HISTORY, DIALOGUE of LANGUAGES and CULTURES May 17–19, 2012, Narva, Estonia
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: on the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction
The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: On the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction In addition to oral tradition, the knowledge The standard historical presentation and understanding of history is based on of WWII can be epitomised as a written sources. Therefore it is highly significant narrative about a clash between when research is able to introduce hitherto good and evil in which victory is unknown material that can shed new light on inveterate truths. This was the case with the rightfully won by the good. That study “Finland at the Epicentre of the Storm” standard was cast into serious doubt by Finnish historian Erkki Hautamäki. The in 2005 by Finnish historian Erkki study dealt with the diplomatic prelude to Hautamäki, whose research was based World War II, and was based on a secret dossier on documents originating from secret by Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim. The dossier was transferred to President J. K. Paasikivi dossier S-32 of Finnish Marshal, 1 after the war, and then disappeared from Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim. The public eye. Fortunately, its main items were documents of the dossier originated either copied or a synopsis was made on the from the two different sources. First, request of the Marshal by his long-time trustee, they represented the documents of Vilho Tahvanaine. On the basis of these copies, Hautamäki was able to propose an entirely new German officials, including a personal view of the diplomatic manoeuvring which led letter by Reichsmarschall Hermann to the outbreak of WW II. -
The Finno-Soviet Conflict of 1939-1945 in November 1939 a War Broke out Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finl
the Finno-Soviet conflict of 1939-1945 In November 1939 a war broke out between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland. The causes of the conflict lay primarily in the world political situation. Germany had already began a war of conquest by invading Poland September first of the same year. Soviet Union sought to protect its borders in view of surging fascist ideas and Germany’s intents to expand. The Soviet Union had primarily wanted to solve the dispute diplomatically before the outbreak of the war. To safeguard itself, the USSR had two aims: First, to move the Finno-Russian border further away from Leningrad, giving Finland a twofold area of land further north along the border in return. Second, to stop any outside force from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territories. The Soviets also wanted some certain strategically important areas, including a few islands in the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent a landing to Finland or the Baltics. The suggestions put forward by the Soviet Union were discussed between the states. The Soviet Union was interested in a mutual defense treaty with Finland. The Soviets and Finland would repel an attacker together should they tread on Finland. Representatives from both countries met over half a dozen times, but in the end the offer was refused. The reasons were numerous; the leaders of the state harbored an aggressive “Greater Finnish” ideology that they had fermented within the populace all throughout 1920’s and 30’s. The idea of Greater Finland was based on the goal of incorporating northwestern parts of the Soviet Union into Finland. -
From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958
ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe. -
Urho Kekkonen, MP, Speaks About the Moscow Peace Treaty in the Closed Session of the Finnish Parliament, March 15, 1940
Urho Kekkonen, MP, speaks about the Moscow Peace Treaty in the closed session of the Finnish Parliament, March 15, 1940 Deputy K e k k o n e n: The present Government was confronted with a harder decision than any other previous state body responsible for the fate of the people of Finland. One can only imagine, how hard it has been to approve the present choice, in the face of which the Parliament and the people of Finland now stand as powerless witnesses. But choosing the other alternative, continuing the war, had neither been an easy one. Despite of this, I venture to believe that the people of Finland had still chosen the latter path, if it had been in the position to give the decisive opinion, how hard this ever might have been. During the hard days of war, an ever stronger belief in our just cause grew constantly among our people, expressed also by growing will to sacrifice everything for our righteous cause. It is just this preparedness to fight until the very end, and aversion to any reconciliation when the vital interests, and moreover, when the very foundation for the existence of the nation is at stake, is to my mind a clear indication of the true spiritual basis of our people. This basis we must keep strong. Therefore, we should avoid teaching a philosophy of submission as a justification for making peace. If this kind of philosophy becomes the official philosophy of the state and the people, the spiritual upright for keeping up the will to independence will be broken. -
Conflict and Cooperation in Public Space. Symbolic (Re)Negotiation of Historic and Contemporary Scandinavian-Russian Border1
ISSN 2078–4333. ȼɿɫɧɢɤɅɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ. ɋɟɪɿɹɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ. 2016. ȼɢɩɭɫɤ 38. C. 106–126 Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series International Relations. 2016. Issue 38. P. 106–126 ɍȾɄ 327(48-04:470):[352:351.88](091) CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN PUBLIC SPACE. SYMBOLIC (RE)NEGOTIATION OF HISTORIC AND CONTEMPORARY SCANDINAVIAN-RUSSIAN BORDER1 Heino Nyyssönen University of Tampere, vul. Kalevantie 4, Tampere, Finland, 33100, tel. (+358 3) 355 111, e-mail: [email protected] Jarosáaw JaĔczak Adam Mickiewicz University, 89a, Umultowska Str., PoznaĔ, Poland, 61-614, tel. (+48 061) 829 6625 / European University Viadrina, Große Scharrnstrasse 5, 15230 Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany, tel. (+49 335) 5534 2581, e-mail: [email protected] Border twin towns are locations of particular symbolic importance for governing projects aimed at the creation of national and international spaces. Local and central authorities have utilised public monuments and other symbols there as a way of «inventing tradition» [15], and narrating about conflict, cooperation and even collaboration legacies. The metaphor of «integration laboratories» [13] makes them perfect places for border (re)negotiation [5]. Referring also to Reinhart Koselleck’s [27] ideas concerning war memorials we argue that monuments represent symbols exhibited in public space: they have a specific function, in hinting something, «which does not exist as a thing or matter immediately perceptible to the senses» [38, p.40]. Moreover, a symbol «tells about some other reality and is the crystallization of a linguistic description» [38, p. 40]. In this way, «materially existing objects are often useful in embodying and presenting abstract ideas, such as unfriendly relations, international socialism or EU integration, as well as strengthening a populace in their convictions toward these ideas» [5, p. -
The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946
Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2 Morten Bergsmo, CHEAH Wui Ling and YI Ping (editors) E-Offprint: Immi Tallgren, “Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946”, in Morten Bergsmo, CHEAH Wui Ling and YI Ping (editors), Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2, FICHL Publication Series No. 21 (2014), Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Brussels, ISBN 978-82-93081-13-5. First published on 12 December 2014. This publication and other TOAEP publications may be openly accessed and downloaded through the website www.fichl.org. This site uses Persistent URLs (PURL) for all publications it makes available. The URLs of these publications will not be changed. Printed copies may be ordered through online distributors such as www.amazon.co.uk. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2014. All rights are reserved. 36 ______ Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946 Immi Tallgren* 36.1. Why and How to Write about the Finnish War-Responsibility Trial Today? In place of a complicated empirical world, men hold to a relatively few, simple, archetypal myths, of which the conspiratorial enemy and the omnicompetent hero-savior are the central ones. In consequence, people feel assured by guidance, certainty and trust rather than paralyzed by threat, bewilderment, and unwanted personal responsibility for making judgements.1 For the political historian Karl Deutsch, a nation is “a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours”. Accounts of the past are one of the ways in which individuals and communities construct their identity. -
Cumtux Article: Väinö and Lempi Koskela and the Finnish-Russian War 1939-40
Väino and Lempi Koskela and the Finnish-Russian War 1939-40 By Greg Jacob Overview of the War When the Russian troops overran he Winter War, a military the Finnish defenses on the Karelian conflict between the Soviet Union Isthmus, known as the “Mannerheim T and Finland, began November 30, 1939. Line,” Finland, facing exhaustion and It was a short-lived conflict, ending depletion of ammunition, agreed to on March 13, 1940 with the Moscow peace terms. Peace Treaty. Finland had to cede eleven percent In 1939, Joseph Stalin, worried that of their territory (western Karelia), German aggression would threaten St. 22,000 square miles, to the Soviet Petersburg, wanted to install Soviet Union and agree to the construction military facilities on Finnish soil, of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko acquire territories on the Karelian Peninsula. The Moscow Peace Treaty Isthmus and the islands of the Gulf came at a heavy cost for the Soviet of Finland, and secure a 30-year lease Union, which lost over 300,000 men for a naval base at Hanko (Hangö). compared to 65,000 for the Finns. Fearing Soviet expansion, Finland refused those demands, and Stalin, Väino and Lempi Koskela sure of expending little effort to get Väino and Lempi Koskela, 94 and his demands, sent almost one million 93 years old, both served in the Winter troops of the Red Army into Finland War and the Continuation War. On an on November 30. invite from Väino’s uncle Sam, Väino The Finns were led by Marshal moved to Duluth, MN in 1956. -
V-Series: Help Finland and Finnish Relief, World War II
V-Series: Help Finland and Finnish Relief, World War II Title: Help Finland series Creators: Help Finland, Inc. and similar agencies Inclusive Dates: 1939-1950 Bulk dates: 1939-190 Extent: 16 linear ft. Languages: Finnish and English Acquisition: Much of the material donated by Antero Hietala, son of Ester L. Hietala, former Secretary of Help Finland, Inc. 1944-1950. Abstract: The Finnish Relief and Help Finland campaign organized to assist persons affected by the Winter, Continuation and Lapland Wars in Finland. The materials in this collection include official organizational and personal correspondences, Finnish children’s drawings of receipt of relief packages, booklets, photographs and audio records regarding the efforts of Americans and Finnish Americans to render aid to those in Finland during and after Finnish involvement in the World War II era. Biographical and Historical Notes: Prior to the beginning of World War II, Finland occupied a tenuous geopolitical position. To the east, loomed the rapidly industrializing and ascending geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union. To the southwest, the German war machine was rapidly militarizing. Finland, who had historical military ties with Germany, drew the suspicion of the Soviet war machine and on November 30, 1939, the Soviets invaded Finland. What was termed the “Winter War” was a heroic effort by Finland’s small army to repel the much larger Soviet military machine. In the end, the Soviet Red Army proved too much as the Finns fought the Soviets to a stalemate and in March 1940, Finland signed the Moscow Peace Treaty. Terms of the treaty were not favorable to Finland, which signed over the Finnish section of Karelia, the Salla/Kuusamo region, the Kalastajan saarento peninsula and 4 islands in the Gulf of Finland to the Soviets. -
Exploding Wilderness
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 20 EXPLODING WILDERNESS Guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish art of war Marko Palokangas National Defence University 2015 FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 20 EXPLODING WILDERNESS Guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish art of war Marko Palokangas National Defence University Helsinki 2015 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence University, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the University. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence University of Finland. Editor: Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence University Editorial Assistant: MA Aki Aunala, National Defence University Editorial Board: Chairman, Prof. Hannu Kari, National Defence University Prof. (emeritus) Ohto Manninen Prof. Pekka Appelqvist, Scientific Advisory Board for Defence Director of Research Juha Martelius, Ministry of Defence Prof., Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri Translation by Semantix Finland Oy Finnish Defence Studies in open access pdf-format: http://bit.ly/1S57Rta ISBN: 978-951-25-2807-3 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-951-25-2808-0 (PDF) ISSN: 0788-5571 Published by NAT1ONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY PO. Box 7 FI-00861 Helsinki FINLAND www.mpkk.fi Juvenes Print Tampere 2016 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Guerrilla-type activities as an area of study in the history -
Finland in Crisis: Finnish Relations with the Western Democracies
Finland in Crisis: Finnish Relations with the Western Democracies, 1939-1941 by Mylon Ollila A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2012 © Mylon Ollila 2012 Author’s Declaration Page I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This thesis examines Finland’s relations with Britain and the United States from 1939- 1941. During this period, Finland engaged in two wars against the Soviet Union. In 1939-1940 Finland defended itself against a Soviet attack with the emotional and material support of Britain and the United States. By 1941 Finland was once again at war with the Soviet Union. The geopolitical situation had changed so significantly that Finland found itself aligned with Germany against the Soviet Union. Consequently Finnish relations with the western democracies were strained, although Britain and the United States had previously supported Finland against the Soviet Union. This thesis examines the differences in foreign policy and public opinion in Britain and the United States and the nature of their relations with Finland from 1939-1941. iii Acknowledgements This period of study at the University of Waterloo has been a valuable experience in my personal and professional development. My thesis supervisor, Alex Statiev, was the central influence in this development. I could not have hoped for a better mentor. -
The Soviet Approach to the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination: Russia’S Farewell to Jus Publicum Europaeum
Journal of the history of International Law 19 (2017) 200–218 JHIL brill.com/jhil The Soviet Approach to the Right of Peoples to Self-determination: Russia’s Farewell to jus publicum europaeum Lauri Mälksoo University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the theory and practice of the Soviet position on the right of peoples to self-determination in 1917 and afterwards. It is a misunderstand- ing to mention Lenin’s (the Bolsheviks’) and Wilson’s concepts of self-determination in one breath, as ‘precursors’ in international law. The Soviet concept of the right of peoples to self-determination was adopted for tactical and propagandistic purposes, and it had little in common with the liberal democratic concept of this right that saw the right of peoples to self-determination as an end in itself. The real contribution of the Russian Bolsheviks to the history of international law has, to some extent, been overlooked. Throughout the 20th century, the West and the USSR had different region- al standards and usages of the right of peoples to self-determination, thus presenting a continuous challenge to the idea of the universality of international law. Keywords self-determination of peoples − Russian Empire − USSR − peace treaties − Lenin − Bolshevik − jus publicum europaeum − universality of international law 1 Introduction In 2017, the world marks the centennial of Russia’s October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks a.k.a. Communists to power for more than seventy years. * Research for and the writing of this article has been supported by a grant of the Estonian Research Council No IUT 20–50. -
The Viipuri Library by Alvar Aalto, Under the Condition That Russia Also Mansikka Wrote a Report on 31.10.1996 to Minister of the Environment Pekka Haavisto
Aalto-DD 127/2018 Aalto-DD 127/2018 9HSTFMG*aiahch+ 9HSTFMG*aiahch+ ISBN 978-952-60-8072-7 BUSINESS + ISBN 978-952-60-8073-4 (pdf) ECONOMY ISSN 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4942 (electronic) ART + DESIGN + Aalto University ARCHITECTURE School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture SCIENCE + shop.aalto.fi TECHNOLOGY www.aalto.fi CROSSOVER DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS The Building that Disappeared Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 127/2018 The Viipuri Library Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture by Alvar Aalto Department of Architecture Aalto ARTS Books Espoo, Finland shop.aalto.fi © Laura Berger Graphic design: Annukka Mäkijärvi Cover photo: Military Museum / Finnish Air Forces collections Materials: Invercote Creato 300 g, Scandia 2000 Natural 115 g LAURA BERGER ISBN 978-952-60-8072-7 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-8073-4 (pdf) ISSN 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4942 (electronic) Unigrafia Helsinki 2018 4 5 Abstract This dissertation introduces the ‘life’ of one building: the Viipuri Library, designed tectural drawings and publications, this work aims to unravel the ‘life cycle’ of by Alvar Aalto in 1927–1935. The theoretical perspective draws from the field of the library to the present day. The structure of the thesis is thematic and approxi- material culture studies and the agency of objects. In the case of this particular mately chronological. The main body consists of four thematic chapters. The first building, the research enquires what buildings ‘do’ as part of our material envi- chapter titled ‘The City’ introduces the local context, the events behind the reali- ronment. In the context of architecture, the library has a role as an important sation of the library.