id11101609 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Organised Phonology Data ára Language [TCI] W Western Province Linguistic Classification (according to Wurm): Tonda Sub-Family, Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers Family, Trans-Fly Stock, Trans-New Guinea Phylum. Note: In the Tonda Sub-Family there is a dialect chain situation. Therefore, it is difficult ára language (as defined by to establish precise language boundaries. The W ’s Upper Peremka (Rouku) Language the present writer) comprises Wurm and, in part, Tonda Language Population estimate: 800 ékwa, Tékwa, Réku, Wámnefér, Ufaruwa Major Villages: Y Linguistic work done by: S.A. Wurm; SIL Data checked by: Risto Sarsa, March 2001 Data is based on 7 years of fieldwork. PHONEMIC AND ORTHOGRAPHIC INVENTORY (In parentheses: only in loan words) z ŋ ŋɡ۽ɑ æ (b) (d) e ə f (ɡ) i k (l) m mb n nd? nG / < a á (b) (d) e é f (g) i,y k (l) m mb n nd,nt nj, nts ng nḡ < A Á (B) (D) E É F (G) I,Y K (L) M Mb N Nd Nj Ng Nḡ / s u ʉ w j۽o ʌ œ (p) r s t? ð W o ó ô (p) r s t th ts u,w ú w y > O Ó Ô (P) R S T Th Ts U,W Ú W Y > Page 1 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 CONSONANTS Simple Consonants Bilab LabDen Dent Alv PsAl Retr Pala Velr Uvlr Phar Glot Plosive W ݽ k Nasal m n ŋ Trill r Fricat f ð s j Approx Complex Consonants mb (prenasalised voiced bilabial stop) nd? (prenasalised voiced dental stop) ŋɡ (prenasalised voiced velar stop) (s (voiceless alveolar grooved affricate۽W (z (prenasalised voiced alveolar grooved affricate۽nG w (voiced labio-velar approximant) The phonemes / b / , / d / , / g / , / l / and / p / only occur in loan words. VOWELS Front Central Back Close i ʉ u Close-Mid e ə o Open-Mid œ ʌ Open æ ɑ Page 2 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Examples: Consonants Phon. #C VCV C# CC CC mb mbath sambu ‘HoB (kin term)' mbundamb 'to.you' mbratsi kánmbrim 'grasshopper' 'state.after.giving.birth' 'come.back.here!' mbis 'k.o.kingfisher' m mar mamu 'k.o.pidgeon' kam 'back' namtha 'that (conj.)' mantma 'k.o.plant' yame 'mat' 'female.animal' misóm 'tightly' f far safum 'pull kaf 'with' frase 'hunger' nakfá 'just.here' 'post/pole' (it/them) out for him' fis 'husband' ôf ð thar ngathunḡwór fath thrar 'he.will.give.them' ts tha 'new' 'give.to.them!' 'he.lies' 'clearing' thirthir 'pig.tusk' 'W ݽ tar 'friend' atôtô 'kind of tree' kat transe 'scraping' ertómór 'he.cuts.them tiftif 'k.o.bamboo' 'number' nG ݽ ndarndar yénta 'two' ndént 'earthworm' ndrándrá mbarnti 'faster' 'kind.of.bird' 'local.hockey.game' ndirndir 'k.o.bird' s tsar 'give.her!' matso 'sea' féts 'forest' tsra 'swamp' yéstsa۽W tsir 'wet' 'I.called.him' n 'bald' 'I.hit.him' z njar njuwanjér kwants njrar yéfnja۽G 'I.give.you' 'I.was.sitting' ménts 'house' 'he.will.give.us.two' njirét 'k.o.vine' n nar nane 'older.sibling' nan 'this' kánmbrim 'come mbnakase 'rising' 'this.way' back!' r rar maru 'sugar.glider' nar 'this.way' sertóm 'cut it!' trakase 'falling' 'for.which? ' s sar nase 'long yam' sas srar 'he.will.give.him' fakórsok 'metal.arrow 'give.to.hi 'call (s.g.) for.him' tip' m!' yaritha ndeya k.o.wallaby' káfyúr 'swallow!' j <none> <none> 'you.gave.t o.him' k kar keke 'no/not' nak 'here' krar 'he will.do' karkase 'pulling' 'named.place' ?ɡ nḡar 'water.lily' fanḡuth 'wide' nanḡ nḡra 'k.o.tree' karnḡú 'huge' ‘ ’ 'grass.skirt' nḡráth 'soft' tsérnḡe amazed ? ngari tinga 'cardinal.lory' kothngare 'married.w (only this one found!) <none> <none> 'black.crow' oman' w war awe 'come!' efenwór 'he.gave.m <none> wrose 'planting' 'he.clears.them' e' Page 3 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Examples: Vowels Phon. #V.C CV.CV CVC CV# ‘but’ i <none> nifathwór mith 'face' fi 'he.holds.him.here' samir 'hang.it.up.for.him!' tsarfi 'vice' e eran nefathwór mef 'k.o.tree' fe 2s.ABS (you) 'they.(two.)are' 'he.holds.them.here' theth 'dancing' ngafe 'father' ertómór nḡamer 'tongs.PURP' 'he.cuts.them' æ ánatha 'I.ate.them' náfathwór fáth 'small.one, kid' má 'where' ártómór 'he.holds.for.them.here' njmár 'fat' témá 'strength' 'he.cuts.for.them' ʉ <none> núfathwór fúth 'rotten.tuber' bramú 'all' 'he.holds.her.here' fámbúr 'cutting.tool.PURP' mbénḡfú 'fighting.club' ə <none> néfathwór fér 'thicket' tsé 'AFFIRMATIVE' 'he.holds.us' tséféth 'base, origin' ɑ ara 'only, just' nafathwór maf 'who' ra 'what' atôtô k.o.tree' 'he.holds.for.us' fath 'clearing' kefa 'sore, ulcer' mbanḡu semar 'look.at.him!' 'a.sociolog..section' o ofóth 'light nofa 'from water' semor 'put.it leaning' no 'water' [weight]' bonḡu 'k.o.banana' karo 'termite' or 'k.o.pidgeon' ʌ <none> fórók 'blood' fór 'ridge' <none> bónḡu 'bladder' ofóth 'light [weight]' œ <none> nômá 'k.o.food' mbôk 'water.rat' karifô 'river' tsôfáth 'bird' môf 'k.o.dove' méyô 'desire' fônḡwath 'k.o.snake' thárifthôr 'erase.them!' u ukwan nufathwór futh 'k.o.vine' yu 'k.o.dance' 'sound.of.wind' 'he.holds.me.here' thámuth 'dig.them [holes]!' tsaru 'k.o.tree' 'top.beam' 'pulling.out' ufaf fumase fur 'animal.baby' wôm PURP = Purposive (The object in question is the purpose or goal of the present action, e.g., when the Page 4 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 subject is trying to reach for the object.) Page 5 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 SUPRASEGMENTALS Secondary Articulation n There are three prenasalized phonemes, / mb /, / d / and / ŋɡ / There is no other kind of secondary articulation, e.g. palatalisation or velarisation. Length ára. There are differences in phonetic length, however. There are three There is no phonemic length in W rules for the phonetic vowel length: “strength”, i.e. Emphasis: Several speakers of the language have said that they lengthen sounds for emphasis. This seems to be true for vowels. Vowel quality: The more open a vowel is, the longer it tends to be. Syllable structure: Vowels in open syllables are generally longer than in closed syllables. Vowels in monosyllabic words tend to be longer than in polysyllabic words. Stress In polysyllabic words the main stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable, sometimes on the ultimate or antepenultimate syllable. Pitch There are various intonation patterns. Non-emphatic declarative clauses have a generally declining intonation. Polar questions can be made either syntactically or by a clause final rising intonation. In clauses containing a question word, there is a pitch rise at the question word, followed by a steep decline. ára. No lexical tone contrasts have been observed in W SYLLABLE PATTERNS Mono Initial Medial Final <none> ni.ú 'we.EMPH' V a 'and' e.rá 'they.are' ’s right!' VV au 'that au.si 'old.woman' <none> <none> CV ra 'what' ke.ke 'no' na.fa.ne 'theirs' a.ra 'only/just' CVV toi 'lightning' tau.ri 'wallaby' ? ? ‘he.tells.him’ CCV tro 'k.o. tree' tri.ka.se 'story' e.tri.kwór ta.bru 'five' ni.an 'we.come' VC or 'k.o.dove' ef.ka.ther 'he.peels' ? CVC kam 'bone' kur.se 'decision' té.taf.ko 'k.o.bush' o.fóth 'light(weight)' Page 6 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 CVVC kwik 'sick' kuar.sa 'k.o. bush.fowl' ? ? CCVC srak 'boy' krán.mbrim ya.fram.njér sa.trif 'tell.him!' he.will.come.back' 'he/she.blesses.him' <Cݙ <none> m’kátér ? <none <CCݙ <none> ? M’nḡniaka <none There are only a few cases of unambiguous syllabic consonants. These are verbal prefixes, as in ‘don't go!’ 1) m’nḡniaka /mnɡniɑkɑ/ [ˌmɜˌŋɡɜnˈjɑːkɑ] 2) m- nḡn- iak -a ’s NEG.IMP- 2sS- go -D.P (D.P = Distal-Personal [ away from speaker present position]) ‘don’t go’ Although a very short and weak vowel-like sound can be heard between the sounds [m] and [ŋɡ], as well as between [ŋɡ] and [n], these are interpreted as epenthetic vowels, not vowel phonemes. The ára prefer not to write epenthetic vowels, though in some cases where there are more than speakers of W two phonetically close consonants in a phoneme cluster or there are two similar consonants in a prefix cluster, the epenthetic vowels can be written using the grapheme of the phonetically closest full vowel, e.g., njnénmbrinḡak, not njnnmbrinḡak. 3) njnénmbrinḡak /n dznnmbriŋɡɑk/ [ˌnd zɜnɜnˈmbriŋɡɑk] ‘he/she.is.returning us.two.here’ 4) njn- n- mbrinḡ -ak us- here - return -DUAL ‘he/she.is.returning us.two.here’ PHONOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS Lexical Occurrence Restrictions The phonemes /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/ and /p/ only occur in loan words, e.g., ‘paddle’ (from Motu) bara ‘God’ God ‘shotgun’ sotgan ‘Paul’ Pol Interpretation Unit versus Sequence Prenasalised plosives could be interpreted as units or nasal-plosive sequences. The latter option would ‘return it here.!’.