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Finnish Security and Defence Policy 2012. Government Report Abstract Finnish Security and Defence Policy 2012 Government Report Prime Minister’s Office Publications 1/2013 Finnish Security and Defence Policy 2012 Government Report Prime Minister’s Office Publications | 1/2013 2 Publisher DESCRIPTION PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE 15 March 2013 Type of publication Commissioned by Publication Prime Minister’s Office Name of publication Finnish Security and Defence Policy 2012. Government Report Abstract The Government´s Security and Defence Policy Report 2012 is the latest in the series of Government Reports issued on the subject. The Report gives special attention to topics in which significant changes have occurred since the previous report issued in 2009. It lays the foundation for guiding Finland’s policy to advance Finland’s interests and goals. The focus of the Report extends into the 2020s. The Report analyses the changes and trends in the global security environment and discusses Finland’s security policy, defence development and action to secure the vital functions of society. Finland’s security policy encompasses both actively creating security and anticipating and responding to security threats. The most important goals of Finland’s security and defence policy are safeguarding the country’s independence and territorial sovereignty, guaranteeing the basic values, security and well-being of the population and maintaining a functioning society. Keywords government report, security policy, defence policy, foreign policy, foreign and security policy Name of series and number of publication Language Number of pages Prime Minister’s Office Publications 1/2013 En 118 ISBN (print) ISBN (PDF) ISSN 978-952-287-009-4 978-952-287-010-0 1799-7828 Publisher Distribution Prime Minister’s Office Publication as a PDF: www.vnk.fi/english Further information: julkaisut@vnk.fi Layout Confidentiality rating Printed by Prime Minister’s Office, Anja Järvinen Public Edita Prima, 2013 3 4 CONTENTS FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ 9 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 10 The security environment and the impact of the changes in it ................................ 10 Defence development .............................................................................................14 THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 17 1 Security in the global transition .............................................................................. 17 1.1 Interdependence and indivisible security .......................................................17 Global trends .................................................................................................17 Need for global governance .......................................................................... 19 International power relations ........................................................................ 20 Burden-sharing in global questions .............................................................. 22 Significance of comprehensive security questions ......................................... 23 1.2 Role of the key actors in the global transition .............................................. 27 Role of the European Union as a global actor .............................................. 27 The United States shifts focus to Asia ...........................................................29 China’s global authority is on the rise ........................................................... 30 Russia’s wide-ranging interests ..................................................................... 32 Russia’s development ....................................................................................34 The United Nations and the new groupings .................................................. 35 1.3 Military power and arms control ................................................................... 38 The changing character of war ...................................................................... 38 Development of armed forces .......................................................................40 Development of multinational defence cooperation ......................................43 Weapons of mass destruction and arms control ............................................46 1.4 International crisis management ................................................................... 51 Crisis management actors ............................................................................. 51 Crisis management environments.................................................................. 53 2 Europe’s security development and the key actors ..................................................56 2.1 Overall development of Europe’s security ......................................................56 2.2 The present state of the European Union and its influence in its neighbourhood .................................................................................... 57 2.3 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) ..............................................60 NATO’s internal development ........................................................................ 60 Reform of NATO’s partnership policy .............................................................61 NATO and Russia ........................................................................................... 62 2.4 The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Council of Europe ............................................................................. 63 5 3 Security development in Finland’s neighbourhood ..................................................64 3.1 Cooperation in strengthening comprehensive security .................................64 Neighbouring areas .......................................................................................64 The Arctic region ............................................................................................65 3.2 The security and defence policy of Nordic countries, and security cooperation ...................................................................................................68 3.3 The security and defence policy of the Baltic states .......................................73 3.4 Russia’s security and defence policy in its neighbouring areas .....................74 SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY .................................................................................... 76 4 Security policy ........................................................................................................ 76 4.1 Central premises and key policies ..................................................................76 Central premises ............................................................................................76 Key policies ....................................................................................................77 4.2 Finland as a Member State of the EU, and cooperation with NATO ...............79 Supporting the European Union’s role in strengthening security ...................79 Cooperation with NATO .................................................................................80 4.3 Other key actors............................................................................................. 80 4.4 The promotion of global security ..................................................................81 Supporting the multilateral system ................................................................81 Using a wide range of instruments ...............................................................82 Participation in international crisis management ..........................................83 Development of multinational defence cooperation ......................................85 Arms control ..................................................................................................86 4.5 Advancing security in Finland’s neighbourhood ...........................................87 4.6 Security solidarity ......................................................................................... 89 The Solidarity Clause included in the Treaty of Lisbon (terrorist strikes, disasters) .............................................................................89 Special provisions to the Common Security and Defence Policy of the Lisbon Treaty: the Mutual Assistance Clause (armed attack) ............... 89 4.7 Securing the functioning of society – comprehensive security .......................91 4.8 Guidelines for developing the implementation of comprehensive security ............................................................................. 92 The central role of the European Union in preserving the comprehensive security of society ..........................................................................................93 Utilisation of international cooperation .........................................................93 The development of security expertise ...........................................................94 Improving situation awareness and communications ...................................95 Making exercises more methodical .............................................................. 95 Advancing the security of municipalities and regions ....................................96 Security of supply and continuity management .............................................96
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