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F:\My Workproject\2012 01 01 Se Partai Aceh: TRANSFORMASI GAM? Arya Budi Partai Aceh: TRANSFORMASI GAM? Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Arya Budi Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang All Right Reserved Penulis: Arya Budi Editor: Wigke Capri Arti Sampul dan Tata Letak: Oryza Irwanto Research Centre for Politics and Goverment Jurusan Politik dan Pemerintahan Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Socio Yusticia 2 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281 www.jpp.fisipol.ugm.ac.id email: [email protected] Telp: +62 274 563365 ext.212 286 + xvi halaman 140 x 210 mm ISBN 978-602-96762-7-3 © 2012 Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Daftar Isi Daftar Isi ........................................................................ v Daftar Gambar .............................................................. x Daftar Tabel ................................................................... xi Kata Pengantar Penerbit ............................................. xiii Dari Penulis ................................................................... xv Pendahuluan ................................................................. 1 Aceh: Struktur Peluang Politik ............................ 3 Problema Transformasi ......................................... 6 Teorisasi ................................................................... 9 Genealogi: Menanyakan “Mengapa” ............ 10 Alasan Kelahiran Partai Politik: Sebuah Genealogi .............................................. 12 Transformasi: Keniscayaan dalam Demokrasi ........................................................... 18 Gerakan Senjata, Perang dalam Informal Organization ......................................... 22 Partai Politik: Sebuah Organisasi .................... 25 Partai Lokal: Sebuah Definisi .......................... 29 Metode Penelitian .................................................. 31 Jenis Penelitian ................................................... 31 Jenis Data ............................................................ 32 Metode Pengumpulan Data ............................ 33 Metode Analisis Data ....................................... 35 Sistematika Penulisan ....................................... 36 v Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Aceh: Lantai Dasar Cleavage ..................................... 39 Kesultanan Aceh: “Unsur Hara” Genealogi ...... 41 Perang Sabil ........................................................ 45 Diplomasi ............................................................ 47 Darul Islam: Eksperimentasi Local Cleavage .... 49 Berperang untuk Islam: Sebuah Motif Pembeda ..................................... 51 Self-Government: Kausalitas Gagasan yang Tersembunyi ......... 56 Kesimpulan .............................................................. 58 GAM: Kristalisasi Local Cleavage ............................. 61 Meramu Alasan Dasar Gerakan............................ 62 Hasan Tiro, Seorang Warlord........................... 64 Aceh Bukan Bagian dari Hindia Belanda....... 72 Kesenjangan Sosial dari Fakta Eksploitasi .... 77 Perjalanan GAM sebagai Organisasi .................. 82 Fase Konsolidasi (1976-1979) ........................... 85 Struktur “Negara” ........................................ 88 Membership .................................................. 90 Gerakan Gerilya ........................................... 92 Keterbatasan Teritori ................................... 94 Fase Ketenangan (1980-1985) .......................... 97 Fase Militerisasi (1986-1999) ............................ 101 Pelatihan Militer ........................................... 103 Basis Teritori ................................................. 104 Variasi Pasukan dan Struktur Militer ............ 106 Rekruitmen dan Membership .................... 108 “Kandidasi” ................................................... 109 Lahirnya Faksi ............................................... 110 Fase Demiliterisasi (2000-2005) .................. 113 Perlawanan Sipil, Mencoba Beradaptasi .. 114 Perundingan: Jalan Baru ............................. 116 vi Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Reformasi Gerakan: Sebuah Reorientasi... 119 Kesimpulan .............................................................. 124 Titik Balik Transformasi ............................................. 129 Dampak Status Darurat Militer ........................... 130 Alam yang Menyeru Perubahan ......................... 134 Proses Helsinski, Sebuah Kanal Transformasi .. 137 Perundingan pertama, Sikap yang Sama ........... 138 Perundingan kedua, Sebuah Turning Point ...... 139 Perundingan Ketiga: ‘Mengamankan’ Partai Lokal ............................... 142 Perundingan keempat, ‘Barter’ Kepentingan .... 144 Perundingan Kelima: Keharusan Partai Lokal .. 145 Kesimpulan ............................................................. 148 Partai Aceh: Penerjemahan Local cleavage dalam Sistem Politik ................................................................ 151 UUPA: Ramuan Kepentingan .............................. 155 Turbulensi Internal ................................................ 161 Partai Lokal ............................................................. 167 Partai Aceh: Bukti Transformasi .......................... 172 Dari ‘GAM’ ke ‘Partai Aceh’: Sebuah Kompromi ................................................. 177 Kesimpulan ............................................................. 181 Partai Aceh: Transformasi untuk Sebuah Kerja Politik ............... 183 Pengorganisasian Partai, Menerawang Bentuk Transformasi .................... 186 Transformasi Kultural ...................................... 187 Kepemimpinan: Ambiguitas Transformasi... 187 Pengorganisasian ............................................... 192 Keanggotaan: Sebuah Inklusivitas? ............... 194 vii Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Transformasi Struktural ........................................ 197 Struktur Kepengurusan, Sebuah Logika Kepemimpinan ....................... 204 Pengorganisasian: Keharusan Administratif 206 Keanggotaan: Keterbukaan Struktur ............. 208 Menguji Kemampuan Partai ................................ 211 Kesimpulan ............................................................. 218 Penutup .......................................................................... 221 Kesimpulan .............................................................. 221 Proyeksi .................................................................... 229 Partai Aceh Esok Hari ....................................... 230 Prospek Demokrasi di Aceh ............................ 233 Menggagas Partai Lokal di Indonesia? .......... 170 Daftar Referensi ............................................................ 243 Lampiran ................................................................. 259 Maklumat Ulama Aceh Menyambut Kemerdekaan RI ................................................ 259 Silsilah Keluarga Hasan Tiro ........................... 260 Deklarasi GAM .................................................. 261 Foto dan Gambar .................................................... 270 Perbandingan Peta Aceh .................................. 271 Peta era Kesultanan Aceh ................................ 271 Peta Aceh Era Republik Indonesia (Berdasarkan Departemen Pertahanan 2009) 271 Lambang Partai dan Nama Partai Pada Awal Transformasi GAM ...................... 272 Bendera (Lambang) Dan Nama Partai Setelah GAM Bertransformasi Final Dalam Kontestasi Pemilu 2009 ....................... 272 viii Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Pidato Malik Mahdud Pada Pertemuan Pimpinan Partai Aceh ............................................ 273 Tentang Penulis ...................................................... 279 ix Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Daftar Gambar Gambar 1.1. Model Garis Genealogi Partai berdasarkan ruang relasi Lipset dan Rokkan (1967) .................................... 16 Gambar 2.1 Peta Kesultanan Aceh pada Era Perlawanan Belanda ........................... 44 Gambar 3.1. Visualisasi Motif Kemunculan GAM 81 Gambar 3.2. Hierarki struktur komando GAM 1976-1982 ............................................ 87 Gambar 3.3. Struktur Pemerintahan (Sipil) GAM Fase Konsolidasi ................................. 89 Gambar 4.1. Skema Genealogi Partai Aceh ......... 153 Gambar.5.1. Skema Pemetaan Faksi Dalam GAM Dalam Menghadapi Pilkada 2006 165 Gambar 5.2. Skema alur verifikasi partai lokal di Aceh menuju Pemilu 2009 ................ 171 Gambar 5.3. Perbandingan Bendera (Atribut) Atas Transformasi GAM Menjadi Partai Aceh ......................................... 173 Gambar 6.1. Visualisasi transformasi paradigmatik dari GAM menjadi Partai Aceh ......................................... 185 Gambar 6.2. Visualisasi Kerangka Analisis Transformasi GAM Menjadi Partai Aceh Sebagai Sebuah Organisasi.... 186 Gambar 6.3. Visualisasi relasi struktur eksternal Partai Aceh .......................................... 198 Gambar 6.4 Skema Struktur Kelembagaan Partai Aceh ...................................................... 202 x Partai Aceh: Transformasi GAM? Daftar Tabel Tabel 3.1 Total dana yang kembali ke Aceh berdasarkan DIP ...................................... 80 Tabel 3.2. Periodisasi GAM ala Moch. Nurhasim dan Isa Sulaiman .................................... 84 Tabel 3.3 Perbandingan gerakan Fase Konsolidasi dan Fase Militerisasi ....... 112 Tabel 3.4 Paparan GAM Sebagai Organisasi Yang Berdinamika Dalam Beberapa Fase ............................................................. 124 Tabel 5.1. Hasil voting rapat besar Duek Pakat .. 163 Tabel 5.2. Tabulasi Perolehan Suara Pemilihan
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