Ekonomi och samhälle Economics and Society Skrifter utgivna vid Svenska handelshögskolan Publications of the Hanken School of Economics Nr 193 Teemu Tallberg The Gendered Social Organisation of Defence Two Ethnographic Case Studies in the Finnish Defence Forces Helsinki 2009 < The Gendered Social Organisation of Defence: Two Ethnographic Case Studies in the Finnish Defence Forces. Key words: Civil-military relations, ethnography, the Finnish Defence Forces, gender, masculinities, men, military, New Public Management, peacekeeping, security, social networks © Hanken School of Economics & Teemu Tallberg Teemu Tallberg Hanken School of Economics Department of Management and Organisation P.O.Box 479, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Distributor: Library Hanken School of Economics P.O.Box 479 00101 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: +358-9-431 33 376, +358-9-431 33 265 Fax: +358-9-431 33 425 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.hanken.fi ISBN 978-952-232-019-3 (printed) ISBN 978-952-232-020-9 (PDF) ISSN 0424-7256 Edita Prima Ltd, Helsinki 2009 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘Thanking’ originates etymologically from the same source as ‘thinking’. Doctoral theses – as many other outputs – are too often regarded solely as accomplishments of individual authors, their thinking and hard work. This has been one of the lessons that I have, hopefully, learned during the demanding PhD process: relying on one’s own thoughts is much easier when balanced by actively welcoming and tapping into those of others. There are many who have shared their thoughts with me during my doctoral studies – be that face-to-face or through their work – and many in whose thoughts I know I have been. A good few people have put a lot of their time and effort into furthering my work. My gratitude and warmest thoughts go out to all of you who have encouraged, supported, as well as challenged me in my endeavours. Those to whom I am most grateful, I cannot name. They are many, and they are anonymised in this study. They include my fellow peacekeepers in Radnata, the employees of the Provisioning Service Centre of the Defence Forces, and others who took part in the research project as informants, interviewees, and otherwise. You made the study possible and my fieldwork phases enjoyable and memorable. I thank the Finnish Defence Forces for the cooperation that made it possible for me to access the organisations studied and observe them in situ. Additionally, I would like to thank for their assistance and help Marko Hynninen, Helena Keto, Juha Mälkki, Hannu Ojala, Marja-Terttu Paananen and Taru Tarvainen from the Defence Command, and Pekka Majuri, formerly of the Ministry of Defence. The scholarly community and peer reviewing are the social foundation of the quality of research. I want to thank the distinguished reviewers and pre- examiners of my thesis Professor Emerita Patricia Yancey Martin from Florida State University and Dr Rachel Woodward from Newcastle University. I highly appreciate your comments, questions and suggestions, which were of great benefit in rewriting and finalising the thesis. Those who have had, or are currently enjoying, the privilege of being supervised as PhD students by Jeff, know (as do many others), that there is not much more one could hope for from a professor. Jeff Hearn is always there for you, willing to have ‘a word’, providing his students with ideas, questions, analyses, and clarifying outlines which pour from his fathomless and freewheeling (but responsible) mind, and dealing out references, books, and articles from his nearly as plentiful library. My heartfelt thanks for everything. I owe you a lot, not least in terms of engaging me with critical studies on men and the CROME Network (Critical Research on Men in Europe), within which there are many people I would like to acknowledge. I am much obliged to Hanken School of Economics and especially to all who have during the years been building the bubbly FLO-spirit at the Department of Management and Organisation. Cooperation within ‘The Research Group on ii Gender Relations in Organisations, Management and Society’ has been essential for tackling several dilemmas along the way. My special thanks go to Marjut Jyrkinen, my true mentor, and Hertta Niemi, my amiable office-mate and a sparky discussant. Another important forum has been the Organisational Ethnography Group (OEG); I especially thank Marjana Johansson, Tanja Vilén, Sanne Bor, Annamari Tuori, Martin Fougère, and Jonna Louvrier. Furthermore, I wish to thank for various things Ingmar Björkman, Barbara Cavonius, Minna Hiillos, Emmi Lattu, Solja Paganus, and Maria Suokannas, and for discussions and valuable hints Linda McKie, Albert Mills, Anne Murcott, and Ursula Müller. One of the several happy things that took place in 2008 was that a long-planned and developed, and to all participants much-loved, project was finally realised. The project, Civil-Military Relations in Changing Security Environment, is in 2008-2011 digging more deeply and widely into issues that are also at the core of this thesis. I thank Johanna Valenius for her hard work and exemplary leadership of our team, for encouragement, and for trust in an emerging mission. My warm thanks go to Anne-Maria Marttila and Kirsi Mäki for sharing their enthusiasm and knowledge. I look forward to our future work together. There are several intertwined networks and groupings that have emerged in recent years and in which I have had the privilege of participating. The ongoing cooperation within the ‘1325 Network’ has opened crucially important views for me on the issue of women’s role and positions in the fields of security, conflict, crisis management, and peacebuilding. The issues of gendered civil-military relations and encounters have attracted much interest leading to the establishment of the Finnish Network of Researchers on Gender and the Military. I wish to thank especially Anders Ahlbäck, Ville Kivimäki, and Jarna Soilevuo Grønnerød. In addition to Anders, I wish to thank Kirsi Kinnarinen and Mia Spangenberg for the numerous fabulous discussions at Café Ekberg on men, masculinities, and gender. During the last couple of years, many of those mentioned above have also been involved in the founding of Suomen Miestutkimuksen Seura ry (a Finnish association for studies on men and masculinities). I thank the board of the association for their cooperation in this venture. Additional thanks to Leena Autonen-Vaaraniemi, Arto Jokinen, Johanna Lammi-Taskula, and Jouni Varanka. The thesis includes parts that have been published earlier in similar versions as a working paper (Tallberg 2003a) and a journal article (Tallberg 2007). I thank the Hanken School of Economics and the Emerald Group Publishing Limited for flexibility in permitting the republishing of parts of these texts. For commenting on versions of different parts of the study, I thank Jeanne Marecek, Ulf Mellström, Peter Stokes, and Berit von der Lippe. For remarkably improving the language of the thesis, I thank Damon Tringham, whose comments helped me to straighten out and clarify my manuscript in several respects. All the possible remaining errors and flaws of the publication are the responsibility of the author. iii The funding of the project has come from a small group of trusts: the Hanken foundations, the Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation, Marcus Wallenbergs Stiftelse för Företagsekonomisk Forskning, and the Finnish Cultural Foundation/Mauno Koivisto fund. I thank all these foundations for their significant support, which has secured the successful progress of the research project through the years. Finally, there is the family. What can I say? More is needed than words. Still, Anna, before we met there was a song that stated my wish, too. It was called I wanna know what love is. Thanks to you, now I know. To my parents Raija and Per-Olof Tallberg, suuri kiitos, kaikesta. I have never liked the word deadline, even though time-limits help us to organise. My PhD thesis deadline was a ‘birthline’. In August 2008 I wanted (and needed) to get the manuscript to the pre-reviewers before the expected date of birth of our first child. I was able to make it, with the help of Anna and the arriving baby who stayed unborn till the due date. The doctor had told us that according to the ultra-sound she would be a girl. But he is a boy. I dedicate this book to our son, Vilmer Olof August Tallberg, to the future. In Helsinki, 10th January 2009 Teemu Tallberg iv CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION: THROUGH GENDER AND THE MILITARY TOWARDS PEACE AND EQUALITY ....................................................... 1 Two cans of soup ............................................................................ 1 1.1. The escaping gender .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Organisation .............................................................................................. 2 1.3. Social organisation .................................................................................... 3 1.4. The military ............................................................................................... 4 1.5. Defence and peacekeeping ........................................................................ 6 1.6. Main aims of the study .............................................................................. 7 1.7. Architecture of the thesis (with some tasters) .......................................... 8 2 ORGANISATIONS AND MILITARIES IN SOCIETIES ......................... 11 2.1. Interlinkages: sociologies of