Baltic-Nordic Pendulum Swings and Swedish Conservative Geopolitics
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2015, 3 (153), 223–248 A Swedish Drang nach Osten? Baltic-Nordic pendulum swings and Swedish conservative geopolitics Carl Marklund Abstract This article analyzes Swedish political scientist and conservative politician Ru- dolf Kjellén’s advocacy in favour of a Swedish “Baltic program” directed at the Baltic Sea region and Russia in the decades preceding the First World War. These Baltic ambitions as well as their legacy in the interwar period are studied as a series of exercises in “para-diplomacy” on three different levels: 1) as a geopo- litical reconstruction of a Baltic-Nordic “space of expectation;” 2) as a kind of Baltic-Nordic regionalism based upon early notions of “soft power;” and 3) as an inspiration to the geopolitical outlook of the Swedish military elite, busi- ness circles and trade policy-makers in the time period from the First World War up to the Second World War. This “region-work in the margins” contrib- uted to modernizing Swedish conservative elites’ geopolitical outlook into an ostensibly less aggressive vision of Swedish international influence through cul- tural, economic, and technological prowess. Keywords: Baltic-Nordic regionalism, geopolitics, para-diplomacy, Rudolf Kjellén, Russian-Swedish relations Over the past century, Sweden’s relationship to the Baltic Sea region has usually been either poignantly troubled or programmatically oblivious. For some Swedish observers, often of conservative mind, the Baltic Sea region has been a canvas for projecting dreams, hopes and memories of past as well as future Swedish grandeur. For others, the majority, the Baltic Sea region has been a blank spot in the public mind, primarily conditioned by small power concern with great power tension in the region.1 The author gratefully acknowledges support from CBEES, the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies at Södertörn University, towards the completion of this study.
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