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Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History (YFJEH) ______________________________________________________________________________ Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History (YFJEH) _____________________________ Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History (YFJEH) is a new peer referee journal, published in the Internet by IEHG. YFJEH brings together scientists and practitioners from a wide scope of disciplines to examine relationships between the environment and human actions over time from the history to the future(s). Our languages are Finnish and English. Editors: Dr.Petri S. Juuti (editor-in-chief) Editorial Board: Dr.Tapio S. Katko Dr.Riikka P.Rajala Dr Carol Fort (Flinders University Australia) Contacts: [email protected] Professor Johannes Haarhoff (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Home page: www.uta.fi/finnishenvironmentalhistory Professor Timo Myllyntaus (University of Turku, Finland) Layout: Lari Wennström Dr Ezekiel Nyangeri (University of Nairobi, Kenya) ISSN-L 1799-6953 Dr Harri Mäki (IEHG, Finland) ISSN 1799-6953 Professor Johann Tempelhoff (North-West University, South Africa) Adjunct Professor Heikki Vuorinen (University of Helsinki, Finland) Professor Zheng Xiao Yun (Yunnan academy of Social Sciences of China) Front page: Photo: Petri Juuti, 2005. Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History 3/2012 ______________________________________________________________________________ Contents _____________________________ Pääkirjoitus / Editorial 4 Toni Jaatinen, Tapio Katko, Sanna Pynnönen & Joni Vihanta Focus and Change of Water Management in Finland 10 Pekka Masonen Alastomat japanilaiset ja länsimainen katse 33 Ilmo Massa & Alla Bolotova The Opening of the Circumpolar World 49 Petri Juuti Halpa vesi vai hyvä palvelu? 79 News 83 International Environmental History Group (IEHG) 85 Vesihuoltopalveluiden tutkijaryhmä Capacity Building of Water and Environmental Services (CADWES) 85 Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History (YFJEH) 86 Instructions for Authors 87 Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History 3/2012 ______________________________________________________________________________ Pääkirjoitus _____________________________ Valtavat haasteet Vesihuolto eli vesi- ja viemärilaitostoiminta ja usein myös hule- eli sade- ja sulamisvesien hallinta ovat ih- miskunnan keskeisiä haasteita niin Suomessa ja Euroopassa kuin koko maailmassa. Jos nykyinen kehitys saa jatkua ilman olennaisia parannuksia, jopa kaksi kolmasosaa maailman väestöstä kärsii kroonisesta veden niukkuudesta ja pilaantuneista vesistä vuonna 2050. Vesi ja sen käyttö ovat kiistämättä keskeinen globaali haaste ja kestävän kehityksen elementti – köyhyyden vähentämisen, kulutustottumusten sekä luonnonvarojen kestävän käytön kannalta. Vesi on myös YK:n hy- väksymien vuosituhattavoitteiden osalta ratkaisevassa asemassa. Vuonna 2012 saavutettiin vedenhankinnan osalta vuosituhattavoite eli puolittaa palveluja vailla olevien ihmisten määrä. Silti tekemistä riittää puhumat- takaan sanitaatiosta, jonka haaste on valtava maailmankylässä. Ilmastonmuutos puolestaan lisää edelleen veden määrän ääri-ilmiöitä: kuivuutta ja tulvia. Suomessa tutkimuksen mukaan vesihuollon suurin haaste seuraavien 20–30 vuoden aikana on ikääntyvä infrastruktuuri, erityisesti verkostojen rapautuminen. Sama näyttää olevan tilanne monissa länsimaissa mutta myös siirtymätalouksissa ja kehittyvissä maissa. Ikääntyvän infrastruktuurin ohella keskeisiä haasteita ovat järjestelmien haavoittuvuus, osaamisen kehittäminen koulutuksen ja tutkimuksen kautta, viestintä sekä pää- töksenteko ja siihen vaikuttaminen. Vaikka teknologialla voidaan järjestelmiä kehittää, vielä suuremmat haasteet vaativat osaamista varsinaisten artefaktien ulkopuolelta – hallintaprosesseista ja niihin liittyvästä tietämyksestä ja ymmärryksestä. Keinoja on Vesiasioiden yhteiskunnallinen merkitys tulee saada nykyistä paremmin esille. Tulee etsiä uusia keinoja ja toimintatapoja, joilla näkymättömissä olevat, elintärkeät verkostot saavat ansaitsemaansa huomiota. Vesi- huollon tehtävänä on toimittaa elintärkeä tuote turvallisesti paikasta toiseen ja samalla taata veden korkea laatu käyttäjälle saakka ja lopulta tehokkaasti puhdistettuna purkuvesistöön. Ennaltaehkäisevän, toiminta- kuntoa ylläpitävän huoltotyön merkitystä ei pidä väheksyä.1 Tutkimusten mukaan kansalaiset ja kuntalaiset arvostavat vesihuoltopalveluja ja pitävät niitä välttämättöminä. Lähtökohdat järkevälle toiminnalle ja kehit- tämiselle yhteiskunnassa ovat näin olemassa. Vesiasioiden ja vesihuollon merkitys on erityisesti alalla toimivien asiantuntijoiden ja sitä tukevien tahojen ammatillinen haaste. Koulutuksessa on eri tasoilla vähitellen päästy ja ollaan pääsemässä oppimista korosta- viin lähestymistapoihin. Tutkimustoiminnassa moni- ja poikkitieteisyys on välttämätöntä, jos halutaan löytää kestäviä vesihuollon toimintaperiaatteita ja käytäntöjä. Juhlapuheista huolimatta tällä saralla on vielä paljon tekemistä muun muassa tutkimusrahoituksen painotuksissa. Myönteisiäkin esimerkkejä on kuten hiljattain alkanut hanke ”Water as Cultural Space: Changing Values and Representations”. Tampereen yliopiston ym- päristöhistorian tutkijaryhmä IEHG sekä Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston vesihuoltopalveluiden tutkijaryh- 2 mä CADWES ovat tehneet moni- ja poikkitieteistä sekä vertailevaa tutkimusta vesihuollon kehityksestä 1 Heino O., Katko T. & Takala A. 2010. Ikääntyvä infra - vesihuollon keskeisin haaste. Vesitalous. Vsk. 51, no. 8. s. 22-24. http://www.vesitalous.fi/upload/lehtiarkisto/2010/6_2010.pdf 2 www.cadwes.org 4 Ympäristöhistoria Finnish Journal of Environmental History 3/2012 ______________________________________________________________________________ pitkällä aikavälillä erityisesti Suomessa, Euroopassa, Pohjois-Amerikassa ja eteläisessä Afrikassa. Vesivaro- jen osalta Aalto yliopiston Vesi ja kehitys-ryhmä on toiminut aktiivisesti erityisesti Aasiassa. Henkiset resurssit kehityksen perusedellytys Vesiasiat ja vesiosaaminen ovat Suomessa viime aikoina olleet näyttävästi esillä muun muassa maabrändi- työryhmän, Rion kestävän kehityksen prosessin sekä Finnish Water Forumin kautta. Vesiosaaminen edellyt- tää ennen kaikkea hyvin motivoituja sekä jatkuvasta oppimisesta ja kehittämisestä kiinnostuneita henkilöitä kaikilla tasoilla. Yhtenä esimerkkinä on kansallinen täydennyskoulutusohjelma VETO - Vesihuollon johta- minen ja kehittäminen, joka on toteutettu kaksi kertaa. Kehittyvien maiden ja osin siirtymätalouksien osalta Tampereen teknillisellä yliopistolla on useamman vuo- sikymmenen kokemus vesi- ja ympäristöalan osaajien koulutuksesta ja tutkimusyhteistyöstä Afrikan maiden kanssa. Tuloksena on ollut lähes 100 hengen asiantuntijajoukko, joka työskentelee kotimaidensa huipputeh- tävissä – professoreista ministereihin, huippuvirkamiehiin ja yritysjohtajiin.3 Räätälöidyillä koulutusohjel- milla suomalaiset yliopistot ovat voineet palvella kehittyvien maiden osaamistarpeita ja samalla edistää omaa osaamistaan. Kun 1990-luvun alun laman jälkeen nämä resurssit leikattiin, on nyt maamme alkanut tukea yhteistyötä kehittyvien maiden yliopistojen kanssa. Vaikka ohjelmat ovat varsin pieniä muihin pohjoismaihin verrattuna, antavat ne kuitenkin uusia mahdollisuuksia niin vesihuollossa kuin muillakin keskeisillä toimi- aloilla. Eteläisen Afrikan yliopistot pyörittävät jo huomattavissa määrin omia maisteriohjelmia ja osin jo tohtorikoulutustakin. Näiden ohjelmien tukeminen eri muodoissaan olisi nyt luontevaa jatkoa aiemmalle toiminnalle. Suomella erinomainen asema Kun on ollut mahdollista olla mukana yhdessä kollegojen kanssa ja seurata Suomen vesialan kansainvälistä yhteistyötä kehittyvissä maissa, lähialueilla, Euroopan unionissa ja muilla alueilla yli kolme vuosikymmentä, on helppo todeta, että suomalaisena on helppo toimia missä tahansa. Pienenä kansakuntana, jolla ei ole siir- tomaaisäntien rasitteita, meillä on harvemmin riskiä sortua tiedämme paremmin (besser wisser) -asenteeseen. Kohdemaiden tarpeet - kuten heidän päättäjät, virkamiehet, asiantuntijat ja kansalaiset ne näkevä - tulee olla lähtökohtana. Voimme mennä mihin maahan tahansa ja olemme tervetulleita. Kansainvälisissä vesi- ja ympäristöalan vertailuissa Suomi on maailman kärkimaita ellei kärkimaa. Näitä ovat mm. Vesiköyhyysindeksi (WPI, 2002), Veden kierrätysindeksi (WRI, 2009), Veden suhteellinen niuk- kuusindeksi (RWSI, 2009), Ympäristön toimivuusindeksi (EPI, 2010), Ympäristön kestävyysindeksi (ESI, 2005), Inhimillisen kehityksen indeksi (HDI, 2009), Aidon kehityksen mittari (GPI, 2006, 2008) sekä OECD:n ympäristövertailut (2009).4 Vertailut osoittavat, että maamme osaa hyödyntää hyvin vesivaransa sekä pitää ympäristönsä puhtaana, vaikka haasteitakin on. Tätä menestystä voisi hyödyntää nykyistä aktiivi- semmin. Vesihuollon kehittäminen lähtee korostetusti paikallisista tarpeista niin Suomessa kuin missä tahansa muus- sakin maassa. Huolimatta erilaisista olosuhteista ja reunaehdoista on kestävässä vesihuollossa kyse kuitenkin paljon analogisista periaatteista ja toimintatavoista. Kuten Nobelin rauhanpalkinnon saaja, presidentti Ah- tisaari5 on todennut: ”Olen joskus ajatellut, ettei kehitysyhteistyössä ole lopulta suurta eroa siihen, mitä me teemme kotimaassamme: koulutamme väkeä, tuemme alueellista tasa-arvoa ja toteutamme näitä, sa- noisinko, pohjoismaisia arvoja. Nämä periaatteet ovat kehitysyhteistyössäkin keskeisiä." 3 Water education makes a global difference. Interface 1/2011. TUT´s Online Magazine. (T. Luukko) http://interface.tut.fi/articles/2011/1/Water_education_makes_a_global_difference
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