Organised Phonology Data

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Organised Phonology Data id11101609 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Organised Phonology Data ára Language [TCI] W Western Province Linguistic Classification (according to Wurm): Tonda Sub-Family, Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers Family, Trans-Fly Stock, Trans-New Guinea Phylum. Note: In the Tonda Sub-Family there is a dialect chain situation. Therefore, it is difficult ára language (as defined by to establish precise language boundaries. The W ’s Upper Peremka (Rouku) Language the present writer) comprises Wurm and, in part, Tonda Language Population estimate: 800 ékwa, Tékwa, Réku, Wámnefér, Ufaruwa Major Villages: Y Linguistic work done by: S.A. Wurm; SIL Data checked by: Risto Sarsa, March 2001 Data is based on 7 years of fieldwork. PHONEMIC AND ORTHOGRAPHIC INVENTORY (In parentheses: only in loan words) z ŋ ŋɡ۽ɑ æ (b) (d) e ə f (ɡ) i k (l) m mb n nd? nG / < a á (b) (d) e é f (g) i,y k (l) m mb n nd,nt nj, nts ng nḡ < A Á (B) (D) E É F (G) I,Y K (L) M Mb N Nd Nj Ng Nḡ / s u ʉ w j۽o ʌ œ (p) r s t? ð W o ó ô (p) r s t th ts u,w ú w y > O Ó Ô (P) R S T Th Ts U,W Ú W Y > Page 1 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 CONSONANTS Simple Consonants Bilab LabDen Dent Alv PsAl Retr Pala Velr Uvlr Phar Glot Plosive W ݽ k Nasal m n ŋ Trill r Fricat f ð s j Approx Complex Consonants mb (prenasalised voiced bilabial stop) nd? (prenasalised voiced dental stop) ŋɡ (prenasalised voiced velar stop) (s (voiceless alveolar grooved affricate۽W (z (prenasalised voiced alveolar grooved affricate۽nG w (voiced labio-velar approximant) The phonemes / b / , / d / , / g / , / l / and / p / only occur in loan words. VOWELS Front Central Back Close i ʉ u Close-Mid e ə o Open-Mid œ ʌ Open æ ɑ Page 2 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Examples: Consonants Phon. #C VCV C# CC CC mb mbath sambu ‘HoB (kin term)' mbundamb 'to.you' mbratsi kánmbrim 'grasshopper' 'state.after.giving.birth' 'come.back.here!' mbis 'k.o.kingfisher' m mar mamu 'k.o.pidgeon' kam 'back' namtha 'that (conj.)' mantma 'k.o.plant' yame 'mat' 'female.animal' misóm 'tightly' f far safum 'pull kaf 'with' frase 'hunger' nakfá 'just.here' 'post/pole' (it/them) out for him' fis 'husband' ôf ð thar ngathunḡwór fath thrar 'he.will.give.them' ts tha 'new' 'give.to.them!' 'he.lies' 'clearing' thirthir 'pig.tusk' 'W ݽ tar 'friend' atôtô 'kind of tree' kat transe 'scraping' ertómór 'he.cuts.them tiftif 'k.o.bamboo' 'number' nG ݽ ndarndar yénta 'two' ndént 'earthworm' ndrándrá mbarnti 'faster' 'kind.of.bird' 'local.hockey.game' ndirndir 'k.o.bird' s tsar 'give.her!' matso 'sea' féts 'forest' tsra 'swamp' yéstsa۽W tsir 'wet' 'I.called.him' n 'bald' 'I.hit.him' z njar njuwanjér kwants njrar yéfnja۽G 'I.give.you' 'I.was.sitting' ménts 'house' 'he.will.give.us.two' njirét 'k.o.vine' n nar nane 'older.sibling' nan 'this' kánmbrim 'come mbnakase 'rising' 'this.way' back!' r rar maru 'sugar.glider' nar 'this.way' sertóm 'cut it!' trakase 'falling' 'for.which? ' s sar nase 'long yam' sas srar 'he.will.give.him' fakórsok 'metal.arrow 'give.to.hi 'call (s.g.) for.him' tip' m!' yaritha ndeya k.o.wallaby' káfyúr 'swallow!' j <none> <none> 'you.gave.t o.him' k kar keke 'no/not' nak 'here' krar 'he will.do' karkase 'pulling' 'named.place' ?ɡ nḡar 'water.lily' fanḡuth 'wide' nanḡ nḡra 'k.o.tree' karnḡú 'huge' ‘ ’ 'grass.skirt' nḡráth 'soft' tsérnḡe amazed ? ngari tinga 'cardinal.lory' kothngare 'married.w (only this one found!) <none> <none> 'black.crow' oman' w war awe 'come!' efenwór 'he.gave.m <none> wrose 'planting' 'he.clears.them' e' Page 3 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Examples: Vowels Phon. #V.C CV.CV CVC CV# ‘but’ i <none> nifathwór mith 'face' fi 'he.holds.him.here' samir 'hang.it.up.for.him!' tsarfi 'vice' e eran nefathwór mef 'k.o.tree' fe 2s.ABS (you) 'they.(two.)are' 'he.holds.them.here' theth 'dancing' ngafe 'father' ertómór nḡamer 'tongs.PURP' 'he.cuts.them' æ ánatha 'I.ate.them' náfathwór fáth 'small.one, kid' má 'where' ártómór 'he.holds.for.them.here' njmár 'fat' témá 'strength' 'he.cuts.for.them' ʉ <none> núfathwór fúth 'rotten.tuber' bramú 'all' 'he.holds.her.here' fámbúr 'cutting.tool.PURP' mbénḡfú 'fighting.club' ə <none> néfathwór fér 'thicket' tsé 'AFFIRMATIVE' 'he.holds.us' tséféth 'base, origin' ɑ ara 'only, just' nafathwór maf 'who' ra 'what' atôtô k.o.tree' 'he.holds.for.us' fath 'clearing' kefa 'sore, ulcer' mbanḡu semar 'look.at.him!' 'a.sociolog..section' o ofóth 'light nofa 'from water' semor 'put.it leaning' no 'water' [weight]' bonḡu 'k.o.banana' karo 'termite' or 'k.o.pidgeon' ʌ <none> fórók 'blood' fór 'ridge' <none> bónḡu 'bladder' ofóth 'light [weight]' œ <none> nômá 'k.o.food' mbôk 'water.rat' karifô 'river' tsôfáth 'bird' môf 'k.o.dove' méyô 'desire' fônḡwath 'k.o.snake' thárifthôr 'erase.them!' u ukwan nufathwór futh 'k.o.vine' yu 'k.o.dance' 'sound.of.wind' 'he.holds.me.here' thámuth 'dig.them [holes]!' tsaru 'k.o.tree' 'top.beam' 'pulling.out' ufaf fumase fur 'animal.baby' wôm PURP = Purposive (The object in question is the purpose or goal of the present action, e.g., when the Page 4 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 subject is trying to reach for the object.) Page 5 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 SUPRASEGMENTALS Secondary Articulation n There are three prenasalized phonemes, / mb /, / d / and / ŋɡ / There is no other kind of secondary articulation, e.g. palatalisation or velarisation. Length ára. There are differences in phonetic length, however. There are three There is no phonemic length in W rules for the phonetic vowel length: “strength”, i.e. Emphasis: Several speakers of the language have said that they lengthen sounds for emphasis. This seems to be true for vowels. Vowel quality: The more open a vowel is, the longer it tends to be. Syllable structure: Vowels in open syllables are generally longer than in closed syllables. Vowels in monosyllabic words tend to be longer than in polysyllabic words. Stress In polysyllabic words the main stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable, sometimes on the ultimate or antepenultimate syllable. Pitch There are various intonation patterns. Non-emphatic declarative clauses have a generally declining intonation. Polar questions can be made either syntactically or by a clause final rising intonation. In clauses containing a question word, there is a pitch rise at the question word, followed by a steep decline. ára. No lexical tone contrasts have been observed in W SYLLABLE PATTERNS Mono Initial Medial Final <none> ni.ú 'we.EMPH' V a 'and' e.rá 'they.are' ’s right!' VV au 'that au.si 'old.woman' <none> <none> CV ra 'what' ke.ke 'no' na.fa.ne 'theirs' a.ra 'only/just' CVV toi 'lightning' tau.ri 'wallaby' ? ? ‘he.tells.him’ CCV tro 'k.o. tree' tri.ka.se 'story' e.tri.kwór ta.bru 'five' ni.an 'we.come' VC or 'k.o.dove' ef.ka.ther 'he.peels' ? CVC kam 'bone' kur.se 'decision' té.taf.ko 'k.o.bush' o.fóth 'light(weight)' Page 6 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 CVVC kwik 'sick' kuar.sa 'k.o. bush.fowl' ? ? CCVC srak 'boy' krán.mbrim ya.fram.njér sa.trif 'tell.him!' he.will.come.back' 'he/she.blesses.him' <Cݙ <none> m’kátér ? <none <CCݙ <none> ? M’nḡniaka <none There are only a few cases of unambiguous syllabic consonants. These are verbal prefixes, as in ‘don't go!’ 1) m’nḡniaka /mnɡniɑkɑ/ [ˌmɜˌŋɡɜnˈjɑːkɑ] 2) m- nḡn- iak -a ’s NEG.IMP- 2sS- go -D.P (D.P = Distal-Personal [ away from speaker present position]) ‘don’t go’ Although a very short and weak vowel-like sound can be heard between the sounds [m] and [ŋɡ], as well as between [ŋɡ] and [n], these are interpreted as epenthetic vowels, not vowel phonemes. The ára prefer not to write epenthetic vowels, though in some cases where there are more than speakers of W two phonetically close consonants in a phoneme cluster or there are two similar consonants in a prefix cluster, the epenthetic vowels can be written using the grapheme of the phonetically closest full vowel, e.g., njnénmbrinḡak, not njnnmbrinḡak. 3) njnénmbrinḡak /n dznnmbriŋɡɑk/ [ˌnd zɜnɜnˈmbriŋɡɑk] ‘he/she.is.returning us.two.here’ 4) njn- n- mbrinḡ -ak us- here - return -DUAL ‘he/she.is.returning us.two.here’ PHONOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS Lexical Occurrence Restrictions The phonemes /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/ and /p/ only occur in loan words, e.g., ‘paddle’ (from Motu) bara ‘God’ God ‘shotgun’ sotgan ‘Paul’ Pol Interpretation Unit versus Sequence Prenasalised plosives could be interpreted as units or nasal-plosive sequences. The latter option would ‘return it here.!’.
Recommended publications
  • A Contrastive Study of the Ibibio and Igbo Sound Systems
    A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF THE IBIBIO AND IGBO SOUND SYSTEMS GOD’SPOWER ETIM Department Of Languages And Communication Abia State Polytechnic P.M.B. 7166, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. [email protected] ABSTRACT This research strives to contrast the consonant phonemes, vowel phonemes and tones of Ibibio and Igbo in order to describe their similarities and differences. The researcher adopted the descriptive method, and relevant data on the phonology of the two languages were gathered and analyzed within the framework of CA before making predictions and conclusions. Ibibio consists of ten vowels and fourteen consonant phonemes, while Igbo is made up of eight vowels and twenty-eight consonants. The results of contrastive analysis of the two languages showed that there are similarities as well as differences in the sound systems of the languages. There are some sounds in Ibibio which are not present in Igbo. Also many sounds are in Igbo which do not exist in Ibibio. Both languages share the phonemes /e, a, i, o, ɔ, u, p, b, t, d, k, kp, m, n, ɲ, j, ŋ, f, s, j, w/. All the phonemes in Ibibio are present in Igbo except /ɨ/, /ʉ/, and /ʌ/. Igbo has two vowel segments /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ and also fourteen consonant phonemes /g, gb, kw, gw, ŋw, v, z, ʃ, h, ɣ, ʧ, ʤ, l, r/ which Ibibio lacks. Both languages have high, low and downstepped tones but Ibibio further has contour or gliding tones which are not tone types in Igbo. Also, the downstepped tone in Ibibio is conventionally marked with exclamation point, while in Igbo, it is conventionally marked with a raised macron over the segments bearing it.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexical Tone Perception in Chinese Mandarin Anna Björklund
    Lexical Tone Perception in Chinese Mandarin Anna Björklund University of Florida 1 ABSTRACT Perceptual asymmetry, where Stimulus A is more often confused for B than B is for A or vice versa, has been observed in multiple lexical contexts, such as vowels (Polka & Bohn, 2003) and consonants (Dar, Mariam & Keren-Portnoy, 2018). Because historically perceptual space was assumed to be Euclidean, perception of stimuli was in turn assumed to be symmetrical, and observations of asymmetry were explained as simply response bias (Polka & Bohn, 2003). However, further examination of such biases has suggested that they are a much more fundamental occurrence. This study examines the effects of memory load and native language on perceptual bias in lexical tone perception of Mandarin Chinese for native speakers of Mandarin and English. Native speakers of both languages were given an AX categorical discrimination task with each combination of the four lexical Mandarin tones. To examine the effects of training on this bias, they were then trained on one of two tones (1 and 4) and given the same sequence of discrimination tasks again. Each pre- and post-training discrimination task featured both 250 ms and 1000 ms ISI intervals. 2 0. INTRODUCTION TO PERCEPTUAL ASYMMETRY It is often assumed that perception is symmetrical: that is, when presented with two stimuli, A and B, it is equally as easy to discriminate going from stimuli A to B as going from B to A. Although there had long been data that conflicted with such a model, the aberrant data was explained as response bias (Polka and Bohn, 2003), and subsequently ignored.
    [Show full text]
  • Ling 230/503: Articulatory Phonetics and Transcription English Vowels
    Ling 230/503: Articulatory Phonetics and Transcription Broad vs. narrow transcription. A narrow transcription is one in which the transcriber records much phonetic detail without attention to the way in which the sounds of the language form a system. A broad transcription omits those details of a narrow transcription which the transcriber feels are not worth recording. Normally these details will be aspects of the speech event which are: (1) predictable or (2) would not differentiate two token utterances of the same type in the judgment of speakers or (3) are presumed not to figure in the systematic phonology of the language. IPA vs. American transcription There are two commonly used systems of phonetic transcription, the International Phonetics Association or IPA system and the American system. In many cases these systems overlap, but in certain cases there are important distinctions. Students need to learn both systems and have to be flexible about the use of symbols. English Vowels Short vowels /ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ ɝ/ ‘pit’ pɪt ‘put’ pʊt ‘pet’ pɛt ‘putt’ pʌt ‘pat’ pæt ‘pert’ pɝt (or pr̩t) Long vowels /i(ː), u(ː), ɑ(ː), ɔ(ː)/ ‘beat’ biːt (or bit) ‘boot’ buːt (or but) ‘(ro)bot’ bɑːt (or bɑt) ‘bought’ bɔːt (or bɔt) Diphthongs /eɪ, aɪ, aʊ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ju(ː)/ ‘bait’ beɪt ‘boat’ boʊt ‘bite’ bɑɪt (or baɪt) ‘bout’ bɑʊt (or baʊt) ‘Boyd’ bɔɪd (or boɪd) ‘cute’ kjuːt (or kjut) The property of length, denoted by [ː], can be predicted based on the quality of the vowel. For this reason it is quite common to omit the length mark [ː].
    [Show full text]
  • Part 1: Introduction to The
    PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the IPA Schwa
    The origin of the IPA schwa Asher Laufer The Phonetics Laboratory, Hebrew Language Department, The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel [email protected] ABSTRACT We will refer here to those two kinds of schwa as "the linguistic schwa", to distinguish them from what The symbol ⟨ə⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet we call " the Hebrew schwa". was given the special name "Schwa". In fact, phoneticians use this term to denote two different meanings: A precise and specific physiological 2. HISTORY OF THE "SCHWA" definition - "a mid-central vowel" - or a variable The word "schwa" was borrowed from the vocabulary reduced non-defined centralized vowel. of the Hebrew grammar, which has been in use since The word "schwa" was borrowed from the Hebrew the 10th century. The Tiberian Masorah scholars grammar vocabulary, and has been in use since the th added various diacritics to the Hebrew letters to 10 century. The Tiberian Masorah scholars added, denote vowel signs and cantillation (musical marks). already in the late first millennium CE, various Actually, we can consider these scholars as diacritics to the Hebrew letters, to denote vowel signs phoneticians who invented a writing system to and cantillation (musical marks). Practically, we can represent their Hebrew pronunciation. Already in the consider them as phoneticians who invented a writing 10th century the Tiberian grammarians used this pronounced [ʃva] in Modern) שְׁ וָא system to represent pronunciation. They used the term Hebrew term ʃwa] and graphically marked it with a special Hebrew), and graphically marked it by two vertical] שְׁ וָא sign (two vertical dots beneath a letter [ ְׁ ]).
    [Show full text]
  • IPA Bingo Individual Symbols
    DescriptionMatching symbol DescriptionMatching symbol open voiceless back glottal unrounded stop vowel A / IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. DescriptionMatching symbol DescriptionMatching symbol near-open voiced front bilabial unrounded æ stop vowel b IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. DescriptionMatching symbol DescriptionMatching symbol open-mid voiced back dental rounded fricative vowel ç D IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. DescriptionMatching symbol DescriptionMatching symbol open-mid voiced front alveolar unrounded stop vowel E d IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. Descriptio Matching symbol Descriptio Matching symbol close-mid voiced front post-alveolar unrounded e affricate d vowel Z IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. DescriptionMatching symbol DescriptionMatching symbol near-close voiceless near-front labiodental unrounded fricative vowel I f IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. DescriptionMatching symbol DescriptionMatching symbol close voiced front velar unrounded stop g vowel i IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press. IPA Bingo individual symbols. © 2000 Cascadilla Press.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Phonetic Symbols
    LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS a open front unrounded vowel—modern RP man, bath æ front vowel between open and open-mid—traditional RP man ɐ near open central unrounded vowel—traditional RP gear [gɪɐ] ɑ: open back unrounded vowel—RP harsh ɒ open back rounded vowel—RP dog b voiced bilabial plosive—RP bet ɔ: open mid-back rounded vowel—RP caught d voiced alveolar plosive—RP daddy dʒ voiced palato-alveolar fricative—RP John ð voiced dental fricative—RP other e close-mid front unrounded vowel—traditional RP bed ɛ open-mid front unrounded vowel—modern RP bed ə(:) central unrounded vowel—RP initial vowel in another; modern RP nurse ɜ: open-mid central unrounded vowel—traditional RP bird f voiceless labiodental fricative—RP four g voiced velar plosive—RP go h voiceless glottal fricative—RP home i(:) close front unrounded vowel—RP fleece; modern RP final vowel in happy ɪ close-mid centralised unrounded vowel—RP sit j palatal approximant—RP you 241 List of phonetic symbols ɹ voiced alveolar approximant—RP row k voiceless velar plosive—RP car l voiced alveolar lateral approximant—RP lie ɫ voiced alveolar lateral approximant with velarisation—RP still m voiced bilabial nasal—RP man n voiced alveolar nasal—RP no ŋ voiced velar nasal—RP bring θ voiceless dental fricative—RP think p voiceless bilabial plosive—RP post s voiceless alveolar fricative—RP some ʃ voiceless palato-alveolar fricative—RP shoe t voiceless alveolar plosive—RP toe tʃ voiceless palato-alveolar affricate—RP choose u: close back rounded vowel—RP sue ʊ close-mid centralised rounded vowel—RP
    [Show full text]
  • Equivalences Between Different Phonetic Alphabets
    Equivalences between different phonetic alphabets by Carlos Daniel Hern´andezMena Description IPA Mexbet X-SAMPA IPA Symbol in LATEX Voiceless bilabial plosive p p p p Voiceless dental plosive” t t t d ntextsubbridgeftg Voiceless velar plosive k k k k Voiceless palatalized plosive kj k j k j kntextsuperscriptfjg Voiced bilabial plosive b b b b Voiced bilabial approximant B VB o ntextloweringfntextbetag fl Voiced dental plosive d” d d d ntextsubbridgefdg Voiced dental fricative flD DD o ntextloweringfntextipafn;Dgg Voiced velar plosive g g g g Voiced velar fricative Èfl GG o ntextloweringfntextbabygammag Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate t“S tS tS ntextroundcapftntexteshg Voiceless labiodental fricative f f f f Voiceless alveolar fricative s s s s Voiced alveolar fricative z z z z Voiceless dental fricative” s s [ s d ntextsubbridgefsg Voiced dental fricative” z z [ z d ntextsubbridgefzg Voiceless postalveolar fricative S SS ntextesh Voiceless velar fricative x x x x Voiced palatal fricative J Z jn ntextctj Voiced postalveolar affricate d“Z dZ dZ ntextroundcapfdntextyoghg Voiced bilabial nasal m m m m Voiced alveolar nasal n n n n Voiced labiodental nasal M MF ntextltailm Voiced dental nasal n” n [ n d ntextsubbridgefng Voiced palatalized nasal nj n j n j nntextsuperscriptfjg Voiced velarized nasal nÈ N n G nntextsuperscript fntextbabygammag Voiced palatal nasal ñ n∼ J ntextltailn Voiced alveolar lateral approximant l l l l Voiced dental lateral” l l [ l d ntextsubbridgeflg Voiced palatalized lateral lj l j l j lntextsuperscriptfjg Lowered
    [Show full text]
  • N. V. Tatsenko INTRODUCTION to THEORETICAL PHONETICS OF
    Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University N. V. Tatsenko INTRODUCTION TO THEORETICAL PHONETICS OF ENGLISH Study guide Recommended by the Academic Council of Sumy State University Sumy Sumy State University 2020 1 УДК 811.111’342(075.8) T 23 Reviewers: V. A. Ushchyna – DSc. (Philology), professor, head of Department of English Philology, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University; V. H. Nikonova – DSc. (Philology), professor, head of Department of English and German Philology and Translation, Kyiv National Linguistic University Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of Sumy State University as a study guide (minutes № 2 of 07.09.2020) Tatsenko N. V. T 23 Introduction to Theoretical Phonetics of English : study guide / N. V. Tatsenko. – Sumy : Sumy State University, 2020. – 199 p. ISBN 987-966-657-835-1 The study guide contains educational material on the main topics of the course of theoretical phonetics of English: the sound structure of the language and the ways of its description and analysis; features of the modern pronunciation norm of English as a polyethnic formation and its national and regional variants; sounds of English as articulatory and functional units; syllable as a phonetic and phonological unit, word emphasis; prosodic arrangement of English language. Questions and practical tasks for each unit provide an opportunity for self-study of educational material. Meant for students, graduate students, teachers, and all interested in learning English. УДК 811.111’342(075.8) © Tatsenko N. V., 2020 ISBN 987-966-657-835-1 © Sumy State University, 2020 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS P. UNIT 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit – I Language and Linguistics – Shs5006
    SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIT – I LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS – SHS5006 UNIT-1 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE Indo-European: Indo-European is just one of the language families, or proto- languages, from which the world's modern languages are descended, and there are many other families including Sino- Tibetan, North Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Altaic, Niger- Congo, Dravidian etc. The English language, and indeed most European languages, traces it original roots back to a Neolithic (late Stone Age) people known as the Indo- Europeans or Proto-Indo-Europeans, who lived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Spread of Indo-European Languages Between 3500 BC and 2500 BC, the Indo-Europeans began to fan out across Europe and Asia, in search of new pastures and hunting grounds, and their languages developed - and diverged - in isolation. By around 1000 BC, the original Indo-European language had split into a dozen or more major language groups or families, the main groups being: Hellenic Italic Indo-Iranian Celtic Germanic Armenian Balto-Slavic Albanian GERMANIC The Germanic, or Proto-Germanic, language group can be traced back to the region between the Elbe river in modern Germany and southern Sweden some 3,000 years ago. The early Germanic languages themselves borrowed some words from the aboriginal (non-Indo-European) tribes which preceded them, particularly words for the natural environment (e.g. sea, land, strand, seal, herring); for technologies connected with sea travel (e.g. ship, keel, sail, oar); for new social practices (e.g. wife, bride, groom); and for farming or animal husbandry practices (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Icelandic Phonetic Transcription
    A Short Overview of the Icelandic Sound System Pronunciation Variants and Phonetic Transcription IPA Version Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson SÍM 2020 This document was written in December 2019 and January 2020 for the SÍM consortium as a part of the Icelandic National Language Technology Program. The document is made in two versions – one using the IPA transcription system and the other using the X-SAMPA transcription system. This is the IPA version. Both versions begin with a table showing the mappings between the two systems. The document is distributed under the CC BY 4.0 license. 2 1 An Overview of the Icelandic Sound System Icelandic speech sounds can be divided into two main groups; consonants and vowels. Icelandic consonants can be further divided into four classes: plosives (stops), fricatives (and approximants), nasals, and liquids (laterals and trills/taps). Within the vowel group, a further distinction can be made between monophthongs and diphthongs. The following table gives an overview of the phonemes of the Icelandic IPA and X- SAMPA symbol set, grouped by the phoneme classes to which they belong (according to the manner of their articulation). Consonants IPA SAMPA Orthography IPA SAMPA Gloss Plosives p p bera [pɛːra] /pE:ra/ ‘carry’ pʰ p_h pera [pʰɛːra] /p_hE:ra/ ‘pear’ t t dalur [taːlʏr] /ta:lYr/ ‘valley’ tʰ t_h tala [tʰaːla] /t_ha:la/ ‘talk’ c c gera [cɛːra] /cE:ra/ ‘do’ cʰ c_h kæla [cʰaiːla] /c_hai:la/ ‘cool off’ k k galdur [kaltʏr] /kaltYr/ ‘magic’ kʰ k_h kaldur [kʰaltʏr] /k_haltYr/ ‘cold’ Fricatives v v vera [vɛːra] /vE:ra/ ‘be’
    [Show full text]
  • LIN 3201 Sounds of Human Language Manual by Ratree
    LIN 3201 Sounds of Human Language Manual By Ratree Wayland Program in Linguistics University of Florida Gainesville, FL 2 Introduction There are approximately 7,000 languages in the world, and the sounds employed by these languages show both similarities and differences. Thus, an interesting question that one might ask is, “What factors affect the sounds a language can or cannot use?” First of all, we are constrained by what we can do with our tongue, our lips and other organs involved in the production of speech sounds. This factor may be referred to as the ‘articulatory ease’ factor. Secondly, we are constrained by what we can hear or what we can perceptually distinguish. This is the ‘auditory distinctiveness’ factor. Thus, no language in the world has sounds that are too difficult for native speakers to produce or to perceptually differentiate. To nonnative speakers, however, certain sounds may prove challenging to both produce and perceive. One of the goals of this course is to familiarize students with the various sounds employed in the world’s languages. Students will learn how to describe, produce and perceptually distinguish these sounds. Describing Speech Sounds Phonetics is concerned with describing speech sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Speech sounds can be described in at least two different ways. First we can describe them in terms of how they are made in the vocal tract (articulatory phonetics). As speech sounds leave the mouth, they cause disturbances in the surrounding air (sound waves). Thus, another way that we can describe speech sound is to analyze its acoustic sound wave (acoustic 3 phonetics).
    [Show full text]