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Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Peoples in the Brazilian Amazonia Indian Lands
Brazilian Demographic Censuses and the “Indians”: difficulties in identifying and counting. Marta Maria Azevedo Researcher for the Instituto Socioambiental – ISA; and visiting researcher of the Núcleo de Estudos em População – NEPO / of the University of Campinas – UNICAMP PEOPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA INDIAN LANDS source: Programa Brasil Socioambiental - ISA At the present moment there are in Brazil 184 native language- UF* POVO POP.** ANO*** LÍNG./TRON.**** OUTROS NOMES***** Case studies made by anthropologists register the vital events of a RO Aikanã 175 1995 Aikanã Aikaná, Massaká, Tubarão RO Ajuru 38 1990 Tupari speaking peoples and around 30 who identify themselves as “Indians”, RO Akunsu 7 1998 ? Akunt'su certain population during a large time period, which allows us to make RO Amondawa 80 2000 Tupi-Gurarani RO Arara 184 2000 Ramarama Karo even though they are Portuguese speaking. Two-hundred and sixteen RO Arikapu 2 1999 Jaboti Aricapu a few analyses about their populational dynamics. Such is the case, for RO Arikem ? ? Arikem Ariken peoples live in ‘Indian Territories’, either demarcated or in the RO Aruá 6 1997 Tupi-Mondé instance, of the work about the Araweté, made by Eduardo Viveiros de RO Cassupá ? ? Português RO/MT Cinta Larga 643 1993 Tupi-Mondé Matétamãe process of demarcation, and also in urban areas in the different RO Columbiara ? ? ? Corumbiara Castro. In his book (Araweté: o povo do Ipixuna – CEDI, 1992) there is an RO Gavião 436 2000 Tupi-Mondé Digüt RO Jaboti 67 1990 Jaboti regions of Brazil. The lands of some 30 groups extend across national RO Kanoe 84 1997 Kanoe Canoe appendix with the populational data registered by others, since the first RO Karipuna 20 2000 Tupi-Gurarani Caripuna RO Karitiana 360 2000 Arikem Caritiana burder, for ex.: 8,500 Ticuna live in Peru and Colombia while 32,000 RO Kwazá 25 1998 Língua isolada Coaiá, Koaiá contact with this people in 1976. -
Still No Evidence for an Ancient Language Expansion from Africa
Supporting Online Material for Still no evidence for an ancient language expansion from Africa Michael Cysouw, Dan Dediu and Steven Moran email: [email protected] Table of contents 1. Materials and Methods 1.1. Data 1.2. Measuring phoneme inventory size 1.3. Geographic distribution of phoneme inventory size 1.4. Correlation with speaker community size 1.5. Distribution over macroareas 1.6. Global clines of phoneme inventory size 1.7. Global clines of other WALS features 1.8. Searching for an origin: analysis of Atkinson’s BIC-based methodology 1.9. Software packages used 2. Supporting Text 2.1. About the term ‘phonemic diversity’ 2.2. Stability of phoneme inventory size 2.3. About the serial founder effect in human evolution and language 3. Tables 4. References 2 1. Materials and Methods 1.1. Data The linguistic parameter that Atkinson (S1) investigates is the size of the phoneme inventory of a language. Although the acoustic variation of possible linguistic utterances is basically continuous in nature, humans discretely categorize this continuous variation into distinctive groups, called phonemes. This discretization is language-specific, i.e. different languages have their own structure of distinctive groups. Empirically it turns out that some languages have more groups (i.e they divide phonetic space into more fine-grained distinctive phonemes), while other distinguish less phonemic clusters of sounds. To investigate variation in phoneme inventory size, it would have been straightforward for Atkinson to use data on the actual number of phonemic distinctions in different languages. Much of what is known about phoneme inventories is based on the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID; S2). -
Does Lateral Transmission Obscure Inheritance in Hunter-Gatherer Languages?
Does Lateral Transmission Obscure Inheritance in Hunter-Gatherer Languages? Claire Bowern1*, Patience Epps2, Russell Gray3, Jane Hill4, Keith Hunley5, Patrick McConvell6, Jason Zentz1 1 Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, 2 Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America, 3 Department of Psychology, University of Auckland. Auckland, New Zealand, 4 School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America, 5 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America, 6 College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Abstract In recent years, linguists have begun to increasingly rely on quantitative phylogenetic approaches to examine language evolution. Some linguists have questioned the suitability of phylogenetic approaches on the grounds that linguistic evolution is largely reticulate due to extensive lateral transmission, or borrowing, among languages. The problem may be particularly pronounced in hunter-gatherer languages, where the conventional wisdom among many linguists is that lexical borrowing rates are so high that tree building approaches cannot provide meaningful insights into evolutionary processes. However, this claim has never been systematically evaluated, in large part because suitable data were unavailable. In addition, little is known about the subsistence, demographic, ecological, and social factors that might mediate variation in rates of borrowing among languages. Here, we evaluate these claims with a large sample of hunter-gatherer languages from three regions around the world. In this study, a list of 204 basic vocabulary items was collected for 122 hunter-gatherer and small-scale cultivator languages from three ecologically diverse case study areas: northern Australia, northwest Amazonia, and California and the Great Basin. -
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region
OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1. -
Documenting and Disseminating Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in Brazil
Documenting and Disseminating Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in Brazil Final Report Volume I: Survey Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) by Antonio A. Arantes, PhD The views expressed in this Survey are those of the author, and not necessarily those of the WIPO Secretariat or its Member States. The Survey is current at the time of preparation of the initial draft (November 2009). WIPO, Documenting and Disseminating Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in Brazil – Volume I – Survey - Page 2 - © Copyright World Intellectual Property Organization, 2009 Certain rights reserved. WIPO authorizes the partial reproduction, translation and dissemination of this survey for non-commercial and non-profit scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that WIPO, the survey and the author are properly identified and acknowledged. Permission to substantially reproduce, disseminate and/or translate this survey, or compile or create derivative works therefrom, in any form, whether for commercial/for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. For this purpose, WIPO may be contacted at [email protected] For any comments/requests on or corrections/additions to this work, please contact WIPO at [email protected] WIPO, Documenting and Disseminating Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in Brazil – Volume I – Survey - Page 3 - DOCUMENTING AND DISSEMINATING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS IN BRAZIL Volume 1: Survey. Volume 2: Brazilian intellectual property -
With Indigenous and Caboclo-Riverside Residents: an Experience Report in the Amazon
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ISSN: 2411-2933 The Resignification of Medical Practices based on Contact with the Other - with Indigenous and Caboclo-Riverside Residents: An Experience Report in the Amazon Fernanda Cessel Marques; João Vitor Mendes Vilela; Tirza Almeida da Silva; Kenne Samara Andrade Martins; Eduardo Jorge Sant Ana Honorato; Sônia Maria Lemos. Abstract Introduction: The Amazonas' State University provides Nursing, Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy degrees with the experience of Rural Training in Public Health. Two MD students had high expectations of experiencing health care in the Amazonas interior, as they realized that there was a lapse in their academic training. They questioned the fact that they were about to take the place of "doctors trained by the state of Amazonas" without knowing the population, ethnocultural and geographical variety of the region. This lack encouraged the choice of the location of the internship to be the city of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Methods: Meetings and lectures were held with health teams that enabled clinical experiences and interactions with indigenous and riverside residents. Finally, seminars/activity reports were produced, which contributed to the awakening of reflections on medical practices. Thus, this experience report is based on the particular apprehension of the reality described, based on daily observation. Results and Discussions: During the internship, the students began to question and deconstruct the doctor-user relationship hierarchy. Conclusions: -
A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano)
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters University of Nebraska Press Spring 2013 A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano) Kristine Stenzel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Stenzel, Kristine, "A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano)" (2013). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 197. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/197 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano) Buy the Book STUDIES IN THE NATIVE LANGUAGES OF THE AMERICAS Editors Douglas R. Parks Raymond J. DeMallie Recipient of the Mary R. Haas Award Presented by The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Buy the Book A REFERENCE GRAMMAR OF KOTIRIA (WANANO) Kristine Stenzel University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London In cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington Buy the Book © 2013 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This book is published as part of the Recovering Languages and Literacies of the Americas ini- tiative. Recovering -
UNIVERSITY of BERGAMO School of Doctoral Studies
UNIVERSITY OF BERGAMO School of Doctoral Studies Doctoral Degree in Linguistics XXIX Cycle SSD: L-LIN/01 TITLE The morphosyntax of number systems: a cross-linguistic study Advisor Draft Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Sonia Cristofaro Doctoral Thesis Jessica Katiuscia IVANI Student ID 1031796 Academic year 2015/16 Draft ii Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction ............................. 1 1.2. Outline ................................ 2 2. Background 5 2.1. Introduction ............................. 5 2.2. Nominal number marking and typology ............. 6 2.3. The expression of number ..................... 8 2.4. The distribution of the number systems ............. 11 2.5. Development of number systems and sources of number ... 12 2.5.1. Nominal plural from verbal plurality: the case of North American languages .................... 13 2.5.2. Plural markers from associative markers: the case of - men in Mandarin Chinese ................ 15 2.5.3. PluralDraft markers from demonstratives forms ...... 16 2.5.4. Notes on source markers in pidgin and creoles .... 17 2.6. Summary ............................... 18 3. Data collecting and sampling 21 3.1. Introduction ............................. 21 3.2. Sampling methodology ....................... 21 3.3. Sampling procedure ........................ 23 3.4. Data collection ........................... 26 3.5. Summary ............................... 27 Contents 4. Parameters and methodological approach 29 4.1. Introduction ............................. 29 4.2. Parameter units and structural features ............. 30 4.2.1. The nominal types ..................... 30 4.2.2. Number values ....................... 33 4.2.3. Constructions ....................... 34 4.3. Methodological approach ..................... 40 4.3.1. Recent methodological developments in linguistic ty- pology ............................ 40 4.3.2. Analysis of individual structures: the multivariate ap- proach ............................ 42 4.4. Three level of analysis ....................... 44 4.4.1. -
ANUARIO DEL SEMINARIO DE FILOLOGÍA VASCA «JULIO DE URQUIJO» International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology
ANUARIO DEL SEMINARIO DE FILOLOGÍA VASCA «JULIO DE URQUIJO» International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology LII: 1-2 (2018) Studia Philologica et Diachronica in honorem Joakin Gorrotxategi Vasconica et Aquitanica Joseba A. Lakarra - Blanca Urgell (arg. / eds.) AASJUSJU 22018018 Gorrotxategi.indbGorrotxategi.indb i 331/10/181/10/18 111:06:151:06:15 How Many Language Families are there in the World? Lyle Campbell University of Hawai‘i Mānoa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.20195 Abstract The question of how many language families there are in the world is addressed here. The reasons for why it has been so difficult to answer this question are explored. The ans- wer arrived at here is 406 independent language families (including language isolates); however, this number is relative, and factors that prevent us from arriving at a definitive number for the world’s language families are discussed. A full list of the generally accepted language families is presented, which eliminates from consideration unclassified (unclas- sifiable) languages, pidgin and creole languages, sign languages, languages of undeciphe- red writing systems, among other things. A number of theoretical and methodological is- sues fundamental to historical linguistics are discussed that have impacted interpretations both of how language families are established and of particular languages families, both of which have implications for the ultimate number of language families. Keywords: language family, family tree, unclassified language, uncontacted groups, lan- guage isolate, undeciphered script, language surrogate. 1. Introduction How many language families are there in the world? Surprisingly, most linguists do not know. Estimates range from one (according to supporters of Proto-World) to as many as about 500. -
A Descriptive Grammar of Desano
A DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR OF DESANO by Wilson de Lima Silva A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics University of Utah August 2012 Copyright © Wilson de Lima Silva 2012 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Wilson de Lima Silva has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Lyle Campbell Chair 5/29/2012 Date Approved Mary Ann Christison Member 6/14/2012 Date Approved Edward Rubin Member 5/8/2012 Date Approved Spike Gildea Member 5/24/2012 Date Approved Kristine Stenzel Member 5/7/2012 Date Approved and by Edward Rubin Chair of the Department of ________________________ Linguistics and by Charles A. Wight, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT This dissertation provides a linguistic description and analysis of Desano, an endangered Tukanoan language of the Vaupes region of Brazil. Much valuable knowledge would be lost if this language were to become extinct without documentation. Several of the Tukanoan languages in the upper Amazon are highly endangered. The Eastern Tukanoan people are famous for their linguistic exogamy and ‘obligatory’ multilingualism; there are some twenty languages in the region whose speakers must marry someone who speaks a different language. There are a number of linguistic traits in Desano described in this dissertation which are of particular interest to linguists in general, because they are rare in the world’s languages, and they stand to contribute much to our understanding of the full range of possibilities in human grammar (and consequently also of some of the limits of human cognition). -
Supporting Online Material For
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/332/6027/346/DC1 Supporting Online Material for Phonemic Diversity Supports Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa Quentin D. Atkinson* *E-mail: [email protected] Published 15 April 2011, Science 332, 346 (2011) DOI: 10.1126/science.1199295 This PDF file includes: Methods SOM Text Figs. S1 to S8 Tables S1 to S4 References Supporting Online Material for Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from Africa Quentin D. Atkinson Email – [email protected] Table of Contents 1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Language Data 2 1.2 Modelling a serial founder effect 3 1.3 Alternatives to the single origin model 4 1.4 Accounting for non-independence within language families 5 1.5 Controlling for geographic variation in modern demography 6 1.6 Variation within and between language families 7 2. Supplementary Description and Discussion 1.1 Phonemic diversity and the serial founder effect 8 3. Supporting Figures 12 4. Supporting Tables 20 5. References 37 1 1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Language Data Data on phoneme inventory size were taken from the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS - available online at http://www.wals.info/) (S1-S4) together with information on each language’s taxonomic affiliation (family, subfamily and genus) and geographic location (longitude and latitude). WALS contains information on three elements of phonemic diversity – vowel (S2), consonant (S3) and tone (S4) diversity – in a total of 567 languages. Due to uncertainty in ascertaining exact inventory counts across languages, the WALS data are binned into ranges for vowel (small [2-4], medium [5-6], large [7-14]), consonant (small [6-14], moderately small [15-18], average [19-25], moderately large [26-33], large [34+]) and tone (no tone, simple tone and complex tone) diversity.