DOCSLIB.ORG

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pantetheine Analogs and Derivatives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pantetheine Analogs and Derivatives SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PANTETHEINE ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES by Charles Jack Stewart A THES IS submitted to OhEGON STATE COLlEGE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 195'5 APPROVED: Professor of Chemistry In Charge of Major Associate Professor of Chemistry In Charge of Major Chairman of Department of Chemistry Chairman of School Graduate Committee Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented August 17, 1954 Typed by Gladys McGinnis s ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to convey his sincere gratitixe to Dr. Vernon H. Cheldelin for his kindness, patience, encouragement, perception of the problem, advice, and ability to make the difficult task easy. To Dr. Tsoo E. King he wishes to state his deep appreciation for many fruitful hours of discussion, heartening advice, and the keen solution to many a difficult problem. Gratitude is also expressed to the Office of Naval Research, whose financial support facilitated the work, and to Mr. H. J. Sharkey for assistance in the preparation of intermediates. He also wishes to thank his fellow workers for their frequent advice and assistance. TABLE OF CONTENTS g e INT1SODTJCTION i EXPERIMENTAL 7 Synthetic Methods 7 Compound II -N-pentoy1-2-aminoethantho1 7 Compound III - N-Pantoy1ethanoi9nine 7 Cornpoux.d Iv - oiurr N-pantothenyi twrine 7 Compound \'III - bis(N-( 7_hydroxvbutyry1_f - alanyl)-2-arninoethyl) disulfide 9 Compound V - N-pantotheny1ethnc1eniine 9 Compound VI - Ì-(pantoy1g1ycy1)-2- aminoethanthiol 13 Compound VII - N-(Dantoylalanyl)-2- amioethnthio1 16 Cornpound IX -bi(-(ntey1norva1y1) aminoethyl) disulfide 21 S-acetyl pantetheine 25 S-acetyl Coenzyine A 26 Biological Methods 27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 SvMARY 42 BIBLIOGRAPUY 44 LIST OF TABIS Page Table I - Pantetheine and Analos 4 Table II - Growth resonse of Lactobacillus huiggricus to pantetheine and 5-acetylpantetheine 29 Table III - Growth response of tobacillus elveticua 80 to pantetheine, N-pantoyl-2--amlnoethanthiol, and N-pantoylethanolamine 30 Table IV - Growth stimulation of j. helvetipus by N-(pantoylglycyl)-2.-arninoethanthiol, N-(pantoylalanyl )-2-aminoethanthiol, and bis(N-( 'Y-.hydroxybutyryl- (alany1.) -2-.arninoethyl) clisulfide 32 Table V - Effect of pantoyl lactone on the growth of . helyeticu in the presence of pantetheine 33 Table VI - Growth stimulation of L. belvet.icus by pantothenyl taurine 36 Table VII - Growth stimulation of j. feimenti by pantothenyl taurine 36 Table VIII - Inhibition of J. helveticus by "Oxy-pantetheine" (V) 38 Table IX - Competitive inhibition of L. helveticus by '1oxy-pantetheine't (V) 39 - Table X Stimulation of growth of . fermenti by "oxy-pantetheine" (V) 40 SYNTUESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PANTETHEINE ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES INTRODUCTION The enzymatic studies (9,25) of an unidentified growth factor for Lactobci1ius bulgaricus (L. bulgaricu,s factor; LBF (43) ), revealed the presence of pantothenic acid as an integral part of the molecule. The chemical structure was fully elucidated by Snell , (33) as N-antotherìylmercaptoethylam1ne, CH OH C(CH ) CHOHCONHCH CH CONHCH CH SII 2 32 2 2 2 2 They proposed the name pantetheine for the free thiol and pantethine for the dimeric disulfide. The demonstration by King and Strong (20) of the enzymatic conversion of pantetheine into coenzyme A and the microbial growth studies of Craig and Snell (13) ar:used further interest in pantetheine. The inadequacies of the original synthetic method (33) soon became apparent and sev'ral laboratories developed more reliable prepara- tive methods (2,18,31,38,39,40,45). As a result of the foregoing syntheses, the ready availability of pantetheine facilitated the investigation of its relationship to coenzyme A. The synthetically produced 4'-pantetheine phosphate was shown to be 2 identical to a degradation product of OcA1 (3) and could be enzymatically converted into the coenzyne (y). Pante- theme was then demonstrated by Novelli (28) to be an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of CoA. The recent observations of King and Cheldelin (17) and of Brown and Snell (10,11) that N-pantothenylcystelne had high growth stimulatory effects for Acetohact suboxrdpns led the latter workers to conclude that the immediate precursor of pantetheine . is panto- thenylcyste±ne. Hoagland and Novelli (1) have con- firmed this In their enzymatic biosynthesis of CoA and have carefully investigated the requirements of their system. The enzymatic formation of pantetheino from pantothenic acid fails to occur unloss cysteine is adeed. In the complete system the formation of CoA involves five individual reactions starting with pantothenic acid: 1) pantothenic acid + cysteine -i- \TP pantothenylcysteine -1- Pi -4- ADP 2) pantothenylcysteine pantetheine4CO2 3) pantetheine4ATP _ pantetheinephosphateADP 4) pantetheinephosnhate-l-ATP -desphostho CoA-4-PP 5) desphospho CÖA-fATP 'CoA-+ADP 1The following abbreviations are used throughout this Thesis. CoA - coenzyrne A, desphospho CoA - desohospho coenzyme A, ATP - adenosine triphosphate, ADP - adenosine diphosphate, AMP - adenosine monophosphate, Pi - inorganic phosphate, PP - pyrophosphate. 3 The ubiquitous requirement for CoA in biological systems could be more easily stuóîed if some substance cou.ld be prepared which v:ould inhibit CoA dependent reactions. The inhibited reactions might accumulate the unreacted intermediates and thus indicate still unknown mechanisms of metabolism. CoA is a relatively large dinucleotide (28) whIch will be extremely difficult to synthesize by chemical means. The most facile method to prepare a CoA inhibitor would he to produce a compound that could block the synthesis of this coenzyme, or that might even be trans- formed vivo into a CoA analog of inhibitory action. By the proper alteration in the structure of pantetheine it should be possIble to prepare a compound which would have this action. Moreover, the biolobical activity of these "alteid pantetheines" would yield information regarding the steric specificity and points of enzymatic attachment of the intermediate compounds Involved in the biosynthesis of CoA arid CoA catalyzed reactions. For the purpose of this investigation the compounds shown in Table I, were prepared and their biological activities determined. The importance of CoA as a transacvlating agent (23,24,35) together with the acetylating ability of diacetyl mercaptoethylamlne (1) and S-acetyl glutathione TABLE I Pantetheine and Analogs I s -G- OH -C- -à- OH OH I I S OH i S i I I I S i 5 I S S S I S n I, s S -C-C-C-C-N-C-C-S-H Ç-C-C-C-N C -C-C-N-C-C-S-H - C-C-C-C-N-C-C-O-H s ' SS 0GOi i e H'H H'H H'H Il -G- OH OH -ò- 0H OH S i S I ill I S I I S I n I I I i S IS -C-G-C-C-N-C-C-C-N-C-C-S 0 N a iv y - C-C-C-C-N-C-C-C-N-C-C-O-H S I S I i S i 0GO i S S I H'H H'HO.C.O -d- OH OH -C- OH OH I S S II S S I i I I I N I SI I S VI VII i e -C-G- C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-S-H -C-C-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-S-H I S S I I t i I i I OCO O.C.O -C- H'H H'H i OH OH -C- OH OH I S I is i i S II P I I i iii 1)< s , I il IN t ( -C-C-C-C-N-C-C-C-N-C-C-S-) ( -C-C-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-S-) I I S I i t i S i I i 2 O O.C.0 CH i i H H 'H Table I - Legend I Iantetheine1 II N-pant oyl-2-aminoethanthiol III N-pantoylethanolamine IV sodium N-pantothenyl taurine V N-pantothenylethanolamine VI N_(pantoy1rLcyl )-2-aminoethanthiol VII N-(pantoylalanyl)-2-aminoethanthiol VIII bis(N-(?'-hydroxybutyryl-/' -alanyl)-2-aminoethyl) disuJ.ficle IA bis (-(pantoylnorva1yl )aniinoethyl) di sulfide 1Each of these compounds has been prepared for use in the resnt tudy. All except Nos. I, II and III are new compounds. No. VIII has recently been prepared ndeDedetly in anothar laboratorr (P) (41) prompted the preoaration of S-acetylpantetheirie as a flAOdCl conipound of acetyl coenzyrne A The transacetyla- t.ion method of ie1and and Bakeirnarm (41) employing pheriylthioacetate was found to be satisfactory for the preparation of S-acetylpantetheine as well as acetyl CoA. 7 EXPER IME NTAL Synthetic Method s For use as intermediates or reagents in the fol- lowing syntheses, several imown compounds had to be pre- pared. This was done, a follows: i) erformic acid was produced by adding 2 ml. of 3c hydrogen peroxide to 18 ml. of 9 formic acid (37); 2) carbobenzoxy chloride according to the directions of Bergmann and Zervas (7); 3) 2-aminöethanthlol as des- cribed by Mills and ]3ogert (26); 4) (3-alethelne and 5) panthetheine, by the method of King, Stewart, and Cheldelin (18); 6) N-pantoylethanolamlne (III) by fusion of pantoyl lactone with ethanolamine (34); 7) N-pantoyl-2-aminoethanthiol (II) by fusion of pantoyl lactone and 2-aminoethantlìlol according to Barnett (6). Pantothenyl taurine-sodium salt (IV) The sodium salt of pantetheine was prepared by dissolving l.9 g. of crude pantetheine (obtained as a fusion mixture) In 4 ml. of l.11SN sodium methoxide. This mixture was added to 20 ml. of performic acid. After standing at room temperature for l minutes the reaction solution was poured into 200 ml. of acetone. To encourage orecipitation of sodium f ormate approximately 50 ini. of ether were added to the acetone solution. The turbid mixture was left at room temperature for three days.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Overview of Biosynthesis Pathways – Inspiration for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Discovery
    An Overview of Biosynthesis Pathways – Inspiration for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Discovery Alan C. Spivey [email protected] 19th Oct 2019 Lessons in Synthesis - Azadirachtin • Azadirachtin is a potent insect anti-feedant from the Indian neem tree: – exact biogenesis unknown but certainly via steroid modification: O MeO C OAc O 2 H O OH O H O OH 12 O O C 11 O 14 OH oxidative 8 O H 7 cleavage highly hindered C-C bond HO OH AcO OH AcO OH for synthesis! H H of C ring H MeO2C O AcO H tirucallol azadirachtanin A azadirachtin (cf. lanosterol) (a limanoid = tetra-nor-triterpenoid) – Intense synhtetic efforts by the groups of Nicolaou, Watanabe, Ley and others since structural elucidation in 1987. –1st total synthesis achieved in 2007 by Ley following 22 yrs of effort – ~40 researchers and over 100 person-years of research! – 64-step synthesis – Veitch Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7629 (DOI) & Veitch Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7633 (DOI) – Review ‘The azadirachtin story’ see: Veitch Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9402 (DOI) Format & Scope of Presentation • Metabolism & Biosynthesis – some definitions, 1° & 2° metabolites • Shikimate Metabolites – photosynthesis & glycolysis → shikimate formation → shikimate metabolites – Glyphosate – a non-selective herbicide • Alkaloids – acetylCoA & the citric acid cycle → -amino acids → alkaloids – Opioids – powerful pain killers • Fatty Acids and Polyketides –acetylCoA → malonylCoA → fatty acids, prostaglandins, polyketides, macrolide antibiotics – NSAIDs – anti-inflammatory’s • Isoprenoids/terpenes
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Vitamin Supplementation on Subclinical
    molecules Review The Effect of Vitamin Supplementation on Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients without Manifest Cardiovascular Diseases: Never-ending Hope or Underestimated Effect? Ovidiu Mitu 1,2,* , Ioana Alexandra Cirneala 1,*, Andrada Ioana Lupsan 3, Mircea Iurciuc 4 , 5 5 2, Ivona Mitu , Daniela Cristina Dimitriu , Alexandru Dan Costache y , Antoniu Octavian Petris 1,2 and Irina Iuliana Costache 1,2 1 Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, 700111 Iasi, Romania 2 1st Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania 3 Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania 4 Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300041 Timisoara, Romania 5 2nd Morpho-Functional Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.M.); [email protected] (I.A.C.); Tel.: +40-745-279-714 (O.M.) Medical Student, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania. y Academic Editors: Raluca Maria Pop, Ada Popolo and Stefan Cristian Vesa Received: 25 March 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 9 April 2020 Abstract: Micronutrients, especially vitamins, play an important role in the evolution of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It has been speculated that additional intake of vitamins may reduce the CVD burden by acting on the inflammatory and oxidative response starting from early stages of atherosclerosis, when the vascular impairment might still be reversible or, at least, slowed down. The current review assesses the role of major vitamins on subclinical atherosclerosis process and the potential clinical implications in patients without CVD.
    [Show full text]
  • PC22 Doc. 22.1 Annex (In English Only / Únicamente En Inglés / Seulement En Anglais)
    Original language: English PC22 Doc. 22.1 Annex (in English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) Quick scan of Orchidaceae species in European commerce as components of cosmetic, food and medicinal products Prepared by Josef A. Brinckmann Sebastopol, California, 95472 USA Commissioned by Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO CITES Management Authorithy of Switzerland and Lichtenstein 2014 PC22 Doc 22.1 – p. 1 Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Information about the Databases Used ...................................................................................................... 11 1. Anoectochilus formosanus .................................................................................................................. 13 1.1. Countries of origin ................................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Commercially traded forms ................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Anoectochilus Formosanus Cell Culture Extract (CosIng) ............................................ 13 1.2.2. Anoectochilus Formosanus Extract (CosIng) ................................................................ 13 1.3. Selected finished
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Functional Characterization O
    Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Approaching antimicrobial resistance – Structural and functional characterization of the fungal transcription factor Mrr1 from Candida albicans and the bacterial ß-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase FadA5 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Auf den Spuren der antimikrobiellen Resistenz – Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung des Transkriptionsfaktors Mrr1 aus Candida albicans und der bakteriellen β-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase FadA5 aus Mykobakterium tuberculosis Dissertation for a doctoral degree at the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Section Biomedicine submitted by Christin Marliese Schäfer from Miltenberg am Main Würzburg, November 2014 Submitted on: ………………………………………………………..…… Office stamp Members of the Promotionskomitee: Chairperson: Ulrike Holzgrabe Primary Supervisor: Caroline Kisker Supervisor (Second): Joachim Morschhäuser Supervisor (Third): Nicole Sampson Date of Public Defence: …………………………………………….… Date of Receipt of Certificates: ……………………………………… Table of content Table of content Table of content ....................................................................................................................................... I Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cheminformatics for Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstructions
    CHEMINFORMATICS FOR GENOME-SCALE METABOLIC RECONSTRUCTIONS John W. May European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute University of Cambridge Homerton College A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2014 Declaration This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. This dissertation is not substantially the same as any I have submitted for a degree, diploma or other qualification at any other university, and no part has already been, or is currently being submitted for any degree, diploma or other qualification. This dissertation does not exceed the specified length limit of 60,000 words as defined by the Biology Degree Committee. This dissertation has been typeset using LATEX in 11 pt Palatino, one and half spaced, according to the specifications defined by the Board of Graduate Studies and the Biology Degree Committee. June 2014 John W. May to Róisín Acknowledgements This work was carried out in the Cheminformatics and Metabolism Group at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). The project was fund- ed by Unilever, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Coun- cil [BB/I532153/1], and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. I would like to thank my supervisor, Christoph Steinbeck for his guidance and providing intellectual freedom. I am also thankful to each member of my thesis advisory committee: Gordon James, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Kiran Patil, and Gos Micklem who gave their time, advice, and guidance. I am thankful to all members of the Cheminformatics and Metabolism Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Dietary Pantothenic Acid As an Economic Modifier of Body Composition in Pigs
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2002 Efficacy of dietary pantothenic acid as an economic modifier of body composition in pigs Bradley Alan Autrey Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Autrey, Bradley Alan, "Efficacy of dietary pantothenic acid as an economic modifier of body composition in pigs" (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 19788. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/19788 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. efficacy of dietary pantothenic acid as an economic modifier of body composition in pigs by Bradley Alan Autrey A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Animal Nutrition Program of Study Committee: Tim Stahly (Major Professor) Mark Honeyman Dan Nettleton John Lawrence Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of Bradley Alan Autrey has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University natures have been redacted for privacy 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT v CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL
    [Show full text]
  • Pantothenic Acid by Cristiana Paul, MS & Suzanne Copp, MS
    Pantothenic Acid By Cristiana Paul, MS & Suzanne Copp, MS THIS INFORMATION IS PROVIDED FOR THE USE OF PHYSICIANS AND OTHER LICENSED HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS ONLY. THIS INFORMATION IS INTENDED FOR PHYSICIANS AND OTHER LICENSED HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS TO USE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT TO RECOMMEND THESE PRODUCTS TO THEIR PATIENTS. THIS MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IS NOT FOR USE BY CONSUMERS. THE DIETARY SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS OFFERED BY DESIGNS FOR HEALTH ARE NOT INTENDED FOR USE BY CONSUMERS AS A MEANS TO CURE, TREAT, PREVENT, DIAGNOSE, OR MITIGATE ANY DISEASE OR OTHER MEDICAL CONDITION. Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin used as a cofactor in many important biochemical reactions such as acetyl-CoA synthesis and Krebs cycle of energy production. Pantothenic acid is important for the body to properly use carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and for healthy skin. It is naturally occurring in both plants and animals including meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. After absorption, pantothenic acid is converted to a sulfur-containing compound called pantetheine. Pantetheine is then converted into coenzyme A, which is the only known biologically active form of pantothenic acid. Research Proven Benefits: ▶ Alcohol Detoxification: Participates in the metabolism of acetaldehyde, a by-product of ethanol metabolism4, 5, 10 ▶ Anti-Stress Effect: Synthesis of steroid hormones and proper functioning of the adrenal glands9 ▶ Biochemical Reactions: Coenzyme A (CoA), which is the active form of pantothenic acid, helps transfer two-carbon units (acetyl groups) in a wide variety of biochemical reactions.12 ▶ Cholesterol and Tryglicerides Lowering: Pantethine, a metabolite of pantothenic acid,18 seems to have a beneficial effect on triglyceride and lipoprotein levels by producing cystamine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metabolism and Function of Pantothenic Acid
    SEVENTY-EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD 20 DECEMBER 1952 THE ROLE OF VITAMINS IN METABOLIC PROCESSES Chairman : PROFESSORH. A. KREBS, F.R.S., Department of Biochemistry, University of Shefield The Metabolism and Function of Pantothenic Acid By D. E. HUGHES,Medical Research Council Unit for Research in Cell Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, University of ShefJield The identification of the ' filtrate factor ' for chicks with the bacterial growth factor pantothenic acid was the result of the coming together of animal nutritional studies on the one hand and bacterial nutritional studies on the other. Co-oper- ation between these two fields and studies in the field of intermediary metabolism with isolated enzyme systems has finally resulted in the identification of pantothenic acid as a precursor of coenzyme A (coA) and the establishment of the pivotal position of coA in reactions involving acyl transfer. Pantothenic acid thus falls in line with some other members of the B group of vitamins such as nicotinic acid and riboflavin as part of a coenzyme important both in the breakdown of foodstuffs and the synthesis of new cellular material. The role of coA has been recently fully reviewed by Welch & Nichol (1952) and special aspects have been discussed by Lipmann, Jones & Black (1952), Ochoa (1952) and Barker (1951). In the present article it is proposed to discuss the metabolism of pantothenic acid with special reference to the synthesis of coA, and to attempt to relate the function of coA to some of the signs of pantothenic- acid deficiency. Combined forms of pantothenic acid The most satisfactory methods for the assay of pantothenic acid are still the microbiological methods which utilize the growth or metabolic response of exact- ing lactobacilli (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • P-6 Microorganisms in Vitamin and Biofactor Research
    34 P-6 Microorganisms in Vitamin and Biofactor Research E .E. SNELL Departments of Microbiology and Chemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 (U. S. A.) I. INTRODUCTION Because I retired fully almost two years ago, and spoke in Osaka one year ago about our most recent findings on histidine decarboxylase, I was undecided about accepting an invitation to speak here. However, since few of us are aware of older developmental findings outside our own field, I thought it might be useful to recall some of the many roles microorganisms have played in vitamin and biofactor research, then consider briefly their use in study of biosynthesis and degradation of vitamins, using pantothenic acid and vitamin B6 as examples. II. MICROORGANISMSAND THE DISCOVERY AND/OR ISOLATION OF VITAMINS Table 1 illustrates the almost dominant role played by microorganisms as test organisms in the discovery and/or isolation of various vitamins and other biofactors. Of the currently known B- vitamins, only thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine were discovered and isolated exclusively through studies of animal nutrition, while essentially all of the alternate forms of the vitamins (e. g. pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pantetheine, reduced and conjugated forms of folate, etc.) were discovered through studies of microbial nutrition. TABLE 1 Microorganisms and progress in recognition of vitamins and related compounds For references, see [1, 2]. Because microbial growth, unlike animal growth, is rapid and easily controlled, such studies enormously expedited completion of this chapter in nutrition. They also contributed to discovery and isolation of additional biofactors not shown in Table 1, e.g. lipoic acid, mevalonic acid and many metabolic intermediates.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin a 21
    Vitamins basics Everything you need to know about vitamins for health and wellbeing 1 Science-based expertise supporting innovations that meet consumer needs Introducing DSM’s Scientific Services provide expert support around life sciences, in particular nutrition sciences, tailored to innovations and target consumers. We elaborate the scientific DSM’s Scientific substantiation to meet the requirements of different stakeholder groups, including academia, the scientific community, regulatory experts, health care professionals and Services consumers. Our science-led advice enables our customers to create and market nutritional solutions based on health benefit acumen. This document explores the significance of vitamins in supporting our health and wellbeing and offers an in-depth guide to the functions that all 13 individual vitamins have in the body. 2 3 Why are vitamins Nutrients Substances found in food that are critical important? to human growth and function Vitamins are essential nutrients that are required by humans in small amounts. This is why they Macronutrients Micronutrients are known as micronutrients. Vitamins are vital for life, aiding normal growth and healthy bodily functions such as cardiovascular, cognitive and eye health. They are needed for processes that create or use energy, such as the metabolism of proteins and fats, the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, growth and development, physical performance, and regulation of cell function, with each vitamin having important and specific functions within the body. Aside from vitamin D3, vitamins are not produced by the human body and must therefore be obtained via the diet. Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Where do vitamins fit into our diets? Being complex organisms, humans have a host of nutritional Water- Fat-soluble Major Trace needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene
    Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene Dysregulation and Decreases Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model Kévin Baranger, Manuel van Gijsel-Bonnello, Delphine Stephan, Wassila Carpentier, Santiago Rivera, Michel Khrestchatisky, Bouchra Gharib, Max de Reggi, Philippe Benech To cite this version: Kévin Baranger, Manuel van Gijsel-Bonnello, Delphine Stephan, Wassila Carpentier, Santiago Rivera, et al.. Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene Dysregulation and Decreases Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics, Springer Verlag, 2019, 10.1007/s13311-019-00754-z. hal-02339537 HAL Id: hal-02339537 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02339537 Submitted on 12 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Long-term pantethine treatment counteracts pathologic gene dysregulation and decreases Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model. Baranger Kévin*, van Gijsel-Bonnello Manuel*,a, Stephan Delphine, Carpentier Wassila†, Rivera Santiago, Khrestchatisky Michel, Gharib Bouchra, De Reggi Max# and Benech Philippe#,b Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France. † Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMS Omique, Plateforme Post- génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), F-75013, Paris, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Pantothenic-Acid
    74 Pantothenic Acid Synonyms Vitamin B5, antidermatosis vitamin, chick antidermatitis factor, chick antipellagra factor Chemistry Pantothenic acid is composed of beta-alanine and 2,4-dihydroxy-3,3- dimethyIbutyric acid (pantoic acid), acid amide-linked. Pantetheine consists of pantothenic acid linked to a ß-mercaptoethylamine group. Calcium pantothenate crystals in polarised light CH3 OH HO CH2 C C C N CH2 CH2 COOH H CH3 H O Molecular formula of pantothenic acid 75 Introduction Dietary sources tothenic acid are ingested as nutri- tional supplements, they must first be converted to pantetheine by intestin- Pantothenic acid was discovered in The active vitamin is present in vir- al enzymes before being absorbed. 1933 and belongs to the group of tually all plant, animal and microbial Topical and orally applied D-pan- water-soluble B vitamins. Its name cells. Thus pantothenic acid is widely thenol (the alcoholic form of pan- originates from the Greek word distributed in foods, mostly incorpo- tothenic acid that can, e.g., be found “pantos”, meaning “everywhere”, as rated into coenzyme A. Its richest in many cosmetic products) is also it can be found throughout all living sources are yeast and organ meats absorbed by passive diffusion and cells. (liver, kidney, heart, brain), but eggs, transformed to pantothenic acid by milk, vegetables, legumes and whole- enzymatic oxidation. The highest grain cereals are more common concentrations in the body are in the sources. liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, brain, Functions heart and testes. Total pantothenic Pantothenic acid is synthesised by acid levels in whole blood are at least Pantothenic acid, as a constituent of intestinal micro-organisms, but the 1 mg/L in healthy adults; most of it coenzyme A (a coenzyme of acetyla- extent and significance of this enteral exists as coenzyme in the red blood tion), plays a key role in the metabo- synthesis is unknown.
    [Show full text]