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Étude De Huit Projets De Papineau Gérin-Lajoie Leblanc Architectes Pour UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL FIBRE ARCTIQUE: ÉTUDE DE HUIT PROJETS DE PAPINEAU GÉRIN-LAJOIE LEBLANC ARCHITECTES POUR LE NUNAVIK ET LE NUNAVUT (1968-1993) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE À LA MAÎTRISE EN DESIGN DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT PAR FAYZA MAZOUZ OCTOBRE 2019 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 – Rév.07-2011). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l’article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l’auteur] concède à l’Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l’auteur] autorise l’Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l’auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l’auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» b p .n ,. -,"'D L. .n 1 'U I' c- .,_""'V ::>p r L, n -:, .,_ n n -l b r :r: m p V C .n z V,. )> L un <m L, ::;o n.n l/'l m .r > .n ::;o p -, -l V, p "\. m, 0 ,, n r 0 n z )> ""Cl ""'V "'D C -l l/'l ::;o -lO .,_ n m m -l en V n 0 ""Cl V, r .,_ 0 OJ z )> :r: 00 n ::> C CP m m 1 "\., r n m, m -< < ::;o l/'l n .,_ ::;o )> ::;o -l z lO "\., .n OJ -l l/'l lO ::>.,. m N N 0 0 m a- 0 0 z 0 w ::>.,. n C ,, A n )>' lO N - > .r .,_V m b, p z-l 1 r 0 l/'l "'D ""'V n z ?· n -l 0 p "\., m ::;om, r ::>.,. )> G) r z A n L, V u.n A .n r· a.. p n .r V p,. .,_ r rn 1 "\., V.n ::>.,. ::>·n 111 REMERCIEMENTS À Patrick Evans, mon directeur, pour m'avoir accompagnée, soutenue et conseillée tout au long de cette recherche. Merci de m'avoir poussée avec rigueur et constance et m'avoir permis de trouver le cap vers lequel mettre les voiles. À son regard particulier sur le "Nord" je dois le goût du voyage, le besoin de vivre l'expérience du territoire. Je remercie particulièrement le partenariat de recherche Habiter le Nord Québécois d'avoir appuyé cette recherche et de m'avoir permis de visiter les lieux en personne. Je dois à ce voyage, qui j'espère sera le premier d'une longue série, des rencontres que ce mémoire n'expose pas assez. Je dédie ainsi ce travail aux communautés d'lqaluit et d'lgloolik, aux rencontres faites dans un croisement de rue ou autour d'une table, aux soirées musicales à la Royal Canadian Legion. À la communauté inuite je dois mon admiration pour sa richesse et son ouverture et j'espère que ce mémoire saura trouver un écho auprès d'eux. À Mary Ellen Thomas et Rick Armstrong du Nunavut Research Center pour avoir facilité ma première expérience à lqaluit et lgloolik et pour leur générosité. À Sappho Gilbert, qui m'a fait découvrir lqaluit comme si j'y vivais depuis des mois. À Louis-Joseph Papineau, John MacDonald et Alain Fournier pour leur contribution à cette recherche. À Carlo Carbone, qui a encadré une grande partie de mes cours d'atelier pendant ma formation et qui m'a transmis par la générosité de son enseignement, la curiosité de "chercher ce qu'il y avait de bon dans chaque projet". À lui aussi je dois la révélation de mon intérêt pour ces objets étranges que je finirais par étudier pendant de longs mois. Je le remercie de sa confiance et de m'avoir permis d'avoir accès en tout temps aux archives. À B6rkur Bergmann et Réjean Legault pour leur conseils. À mes enseignants, de ce programme et de ceux d'avant. À Frédérique, pour toujours laisser une place aux Grands Sujets du Monde à chacune de nos retrouvailles. Et à Robert pour sa patience. À mes proches, à Hayat, Mimoun, Lamiae, Monya, Younès, Yasmine et ma précieuse Lina pour leur soutien et leur amour inconditionnel malgré la distance. DÉDICACE À Khadra, Milouda,Ahmed et Abde/hakim. TABLES DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES •.••..•.•..•.••••••.••••••••••.••.•••••••.•••....•••.•••••••.•.•••••••••••.•••••••••..••••.••••.•••••••• ix RÉSUMÉ ......••...................••.•..........••.........................•........................•••••.•................... xv RÉSUMÉ (INUKTITUT) •...................••...........•..........................................••................... xvi ABSTRACT ............................•.....•...••.........•....................•............................................. 17 INTRODUCTION •............................••.....•..•......................................•........•..................• 18 CHAPITRE 1: INTRODUCTION À L'HISTOIRE DE LA FIRME PAPINEAU GÉRIN-LAJOIE LEBLANC (P.G.L.) •...........................••....•........................................................•.............. 33 1.1 Reconnaissance de la contribution de P.G.L. à Montréal: L'exposition « Papineau Gérin-Lajoie Le Blanc. Une architecture du Québec Moderne, 1958-1974 » (2015 et 2017) ............................................................................................................. 34 1.2 Chronologie de la firme ...................................................................................... 41 1.2.1 Retour sur la « Monographie. Histoire de Papineau Gérin-Lajoie Le Blanc Architectes» {1958-1993) par Alain Marcoux ..................................................... .41 1.2.2 Contexte Québécois depuis le début des années 1960.......................... .48 1.2.3 P.G.L. etA.R.C.O.P.: La concurrence montréalaise ................................. 50 1.3 Le Pavillon du Québec à Expo'67 : Un moment clé dans la construction du paysage architectural Moderne canadien ................................................................... 51 1.4 Premiers pas de la firme au Nunavik: Extension d'une école à Pangnirtung (1967-69) ..................................................................................................................... 56 1.5 Regards vers le Grand Nord : Inventaire des projets de P.G.L. dans l'Inuit Nunangat ..................................................................................................................... 60 1.6 Conclusion du chapitre 1•••••••••.•..•...•.••...•••••••••••••••••••••••••........•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 67 CHAPITRE Il: ARCHITECTURE ET MATIÈRES COMPOSITES .......................................... 68 VI 2.1 Trois phases de I' Âge d'Or des plastiques .......................................................... 69 2.1.1 Phase 1(1942-1959) ................................................................................. 70 2.1.2 Phase 11 (1960 -1973) ............................................................................... 72 2.1.3 Phase Ill (1973 -1980) .............................................................................. 76 2.2 La cellule ou la maison du futur......................................................................... 77 2.3 Des modules d'habitation pour l'Arctique ......................................................... 83 2.4 Plastiques : Composantes et propriétés ............................................................ 96 2.4.1 Matériaux thermoplastiques et thermodurcissables .............................. 97 2.4.2 Les composites de polyester renforcés de fibres de verre (PVR) / (GRP) Glass Fi ber Reinforced Polyester .......................................................................... 98 2.4.3 Application en construction : Structure monocoque, le panneau « sandwich » ....................................................................................................... 100 2.4.4 Avantages de l'utilisation des matériaux composites dans la construction. 101 2.5 Normes et standards ........................................................................................ 102 2.5.1 Comportements généraux mécaniques des plastiques ......................... 102 2.5.2 Résistance au feu des plastiques : ......................................................... 105 2.6 Description du processus pour un cas type: École Secondaire lnuksuk, lqaluit ··························································································.. 107 2.7 Les coopérations de P.G.L. avec les entreprises .............................................. 120 2.7.1 Stratégies de promotion et de diffusion de l'utilisation des plastiques dans la construction - P.G.L. et S.P.I. ................................................................. 120 2.7.2 Partenariat URSS- Canada (1963) ........................................................ 122 2.7.3 P.G.L. et N.C.I ......................................................................................... 123 2.8 Conclusion du chapitre ll .................................................................................. 137 CHAPITRE Ill: CONTEXTE THÉORIQUE AUTOUR DE L'ARCHITECTURE ARCTIQUE (1950-1970) ............................................................................................................... 139 3.1 « Recomplexifier » l'imaginaire du Nord et de l'Arctique ................................ 141 3.2 Introduction à la notion d'identité culturelle en architecture ......................... 143 3.2.1 Quelle identité architecturale pour le Grand Nord? .............................. 146 3.3 Le projet de Nouvelles
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