ls locatedin the center excavationsat selectedsites. Much of the areaaround of the province (Topic et al. 2002).In this chapter,I Fluamachuco still has not receivedintensive survey,and am concernedwith a much srnaller area around the the datirrgof sitesis largely basedon surfacecollections modern town of Huamachttco. of sherdsthat are rarely decorated. The zrreaunder consideration is at the southern Nevertheless, building on the work of McCown end of the Rio Condebamba basin, extending fron-r (1945) and Thatcher (1972),we were able to extend the Continental Divide in the west to the divide tlre list of known sitesfrom 79 to 177 . Of these,only 90 separatingthe Rfo Condebamba from the A{arafr6n have been dated, and excavationshave been conducted drainage(Figure 13.1).The major rivers are the at only 13.This study is basedon the 90 datablesites, Rio Yarnobambain the west, the Rio Grande de u,hich together have 122 datableoccupations. These Huamachucoin the central part of the zone,,and the 122 occupationsspan all the ceramicperiods and range Rio Shiracmacato the east. The Rio Grande has its in elevationfrom 2700to 4100 masl.Nthough we made headwatersat Laeuna Negra, on the slopesof Cerro an effort to survey all altitudinal zonespresent in the Huaylillas,which is sornetimessnow-capped in the area,the lower elevations'Jre not aswell representedas wintermonths; an ancientroad crossesthis mountain, the middle and hieh zones.There is definitely a need andthe rlarrow survey track throueh here follou'ed fbr more survey r.vorkin the Fluamachuco area, and the road.The MarcahuamachucoPlateau is located this chapteris a very prelirninaryreport on what is now betweenthe Rio Yarnobambaand the Rio Grande. quite an old data set. ANDE,AN CIVILIZATION ---'--- 012s45 KM Figure 13.1. Areas suneved lx'the llu:rnrachuco project 198 1-1989 are indicated by cro.. hatching. Contour iutcn'als of 200 m arc depicted ancl the names of significant rivers and strealns are provided on this and subsequent fignres. The lakes:rre shou,n in solicl black. Nthough the emphasishere is on the overall settle- m wide and more than 20 m long; atMarcahuamachuco ment patterns around Fluamachuco rather than on there are severalexamples that are hundreds of meters the internal plans of individual sites,in the phase-by- in length. They are subdivided into a seriesof rooms phase descriptions I provide some information about so that on plans, they look like a row of small rectan- individual sites. Three colnmon building types are gular roolns joined end to end. The terms rectangular, referred to: rectangulargalleries, circular galleries,and circular, and curvilinear refer to the overall configura- curvilinear galleries.All of theseare very long, narroq tion of the buildings, not to the shapeof the individual above-groundmasonry buildings. They are usually2-3 rooms.Fizures 13.4and 13.10sive someidea of how t SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE HUi\MACHUCO AREA 213 thesebuilclings appear on maps. Most of these build- lastmound seemsto be constructedof rubble and dirt ings are only one story tall, but during at leastthe Early fill within rough retaining walls; it may have had a Huamachuco, Amaru, :rnd Late Fluamachuco phases, long curvilinear gallery running around its summit. multistoriedgalleries \.lrere built that were monurnental Preservation of structures is poor at the site, but in scaleancl constructed in a distinctive rnasonrvswle. rernainsinclude at leastrwo rectilineargalleries 20-30 JJ m long with srnaller internal divisions. Tivo sherds from this site have similaritiesto Pacopampzrmotifs, COLPAPHASE, ?_9OO BC and it is on this basisthat the site is dated. (Pacopamp:r Five sites have been tentatively placed in the Colpa is one of severalceramic phasesdefined at the site of phase,which we believe datesto the Initial period Pacopampa;the phase datesto the Initial period.) (Figure 13.2,Table 13.1).Onlv one of thesesites has Flowever,there is also evidencefor the manufacrureof '.rnd beenexcarzated (PLd2-102). This site,which McCown ground slatepoints at the site, thesesuggest a date (1915:263,Figure 12)called the SquareFort, appearsto at the end of the Early Horizon in comparison with be domesticin nature and has no fortification f'eatures. siteson the coast,such as Cerro Arena. The character It is almost square,but with rounded exterior corners, of the site, which conrbines fortification ferituresu'ith and measuresabout 16 m on a side. It is essentially a very isolatedposition, also is cornparablewith sites a patio surrounded on three siclesby long narrow such as Chankillo in the CasmaValley, Quisque in the roorns.The u'allswere probably constructedu,itl-r pircn Nepeiia Vallev, and the fortressesof the Cayhuarnarca (unworkeclstone) foundations and adobe slrperstruc- phase in the Santa \talley, which we have interpreted -lhe ture. layout is quite forrnal and resernblesthe as evidencefor tinku, a ritualized, scheduledform of plansof Fluari compoullds in many respects,but this warfare (-lopic and lbpic 1997). is not surprising, since Huari :rrchitecture\.rras heavily The rype site for the phaseis La Colpa (PLd2-11), influenced by Huam:rchuco (Topic I99l; Tbpic and a hill rising above prime farmland in the Yamobamba Topic2000). drainage.The hill is natural, but its contours havebeen Site l4-5 is a group of rockshelterswithin a large rnodified bv the addition of terracesand fill. No build- outcrop located high on thejnlca (high altitude) south ings are preserved,but sherdsare numerous,ancl mally of Huarnachuco.There are a few pictographshere, but are decoratedor finely polished. sincethe site wasprobably occupieclrepeatedll', though These few sitestell us little about the La Colpa phase sporadically,these cannot be dated. seftlement pattern. The sites are srnall,averagine just Site B, locatedon Cerro Mamorco, is poorly pre- under 1 l-rain area(see Thble 1-3.9a).Most are located served.There are foundations of buildinss and a near arableland, indicating that farming wasirnportant. possiblesnrall low mound. The combination of Cerro Mamorco, Cerro F{uachac, Site20, Cerro Huachac,is in many v'avsthe rnost and L:r Colpa, all in the lor.r'erYamobamb:r drainaee, interestinE;site of this phase.It is located on a high, may indicate that this area was a focus for the occu- rugged,and barren spine surrounded on three sides pation. Site 145 was probably a temporary camping by steepdrop-offs. Orr the sole approachto the site, site. Cerro Fluachacmav be fortified, although it also accessis irnpededfirst by an artificial trench and then has every appearanceof being ceremonialin nature. by a wall about 4 rn thick. There are three mounds Nthough architectureis poorly preserwed,buildings at insidethe site, measuring 15 x 5 m x 2.-5m l-righ,1-5 Sites 102 and 20 are clearly precursorsto the buildings x 15m x 2 tr.rhigh, and 10 x 30 x ca. 5 m high. This at ll[arcahuamachuco. Thble 13.1 Oolpr phase sites rvith data on irrea, elevation (rounded to neirrcst 100 m), ancl other phasesclf occupation. 8 Cerro r\Iarnorco 9,900 3-100 Sirnta B'irbara ll La Colpa 12,000 3200 Sausagocha 20 ClerroHrrachac l:,000 3300 102 255 3300 145 2,500 +100 i\Iodern ANDEAN CIVILIZA,TION -"4\ \('\-\ N -t>?r1 V ).' a'\ \\ -, r \\( e. t-\ (N/ (q \l azoo\ ) lr \ --J--7 l/a -r- ) )/{ a N >t<\+?/4- N- )/ \\ E\\ )t' \)s Pil--\} bS* ')(\-j.j fiL {) VXt*' )l-*\7,---\ /t<Xr / / N$! N 'lI I I 1012345l-__-..---___- KM on sites. Figure 13.2.Location of sitesassigned to the Colpa phase(? to 900 BC). SeeTable 1J.1 for hrrtherinfbrrnation SETTLE\,1ENT PATTERNS IN THE HUAM,\CHUCO,{REA 2t5 '."/1 >> -=)'lr,o-Z I - \\ rN( 1^d 1\:zooz- ; 17 ) t-'".$ft <.:r/ \ L--\\\5\ g*\J\"--1" /\ \\\ s,IN'*\.48\ N,lX\lt, \- \J o-Tffii KM Figure 13.3. Location ofsires assigned 'lable to the Sausagochaphase (900_200 BCI).See I 3.2 for further infbrmationon sires. SAUSACOCHAPHASE: 9OO_2OO BC eventsin surrounclingregions during the Early Florizon (Topic anclTopic 1985). We have placed sevenreensites in the Sausagocha The distribution of settlementsizes (Figure I 3. I 3b) phase,which we believe datesto the Earlv llorizon suggestsan emerging hierarchy of sites.probably the (Figure 13.3,Tabl e 13.2). The cerarnicsfrom this phase, most important site during this phaseis Cerro Campana however,bear no Chavfn iconography,and its absence East (PLd2-+3). This site, which is well describedby suggeststhat the Fluamachuco area was isolated from McCown (19+5:260-261,Figure l2), can certainll, 2t6 ANDEAN CIVILIZATION Thble 13.2 Sausagochaphase sites with data on area, elevation (rounded to nearest 100 m), and other phases of occupation. I Sta. Btirbarir 6)75 3.+00 Sta. Birbarrr 2 9,141 3600 Anaru, Tuscan l1 La Colpa 12,000 320t) Colpa t2 Cerro Chico 8,000 3600 Tuscan 1l :a 2,+00 3600 Purpucala 25 120 3600 Purpucala 26 1,800 ,1600 Purpucala )6 Cerro El Toro 2,800 1600 Late Hu'.rmachuco,'Iirscan, Sta.