Colombia English Final Sept 6
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Final Document - Colombia Possibilities and Perspectives of Indigenous Peoples with Regard to Consultations and Agreements within the Mining Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean: Thematic Exploration Prepared by Gladys Jimeno Santoyo August 2002 Research Team: Gladys Jimeno Santoyo, Omaira Mindiola, Julio Barragan, Claudia Puerta Indigenous Advisory Committee: Armando Valbuena Gouriyu, Gabriel Teodoro Bisbicus, Arregoces Conchacala, Victoria Ballesteros The North-South Institute is a charitable corporation established in 1976 to provide professional, policy- relevant research on relations between industrialized and developing countries. The Institute is independent and cooperates with a wide range of Canadian and international organizations working in related activities. The contents of this study represent the views and the findings of the author alone and not necessarily those of The North-South Institute’s directors, sponsors or supporters or those consulted during its preparation. © The North-South Institute/L’Institut Nord-Sud, 2002 55, Murray Street, Suite 200 Ottawa, Canada K1N 5M3 Tel: (613) 241-3535 Fax: (613) 241-7435 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nsi-ins.ca Copies are available from The North-South Institute, and can also be downloaded at www.nsi-ins.ca National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Jimeno, Gladys Possibilities and perspectives of Indigenous Peoples with regard to consultations and agreements within the mining sector in Latin America and the Caribbean : thematic exploration : final document, Colombia / prepared by Gladys Jimeno S. Translation of: Documento final, Colombia : pos ibilidades y perspectivas de los pueblos indígenas en relación con las consultas y concertaciones en el sector minero en América Latina y el Caribe. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-896770-55-X 1. Indians of South America--Colombia --Land tenure. 2. Mines and mineral resources--Government policy--Colombia. 3. Political participation--Colombia. I. North-South Institute (Ottawa, Ont.) II. Title. III. Title: Final document, Colombia. F2270.J5413 2002 333.8'5'089980861 C2002-903320-9 “The knowledge and millenary cultural memory of the Indigenous communities of the Sierra, the Ikja, the Kaggaba and the Wiwa all say that the Sierra Nevada was left to us from the beginning as our house, as our body which we have to inhabit, which we have to take care of as a sacred being. This is why we must live in balance and harmony with the water, the wind, the sun, and the earth, in peace with nature, which is our own nature. If we do not live in peace with nature we cannot live in peace with ourselves. We know how to take care of our territory; we know and respect the Law of Origins. When the Sierra is inhabited by people who do not know or respect our laws, by people who do not live the Indigenous tradition, then the sacred places are damaged, the Sierra is damaged and that takes away part of our force; thus, it is increasingly difficult to take care of the world which is our law and mandate of origin … A hearth without firewood produces no fire, and firewood without fire does not burn, just like an Indigenous tradition without a place to live it is like a hearth without firewood or fire. This is why the Indigenous Peoples of the Sierra, the Ikja or Arhwacs, the Kaggaba or Kogi and the Wiwa or Arzaris, in the voice and words of our Mamos [high priests], demand the right to our land, to our body in which to develop our spirit, our tradition and law. Thus speak our wisdom and cultural memory, thus we think and say.” – Kogui (cited in DGAI 1998b) Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary....................................................................................................................1 2. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................2 2.1 The project.....................................................................................................................4 2.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................4 2.3 Activities .......................................................................................................................6 2.4 Specific objectives..........................................................................................................7 2.5 Methodological strategies................................................................................................7 3. Context ......................................................................................................................................8 3.1 Ethnic and cultural diversity in Colombia .........................................................................8 3.2 Indigenous Peoples and ecosystems ...............................................................................11 3.3 Land ............................................................................................................................11 3.4 Identity ........................................................................................................................12 3.5 Traditional Indigenous authorities and Indigenous organizations ......................................13 3.6 Indigenous Peoples and national development ................................................................16 4. Context of Mining in Colombia and Indigenous Peoples .............................................................18 4.1 General political context ...............................................................................................18 4.2 The change from agriculture to mining for Indigenous Peoples........................................18 4.3 Historical context of mining in Colombia .......................................................................20 5. Context of the human and mining rights of Indigenous Peoples ...................................................22 5.1 ILO Convention 169: International Treaty on Human Rights ...........................................23 5.2 Operational Directive 4.20 from the World Bank (OD 4.20) ............................................25 5.3 Current legal context for mining in Colombia .................................................................26 5.4 Pronouncements from Indigenous organizations .............................................................31 6. Prior Consultation in Colombia .................................................................................................33 6.1 Political developments in reference to prior consultation (1994–2001) .............................38 6.2 Legal developments regarding prior consultation ............................................................40 6.3 The Constitutional Court on prior consultation ...............................................................46 6.4 Proposal about prior consultation ...................................................................................48 7. Environmental Licenses and Environmental Impact Studies ........................................................50 8. Gender Perspectives..................................................................................................................52 9. Case Study Summaries..............................................................................................................53 9.1 Consultation with the Peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Mata...................................53 9.1.1 The Prodeco Case................................................................................................ 54 9.1.2 The Sustainable Development Plan for the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ............... 56 9.2 Prior consultation and agreements with the Wayu People ................................................60 9.2.1 Case from the south of Guajira: coal mining.......................................................... 60 9.2.2 Negotiation of the Manaure Salt Mines ................................................................. 61 9.2.3 Portete Bay......................................................................................................... 63 9.2.4 Chuchupa B ........................................................................................................ 65 9.3 Consultation with the Awa People .................................................................................68 10. Project Development.................................................................................................................72 10.1 Some concepts seen from the Indigenous point of view...................................................72 10.2 Proposals and opinions of the Indigenous communities and organizations that participated in the project................................................................................................................................75 10.3 INER/NSI project conclusions and recommendations ......................................................82 11. Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................84 12. References ...............................................................................................................................86 Endnotes……………………………………………………………………………….88 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………89 1. Executive Summary Indigenous Peoples are at several crossroads as a result of the development model that prevails