DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploding Wilderness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 20 EXPLODING WILDERNESS Guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish art of war Marko Palokangas National Defence University 2015 FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 20 EXPLODING WILDERNESS Guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish art of war Marko Palokangas National Defence University Helsinki 2015 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence University, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the University. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence University of Finland. Editor: Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence University Editorial Assistant: MA Aki Aunala, National Defence University Editorial Board: Chairman, Prof. Hannu Kari, National Defence University Prof. (emeritus) Ohto Manninen Prof. Pekka Appelqvist, Scientific Advisory Board for Defence Director of Research Juha Martelius, Ministry of Defence Prof., Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri Translation by Semantix Finland Oy Finnish Defence Studies in open access pdf-format: http://bit.ly/1S57Rta ISBN: 978-951-25-2807-3 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-951-25-2808-0 (PDF) ISSN: 0788-5571 Published by NAT1ONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY PO. Box 7 FI-00861 Helsinki FINLAND www.mpkk.fi Juvenes Print Tampere 2016 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Guerrilla-type activities as an area of study in the history of the art of war ........ 1 1.2. On concepts ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. International historical background and the legal status of guerrilla warfare ... 11 2. GUERRILLA-TYPE ACTIVITES AS A FOURTH METHOD OF COMBAT ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1. Development of the Finnish military system and the art of war during the early years of independent Finland .................................................................................. 16 Guerrilla-type activities in the army regulations in the early years of Finland’s independence ...................................................................................................... 21 Reflection on guerrilla-type activities from the viewpoint of the art of war complementing the prevalent Jaeger tactics ............................................................... 24 Guerrilla warfare and irregular troops in the basics of tactics ............................. 30 Instructions for guerrilla-type activities and the guerrilla manual before the Winter War ............................................................................................................................. 32 The Soviet partisan movement and its ability to counter Finnish guerrilla- type activities .......................................................................................................................... 36 2.2. Summary of the development of guerrilla-type activities from 1918 to 1939 .. 39 3. GUERRILLA-TYPE ACTIVITIES AND RECONNAISSANCE IN THE ENEMY’S REAR ........................................................................................... 41 3.1. Guerrilla-type activities in the Winter War and during the Interim Peace in 1939–1941 ................................................................................................................................. 41 Miscellaneous guerrilla troops and directives for guerrilla-type activities at the onset of the Winter War ............................................................................................. 41 General instructions concerning guerrilla-type activities issued by the General Headquarters during the Winter War .......................................................... 46 Training in guerrilla-type activities and experiences gained during the Winter War ............................................................................................................................. 49 Developing guerrilla-type activities after the Winter War ..................................... 55 3.2. Guerrilla-type activities and long-range patrolling during the Continuation War .............................................................................................................................................. 58 Long-range patrolling and other forms of reconnaissance required training in guerrilla-type activities ................................................................................................... 61 Guerrilla-type and partisan activities during the period of static warfare ........ 64 Operation Forest Felling (‘Metsähakkuut’) – guerrilla-type activities led by the General Headquarters ................................................................................................. 67 Guerrilla-type activities and lessons learned during the Continuation War ... 71 Experiences transformed into guidebooks ................................................................. 75 i 3.3. Dispersed storage of weapons – the last major guerrilla operation of the Continuation War .................................................................................................................. 77 3.4. Summary of the development of guerrilla-type activities from 1939 to 1944 .. 81 4. GUERRILLA-TYPE ACTIVITIEAND GUERRILLA WARFARE ........... 84 4.1. The difficult aftermath of the wars and the preparations made between 1944 and 1946 for the worst-case scenario .................................................................. 84 The Defence Revision Committee and the discussions around the perceived need to change the defensive doctrine ......................................................................... 88 The ultimate fate of surplus weapons laid the foundation for equipping the field army ................................................................................................................................. 91 The beginnings of territorial defence thinking .......................................................... 96 The teaching, training and research of guerrilla-type activities and guerrilla warfare in 1945–1950 .......................................................................................................... 99 The intensive development of the territorial defence system in the 1950s .. 108 Discussion and reflection on, and influences gained from, the opportunities open to guerrilla warfare .................................................................................................. 114 Texts and studies on guerrilla warfare and guerrilla-type activities between 1951 and 1960 ...................................................................................................................... 117 4.2. Guerrilla-type activities and guerrilla warfare ............................................................. 120 Wartime needs lent vigour to training in guerrilla-type activities ..................... 120 A change in the thinking regarding the art of war required that regulations and handbooks be renewed ............................................................................................ 139 A handbook in guerrilla training and a regulation regarding guerrilla-type activities were drafted to support training ................................................................. 148 Parachute training in long-range reconnaissance and guerrilla-type activities .. 158 Veikko Koppinen – a man with ideas for guerrilla-type activities and the father of ‘Exploding Wilderness’ .................................................................................. 166 A Guerrilla Tactics Committee is set up to investigate the proposals made by Koppinen and his Räjähtävä tyhjyys ......................................................................... 175 Further research by Olavi Lopmeri and by the research group for guerrilla tactics ...................................................................................................................................... 195 Guerrilla warfare as a topic in the training events of the top leadership between 1961 and 1965 .................................................................................................... 204 A summary of investigations, texts and discussions related to guerrilla war between 1961 and 1966 .................................................................................................... 207 4.3. A summary of the developments in guerrilla warfare and guerrilla-type activities between 1945 and 1966 ................................................................................... 212 5. MAKING GUERRILLA-TYPE ACTIVITIES PART OF TERRITORIAL COMBAT ..................................................................................................... 216 5.1. From a threat scenario based on an attack designed to capture Finland to repelling a surprise invasion ............................................................................................. 216 Developing the local defence and territorial guerrilla-type activities .............. 227 ii Opportunities available to guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish archipelago in the repulsion of an attack aimed at capturing the country ............................. 237 Conflicts regarding the meaning of concepts and modifications to the threat scenario .................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Empower and Teollisuuden Voima Agree on Installation Work for Turbine Plants at Olkiluoto

    Empower and Teollisuuden Voima Agree on Installation Work for Turbine Plants at Olkiluoto

    Apr 28, 2016 07:04 UTC Empower and Teollisuuden Voima agree on installation work for turbine plants at Olkiluoto Empower and Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) have signed a cooperation agreement for the installation of the high pressure drain forward pumping and feed water heaters at the renewable Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2 plants located in Eurajoki, Finland. The contract is a significant indication of trust, as well as an opening for Empower’s Industry Service’s Project business line, further strengthening the long cooperation between TVO and Empower. The project consists essentially of component installation and piping welding work. Project work will be carried out during the maintenance outages in 2017 and 2018. Empower has a wealth of experience of similar work in Sweden. Through the TVO project the activities of this segment will also receive a significant boost in Finland. The portfolio of Empower’s Industry Service’s Project Business Line consists of various industrial installation, commissioning, refurbishment, transfer and dismantling projects, where the wide and diverse process know-how gathered in various industrial segments is utilized. Further information: Kari Ahonen, Project Portfolio Manager, Empower IN Oy, Tel. +358 50 5622 142 and Anders Öhrblad, Industry Services Project Business Line Manager, Empower AB, Tel. +46 7053 28522 Empower is a multinational service company that builds and maintains electricity and telecom networks, maintains factories and power plants and delivers information management systems and services to the energy sector. The company provides services in more than a hundred locations in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In 2015 the group`s turnover was EUR 340 million and it employs some 2,550 persons.
  • The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: on the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction

    The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: on the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction

    The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: On the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction In addition to oral tradition, the knowledge The standard historical presentation and understanding of history is based on of WWII can be epitomised as a written sources. Therefore it is highly significant narrative about a clash between when research is able to introduce hitherto good and evil in which victory is unknown material that can shed new light on inveterate truths. This was the case with the rightfully won by the good. That study “Finland at the Epicentre of the Storm” standard was cast into serious doubt by Finnish historian Erkki Hautamäki. The in 2005 by Finnish historian Erkki study dealt with the diplomatic prelude to Hautamäki, whose research was based World War II, and was based on a secret dossier on documents originating from secret by Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim. The dossier was transferred to President J. K. Paasikivi dossier S-32 of Finnish Marshal, 1 after the war, and then disappeared from Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim. The public eye. Fortunately, its main items were documents of the dossier originated either copied or a synopsis was made on the from the two different sources. First, request of the Marshal by his long-time trustee, they represented the documents of Vilho Tahvanaine. On the basis of these copies, Hautamäki was able to propose an entirely new German officials, including a personal view of the diplomatic manoeuvring which led letter by Reichsmarschall Hermann to the outbreak of WW II.
  • Discoursing Finnish Rock. Articulations of Identities in the Saimaa-Ilmiö Rock Documentary Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2010, 229 P

    Discoursing Finnish Rock. Articulations of Identities in the Saimaa-Ilmiö Rock Documentary Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2010, 229 P

    JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 140 Terhi Skaniakos Discoursing Finnish Rock Articulations of Identities in the Saimaa-ilmiö Rock Documentary JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 140 Terhi Skaniakos Discoursing Finnish Rock Articulations of Identities in the Saimaa-ilmiö Rock Documentary Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa S210 toukokuun 14. päivänä 2010 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Jyväskylä, in Auditorium S210, on May 14, 2010 at 12 o'clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2010 Discoursing Finnish Rock Articulations of Identities in the Saimaa-ilmiö Rock Documentary JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 140 Terhi Skaniakos Discoursing Finnish Rock Articulations of Identities in the Saimaa-ilmiö Rock Documentary UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2010 Editor Erkki Vainikkala Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Paula Kalaja, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Tarja Nikula, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Cover picture by Marika Tamminen, Museum Centre Vapriikki collections URN:ISBN:978-951-39-3887-1 ISBN 978-951-39-3887-1 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-3877-2 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4331 Copyright © 2010 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2010 ABSTRACT Skaniakos, Terhi Discoursing Finnish Rock.
  • Agamben, Giorgio 507 Aho, Juhani 486 Ahonen, Sirkka 36, 462 Ahtisaari, Martti 466, 494 Ahto, Sampo 20, 541–3, 547–8 Air Raid

    Agamben, Giorgio 507 Aho, Juhani 486 Ahonen, Sirkka 36, 462 Ahtisaari, Martti 466, 494 Ahto, Sampo 20, 541–3, 547–8 Air Raid

    INDEX Agamben, Giorgio 507 Axis Powers 74, 89, 111, 122, 135, 138, Aho, Juhani 486 173, 339, 362, 369, 549 Ahonen, Sirkka 36, 462 see also Hungary; Italy; Japan; Ahtisaari, Martti 466, 494 Romania Ahto, Sampo 20, 541–3, 547–8 air raids 1, 11 (fi g.), 59, 71–2, 78, Baltic Sea (region) 2, 52 (map), 56, 64, 144, 153, 172 (table), 173, 181, 191, 65 (map), 68, 75, 77 (map), 107, 206, 193, 195, 198, 212 (fi g.), 215, 223, 230, 399 259–60, 326, 340 Baltic States 3, 5, 49, 52 (map), 53–4, Airo, Aksel 174 57–8, 65 (map), 67, 76, 88, 94, 97, 191, Ajossaari Island 377 251, 274, 379, 381, 399, 493 Åland Islands 52 (map) see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Alasjärvi, Lake 508, 511, 513, 515 Bay of Vyborg 150, 163–4, 461 Alexander I, Czar 49 Behring, Emil Adolf von 338 Allied Control Commission 9, 25 n.41, Belorussia 80–1, 159–60, 164, 381, 387 30, 85 (fi g.), 86, 89, 169, 390, 392, Benelux countries 5, 67, 97, 129, 338 478 n.96 Berlin 65 (map), 66, 68, 80, 124–5, 160, Allied Powers (Western Powers) 187, 369, 388 during and aft er the Continuation Beveridge, William 352 War 1, 8, 76, 78–80, 82–3, 87–9, Bion, Wilfred 291–2 113–4, 128, 135, 155 (map), 156, Björklund, Johannes 270 272, 394, 404, 457, 466, 480, 491 Björkman, Sven and Rakel 279, 284, during the Winter War and the 298, 300–2, 304–6, 308–10 Interim Peace 2, 15 n.15, 22, 62–4, Blomstedt, Yrjö 529 n.28, 544–5 65 (map), 78, 98, 150, 187 Blücher, Wipert von 26, 93, 95–6, see also France; Great Britain; United 100–1, 106–7, 109–10, 112, 116–23, States 125, 129, 131, 133–4, 138 Anderson, Benedict
  • Interim Governments and the Stability of Peace

    Interim Governments and the Stability of Peace

    Interim Governments and the Stability of Peace Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. pol. im Fach Politikwissenschaft vorgelegt von Julia Strasheim eingereicht an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg im September 2016 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Aurel Croissant Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Jale Tosun Julia Strasheim GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 20354 Hamburg [email protected] First printed 2016 iv Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation would not have been possible without the outstanding direct and indirect support of a long list of people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation supervisors at the University of Heidelberg. I am greatly indebted to my main supervisor Aurel Croissant, who oversaw more than three years of my doctoral research and who provided excellent supervision and invaluable comments on numerous chapter drafts. I am equally grateful to my second supervisor Jale Tosun, whose constructive comments and rigorous feedback during my final year of doctoral research greatly contributed to this project. In this regard, I would also like to express my gratitude to the partic- ipants of both of my supervisors’ colloquiums at the University of Heidelberg for their helpful remarks and suggestions during various presentations; and to the Graduate Academy at the University of Heidelberg for generously funding my fieldwork (and for unbureaucratically supporting me in postponing my trip following Nepal’s 25 April 2015 Gorkha earthquake). Besides joining the excellent research environment of the University of Hei- delberg as an external PhD candidate, I have throughout the process of writing my dissertation been fortunate to be based as a research fellow at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies in Hamburg, and I am grateful to a number of people at the GIGA.
  • ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter Utgivna Av Statsvetenskapliga Föreningen I Uppsala 199

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter Utgivna Av Statsvetenskapliga Föreningen I Uppsala 199

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 199 Secession och diplomati Unionsupplösningen 1905 speglad i korrespondens mellan UD, beskickningar och konsulat Redaktörer: Evert Vedung, Gustav Jakob Petersson och Tage Vedung 2017 © Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala och redaktörerna 2017 Omslagslayout: Martin Högvall Omslagsbild: Tage Vedung, Evert Vedung ISSN 0346-7538 ISBN 978-91-513-0011-5 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326821 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326821) Tryckt i Sverige av DanagårdLiTHO AB 2017 Till professor Stig Ekman Till minnet av docent Arne Wåhlstrand Inspiratörer och vägröjare Innehåll Förord ........................................................................................................ ix Secession och diplomati – en kronologi maj 1904 till december 1905 ...... 1 Secession och diplomati 1905 – en inledning .......................................... 29 Åtta bilder och åtta processer: digitalisering av diplomatpost från 1905 ... 49 A Utrikesdepartementet Stockholm – korrespondens med beskickningar och konsulat ............................................................. 77 B Beskickningar i Europa och USA ................................................... 163 Beskickningen i Berlin ...................................................................... 163 Beskickningen i Bryssel/Haag ......................................................... 197 Beskickningen i Konstantinopel ....................................................... 202 Beskickningen
  • The Finno-Soviet Conflict of 1939-1945 in November 1939 a War Broke out Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finl

    The Finno-Soviet Conflict of 1939-1945 in November 1939 a War Broke out Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finl

    the Finno-Soviet conflict of 1939-1945 In November 1939 a war broke out between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland. The causes of the conflict lay primarily in the world political situation. Germany had already began a war of conquest by invading Poland September first of the same year. Soviet Union sought to protect its borders in view of surging fascist ideas and Germany’s intents to expand. The Soviet Union had primarily wanted to solve the dispute diplomatically before the outbreak of the war. To safeguard itself, the USSR had two aims: First, to move the Finno-Russian border further away from Leningrad, giving Finland a twofold area of land further north along the border in return. Second, to stop any outside force from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territories. The Soviets also wanted some certain strategically important areas, including a few islands in the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent a landing to Finland or the Baltics. The suggestions put forward by the Soviet Union were discussed between the states. The Soviet Union was interested in a mutual defense treaty with Finland. The Soviets and Finland would repel an attacker together should they tread on Finland. Representatives from both countries met over half a dozen times, but in the end the offer was refused. The reasons were numerous; the leaders of the state harbored an aggressive “Greater Finnish” ideology that they had fermented within the populace all throughout 1920’s and 30’s. The idea of Greater Finland was based on the goal of incorporating northwestern parts of the Soviet Union into Finland.
  • RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 a Thesis Presented To

    RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 a Thesis Presented To

    RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History Carroll College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Academic Honors with a B.A. Degree In History by Rex Allen Martin April 2, 1973 SIGNATURE PAGE This thesis for honors recognition has been approved for the Department of History. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge thankfully A. Patanen, Attach^ to the Embassy of Finland, and Mrs. Anna-Malja Kurlkka of the Library of Parliament in Helsinki for their aid in locating the documents used In my research. For his aid In obtaining research material, I wish to thank Mr. H. Palmer of the Inter-Library Loan Department of Carroll College. To Mr. Lang and to Dr. Semmens, my thanks for their time and effort. To Father William Greytak, without whose encouragement, guidance, and suggestions this thesis would never have been completed, I express my warmest thanks. Rex A. Martin 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... v I. 1937 TO 1939 ........................................................................................ 1 II. 1939 TO1 940.................................................... 31 III. 1940 TO1 941............................................................................................. 49 IV. 1941 TO1 944 ......................................................................................... 70 V. 1944 TO 1947 ........................................................................................
  • POHJOLAN VOIMA Annual Report 1999 CONTENTS

    POHJOLAN VOIMA Annual Report 1999 CONTENTS

    POHJOLAN VOIMA Annual Report 1999 CONTENTS Key figures for the Group 1999 4 Company Structure, 1 April 2000 5 Production and services 6 Review by the President of Pohjolan Voima Oy 8 Review by the President of PVO-Palvelut Oy 10 Strategy outline 12 Pohjolan Voima, environment and society 14 Events in 1999 17 Production 18 Services 25 Environmental year 1999 32 Administration 34 Accounts for 1999 Review by the Board of Directors 36 Consolidated Profit and Loss Account 39 Consolidated Balance Sheet 40 Consolidated Cash Flow Statement 41 Profit and Loss Account of Parent Company 42 Parent Company Balance Sheet 43 Parent Company Cash Flow Statement 44 Accounting Policies 45 Notes to the Accounts 46 Notes to the Balance Sheet 48 Report of the Auditors 58 Information on Shares 59 Management 60 Adresses 62 The Annual General Meeting The Annual General Meeting of Pohjolan Voima Oy will be held on Thursday, 27 April 2000 at 10 am in Mikonkatu 15A, 00100 Helsinki. P o h j o l a n V o i m a 2 CHANGE IS AN OPPORTUNITY. CHANGING IS ESSENTIAL. OPERATING IDEA Ability and long-term commitment are re- As a whole, Pohjolan Voima will be de- The Pohjolan Voima Group is a privately- quired to ensure future operating conditions veloped into an international operator, able owned group of energy sector companies, in the energy field. to offer its shareholders and other customers which generates and purchases power In 1999, Pohjolan Voima’s energy gen- competitive energy solutions, through a wide and heat for the shareholders.
  • From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958

    From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958

    ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe.
  • Reference Sheet

    Reference Sheet

    TACTICALL NAVY REFERENCES Internal Communication External Communication TactiCall gives you complete control and fast access to all net- TactiCall is a perfect match for Task- or coalition force operations, works on board your vessel. Be it Functional Nets including teleph- including other military arms. SOF teams, air force, marine detach- ony, public address, entertainment systems and the like or Fighting ments and even civil and NGO agencies can be important players Nets handling alarms, broadcasts and orders, weapon teams or in the operation. More often than not, this setup includes a multi- mission control. tude of different frequency bands, networks and radio equipment. TactiCall will integrate all these into one simple and easy to use TactiCall is highly flexible and scalable, it is platform independent solution that permits everybody to reach each other regardless of and will integrate seamlessly into your combat management sys- equipment and technology used. tem of choice. In other words TactiCall lets you control all internal communication on board your vessel and with features such as TactiCall will allow key features for modern day operations like red/ record and playback helps you log and later analyze your commu- black separation, multi-level security operations, global public ad- nication flows. dress and allowing government or task force commanders to com- municate directly with whoever needs to be addressed in a given situation - facilitating a much smoother and more rapid “Statement of No Objections” chain. Contact Porten
  • EVOLUTION of the FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri

    EVOLUTION of the FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Library of Finland DSpace Services FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES EVOLUTION OF THE FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri OCUMENTATION War College Helsinki 1990 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the War College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the War College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, War College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Tauno Nieminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by WAR COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 SF - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 1 EVOLUTION OF THE FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri DOCUMENTATION War College Helsinki 1990 ISBN 951-25-0522-3 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1990: War College All rights reserved Valtion painatuskeskus Pasilan VALTIMO Helsinki 1990 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 3 Purpose and approach ............................................................................. 3 Theoretical framework ............................................................................