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The Viipuri Library by Alvar Aalto, Under the Condition That Russia Also Mansikka Wrote a Report on 31.10.1996 to Minister of the Environment Pekka Haavisto

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The Viipuri Library by Alvar Aalto, Under the Condition That Russia Also Mansikka Wrote a Report on 31.10.1996 to Minister of the Environment Pekka Haavisto Aalto-DD 127/2018 Aalto-DD 127/2018 9HSTFMG*aiahch+ 9HSTFMG*aiahch+ ISBN 978-952-60-8072-7 BUSINESS + ISBN 978-952-60-8073-4 (pdf) ECONOMY ISSN 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4942 (electronic) ART + DESIGN + Aalto University ARCHITECTURE School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture SCIENCE + shop.aalto.fi TECHNOLOGY www.aalto.fi CROSSOVER DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS The Building that Disappeared Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 127/2018 The Viipuri Library Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture by Alvar Aalto Department of Architecture Aalto ARTS Books Espoo, Finland shop.aalto.fi © Laura Berger Graphic design: Annukka Mäkijärvi Cover photo: Military Museum / Finnish Air Forces collections Materials: Invercote Creato 300 g, Scandia 2000 Natural 115 g LAURA BERGER ISBN 978-952-60-8072-7 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-8073-4 (pdf) ISSN 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4942 (electronic) Unigrafia Helsinki 2018 4 5 Abstract This dissertation introduces the ‘life’ of one building: the Viipuri Library, designed tectural drawings and publications, this work aims to unravel the ‘life cycle’ of by Alvar Aalto in 1927–1935. The theoretical perspective draws from the field of the library to the present day. The structure of the thesis is thematic and approxi- material culture studies and the agency of objects. In the case of this particular mately chronological. The main body consists of four thematic chapters. The first building, the research enquires what buildings ‘do’ as part of our material envi- chapter titled ‘The City’ introduces the local context, the events behind the reali- ronment. In the context of architecture, the library has a role as an important sation of the library. The second chapter, ‘The Architect’, brings forth the context early work by Aalto, while it is also internationally valued as a key building of of architecture, focusing on the design process, Alvar Aalto building his career modernist architecture. The meanings associated with this building are, however, as an internationally recognised architect and the first Finnish and international also rooted in its geopolitical context. The library was originally opened in the reception of the library. The third chapter titled ‘The Lost Library’ describes the Finnish city of Viipuri, but at the end of World War II the city along with the period of World War II when the borders moved back and forth between Fin- larger region referred to as ‘lost Karelia’ were annexed to the Soviet Union. Since land and the Soviet Union. The fourth chapter, ‘The Restoration’ is where all the 1991 the building has been located in present-day Russia. After the end of the preceding events come together, as the building’s architectural importance and Cold War, the Soviet/Russian, Finnish and international architectural commu- its geopolitical history are all discussed in association with the restoration project. nity has advocated for the need to restore the library. The restoration was real- The contents of the four thematic chapters are analysed through the lens of a ised through Finnish-Russian cooperation, and completed in 2013. Regarding the theory developed by Alfred Gell in his work Art and Agency. An Anthropologi- building, this research aims to provide answers to two questions: 1) What exactly cal Theory (1998). This theory is widely known in the field of anthropology, but are the contexts in which the library has been presented as a building of impor- has remained essentially unused. I suggest that Gell’s theory offers thought-pro- tance? 2) What, if anything, is special about this particular library, enabling it with voking terminology and tools for analysing the built environment, specifically the ‘capacity’ to bring together recognisably different contexts? objects of architecture. Gell’s main assertion is that meanings are not given, and The study proceeds from two notions. First, that the library has been associ- it is instead the social-relational-matrix within which material objects gain their ated with contexts where there is something larger at stake, making the building meanings. As situations and interpretations change, material objects, such as stand out as a case of ‘more than just a building’. Second, that this particular the library, are not about assigned meanings, and their efficacy is instead rooted building surfaces in very different types of materials ranging from professional in specific contexts. In this way, objects such as the library can ‘abduct’ mean- architectural publications to war histories and opinion pieces in Finnish newspa- ings. This work introduces the library as an exemplary case of a Gellian ‘distrib- pers, which locate the building in Viipuri and lost Karelia. With use of materials uted object’, a building that has come to stand for notions much larger and more from archival documents, military photographs, newspapers of the period, archi- abstract beyond itself. Abstract Abstract 6 7 Tiivistelmä Käsillä oleva tutkimus esittelee yhden rakennuksen, vuonna 1935 valmistuneen (Kaupunki) esittelee paikallisen kontekstin, kirjaston toteutuksen Viipurin kau- Viipurin kirjaston vaiherikkaan ‘elämän’. Teoreettinen lähtökohtani on materiaa- pungissa. Toinen luku, ‘The Architect’ (Arkkitehti) käsittelee arkkitehtuurin kon- lisen kulttuurin merkitys ja esineiden toimijuus. Tutkimuksessani kysyn, mitä tekstia ja keskittyy rakennuksen suunnitteluprosessiin, Alvar Aallon uran muo- rakennukset ‘tekevät’ käyttäen esimerkkinä yhtä rakennusta. Kiinnostukseni tut- toutumiseen sekä rakennuksen kotimaiseen ja kansainväliseen vastaanottoon. kia aihetta perustui huomioon, että Viipurin kirjastoa on käsitelty hyvin erilaisissa Kolmas luku, ‘The Lost Library’ (Kadonnut kirjasto) kuvailee toisen maailman- yhteyksissä, arkkitehtuurin alan kirjallisuudesta sota-historioihin ja yleisönosas- sodan aikaisia tapahtumia: miten rajan siirtyminen Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton tokirjoituksiin. Väitteeni on, että Viipurin kirjasto on rakennus, jolla on ‘kyky’ välillä vaikutti Viipuriin ja kirjastoon. Neljäs luku, ‘The Restoration’ (Restaurointi) tuottaa erilaisia tulkintoja. Arkkitehtuurin alalla Viipurin kirjasto tunnetaan sekä tuo yhteen aikaisemmin esitellyt teemat, jotka nousivat esiin myös restaurointia merkittävänä Alvar Aallon varhaisena työnä että yhtenä modernin arkkitehtuu- koskevassa keskustelussa: rakennuksen arkkitehtonisen merkityksen, Viipurin rin avainteoksena. Rakennukseen assosioituvat merkitykset perustuvat myös ja menetetyn Karjalan sekä kirjaston luonteen julkisena rakennuksena. Analy- sen geopoliittiseen sijaintiin ja historiaan. Kirjasto on sijainnut olemassa olonsa soin temaattisissa luvuissa esiteltyjä tapahtumia Alfred Gellin kirjassaan Art and aikana kolmessa valtiossa: itsenäisessä Suomessa, Neuvostoliitossa ja nykyisellä Agency. An Anthropological Theory (1998) esittämän teorian avulla. Teos on tun- Venäjällä. Kylmän sodan päättymisen jälkeen venäläiset, suomalaiset ja ulkomai- nettu antropologian alalla, mutta sitä on hyödynnetty niukasti. Tutkimuksessani set arkkitehdit huolestuivat kirjaston kunnosta ja ryhtyivät edistämään sen res- sovellan Gellin teoriaa Viipurin kirjaston tapaukseen. Väitän, että teoria tarjoaa taurointia. Sijaintinsa ansiosta kirjasto on kiinnostanut myös laajempaa yleisöä, hyödyllisiä käsitteitä ja työkaluja rakennetun ympäristön ja arkkitehtuurin analy- erityisesti Suomessa. sointiin. Arkkitehtuuri on monin tavoin taiteen kaltaista, mutta samalla se ylittää Tutkimus pyrkii vastaamaan kahteen kysymykseen: 1) Millaisissa yhteyksissä tavanomaisten taideteorioiden rajat. Syynä tähän on, että arkkitehtuuri on tehty kirjasto on esitelty tärkeänä rakennuksena? 2) Mikä tekee tästä rakennuksesta käytettäväksi, ja sen merkitykset muotoutuvat ja muuttuvat ajan kuluessa. Esi- erityisen ja antaa sille ‘kyvyn’ tuottaa erilaisia tulkintoja? Vastataksena näihin tän, että Viipurin kirjasto on hyvä esimerkki gelliläisestä ‘jakautuneesta objek- kysymyksiin olen purkanut kirjaston ‘elämän’ tapahtumiin, joista sen merki- tista’ (distributed object’), jolla on ‘kyky’ kiinnittää itseensä laajoja ja abstrakteja tys rakentuu. Tutkimuksen rakenne on temaattinen ja kronologinen. Esittelen merkityksiä. rakennuksen keskeiset vaiheet neljässä luvussa. Ensimmäinen luku ‘The City’ Tiivistelmä Tiivistelmä Preface 13 The site question re-surfaces 123 The expert statements 129 Part I Introduction 18 Columbus’s Egg 135 Setting the scene 19 The new design 139 Research questions and the three contexts of importance 21 Citizens petition to halt the construction 144 The structure of the study 27 The house of wonders 147 The library as event and process 27 Contemporary reception of the library in Finland 149 The virtual life of the library 30 The border landscape 31 The sources of the research 36 Theme II The Architect 166 Previous publications and dissertations on Aalto and library architecture 37 The Viipuri Library as a work by Alvar Aalto The main archival materials 42 – ‘Aim to be dangerous’ 170 Finnish materials as dominating sources 44 A design towards freedom 180 The library in the Russian context 47 The first stage 1926–1927 181 One building as the research case 49 The first set of drawings – The 1928 design 190 The contributions of this research 51 The second set of drawings – The 1929 design 192 Search for terminology 54 The third set of drawings – The 1933 design 194 What do buildings ‘do’ as part of a material environment 54 The completed Library – 1935 196 A theory of material culture 58 Work in Aalto´s office 197 Alfred
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