DOCSLIB.ORG

Pantothenic-Acid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pantothenic-Acid 74 Pantothenic Acid Synonyms Vitamin B5, antidermatosis vitamin, chick antidermatitis factor, chick antipellagra factor Chemistry Pantothenic acid is composed of beta-alanine and 2,4-dihydroxy-3,3- dimethyIbutyric acid (pantoic acid), acid amide-linked. Pantetheine consists of pantothenic acid linked to a ß-mercaptoethylamine group. Calcium pantothenate crystals in polarised light CH3 OH HO CH2 C C C N CH2 CH2 COOH H CH3 H O Molecular formula of pantothenic acid 75 Introduction Dietary sources tothenic acid are ingested as nutri- tional supplements, they must first be converted to pantetheine by intestin- Pantothenic acid was discovered in The active vitamin is present in vir- al enzymes before being absorbed. 1933 and belongs to the group of tually all plant, animal and microbial Topical and orally applied D-pan- water-soluble B vitamins. Its name cells. Thus pantothenic acid is widely thenol (the alcoholic form of pan- originates from the Greek word distributed in foods, mostly incorpo- tothenic acid that can, e.g., be found “pantos”, meaning “everywhere”, as rated into coenzyme A. Its richest in many cosmetic products) is also it can be found throughout all living sources are yeast and organ meats absorbed by passive diffusion and cells. (liver, kidney, heart, brain), but eggs, transformed to pantothenic acid by milk, vegetables, legumes and whole- enzymatic oxidation. The highest grain cereals are more common concentrations in the body are in the sources. liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, brain, Functions heart and testes. Total pantothenic Pantothenic acid is synthesised by acid levels in whole blood are at least Pantothenic acid, as a constituent of intestinal micro-organisms, but the 1 mg/L in healthy adults; most of it coenzyme A (a coenzyme of acetyla- extent and significance of this enteral exists as coenzyme in the red blood tion), plays a key role in the metabo- synthesis is unknown. cells. Urinary excretion in the form of lism of carbohydrates, proteins and pantothenic acid generally correlates fats, and is therefore important for with dietary intake, but variation is the maintenance and repair of all cells large (2-7 mg daily). During lactation, and tissues. Coenzyme A is involved Pantothenic acid content of foods a large proportion of the intake in reactions that supply energy, in the reaches the milk (1-5 mg daily). synthesis of essential lipids (e.g. Food Pantothenic acid sphingolipids, phospholipids), sterols (mg/100g) (e.g. cholesterol), hormones (e.g. Veal liver 7.9 Measurement growth, stress and sex hormones), Brewer’s yeast 7.2 neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine), Peanuts 2.1 porphyrin (a component of haemo- Due to the fact that dietary deficiency White mushrooms 2.1 globin, the oxygen-carrying red blood is practically unknown, little research cell pigment) and antibodies, and in Egg 1.6 has been conducted through assays the metabolism of drugs (e.g. Wheat germ 1 to assess pantothenate status in sulphonamides) and in alcohol detox- Herring 0.94 man. Nutritional status can be ification. Another essential role of Milk 0.35 deduced from amounts of pantothen- pantothenic acid concerns acyl carri- Vegetables 0.2-0.6 ate excreted in urine. Less than 1 mg er protein, an enzyme involved in the daily is considered abnormally low. A synthesis of fatty acids. In the (Souci, Fachmann, Kraut) more convenient approach is deter- process of fat burning, pantothenic mination of pantothenate in serum, or acid works in concert with coenyzme preferably whole blood, by microbio- Q10 and L-carnitine. logical methods. Although these Absorption and assays are highly sensitive and specific, they are slow and tedious to Main functions in a nutshell: body stores perform. New methods, such as • Metabolism of carbohydrates, HPLC/MS (High Performance Liquid proteins and fats Most of the pantothenic acid in food Chromatography / mass spectrome- • Supply of energy from foods exists in the form of coenzyme A, and try) and immunologic methods, have • Synthesis of essential lipids, pantothenic acid is released by a also been applied. Another method sterols, hormones, neurotrans- series of enzyme reactions in the suggested for assessing nutritional mitters, and porphyrin small intestine. It is then absorbed by status is the sulphanilamide acetyla- • Metabolism of drugs and passive diffusion into the portal circu- tion test, which measures the activity alcohol detoxification lation and transported to the tissues, of coenzyme A in the blood. Whole where re-synthesis of the coenzyme blood levels typically range from 0.9 – occurs. About half of the pantothenic 1.5 µmol/L. acid in the diet is actually absorbed. If calcium pantothenate or pan- 76 Stability Deficiency Homopantothenate is a pantothenic acid antagonist that has been used in Japan to enhance mental function, Pantothenic acid is stable under neu- Since pantothenic acid occurs to especially in Alzheimer's disease. A tral conditions, but is readily some extent in all foods, it is general- rare side effect was an abnormal destroyed by heat in alkaline or acid ly assumed that dietary deficiency of brain function resulting from the fail- solutions. Up to 50% may be lost this vitamin is extremely rare. ure of the liver to eliminate toxins during cooking (due to leaching) and However, pantothenic acid deficiency (hepatic encephalopathy). This condi- up to 80% as a result of food pro- in humans is not well documented tion was reversed by pantothenic cessing and refining (canning, freez- and probably does not occur in isola- acid supplementation, suggesting it ing, milling etc.). Pasteurisation of tion but in conjunction with deficien- was due to pantothenic acid deficien- milk only causes minor losses. cies of other B vitamins. Clinical man- cy caused by the antagonist. In ifestations that can be clearly experiments with mice it has been ascribed to dietary deficiency of pan- shown that a deficiency of pan- tothenic acid have not been identi- tothenic acid leads to skin irritation Interactions fied, although it has been implicated and greying of the fur, which were in “burning feet” syndrome, a condi- reversed by giving pantothenic acid. Positive interactions tion observed among malnourished Pantothenic acid has since been Various studies have indicated that prisoners of war in the 1940s. added to shampoo, although it has vitamin B12 may aid in the conver- Deficiency symptoms have been pro- never been successful in restoring sion of free pantothenic acid into duced experimentally by administer- hair colour in humans. coenzyme A. In the absence of B12, ing the antagonist omega-methyl coenzyme A production is pantothenic acid. They include Groups at risk of deficiency decreased and fat metabolism fatigue, headaches, insomnia, nau- • Alcoholics impaired. In animal experiments, sea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and • Women on oral contraceptives ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was shown flatulence. The subjects complained • People with insufficient food intake to lessen the severity of symptoms of tingling sensations in the arms and (e.g. elderly, post-operative) due to pantothenic acid deficiency; legs, muscle cramps and impaired • People with impaired absorption vitamin A, vitamin B6, folic acid and coordination. There was cardiovascu- (due to certain internistic diseases) biotin are also necessary for proper lar instability and impaired responses utilisation of pantothenic acid. to insulin, histamine and ACTH (a stress hormone). Negative interactions Ethanol causes a decrease in the amount of pantothenic acid in tis- sues, with a resulting increase in serum levels. It has therefore been Current recommendations in the USA suggested that pantothenic acid utili- sation is impaired in alcoholics. Birth RDA* control pills containing estrogen and Infants < 6 months 1.7mg (AI) progestin may increase the require- Infants 7-12 months 1.8mg (AI) ment for pantothenic acid. The most Children 1-3 years 2mg (AI) common antagonist of pantothenic acid used experimentally to acceler- Children 4-8 years 3mg (AI) ate the appearance of deficiency Children 9-13 years 4mg (AI) symptoms is omega-methyl pan- Adults >14 years 5mg (AI) tothenic acid. L-pantothenic acid has Pregnancy 6mg (AI) also been shown to have an antago- Lactation 7mg (AI) nistic effect in animal studies. Methyl bromide, a fumigant used to control *The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are actually Allowances (RDAs). The RDA was established as vermin in places where food is a set of four reference values: Estimated Average a nutritional norm for planning and assessing stored, destroys the pantothenic acid Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary dietary intake, and represents intake levels of in foods exposed to it. Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and essential nutrients considered to meet adequately Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, (UL) that have the known needs of practically all healthy people replaced the 1989 Recommended Dietary 77 Disease Recommended application, aerosols, tablets, oint- ments and creams). Pantethine, a prevention and Dietary Allowance derivative of pantothenic acid, is used therapeutic use (RDA) as a cholesterol and triglyceride-low- ering drug in Europe and Japan and is available in the U.S. as a dietary sup- Although isolated deficiency states are It is widely agreed that there is insuf- plement. rarely observed, various investigators ficient information available on which Pantothenate is added to a variety of have noted changes in pantothenic to base an RDA for pantothenic acid. foods, the most important of which acid levels in various diseases, and Most countries that make are breakfast cereals and beverages, pharmacological amounts of the vita- recommendations therefore give an dietetic and baby foods. min are used in the treatment of estimate of safe and adequate levels D-Panthenol is often used in cosmetic numerous conditions. In most cases, for daily intake. These adequate products. In skin care products, it however, the claimed therapeutic intake levels (AI) are based on esti- helps to keep the skin moist and sup- responses have not been confirmed mated dietary intakes in healthy pop- ple, stimulates cell growth and tissue by controlled studies in humans.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Overview of Biosynthesis Pathways – Inspiration for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Discovery
    An Overview of Biosynthesis Pathways – Inspiration for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Discovery Alan C. Spivey [email protected] 19th Oct 2019 Lessons in Synthesis - Azadirachtin • Azadirachtin is a potent insect anti-feedant from the Indian neem tree: – exact biogenesis unknown but certainly via steroid modification: O MeO C OAc O 2 H O OH O H O OH 12 O O C 11 O 14 OH oxidative 8 O H 7 cleavage highly hindered C-C bond HO OH AcO OH AcO OH for synthesis! H H of C ring H MeO2C O AcO H tirucallol azadirachtanin A azadirachtin (cf. lanosterol) (a limanoid = tetra-nor-triterpenoid) – Intense synhtetic efforts by the groups of Nicolaou, Watanabe, Ley and others since structural elucidation in 1987. –1st total synthesis achieved in 2007 by Ley following 22 yrs of effort – ~40 researchers and over 100 person-years of research! – 64-step synthesis – Veitch Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7629 (DOI) & Veitch Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7633 (DOI) – Review ‘The azadirachtin story’ see: Veitch Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9402 (DOI) Format & Scope of Presentation • Metabolism & Biosynthesis – some definitions, 1° & 2° metabolites • Shikimate Metabolites – photosynthesis & glycolysis → shikimate formation → shikimate metabolites – Glyphosate – a non-selective herbicide • Alkaloids – acetylCoA & the citric acid cycle → -amino acids → alkaloids – Opioids – powerful pain killers • Fatty Acids and Polyketides –acetylCoA → malonylCoA → fatty acids, prostaglandins, polyketides, macrolide antibiotics – NSAIDs – anti-inflammatory’s • Isoprenoids/terpenes
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Vitamin Supplementation on Subclinical
    molecules Review The Effect of Vitamin Supplementation on Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients without Manifest Cardiovascular Diseases: Never-ending Hope or Underestimated Effect? Ovidiu Mitu 1,2,* , Ioana Alexandra Cirneala 1,*, Andrada Ioana Lupsan 3, Mircea Iurciuc 4 , 5 5 2, Ivona Mitu , Daniela Cristina Dimitriu , Alexandru Dan Costache y , Antoniu Octavian Petris 1,2 and Irina Iuliana Costache 1,2 1 Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, 700111 Iasi, Romania 2 1st Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania 3 Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania 4 Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300041 Timisoara, Romania 5 2nd Morpho-Functional Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.M.); [email protected] (I.A.C.); Tel.: +40-745-279-714 (O.M.) Medical Student, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania. y Academic Editors: Raluca Maria Pop, Ada Popolo and Stefan Cristian Vesa Received: 25 March 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 9 April 2020 Abstract: Micronutrients, especially vitamins, play an important role in the evolution of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It has been speculated that additional intake of vitamins may reduce the CVD burden by acting on the inflammatory and oxidative response starting from early stages of atherosclerosis, when the vascular impairment might still be reversible or, at least, slowed down. The current review assesses the role of major vitamins on subclinical atherosclerosis process and the potential clinical implications in patients without CVD.
    [Show full text]
  • PC22 Doc. 22.1 Annex (In English Only / Únicamente En Inglés / Seulement En Anglais)
    Original language: English PC22 Doc. 22.1 Annex (in English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) Quick scan of Orchidaceae species in European commerce as components of cosmetic, food and medicinal products Prepared by Josef A. Brinckmann Sebastopol, California, 95472 USA Commissioned by Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO CITES Management Authorithy of Switzerland and Lichtenstein 2014 PC22 Doc 22.1 – p. 1 Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Information about the Databases Used ...................................................................................................... 11 1. Anoectochilus formosanus .................................................................................................................. 13 1.1. Countries of origin ................................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Commercially traded forms ................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Anoectochilus Formosanus Cell Culture Extract (CosIng) ............................................ 13 1.2.2. Anoectochilus Formosanus Extract (CosIng) ................................................................ 13 1.3. Selected finished
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Functional Characterization O
    Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Approaching antimicrobial resistance – Structural and functional characterization of the fungal transcription factor Mrr1 from Candida albicans and the bacterial ß-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase FadA5 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Auf den Spuren der antimikrobiellen Resistenz – Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung des Transkriptionsfaktors Mrr1 aus Candida albicans und der bakteriellen β-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase FadA5 aus Mykobakterium tuberculosis Dissertation for a doctoral degree at the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Section Biomedicine submitted by Christin Marliese Schäfer from Miltenberg am Main Würzburg, November 2014 Submitted on: ………………………………………………………..…… Office stamp Members of the Promotionskomitee: Chairperson: Ulrike Holzgrabe Primary Supervisor: Caroline Kisker Supervisor (Second): Joachim Morschhäuser Supervisor (Third): Nicole Sampson Date of Public Defence: …………………………………………….… Date of Receipt of Certificates: ……………………………………… Table of content Table of content Table of content ....................................................................................................................................... I Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cheminformatics for Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstructions
    CHEMINFORMATICS FOR GENOME-SCALE METABOLIC RECONSTRUCTIONS John W. May European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute University of Cambridge Homerton College A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2014 Declaration This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. This dissertation is not substantially the same as any I have submitted for a degree, diploma or other qualification at any other university, and no part has already been, or is currently being submitted for any degree, diploma or other qualification. This dissertation does not exceed the specified length limit of 60,000 words as defined by the Biology Degree Committee. This dissertation has been typeset using LATEX in 11 pt Palatino, one and half spaced, according to the specifications defined by the Board of Graduate Studies and the Biology Degree Committee. June 2014 John W. May to Róisín Acknowledgements This work was carried out in the Cheminformatics and Metabolism Group at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). The project was fund- ed by Unilever, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Coun- cil [BB/I532153/1], and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. I would like to thank my supervisor, Christoph Steinbeck for his guidance and providing intellectual freedom. I am also thankful to each member of my thesis advisory committee: Gordon James, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Kiran Patil, and Gos Micklem who gave their time, advice, and guidance. I am thankful to all members of the Cheminformatics and Metabolism Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Dietary Pantothenic Acid As an Economic Modifier of Body Composition in Pigs
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2002 Efficacy of dietary pantothenic acid as an economic modifier of body composition in pigs Bradley Alan Autrey Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Autrey, Bradley Alan, "Efficacy of dietary pantothenic acid as an economic modifier of body composition in pigs" (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 19788. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/19788 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. efficacy of dietary pantothenic acid as an economic modifier of body composition in pigs by Bradley Alan Autrey A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Animal Nutrition Program of Study Committee: Tim Stahly (Major Professor) Mark Honeyman Dan Nettleton John Lawrence Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of Bradley Alan Autrey has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University natures have been redacted for privacy 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT v CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL
    [Show full text]
  • Pantothenic Acid by Cristiana Paul, MS & Suzanne Copp, MS
    Pantothenic Acid By Cristiana Paul, MS & Suzanne Copp, MS THIS INFORMATION IS PROVIDED FOR THE USE OF PHYSICIANS AND OTHER LICENSED HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS ONLY. THIS INFORMATION IS INTENDED FOR PHYSICIANS AND OTHER LICENSED HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS TO USE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT TO RECOMMEND THESE PRODUCTS TO THEIR PATIENTS. THIS MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IS NOT FOR USE BY CONSUMERS. THE DIETARY SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS OFFERED BY DESIGNS FOR HEALTH ARE NOT INTENDED FOR USE BY CONSUMERS AS A MEANS TO CURE, TREAT, PREVENT, DIAGNOSE, OR MITIGATE ANY DISEASE OR OTHER MEDICAL CONDITION. Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin used as a cofactor in many important biochemical reactions such as acetyl-CoA synthesis and Krebs cycle of energy production. Pantothenic acid is important for the body to properly use carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and for healthy skin. It is naturally occurring in both plants and animals including meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. After absorption, pantothenic acid is converted to a sulfur-containing compound called pantetheine. Pantetheine is then converted into coenzyme A, which is the only known biologically active form of pantothenic acid. Research Proven Benefits: ▶ Alcohol Detoxification: Participates in the metabolism of acetaldehyde, a by-product of ethanol metabolism4, 5, 10 ▶ Anti-Stress Effect: Synthesis of steroid hormones and proper functioning of the adrenal glands9 ▶ Biochemical Reactions: Coenzyme A (CoA), which is the active form of pantothenic acid, helps transfer two-carbon units (acetyl groups) in a wide variety of biochemical reactions.12 ▶ Cholesterol and Tryglicerides Lowering: Pantethine, a metabolite of pantothenic acid,18 seems to have a beneficial effect on triglyceride and lipoprotein levels by producing cystamine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metabolism and Function of Pantothenic Acid
    SEVENTY-EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD 20 DECEMBER 1952 THE ROLE OF VITAMINS IN METABOLIC PROCESSES Chairman : PROFESSORH. A. KREBS, F.R.S., Department of Biochemistry, University of Shefield The Metabolism and Function of Pantothenic Acid By D. E. HUGHES,Medical Research Council Unit for Research in Cell Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, University of ShefJield The identification of the ' filtrate factor ' for chicks with the bacterial growth factor pantothenic acid was the result of the coming together of animal nutritional studies on the one hand and bacterial nutritional studies on the other. Co-oper- ation between these two fields and studies in the field of intermediary metabolism with isolated enzyme systems has finally resulted in the identification of pantothenic acid as a precursor of coenzyme A (coA) and the establishment of the pivotal position of coA in reactions involving acyl transfer. Pantothenic acid thus falls in line with some other members of the B group of vitamins such as nicotinic acid and riboflavin as part of a coenzyme important both in the breakdown of foodstuffs and the synthesis of new cellular material. The role of coA has been recently fully reviewed by Welch & Nichol (1952) and special aspects have been discussed by Lipmann, Jones & Black (1952), Ochoa (1952) and Barker (1951). In the present article it is proposed to discuss the metabolism of pantothenic acid with special reference to the synthesis of coA, and to attempt to relate the function of coA to some of the signs of pantothenic- acid deficiency. Combined forms of pantothenic acid The most satisfactory methods for the assay of pantothenic acid are still the microbiological methods which utilize the growth or metabolic response of exact- ing lactobacilli (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • P-6 Microorganisms in Vitamin and Biofactor Research
    34 P-6 Microorganisms in Vitamin and Biofactor Research E .E. SNELL Departments of Microbiology and Chemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 (U. S. A.) I. INTRODUCTION Because I retired fully almost two years ago, and spoke in Osaka one year ago about our most recent findings on histidine decarboxylase, I was undecided about accepting an invitation to speak here. However, since few of us are aware of older developmental findings outside our own field, I thought it might be useful to recall some of the many roles microorganisms have played in vitamin and biofactor research, then consider briefly their use in study of biosynthesis and degradation of vitamins, using pantothenic acid and vitamin B6 as examples. II. MICROORGANISMSAND THE DISCOVERY AND/OR ISOLATION OF VITAMINS Table 1 illustrates the almost dominant role played by microorganisms as test organisms in the discovery and/or isolation of various vitamins and other biofactors. Of the currently known B- vitamins, only thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine were discovered and isolated exclusively through studies of animal nutrition, while essentially all of the alternate forms of the vitamins (e. g. pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pantetheine, reduced and conjugated forms of folate, etc.) were discovered through studies of microbial nutrition. TABLE 1 Microorganisms and progress in recognition of vitamins and related compounds For references, see [1, 2]. Because microbial growth, unlike animal growth, is rapid and easily controlled, such studies enormously expedited completion of this chapter in nutrition. They also contributed to discovery and isolation of additional biofactors not shown in Table 1, e.g. lipoic acid, mevalonic acid and many metabolic intermediates.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin a 21
    Vitamins basics Everything you need to know about vitamins for health and wellbeing 1 Science-based expertise supporting innovations that meet consumer needs Introducing DSM’s Scientific Services provide expert support around life sciences, in particular nutrition sciences, tailored to innovations and target consumers. We elaborate the scientific DSM’s Scientific substantiation to meet the requirements of different stakeholder groups, including academia, the scientific community, regulatory experts, health care professionals and Services consumers. Our science-led advice enables our customers to create and market nutritional solutions based on health benefit acumen. This document explores the significance of vitamins in supporting our health and wellbeing and offers an in-depth guide to the functions that all 13 individual vitamins have in the body. 2 3 Why are vitamins Nutrients Substances found in food that are critical important? to human growth and function Vitamins are essential nutrients that are required by humans in small amounts. This is why they Macronutrients Micronutrients are known as micronutrients. Vitamins are vital for life, aiding normal growth and healthy bodily functions such as cardiovascular, cognitive and eye health. They are needed for processes that create or use energy, such as the metabolism of proteins and fats, the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, growth and development, physical performance, and regulation of cell function, with each vitamin having important and specific functions within the body. Aside from vitamin D3, vitamins are not produced by the human body and must therefore be obtained via the diet. Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Where do vitamins fit into our diets? Being complex organisms, humans have a host of nutritional Water- Fat-soluble Major Trace needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene
    Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene Dysregulation and Decreases Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model Kévin Baranger, Manuel van Gijsel-Bonnello, Delphine Stephan, Wassila Carpentier, Santiago Rivera, Michel Khrestchatisky, Bouchra Gharib, Max de Reggi, Philippe Benech To cite this version: Kévin Baranger, Manuel van Gijsel-Bonnello, Delphine Stephan, Wassila Carpentier, Santiago Rivera, et al.. Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene Dysregulation and Decreases Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics, Springer Verlag, 2019, 10.1007/s13311-019-00754-z. hal-02339537 HAL Id: hal-02339537 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02339537 Submitted on 12 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Long-term pantethine treatment counteracts pathologic gene dysregulation and decreases Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model. Baranger Kévin*, van Gijsel-Bonnello Manuel*,a, Stephan Delphine, Carpentier Wassila†, Rivera Santiago, Khrestchatisky Michel, Gharib Bouchra, De Reggi Max# and Benech Philippe#,b Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France. † Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMS Omique, Plateforme Post- génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), F-75013, Paris, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramide Synthase 6 in Metabolic Response to Dietary Fat and Folic Acid
    CERAMIDE SYNTHASE 6 IN METABOLIC RESPONSE TO DIETARY FAT AND FOLIC ACID Keri Anne Barron A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Nutrition in the Gillings School of Global Public Health. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Natalia Krupenko Sergey Krupenko Folami Ideraabdullah Susan Smith Stephen Hursting © 2020 Keri Anne Barron ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Keri Anne Barron: Ceramide Synthase 6 in Metabolic Response to Dietary Fat and Folic Acid (Under the direction of Natalia Krupenko) Ceramides, a class of bioactive lipids, are important regulators of cellular metabolism mediating response to nutrient stress. Recent work from our laboratory demonstrated that, in cultured cells, folate stress response is mediated by ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6), a sphingolipid enzyme producing C16-ceramide. To test the hypothesis that alterations in dietary FA will induce a CerS6-dependent response in mice, we evaluated the sphingolipid and metabolomic responses in WT and CerS6 KO mice. We also investigated the role of dietary fat in the response to folate stress in WT and KO mice. This dissertation sought to characterize the sphingolipid and metabolomic responses in wild type (WT) and CerS6 knockout (KO) mice to both short-term alterations in dietary FA as well as to long-term changes in dietary FA combined with high fat diet. As expected, CerS6 KO mice compared to WT mice exhibited significant differences in liver sphingolipids, free fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamines, among other lipids. Inducing folate stress resulted in changes to sphingolipid pools in the liver with significantly different responses between sexes.
    [Show full text]