2. Non-Native Speech Perception

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2. Non-Native Speech Perception PERCEPTION OF ENGLISH VOWELS BY ADVANCED FINNISH LEARNERS Master’s Thesis Riina Kivikangas University of Jyväskylä Department of Languages and Communication Studies English May 2019 1 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen Kieli-ja viestintätieteet Tekijä – Author Riina Kivikangas Työn nimi – Title Perception of English Vowels by Advanced Finnish Learners Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Englannin kieli Maisterintutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Toukokuu 2019 69 + liitteet 3 sivua Tiivistelmä – Abstract Vieraan kielen oppija kohtaa usein äänteitä, jotka eivät sisälly äidinkielen inventaarioon, ja joiden havainnointi saattaa tästä syystä olla vaikeaa. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten edistyneet suomalaiset oppijat havaitsevat englannin kielen vokaaleja. Lisäksi tutkimus pyrki selvittämään onko konsonanttikontekstilla vaikutusta vokaalien havainnointiin ja esiintyykö oppijoiden havainnoinnissa vokaalien periferaalisuudesta johtuvia direktionaalisia epäsymmetrioita. Tutkimukseen osallistui kaksikymmentä englantia yliopistossa opiskelevaa oppijaa. Tutkimus koostui kolmesta kuuntelutestistä, jotka selvittivät kuuden englannin kielen vokaalin identifikaatiota, assimilaatiota ja diskriminaatiota. Konsonanttikontekstin vaikutuksen selvittämiseksi vokaalit esitettiin sekä bilabiaalisessa että alveolaarisessa kontekstissa, ja direktionaalisten epäsymmetrioiden selvittämiseksi vokaaliparit esitettiin kummassakin suunnassa. Suomalaiset opiskelijat identifioivat ja diskriminoivat englannin vokaaleja yleisesti ottaen korkealla tarkkuudella ja assimiloivat ne samoihin suomen kielen vokaaleihin. /ʌ/ oli jokaisessa kuuntelukokeessa hankalin vokaali. Konsonanttikontekstin vaikutus ei saavuttanut tilastollista merkittävyyttä suurimmassa osassa, mikä tukee aiempia tuloksia edistyneiden oppijoiden havainnoinnista. Havainnoinnista löytyneet direktionaaliset epäsymmetriat eivät kaikissa tapauksissa välttämättä selity periferaalisuuden avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat havainnoinnin eri osa-alueiden olevan läheisessä yhteydessä. Niitä voidaan hyödyntää esimerkiksi ääntämisen opettamisessa keskittymällä suomalaisille oppijoille vaikeisiin vokaaleihin ja opettamalla helposti toisiinsa sekoitettavia äänteitä yhdessä. Asiasanat – Keywords non-native language, perception, phonetics, phonology, vowels Säilytyspaikka – Depository JYX Muita tietoja – Additional information 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Non-native speech perception ............................................................................................. 6 2.1. Patterns of development .................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Adult non-native speech perception .............................................................................. 10 2.3. Factors influencing non-native speech perception ........................................................ 12 2.4. Models of non-native speech perception ....................................................................... 17 2.4.1. Perceptual Assimilation Model-L2 ......................................................................... 18 2.4.2. Natural Referent Vowel Framework ....................................................................... 20 3. Finnish and English vowels ............................................................................................... 23 3.1. Finnish vowel system .................................................................................................... 23 3.2. American English vowel system ................................................................................... 25 3.3. Comparison of Finnish and American English vowels ................................................. 25 4. Empirical study .................................................................................................................. 29 4.1. Research questions ........................................................................................................ 29 4.2. Stimuli ........................................................................................................................... 31 4.3. Participants .................................................................................................................... 34 4.4. Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 35 4.4.1. Experiment 1: Sound discrimination ...................................................................... 35 4.4.2. Experiment 2: Sound identification ........................................................................ 35 4.4.3. Experiment 3: Sound assimilation .......................................................................... 36 4.5. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 36 4.6. Statistical analysis .......................................................................................................... 37 5. Perception of English vowels by advanced Finnish learners .......................................... 38 5.1. Sound identification ....................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Sound assimilation ......................................................................................................... 43 5.3. Sound discrimination ..................................................................................................... 53 6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 65 3 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 70 Appendix 1: Stimulus words ................................................................................................ 70 Appendix 2: Experiment 1 answer sheet .............................................................................. 70 Appendix 3: Experiment 2 answer sheet .............................................................................. 71 Appendix 4: Experiment 3 answer sheet .............................................................................. 71 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Assimilation patterns according to PAM-L2 (Best et al. 2001). ................................ 20 Table 2. Finnish monophthongs. Adapted from Suomi et al. (2008: 20). ................................ 23 Table 3. General American English monophthongs. Adapted from Edwards (2003). ............ 25 Table 4. Average F1 and F2 values (Hz) for American English vowels /ɪ i ɛ ʌ ɔ æ/. ............. 27 Table 5. Average F1 and F2 values (Hz) for Finnish vowels. ................................................. 28 Table 6. Average F1 and F2 values (Hz) for American English vowels /ɪ iː ɛ ʌ ɔː æ/ in bilabial (upper row) and alveolar (bottom row) contexts, as produced by a male native speaker of AE. .................................................................................................................................................. 32 Table 7. Average F1 and F2 values (Hz) for American English vowels /ɪ iː ɛ ʌ ɔː æ/ in bilabial (upper row) and alveolar (bottom row) contexts, as produced by a female native speaker of AE. ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Table 8. Mean overall identification of English vowels (%). Modal responses bolded. ......... 39 Table 9. Mean identification of English vowels as separated by context. Modal responses bolded. ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Table 10. Assimilation of English vowel stimuli to Finnish vowel categories and mean goodness-of-fit ratings (in parentheses). Modal responses bolded. ......................................... 43 Table 11. Assimilation of English vowel stimuli in bilabial context to Finnish vowel categories and mean goodness-of-fit ratings. Modal responses bolded. .................................. 46 Table 12. Assimilation of English vowel stimuli in alveolar context to Finnish vowel categories and mean goodness-of-fit ratings. Modal responses bolded. .................................. 46 Table 13. Individual assimilation patterns for English vowel contrasts in bilabial context. .... 49 Table 14. Frequency of assimilation pattern types in bilabial context. Most common pattern bolded. ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 15. Individual assimilation patterns for English vowel contrasts in alveolar context. ... 50 Table 16. Frequency of assimilation pattern types in alveolar context. Most common pattern
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