The Finnish

Defence Command Public Information Division ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2217 - 0 P.O. BOX 919, FI - 00131 Helsinki, ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2220 - 0 ( PDF ) Annual Report 2010 www.mil.fi

© Defence Command Public Information Division 2011 ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2217 - 0 ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2220 - 0 ( PDF ) Printer Edita Prima Oy, 2011 Photographs SA-Kuva Paper Cover: Galerie Art Matta 300 g / m2 Interior: Galerie Art Silk 150 g / m2 Typeface Frutiger Contents

The Defence Forces are already in the process of reform ...... 4 commander of the , general ari puheloinen

More together ...... 6 Chief of Defence Command Finland, Lieutenant General Markku Koli

United Nordic effort ...... 8

Military service is part of all Finnish people’s lives ...... 10

The procurement of command and control systems is a long-term process ...... 14

Air Force tested by ash and forest destruction ...... 16

Common maritime situational awareness at sea ...... 18

Finland acts and learns out in the world ...... 20

Appendices ...... 22 4

The Defence Forces are already in the process of reform

In the activities of the Defence Forces, as well as in social main task - maintaining the capability required for the discussion concerning the Defence Forces in 2010, pre- defence of Finland. Maintaining it means ensuring the vailing subjects have included financing, change and existence of willpower, skills, equipment and readiness. conscription. Financing has always been important, but now it is especially topical from the point of view of the recession of the national economy and the activ- Willingness to reform ities of the Defence Forces. Within public administra- The need for reform has been clearly realised and the tion, the Defence Forces have been required to make grounds are extensively understood. This was the main savings where alongside of trimming down expenses, subject of communications of the Defence Forces’ high the aim has been to act more economically. Good results command in 2010. As of yet there are no solutions. The have been achieved. By acting more economically, we way forward will be further developed during 2011. have been able to save approximately 15 million euros The aim is that the inevitable phase during which per- in 2010. This is an exemplary achievement, and hope- sonnel is uninformed of the content of the Defence fully it will motivate our personnel to take into con- Forces’ reform should be as short as possible. In the sideration even small economical actions in their daily autumn of 2010, I ended a round of inspections in bri- work also in the future. gade-level units, headquarters and establishments. It has been good to perceive how motivated the salaried Financing is important also because in the long run, personnel and conscripts of the Defence Forces are in the Defence Forces must be able to improve cost effi- their tasks. I would like to give special recognition to ciency by means of internal development. The years our civilian personnel, which represents continuity in to come will bring great changes that are partly inde- many offices as soldiers’ tasks change every few years. pendent of the Defence Forces. The rise in cost level in I hope that throughout the Defence Forces, although the defence sector continues. It is more rapid and has a the content of the coming reform is not yet precise, steeper incline than the general level. Large batches of we can still focus on our daily work as energetically as defence materiel will become outdated in coming years we have until now. and conscript age groups will become smaller. Manag- ing the effect of these changes is impossible if we do Certain aspects for the Defence Forces’ reform have not reform the Defence Forces’ structures and activities. already now been put in place. Also in the future, the If we continue as before, in worst case, the Defence principle for Defence is territorial defence. General con- Forces will be at a dead end at the close of the decade. scription and training the entire age group fit for ser- Fixed costs caused by structures and activities are so vice are the points of departure. Structures must be large that there will not be enough money left for our reformed. If we were to only thin down the current 5

Change begins in each of us.

organisation, the risk would be that the workload of possibilities for implementing the working group’s rec- personnel would only grow larger. Therefore, we need ommendations. Military service still has the strong sup- to also reform courses of action and redistribute tasks at port of Finnish citizens, although there has been some different levels. Thus, the aim is, among other things, a variation in the results of opinion polls. more even distribution of personnel workload. We need unanimity. Important building materials of The working group appointed based on the White Paper the Defence Forces’ reform are the personnel’s readi- of 2009 that was tasked to determine the social effects ness for change, capacity for renewal and for cooper- of military service did an excellent job. The results are ation. These are strong within the Defence Forces. We presented in its report published in the autumn of 2010. can build the future based on them. The Defence Forces are thoroughly investigating the

Commander of the Finnish Defence Forces General Ari Puheloinen 6 More together On 1 January 2008, three main tasks were prescribed In no other place than Finland for the Defence Forces; the military defence of Finland, The Defence Forces can be described in many ways. In supporting other authorities and participation in inter- this article, cooperation is considered on the ground, at national military crisis management. As we know, the sea and in the air from the perspectives of leadership, military defence of Finland is based on total defence. logistics and training. Seen from all perspectives, the For the Defence Forces, the fact that society’s resources year 2010 was a good one. Challenging, but instruc- can if necessary also extensively be directed to a defence tive and rewarding. task means that there is a considerable need for mutual cooperation. Preparing for the most difficult situations The Army’s cooperation year began with the signing must be done during easier times. In preparing national of a cooperation agreement with the Border Guard. defence, cooperation must take place on a daily basis. Because border troops, or parts of them can be incor- porated into the Defence Forces in exceptional circum- The basic nature of the other two main tasks is such that stances, joint planning, development and training for the need for cooperation is self-evident. The need for such implementation is important. The cooperation with close cooperation is a central condition for the Defence the Border Guard is a model example of how even the Forces’ cost-effectiveness. This has been seen more and challenges posed by administrative boundaries can be more in the external activities of the Defence Forces. smoothly overcome. Internally, cooperation has been regarded as a self-evi- dent fact already for a long time. The challenges and An excellent example of a joint exercise was carried possibilities of the future lead the Defence Forces to out in the Eastern Command in October 2010. Along- intensify different forms of cooperation, both inter- side of the Defence Forces, regional authorities, the nally and externally. Within the Defence Forces, there police, rescue services, emergency response centre, a is a strong belief that by doing more together, we also university hospital, a city, vocational and adult educa- achieve more together. tion establishment, the regional Red Cross and Fina- via took part in the exercise. This type of exercise that gathers together such a group of different actors is arranged in no other place than Finland.

Reservists have cause to be proud In 2010, the Navy had to extend its capabilities for cooperation to the utmost. Cooperation among mar- itime actors, which for a long time has been arranged with good results, was adapted to the reorganisation of the maritime sector and the Finnish Transport Agency and Finnish Transport Safety Agency (TraFi). Signifi- cant progress has been achieved also in the interna- tional exchange of maritime situational awareness. The SUCBAS cooperation structure for the Baltic Sea area has reached the technological readiness to exchange entire situational awareness pictures instead of only individual pieces of situational data. Activities are expected to be started up next year, when agreement arrange- ments have been finalised.T he has also led the corresponding MARSUR project of the , where the model system will soon be ready to be presented.

The Navy’s participation in building and training the European Union’s Nordic Battlegroup has included gaining information from the Army on lessons learned regarding both operations and readiness arrangements. The work that was begun in good time has been a success from the point of view of recruiting, among other things.

Lieutenant General Markku Koli Chief of Defence Command Finland The personnel composed of reservists is of high qual- plemented cooperation during the ash crisis. Later, also 7 ity and well motivated. Finland can easily put a Navy aerial photography supported the leadership and plan- reservist beside an experienced professional soldier from ning work of other authorities in managing the serious another country and Finns will have cause for noth- consequences of storm damage. ing but pride when it comes to know how or attitude. An area of cooperation that perhaps concerned citi- The new area of operations of the Navy, international zens on a broader scale was the report on the Finnish crisis management, also includes significant perspec- conscription system compiled tives for cooperation. Among the most important expe- by the working group led by rience gained from the Northern Coasts 2010 exer- Chairman Risto Siilasmaa. The cise led by the Navy was the testing of a multinational breadth of the working group’s In Finland, national command and control system. Building interoperabil- fora for meeting and interaction defence concerns the ity requires long term agreement arrangements and was impressive and previously plenty of training. Also in the European Union’s mari- unheard of for one single issue. entire country and all time operation Atalanta, the constant reliability of inter- The national importance of con- national command and control methods is an area that scription received strong support citizens. requires continual efforts. and excellent directives. Increas- ing interaction in all phases of conscription, from the time before call-ups to the end Security and cost-efficiency in of the period of liability for military service was empha- cooperation networks sised as a viewpoint offering new possibilities. Coor- Cooperation in relation to command and control sys- dinating the individual possibilities and needs of con- tems has increased during the last few years both on a scripts with the corresponding ones of the Defence national and international scale. In order keep control Forces is expected to result in significant benefits for of entities that are becoming more and more compli- both parties in the future. cated and require solutions for interoperability, this is a necessity. Commercial implementations, an interna- Other training has also been networked. The National tional set of norms for interoperability and sufficiently Defence University has established joint command post diversified system testing are essential. exercises, instructor exchanges, visiting professorships and joint doctoral programmes. A dialogue has been The national TUVE security network project has pro- started with the Aalto University concerning the compre- gressed from planning to implementation. Although hensive development of national leadership education. there is still work to be done, the secure network infra- structure will ensure that the cooperation of the nation’s security actors cannot be paralysed by means of service Social media opened interference attacks, which became much more com- In the field of logistics, the Defence Forces’ maintenance mon during the past year. Attention has been paid also partnership reached its functional objectives, and in part to guaranteeing physical security and continuity, tak- even surpassed them. A decision has been made on ing into consideration lessons learned from extreme new cooperation arrangements for catering services. natural phenomena. A new company is expected to begin working at the beginning of 2012. Planning has benefited significantly International forms of cooperation for building inter- from experience gained from the maintenance partner- operability have been established. Based on lessons ship, and here also the possibil- learned from cooperation, the Defence Forces Concept ity for reaching the objectives is Results of the working environment analysis 2008–2010 (index 1–5) Development and Experimentation Centre has been good. In the international field of 5 started up in Riihimäki. In the future, both national and logistics, cooperation has been Team spirit Information Well-beingMotivation Leadership international interoperability testing will be carried out established both with NAHEMA 4 distribution at work mainly via the network, which will improve cost-effi- coordinating multinational heli- ciency. With this sort of arrangements in place, internal copter projects and NAMSA sup- 3 interoperability will in the future be the point of depar- porting spare parts procurement. ture for all Defence Forces IT development. 2

In 2010, the Defence Forces also 1 made a move towards social media. Conscript networking started The Defence Forces’ YouTube site, Natural phenomena have coloured also the cooperation strategic work in social media and Special strengths in the working environment within activities of the . The social effects of experiments with Twitter open up the Defence Forces are the team spirit in small groups and the satisfaction of employees with their own duties the ash cloud caused by the volcano eruption on Ice- a channel for the more extensive and their closest superior. land were considerable. Small, but important aspects use of new media in the Defence of cooperation were affected. The uniqueness of the Forces. In Finland, national defence concerns the entire pictures taken of the engines of a Hornet fighter air- country and all citizens. The openness brought by new craft received extensive international attention already means of communication, interaction and gathering of in the first days of this exceptional occurrence. Air sam- experience, viewpoints and information are areas that ple collection and life saving patient transportation com- include significant potential for added value in the future. 8 United Nordic Effort

The Nordic Ministers of Defence signed a new cooperation agreement. The result is closer Nordic defence cooperation.

Nordic defence cooperation received a welcome jolt of by a coordination staff in extended deployment in dif- power when the Nordic Defence Ministers signed the ferent Nordic defence command headquarters. During Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) Agreement, 2010, officer exchange was implemented between the which entered into force at the end of 2009. During Nordic countries. The most important areas of cooper- 2010, structures for Nordic military-level cooperation ation were, and still are, strategic development, capa- were renewed to form NORDEFCO and old forms of bilities, personnel and training, exercise activities and cooperation were removed. operations. Each area of cooperation focuses on deal- ing more extensively with the projects in its own sphere NORDEFCO means comprehensive cooperation between of activities. the armed forces of the Nordic countries. Its aim is to strengthen the participating countries’ national defence by means of joint cost-effective Nordic solutions. Nor- Exercise activities increased dic cooperation in the field of defence strengthens the The year 2010 included functional investment in exer- Finnish Defence Forces’ international networking. For cise activities across the borders between the Nordic Finland’s part, objectives were defined more closely, in countries. The Finnish Air Force repeatedly practised order for the cooperation to also support the develop- joint operation in the area of the Scandinavian Shield ment of the Finnish Defence Forces’ functions. with both the Swedish and the Norwegian Air Force.

The highest military-level body is the Nordic Military In the summer, the Finnish Navy organised the largest Coordination Committee (MCC). Its work is supported naval exercise ever to be arranged in Finland; the North-

VIEWPOINT

What did this this is a totally new kind of experience. The up with that other person. The fact is that battle group concept is completely diffe- every soldier’s expertise is needed in or- give me? rent from existing operations in the fact der for the overall picture to stay together. that anywhere you go, you have to be rea- This is the strength of the NBG - it con- ”I am 26 years old. I come from Tammi- dy to act according to the needs in that tains both know how and versatile people. saari, and my background in the Defen- area. It makes no difference whether the- ce Forces before the NBG (Nordic Battle re is a humanitarian, armed or other kind Finally, I can only say that even if it feels Group) consists of one year as an enlisted of conflict in that area. hard sometimes, if my year in the NBG soldier and two years of one-year service continues in the same way as it has be- in the KFOR operation in Kosovo. My As Administrative NCO of the unit’s logis- gun, my memories of it will most likely be reasons for taking part in crisis manage- tics section, I worked mainly as the mate- only good ones. This is why it is good to ment missions were an interest in national riel accountant’s partner and deputy, but call to mind the motto of the European defence tasks, money and a wish to see also in duties of a Sergeant First Class. Union in the spirit of the Battlegroup - In the world and the possibility to, at least­ The thing that became emphasised here, varietate concordia (Unity in Diversity).” in some small way, make a difference in as in earlier tasks, was the following: Al­ other people’s lives. though we are all totally different peop- Staff Sergeant Mikael Bäckman Administrative NCO le, with totally different backgrounds, we Although I have taken part in crisis have to try to always get along with each management missions twice, I can say that other. Even if I happen to be totally fed 9

Nordic cooperation was practised during among others the Northern Coasts exercise. ern Coasts exercise in the Baltic Sea. Seventy vessels together with the other parts of the Battlegroup in Swe- from thirteen countries took part in the exercise. The den. The training phase culminated in the Joint Action participated in the Cold Response exercise exercise in southern in November 2010. in northern with a detachment of 300 soldiers.

From the point of view of resources used, the focal Not a defensive alliance point of NORDEFCO activities was on forming the Nor- By participating in the develop- Nordic cooperation in dic EU Battlegroup (NBG) to be on standby in 2011. ment and maintenance of the the field of defence strengthens The unit to be deployed to the Battlegroup, the inter- EU’s rapid reaction forces, the national Amphibious Task Unit (ATU), is a unit that also Finnish Defence Forces take part the Finnish Defence Forces’ has national duties in case of exceptional circumstances. in strengthening the EU’s secu- international networking. Thus resources allocated for the NBG project also sup- rity cooperation and bearing the port the development of national defence. joint international responsibility. NORDEFCO helps strengthen the The Battlegroup’s Multinational Force Headquarters was Defence Forces’ networking and supports the develop- established in Enköping, Sweden in September 2009, ment of the Defence Forces. It should be noted that after which it has been training actively. The soldiers of despite the strong networking, a defensive alliance is the Battlegroup itself were recruited during the spring not being built through NORDEFCO. Each country is of 2010 and they began their service in May 2010 in responsible for the defence of its own territory also Tammisaari. During the training phase, the unit trained in the future. first in Finland and in October and November it trained 10 Military service is part of all Finnish people’s lives Often, when thinking about military service, most people only remem- 11 ber conscription and the occasional refresher exercise. However, military service produces a lot more that affects the everyday lives of Finnish people.

Military service is a cost-effective means for organis- It is important to make ing the military defence of Finland. Its most important good use of know how task is producing war time forces, which ensure both Military service has a long the prevention and repelling of crises. Our main objec- From society’s point of view it tradition in Finland and tive is to prevent crises from spreading to Finland. If is important that the Defence we fail in this, the defence system is capable of ulti- Forces are able to make use of each person has their own mately repelling an attack aimed at Finland by using the know how that conscripts opinion of it. the resources of the whole society. have acquired in civilian life, and on the other hand, society in In the autumn of 2010 the extensive report of the work- turn benefits from the know how ing group on conscription led by Risto Siilasmaa was pub- acquired during military service. This know how can be lished. The clear conclusion of the report was that mili- used already under normal circumstances in the task of tary service is the only realistic alternative for producing supporting other authorities. The conscription system the necessary defence capability for Finland in the fore- also produces a broad base for recruiting and skilled seeable future. Military service has a long tradition in Fin- personnel for international crisis management tasks. land and each person has their own opinion of it. Every year, more than 23,000 conscripts carry out their military In addition to defence capability, military service also service, and an even larger number annually take part produces many positive by-products for society. These in refresher train- viewpoint ing. Military service is quite concretely A young soldier’s for my service career: first I was going to leading a military police squad in all kinds a part of all Finnish be a military police in the Second Jaeger of different situations.” people’s lives. purgatory Company, then the military police branch at the NCO School and from there pos- What did I take home? “When I started my military service in Ja- sibly on to the Reserve Officer School. I “I think that military service has been a nuary 2010, as many of my comrades, I was accepted as a trainee in the Compa- lot of use to me. Already during basic trai- was a young man of 19 years who had ny I had wanted. My basic training pha- ning I learned the meaning of coopera- just finished secondary school and didn’t se went well enough for me to get into tion. While putting together half-platoon really know what to expect of the coming the NCO School and even onto the right tents, I realized that without good coop­ ordeal. The coldest winter in sixty years branch. While I was in the NCO School, my eration and team spirit you can’t really and the stories my cousin (a sergeant in plans became clear and I knew I wanted get anything done. the reserve) told about his own military to go back and be a squad leader in my The leadership training I received has given service made me nervous. basic training unit. I got lucky and was ac- me valuable experience relating to leader- Carrying a laundry bag with frozen fin- cepted to the place I wanted. ship that people don’t usually get at such gers, I remember thinking, what have I Leading the conscripts of one’s own con- a young age. I also think that the unique gotten myself into? Being nervous turned tingent is challenging, but perhaps also military police training will be of use to me out to be unnecessary, however, because more interesting than training new rec- in the future. Especially as I plan to apply as the NCOs kept telling us – “this ain’t ruits. In the Second Jaeger Company, to study at the Police College. During mi- no rocket science”. Even the physical si- this became clear to me through among litary service I also took a course offered de wasn’t so bad, since I had been smart other things varied camps, certain prac- by the Regiment, which authorizes me to enough to stay in shape before military tical military police exercises and other work as a security guard in civilian life. service. Actually, I think the worst part, kinds of interesting training, such as ab- As a whole, military service has taught me in the beginning and even now, was ha- seiling for example. how to get along with all kinds of people. ving to lose my beard and keep shaving My leadership period in the Second Jae- The Defence Forces really form a cross sec- all the time. Luckily you can get used to ger Company was absolutely the best ti- tion of my age group, both in a good and almost anything, even beardlessness…” me during military service. It suited me a bad sense. For the most part however, it well not to have to go over the basics is absolutely in a good sense. Clear plans hundreds of times, but rather to be able Corporal Oskari Anttonen “Already in the beginning I had clear plans to get right to the point – in other words

For many, driver training during military service leads to a future profession. 12 include among other things an effect on national health, heavy vehicles got their licence during military service. mainly in terms of physical fitness, control of excess The first aid training given during military service makes weight and prevention of illnesses. By creating a com- the Defence Forces the second largest first aid instruc- mon foundation for values and experience in young tor after the Finnish Red Cross. Many of the other skills people, conscription also increases the will to defend the learned are also useful to the individual. These are for county. General conscription prevents exclusion among example leadership skill, the ability to interact with oth- young people and supports the integration of immi- ers and to act as part of a group. grants. Saving one young person in danger of becom- ing excluded saves society almost a million euros, not From the point of view of society, conscription is a basic to mention the benefit for the individual himself. requirement for producing Finland’s defence capability. From the point of view of the individual, it is an educa- From the point of view of the individual, the useful skills tive and useful experience that one would hope that as learned and the experience gained during military ser- many as possible Finnish men and women volunteers vice are significant. Last year, most Finnish drivers of would be able to enjoy also in the future.

viewpoint

Network defence ganizations. This can lead to interesting if it were to disconnect itself from the In- situations. ternet. After the lectures a reporter came in the reserve and up to interview Charlie and myself. He as- I remember one time, when I was invited ked both of us to ask the other a questi- civilian life to give a presentation at the NSA (Natio- on. Charlie asked me how I would protect nal Security Agency) headquarters in Fort the country from an attack such as he had “In a unique way, the Finnish military servi- Meade in the US. This sounded like a on- presented. I thought about my answer for ce system is able to make use of the know ce in a lifetime opportunity, so I accepted a long time, because there was no simple how of the Finnish people. As a result of the invitation. Because this was the in- solution against his attack model. Final- the reservist system and as experts in their telligence agency of a foreign state, I in- ly, I stated that because the attack was own fields, citizens bring with them their formed my superior in the reserve befo- so complicated, the best form of defen- own special skills for the use of society. In rehand. He thanked me for the informa- ce would be to locate the leadership of order for this to work, it is especially im- tion and promised to find someone who the operation and eliminate it. In other portant that men and women are placed in had been to the NSA before, who could words to assassinate Charlie. I don’t think tasks corresponding with their capabilities. give me some background information this was the answer he was expecting… I carried out my military service in the Sig- for my visit. In the end he got back to me nal Regiment in Riihimäki. After that I ha- and said “there is not one person to be Over the years, network centric threats ve been working with information network found who has ever been there before.” have changed many times and today’s security and the prevention of network cri- So we did it the other way around and society is even more dependent on infor- minality my whole life. In other words it is after my visit, I went down to give some mation systems and networks. This is why natural that I do work relating to my field background information for future visits. it is important for the Defence Forces to also in the reserve. stay up-to-date and make as much use as Another interesting situation took place at possible of the know how of the reserve. The Finnish system is often surprising to the annual conference of the NATO Coope- After my military service, I applied to the my foreign colleagues. I often tell them: rative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence National Defence University. I didn’t get “When I go back to the army, they don’t in Tallinn. After my own address I was liste- in. Now and then I have wondered what give me a gun. They give me a keybo- ning to Researcher Charlie Miller’s lecture kind of work I would be doing now, if at ard” and that is the end of the discussion. on cyber attacks against the US. Charlie’s the time a military career had been in the Although I see many different things in lecture was very detailed: what kind of or- cards. But even if the doors of the Milita- my work, some of the most interesting ganization he would build, what its struc- ry Academy didn’t open for me, thanks to sessions have been in refresher exercises. ture would be, annual budget, mode of our reservist system my skills are at the There are very few organizations where it action, and so on. disposal of my country if at some point in is possible to test network security as ex- time they are needed.” tensively as in the Defence Forces. His thorough presentation also included how his unit would be able to break into Through my job I am often in contact with systems that were not connected to public First Lieutenant in the reserve the armed forces of other countries and networks, or how the attack would conti- Mikko Hyppönen works as Chief Research Officer sometimes with foreign intelligence or- nue against the country in question even at F-Secure SOCIAL VIEWPOINT 13 The Garrison needs Despite the longer service period of twel- and a sufficient amount of training mate- the municipality and ve months, a sufficient number are willing rial to enliven the training. to take part in the training. During mili- its inhabitants tary service conscripts also learn how to To support its activities the garrison needs function as part of a group. This increa- unreserved and functioning connections The Brigade in Säkylä is one of the ses social skills and the understanding of with the surrounding society. The Pori Bri- Army’s three readiness formations. Appro- the importance of a common set of rules. gade truly feels that it is a close part of ximately 2,350 conscripts began their mili- both Säkylä and the province around it. tary service at the Pori Brigade in 2010. Of Training for wartime duties is mainly car- Matters are prepared together and both them, more than 200 will also be trained ried out as planned and implemented by parties listen to each other’s views and ta- in rapid deployment training for readiness the basic units of the garrison. The main ke them into consideration in their activi- to take part in demanding crisis manage- part of the rest of the Brigade supports ties. This has enabled the formation of the ment duties. this most important peacetime activity. good training conditions that now exist.

From the point of view of the conscript Training is carried out in a motivating way The area’s inhabitants are also happy to and society, conscript training produces and moves upwards from smaller pieces join in the crisis management exercise held more than just a skilled reserve. Conc- towards larger entities. The high expecta- each spring around the market place, and rete examples of this are leadership and tions of young people today concerning numerous sporting facilities and events are driver training. Of the conscripts serving training events are met with for examp- managed together with the municipality at the Pori Brigade in 2010, 785 were se- le better planning of training events and and its inhabitants. lected for leadership training and 494 un- different simulator systems. The greatest derwent driver training and took the pro- challenges lie in the number of instructor fessional drivers’ examination. staff needed for training in small groups colonel eero pyötsiä, The pori brigade

viewpoint

An older combatant Bus number 86 to Santahamina. This was during evening formation and roll call be- a route I would come to take many times. fore going to sleep. in military service My future comrades all quietly staring out the window. By the look of them, all bet- Mentally, one of the most interesting events ”You can probably never prepare enough ween the ages of 19 and 22. I thought was the experience of unification.Y our own for a change in your life, even if you know about how different this would have been style, from the way you dress, to how you about it in advance. As en technology ent- if I had entered service right after finishing walk and talk - everything is retrained into repreneur, I had postponed my military ser- secondary school. a new uniformed mode. We would go to vice all the way until the age of 28. From eat in formation with our backs straight. one year to the next, I felt that the com- That day I went from one checkpoint to the We would stand at attention. We would sit pany and staff would not necessarily ma- next as if on a conveyor belt, until I finally upright on our chairs. Our uniforms would nage without my presence. In the last six met the guys who would be my room ma- be just right and identical. In the morning months I had been concentrating full-time tes in the barracks during the basic trai- our beds would have the same neat ap- on sales and customer deliveries and had ning period. Thinking about it later on, it pearance. These changes seemed to be a even managed to reach record results. I was lucky that I ended up in the same bar- challenge for some who had just passed joked with my colleagues who someti- rack room as these guys. Despite the fact adolescence, and who perhaps had only mes worried about me that during mi- that we all had different backgrounds and just found their own way of expressing litary service I would have time to sleep, were from different parts of the city, our their individuality. if not before. team spirit was great and the conversa- tions profound and interesting. I understood quite quickly the importan- Ahead of me, starting in July 2010, I had ce of the systematics and accuracy from an adventure that would last at least six I learned a lot from them about the way the point of view of the wartime crisis or- months. I have worked as an entrepre- young people think and about the trends ganisation. When in an urgent situation, neur since I was sixteen years old, acting nowadays. They in turn learned about ide- you don’t have time to worry about who as a consultant to the government, pub- as concerning for example entrepreneur- is where and who doesn’t have this or lic sector and important businesses. Now, ship, principles for succeeding in life and that piece of equipment. Routines form for the first time I would be working enti- about learning that my experiences had a sound base for activities.” rely for someone else. And this someone­ brought me. They often made suggestions else would be none other than my belo- to me about things they wanted to know ved country. more about. I would open my thoughts Pteriva First Class Teemu Arima 14 The procurement of command and control systems

is a long-term process

Last year, significant progress was made in the development of the Defence Forces’ command and control as well as in the introduction of systems and building of complex systems.

The introduction of information systems is seen in the developing know-how. This challenge is expected to be growth of efficiency and productivity as well as in cost- overcome by means of effective steering and training. savings. The achievement of these is challenged by diverse requirements set for the Defence Forces, such The development of the network-assisted regional defence as personnel reductions in accordance with the pro- system includes networking together complex systems ductivity programme, the rationalisation needs of ser- in order for them to be able to make use of each other’s vice production and the intense centralisation of func- services and support each other. In addition, there is a tions. The objective is to meet these challenges with special interdependency between these systems situated long-term development projects, of which parts were at the core of the defence system that requires special introduced in 2010. knowledge and maintenance skills. In order to enable this development, the Defence Forces are in the pro- Taken as a whole, the operational command and con- cess of defining a joint capabilities concept model for trol of the Defence Forces has been a subject of devel- the entire defence system. The Defence Forces’ opera- opment during the entire 2000s. The aim has been to tional system for requirements management and pro- build an integrated system for intelligence, control and ject steering will be supplemented to include coordi- leadership that is up-to-date and that meets the require- nation between extensive complex development pro- ments of both a network-assisted territorial defence sys- grammes. This presupposes that architectural steering tem and peacetime activities. Development is progress- is reformed and extended to include the entire defence ing to the implementation phase, the aim being a sys- system, that functional concepts are drawn up and that tem that can be enlarged in the span of a few days to a capability-based mode of action along with require- create a combat efficient entity that is maintained by ments management to support it are developed. The reservists and that covers the entire country. success of development also presupposes a new kind of know-how both in leading projects and in procure- The new technological base for the Defence Forces’ ment itself. operational system was put into productional use in the summer of 2010. Thus a transfer was made from using several SAP systems to one joint Defence Forces ICT is by far the most problematic from SAP system (PVSAP). The use of network tools that will the point of view of procurement! be found on every employee’s desktop will progress From the point of view of the Defence Forces, the suc- in phases. In this so-called burn-in phase the greatest cess of development work presupposes the compre- challenge lies in changing established practices and hensive management of the supplier network so that the strategic objectives of the Defence Forces can be extended better and farther beyond traditional com- mercial agreements. The point of departure for devel- opment is thus highly challenging because, at the same time, the market for military systems has become sig- nificantly more narrow. Service suppliers are compet- ing the proceedings, which may last from a matter of 15 ing for an ever smaller market segment in the field of months to up to two years. ICT. Development work has halted in part and in part been strongly centralised. Also the needs and require- Using structures and technicians from the business world ments of the buyer have changed considerably dur- is not and will not be easy, if the Defence Forces do ing the last few decades. The emphasis of basic struc- not change internal processes and modes of action tures and demands in the development of command in a significant way. The change will not necessarily and control systems of the countries concentrating on raise the military performance capability or support crisis management is on responding to asymmetrical the realisation of the main tasks, even if the steering threats, operations outside of the home country and of operations were to become more effective. As a cus- on requirements for interoperability at combat techni- tomer, the Defence Forces must be economical as well cal level. These requirements steer both product devel- as skilled and demanding. Especially knowledge of the opment and the development of technology. The result basic logics and structures of the ICT ecosystem and of this is, among other things, that the direction of the conclusions to be drawn from them as well as the anal- technological and functional development of commer- ysis of resulting effects has become all the more impor- cial off-the-shelf (COTS) products is partly contrary to tant. Licence costs, system and application up-dates as the traditional requirements of the national defence well as development relating to of Finland. maintenance and maintenance during the production itself have In order to fully use the new Defence Forces procurement is divided into two main become factors that are more groups according to procurement objective. From the important than the procurement technology, it is necessary to point of view of the capability of the Defence Forces, cost of the new system. A skilled change established practices and in euros, the largest group is defence procurement, customer knows how to use his which includes goods or services that are specifically resources so that both his own and increase know how. designated for military use. The largest group, meas- and the supplier network’s value ured in amount of procurement, is civilian procurement, chain will benefit. which includes all other goods and services. Procure- ment of ICT is included in both groups. The importance of managing (steering) external resources The European Union has made public two important and understanding this importance are essential in today’s directives regulating public procurement that affect the networked world. The skilled management of procure- Defence Forces’ procurement activities significantly. ment ensures that external resources are led with a Regarding these European Union directives, national good knowledge of the supplier network and market legislation relating to the directive on defence and secu- area, with high expertise in procurement, good nego- rity procurement will enter into force in 2011 and the tiation skills and know-how in drawing up contracts as directive concerning legal redress for public procure- well as with transparent and honest communication. ment has already been validated on 1 June 2010 with The solution in situations where procurement activi- an act on public procurement. ties become more complicated and there is a signifi- cant increase in legal regulation has been and still is The new procurement legislation, which is very detailed the effective centralisation, steering and leading of the and complicated, will significantly increase the number Defence Forces’ procurement organisation and procure- of procurement-related appeals in the Market Court. ment activities. Procurement activities have been cen- The number of legal proceedings relating to public pro- tralised by decreasing the number of defence procure- curement in the Market Court have increased each year ment units and increasing units responsible for procure- and the trend is the same throughout public adminis- ment to coordinate procurement according to product tration. This situation is not expected to change. The group. Whether the level of know-how has risen ade- Defence Forces incur costs directly in the form of court quately will be evaluated in connection with planning costs and especially in cases where the court prohib- relating to the reform of the Defence Forces. its the procurement unit from entering into procure- ment contracts during the proceedings. A supplier that has won a bidding competition must prepare for not being able to realise the procurement contract dur- 16 Air Force tested by ash and forest destruction

A central aspect in the executive assistance carried out by the Air Force is that the service’s capabilities and resources are actively of- fered for the use of other authorities and Finnish society if the situa- tion demands it. Cooperation is also practised regularly.

Every year, the Air Force receives approximately one day when ash was found on the outer surface of Hornet hundred requests for executive assistance and other fighters of the Lapland Air Command after a training supporting tasks. Cooperation with other authorities flight in what was still supposed to be clean airspace. is carried out in search and rescue activities, territorial The Air Force had the engines of the aircraft that were surveillance, assistance in flight accident investigation, subjected to the effects of the ash examined and made air transport and clearing activities, among others. In public the fiberoscope images showing the ash accu- addition to this the Air Force puts together and equips mulation. Soon expert’s reports of the Air Force’s rep- executive assistance detachments and assists regional resentatives on the effects of the ash on aircraft spread rescue services with military fire fighting equipment all over the world. and personnel. After forecasts showed that volcanic ash would drift Usually, assistance from the Air Force requested by other into Finnish airspace, immediate executive assistance authorities includes executive assistance detachments was requested of the Air Force in order to determine and experts in clearing explosives, but in 2010 excep- the actual ash concentration of the air mass. The Air tional natural phenomena gave rise to a need for capa- Force ordered two of the Air Force Academy’s Hawk bilities that are less frequently requested. jet trainers equipped with air sample containers meant for warfare agent reconnaissance into sampling duty at the Pirkkala airbase. Examination and transportation during the ash crisis First the ability to react of Finnish authority cooperation was tested by the ash crisis that touched all of Europe. The violent eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano on Iceland that began with full force on April 14th spewed volcanic The Air Force took ash into the upper layers of the airspace. One concern was that a total of 950 aerial photo- the ash might pose a threat to graphs on eight flights, which air traffic safety by damaging aircraft engines. covered a forest area of over four million hectares. The effects of the eruption were seen in Finland already the next

Photographs of the damage caused by the ash cloud spread quickly throughout the media worldwide. Four sampling flights were carried out in the direction and Forestry requested the help of the Defence Forces 17 of southern Finland and the particle concentration data in estimating the extent of the storm damage. The Air they gathered was analysed by the Defence Forces Tech- Force supported this work on aerial photography flights nical Research Centre. The objective of the flights was to carried out by the Air Force Academy. determine whether the airspace that according to fore- casts was estimated to be clean really was free of ash. During August and September, the Air Force took a total of 950 aerial photographs on eight flights, which Already on the evening of the first day of flight restric- to the exactness of a tree trunk covered a forest area tions, the data produced was available to support deci- of over four million hectares in five provinces. T he sion-making concerning the regulation of air traffic. material was delivered to the Ministry of Agriculture The data also helped the Finnish Meteorological Insti- and Forestry and to the regional forestry centres who tute to adjust their forecast models on the dispersion used it for establishing the extent of the storm dam- of emissions from the eruption. ages and determining focal areas as well as planning further measures, among other things. During the ash crisis, restrictions to civilian aviation hin- dered the normal functions of society in many ways. In Finnish conditions, the air sampling capability of the While the restrictions were in force, the Air Force trans- Hawk aircraft and the possibility for using Learjet air- ported a transplant organ from Rovaniemi to Helsinki craft to photograph large land areas very quickly are upon request by the National Institute for Health and unique capabilities offered by the Air Force. Welfare. Under normal circumstances, organ transplant transfer is carried out using either regular flights or civil- The Air Force is continually developing its cooperation ian operated charter flights. with other authorities. In June the Air Force signed an agreement on cooperation during disturbances to nor- mal circumstances and exceptional circumstances with the Finnish Transport Safety Agency, which began its Summer storms were another test activities at the beginning of 2010. The best modes of The second time in 2010 that the Air Force supported action brought forward immediately by the ash crisis other authorities more extensively was at the turn of the were taken into consideration in the agreement. Thus, month in July-August in charting the extent of forest assistance needed in individual crises carries through damage caused by the thunder storms Asta and Veera. to cooperation also in the longer term. At the beginning of August, the Ministry of Agriculture 18

Common situational awareness improves the security of all parties.

International cooperation relating to the exchange of the exchange of maritime situational awareness cover- information on maritime situational awareness has been ing all of Europe. The point of departure for SUCBAS actively developed in Finland. In accordance with the cooperation is that maritime surveillance data on each task given to them by the countries’ political leadership, country’s own area and the international waters area is Finland and Sweden extended an invitation to the coun- shared for use among the contracting parties. Cooper- tries in the area of the Baltic Sea, Norway and central ation is carried out in such a way that the national mar- organisations active in the area to attend a seminar held itime surveillance system is able to exchange informa- in Sweden in September 2008. At the seminar, a pro- tion with the systems of other countries without great ject planned under the leadership of Finland and Swe- additional investments. den with the objec- tive of exchanging VIEWPOINT maritime surveil- the Base Camp 2010 event at the reductions to emissions and other lance data covering The Baltic needs Finnish Defence Command. Put joint measures. Transforming the the entire Baltic Sea our help together by two consulting offi- plan into concrete actions is an im- was presented. The ces for sustainable development, mense job, but luckily the work is project was given All the different actors of society the event gathered approximate- already under way. the name Sea Sur- are needed in the efforts to sa- ly one hundred corporate repre- veillance Coop- ve the Baltic Sea. The role of the sentatives. Achievements of the The most significant problems fa- eration Baltic Sea Baltic Sea Action Group (BSAG) day were among other things se- cing our Sea are eutrophication is to join together these forces ven new commitments to save the caused by nutrient emissions from (SUCBAS). and ensure that immediate ac- Baltic and several ideas for further agriculture and society’s waste wa- tion is taken in addressing the development. An especially valu- ter, risks caused by oil spills and crucial problems facing the Bal- able yield was the Defence Forces’ maritime traffic accidents, dange- The objective of tic. In order to be able to solve concrete commitment to the work rous substances and the decrease SUCBAS maritime these problems, we need to join for the Baltic Sea. in natural diversity. The BSAG car- situational aware- forces with actors from different ries out constructive and decisive ness cooperation sectors of society and different The participation without reser- cooperation in all of these prob- countries. vation of businesses and public lem areas together with the pub- is cooperation authority, with the Defence Forces lic and private sectors as well as between differ- A great number of actors can mo- as a good example, in the mutual with ordinary citizens. Our aim is ent actors, which re effectively be harnessed in for efforts together with regular citi- a living and healthy Baltic Sea. In will result in the the good of the Baltic if each ac- zens helps to speed up the work addition to this, if we succeed in exchange of mar- tor takes part in mutual work using considerably. The quicker we gain saving the Baltic, it can also act as itime situational their own know how and activi- hold of the problems, the less it will a global example for solving other awareness that cov- ties. This mode of action was laun- cost society. The problems facing environmental disasters through a ched in an impressive way at the the Baltic Sea and the solutions new kind of cooperation. ers the entire Baltic Baltic Sea Action Group Summit, to them are the responsibility of Sea area. If neces- which was organised by the Pre- all of the fourteen countries sur- Ilkka Herlin Chairman of Cargotec Oyj sary, SUCBAS can in sident of the Republic, the Prime rounding it. and the Foundation for the future be incor- Minister and BSAG foundation in a Living Baltic Sea. February 2010. Together, the countries around the The Foundation was established in 2008 porated as a part of and functions under the name Baltic Sea have agreed on a plan Baltic Sea Action Group (BSAG). In September 2010, as a continua- of action to amend the situation. The objective of the BSAG is tion of the Summit, we arranged The plan includes country-specific to work for the good of humanity and the Baltic Sea. 19 Common maritime situational awareness at sea Every year, the Navy takes part in international exercises. International cooperation in exchanging maritime situational awareness data is a novelty.

International maritime situational awareness projects Navy’s national and international activities. promote national interests and possibilities for func- tioning in a changing operational environment as well The most important experiences gained from the exer- as increase maritime traffic safety. Situational aware- cise were learning the international planning process of ness cooperation strengthens national crisis manage- an exercise lasting approximately one year. Functioning ment capability and creates prerequisites for interna- as the command HQ of a large international exercise, tional exercise activities. with emphasis on practicing HQ composition, modes of action, giving of orders and reporting was signifi- cant. Units in the area of operation gained practice in Exercises in environmental protection functioning as a part of a multinational formation in a are a growing trend versatile and challenging crisis management scenario The Finnish Navy actively took part in exercise activi- at sea, on land and in the air. ties in the Baltic Sea area. Exercise activities focused on training in shallow and narrow water areas. Sev- Exercises focusing on environmental protection and eral international exercises are carried out in the Bal- oil spill prevention and response have been a growing tic, where the organising responsibility is either fixed trend. These exercises have been carried out together or the host nation changes. One significant exercise in with all of the countries in the Baltic Sea area. Also Rus- the Baltic Sea is the BALTOPS exercise led by the USA. sia has taken part in exercises. This exercise is carried out annually in June in the Bal- tic Sea area and it ends in midsummer week in Kiel in Especially with the Baltic countries, cooperation has Germany. The countries in the Baltic Sea area, and in been intensive in relation to mine counter-measures recent years to a varied extent also Russia, take part and searching for old underwater in the exercise. explosives. Exercises have been arranged annually where also Exercises focusing on The Northern Coasts (NOCO) exercise is an extensive countries from outside of the invitation-based exercise in maritime crisis management Baltic area have taken part. environmental protection for NATO and EU countries. The owner of the exer- and oil spill prevention and cise concept is Germany. The aim is to vary the area Naval visits that help develop and of operation of the exercise and the country responsi- deepen cooperation have been response have been ble for its implementation. In 2010, the Finnish Navy arranged regularly among the a growing trend. led the NOCO exercise. The number of exercise troops Baltic Sea countries. The annual and units has increased in recent years. Tens of vessel sea cadet days are an important units have taken part and participating troops number link in deepening the cooperation and developing the approximately 4,000 persons. relations between Nordic naval seamen. Events such as the cadet days and international cooperation form Overall, the NOCO 10 Exercise led by the Finnish Navy an important basis for naval crisis management capa- was a very successful exercise that helped to develop bilities. We continue to reap the benefits of coopera- the capabilities of the Navy. Experience gained from tion in the form of experience and know how. the exercise can be put to good use in developing the 20 Finland acts and learns out in the world

International crisis management operations increase and risks grow while resources decrease. In 2010, Finland took part in eight military crisis man- The training of a total of 300 soldiers was carried out 21 agement operations and two military observer missions. within the Finnish Army and Navy last year. The focal point of activities was in the ISAF Operation in Afghanistan. Approximately 350 Finnish peacekeep- Operations expand and ers were serving in crisis management operations at the become more difficult end of 2010.The budget allocated for crisis manage- Crisis management operations have become more chal- ment was approximately 120 million euros. lenging and comprehensive than before. Responsibility is more often shared among several actors. UN cooper- In 2010, several significant changes were made to the ation with the EU and NATO in Afghanistan and Kos- crisis management organization. The UN peacekeep- ovo is an example of this. ing mission in the Central African Republic and Chad ended. Finland repatriated approximately 80 peace- At the same time the amount of resources for the grow- keepers from the mission at the beginning of June. ing demand is declining. There is a lack of both mili- tary resources and civil crisis management experts. In The overall situation in Kosovo has been quite calm for addition to this, the casualties and injuries incurred a long time. The number of Finnish troops in the Kos- in the line of service require an update to the peace- ovo KFOR Operation was decreased and the Finnish- keepers’ protection and insur- led Multinational Battle Group Centre was incorpo- ance coverage. rated into Multinational Battle Group East led by the We have always been able US. The main part of the Finnish crisis management The fact that crisis manage- force in Kosovo was repatriated and at the beginning ment personnel are volunteers to put the experience gained of 2011 only a maximum number of 50 Finnish sol- guarantees high motivation for in the international arena to diers serve in the operation. service and is therefore one of the strengths of the process for good use also nationally. In 2010, six Finnish soldiers served in the European assembling Finnish crisis manage- Union’s Operation Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina ment troops. However, changes and there are plans to increase this number with two to to the crisis management forces’ three positions in training and leadership. Since April, procedures due to international political demands, still Finland has taken part in the new EU Training Mission have to be adjusted to a sufficient amount of time for Somalia in Uganda with four persons. In December preparation and training for the troops at national level. 2010, the Cabinet Committee on Foreign and Security Policy instructed the Defence Forces to start prepara- The Finnish Defence Forces’ concept for military crisis tions for participation in the UNIFIL peacekeeping mis- management was approved in 2009. The concept is a sion in Lebanon in the second half of 2011. guiding document and states the statutory task of the Defence Forces – participating in international military crisis management. Last year we reached the implementation Naval operation is a new conquest phase and among other things the troops belonging to In the challenging ISAF Operation in Afghanistan, Fin- the crisis management force register were determined. land continued its close cooperation in the provincial reconstruction team of Mazar-e-Sharif. However, the The troop register includes units fro m all services. The nature of the participation was changed in such a way training and possible use of these troops in crisis man- that the main part of the small military observer teams agement operations of the international community were relinquished and it was decided to replace these also serves the purpose of developing our capabilities with a jaeger unit in the 2011 spring rotation, which is for national defence. However, a possible decision to better suited for cooperation with the Afghan security use the aforementioned units is always a political one authorities. The number of personnel in the operation and considered on a case-by-case basis. in Afghanistan neared the maximum strength of 195 peacekeepers set for it by the politicians. The Defence Forces participate in international crisis management operations as ordered by the govern- Off the coast of Somalia, the international community ment leadership. We have always been able to put the continued its activities aiming to secure maritime trans- experience gained in the international arena to good ports. In 2010, the Finnish Defence Forces started prep- use also nationally. Our activities in crisis management arations for sending a naval vessel to take part in the operations have strengthened the good reputation of EU’s Atalanta naval operation in the Indian Ocean at the Finnish Defence Forces among the soldiers of other the beginning of 2011. In addition to this, Finland will countries. Operational and tactical lessons learned in also participate in the six-month standby period of two international operations are used in the development European Union Battlegroups in the first half of 2011. of national activities – now and in the future.

Crisis management is continuously becoming more diversified and challenging. Operational costs and defence Person years materiel procurement Warrant officers Officer specialists Contractual Officers* NCOs Civilians military personnel 22 2.25

Defence materiel 2007 2.00 procurement

1.75 2008

1.50 2009 *Includes also fixed-term officers Salaries 1.25 2010 Billion euros 1.00 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 0.75 Operational costs The number of person years has been reduced in accordance with the ob- ligations set in the Government’s productivity programme. The number 0.50 of personnel employed using operational costs in 2010 was approxima- tely 14,700 person years. When the person years used for persons emplo- 0.25 yed using employment funding and those retiring during the interim pe- 2010 2009 2007 2008 riod relating to Millog Oy as well as for the promotion of network securi- ty, the total amount rises to over 14,800 person years.

Key figures Salaries and other personnel expenditure 2009 2010 700

Number of days in 600 the terrain of conscripts 40 30 500 Number of refresher training days 132,843 105,767 400

Flight hours (Hornet) 9275 8870 300 Million euros Flight hours (Hawk) 4532 3518 200 Helicopter hours 2828 2272 100 Vessel hours 1617 1254 2007 2008 2009 2010

Despite the reduction in person years, the actual total of salaries grew again to over 700 million euros. This was due to salary increases based on col- lective agreements as well as the development of the personnel structure.

Age structure of personnel groups

30

Civilians In 2010, the average age of Defence Forces’ NCOs 25 personnel was 40.7 Warrant officers years. The age structure Officer specialists varies considerably accor- 20 ding to personnel group. Officers The age structure of civi- lians is more accentuated 15 in the older age groups than the age structure of military personnel. 10 of age group Percentage

5

Age group 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65 – Sickness absences Number of persons in crisis management service 11 During the last few yea- 10 2008 2009 2010 rs, the annual number of 23 9 sickness absences in the Kosovo 421 401 214 Defence Forces has been Bosnia and Herzegovina 52 22 5 8 approximately 10 days per Afghanistan 104 144 154 7 person year. Sudan 1 1 2 6 Liberia 2 2 2 5 Tchad 58 74 35 Atalanta 0 3 3 4 Military Observers 24 20 19 3 Total 662 667 437 2 These figures are annual report figures and they are based on 1 an annual average. 2007 2008 2009 2010

In addition, EU Battle Groups have been in training or on standby at home as follows: EU Battle Groups 111 3 300 Completed military service

80% In the age group of men who have turned 30, more Number of women than 80 percent 300 60% have completed The number of women their military ser- 250 in voluntary military vice in recent yea- service has stabilized at 40% rs. This is suffi- 200 approximately 300. cient for troop Percentage of age group Percentage production. 150 20% 100

50 2007 2008 2009 2010 2007 2008 2009 2010

Trained conscripts mustered out Division of service length 25,000 During the past few 6-month service 12-month service years, the number of conscripts trained 20,000 and mustered out has remained al- The share of those 15,000 most the same. 42% who served for 12 and 9-month service 43% 6 months is approxi- mately the same. 10,000 15%

5000 2007 2008 2009 2010

Attrition during military service In accordance with the new physical exa- 2006 mination guideline, fitness for service is Health reason dropouts evaluated throughout the period of li- 2007 Non-military civil service ability for military service, which is like- Other reasons ly to have increased attrition during mi- 2008 litary service in the last few years. In the most recent contingents, this has trend 2009 has been broken. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 24 The Finnish Defence Forces

Defence Command Public Information Division ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2217 - 0 P.O. BOX 919, FI - 00131 Helsinki, Finland ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2220 - 0 ( PDF ) Annual Report 2010 www.mil.fi