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Estudio Crtico Sobre La Traduccin De Hamlet, Prncipe De Dinamarca De Guillermo Macpherson (1873)

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Estudio Crtico Sobre La Traduccin De Hamlet, Prncipe De Dinamarca De Guillermo Macpherson (1873) GUILLERMO SHAKESPEARE HAMLET, PRÍNCIPE DE DINAMARCA Traducción de Guillermo Macpherson Cádiz y Madrid, 1873 LAURA CAMPILLO ARNÁIZ ESTUDIO Y EDICIÓN DIGITAL DE GUILLERMO SHAKESPEARE HAMLET, PRÍNCIPE DE DINAMARCA Edita Proyecto de investigación I+D, HUM-2004-00721 Archivo digitalizado y edición traductológica de textos literarios y ensayísticos traducidos al español Málaga, 2007 Traducción de Guillermo Macpherson Hamlet, príncipe de Dinamarca Edición de Laura Campillo Arnáiz LA TRADUCCIÓN DE HAMLET, PRÍNCIPE DE DINAMARCA DE GUILLERMO MACPHERSON (1873) Laura Campillo Arnaiz Universidad de Murcia 1. Introducción La segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue testigo de un renovado interés por las obras de Shakespeare en España. Tras varias décadas en las que al dramaturgo inglés se le había traducido mayoritariamente de versiones intermedias francesas, un conjunto de traductores comenzó a verter su obra de los originales ingleses a partir de 1868. Entre éstos se encontraba Guillermo Macpherson, que publicó un total de veintidós dramas shakespearianos entre 1873 y 18981. La importancia de las traducciones de Macpherson puede establecerse en dos ámbitos. En primer lugar, sus versiones suponen una innovación traductológica, puesto que el traductor decide respetar la prosodia shakespeariana, y vierte en prosa lo que aparece en prosa en el original, y en versos endecasílabos las partes versificadas por Shakespeare. En segundo lugar, sus traducciones gozaron de un gran éxito editorial, sobre todo a partir de su publicación en la Biblioteca Clásica (1885-1898). Su difusión y popularidad llegaron a eclipsar a versiones rivales, y las numerosas ediciones de que fueron objeto las convirtieron en las más conocidas del momento. Sin embargo, la labor traductológica de Macpherson se inició años antes de comenzar su exitosa colaboración con la Biblioteca Clásica, colección dirigida por el editor Luis Navarro y publicada en Madrid. De hecho, su primera traducción shakespeariana, Hamlet, príncipe de Dinamarca, había aparecido en 1873 en una revista de Cádiz. Por razones que tendremos ocasión de explicar a lo largo de este estudio, Macpherson realizó numerosos cambios en el texto de su primera edición, modificándolo hasta llegar al que se publicó en la Biblioteca Clásica, y que es el que hoy generalmente conocemos. En nuestra opinión, la primera edición del Hamlet de Macpherson tiene un gran valor filológico, puesto que constituye la primera traducción al español de la gran tragedia shakespeariana efectuada desde el original inglés en el siglo XIX2. Aunque este hecho bastaría por sí solo para justificar la edición que proponemos del texto de 1873, dos factores más hacen particularmente necesaria su recuperación. En primer lugar, apenas existen ejemplares de la publicación de Cádiz, puesto que éstos fueron ampliamente superados por las posteriores ediciones de la Biblioteca Clásica. En segundo lugar, la primera edición de Macpherson constituye un documento único desde el punto de vista traductológico, puesto que revela una aproximación a la traducción shakespeariana que el traductor modificó conscientemente para la segunda edición. Aunque no podemos afirmar que la primera y segunda edición del Hamlet de 1 En el cómputo total de las traducciones realizadas por Macpherson, contamos las dos partes de Enrique IV como una única obra. 2 Hamlet sólo había sido traducido del inglés anteriormente en la traducción que Leandro Fernández de Moratín publicó en 1798. Proyecto de investigación "Archivo digitalizado y edición traductológica de textos literarios y ensayísticos traducidos al español" (HUM2004-00721) Traducción de Guillermo Macpherson Hamlet, príncipe de Dinamarca Edición de Laura Campillo Arnáiz Macpherson sean traducciones distintas de un mismo original, los procesos de revisión realizados por el traductor evidencian una serie de cambios en su concepción de la labor traductora que no hemos observado en ningún otro traductor de Shakespeare. En este estudio, nos proponemos analizar la primera traducción del Hamlet de Macpherson con el fin de definir sus características y de establecer los factores influyeron en su redacción. Asimismo, analizaremos los cambios que se observan en su segunda edición, y reflexionaremos sobre las causas que pudieron motivarlos. Con este fin, comenzaremos realizando un breve pero imprescindible recorrido por la biografía de Macpherson, pues su labor traductora no puede evaluarse plenamente sin tener en cuenta los cambios acontecidos en su vida profesional. De hecho, la historia de estos Hamlets está estrechamente vinculada a la historia personal de Macpherson, cuya trayectoria vital marcó decisivamente sus traducciones shakespearianas. 2. Guillermo Macpherson: cónsul, naturalista y traductor Guillermo Macpherson fue el tercero de los once hijos del inmigrante escocés Donald Macpherson y de la gaditana Josefa Hemas. Debido a la represión política contra los liberales tras la restauración monárquica de Fernando VII, muchos comerciantes ingleses asentados en Cádiz se vieron obligados a refugiarse en Gibraltar. Es posible que éste fuera el motivo que llevó a Donald Macpherson a trasladarse al peñón en 1821, en donde residiría con su familia hasta 1835, y en donde nacerían siete de sus hijos, entre ellos Guillermo en 1824. Aunque se desconoce el grado de bilingüismo de los hijos, suponemos que tendrían un buen conocimiento del inglés, ya que las actividades mercantiles de la familia los ponían en contacto con comerciantes extranjeros, así como con otros ingleses que se dedicaban al comercio en Cádiz. En el caso de Guillermo, su pertenencia al servicio consular británico en España, así como su nacimiento en Gibraltar, nos hace pensar que, aparte de tener un excelente inglés, conservó la nacionalidad británica3. Guillermo Macpherson mostró desde muy joven un notable interés por las ciencias naturales, la prehistoria y la geología. Fruto de sus estudios y excavaciones fueron sus primeras publicaciones, La Cueva de la Mujer (Cádiz, 1870-1871) y Los habitantes primitivos de España (Madrid, 1876). La primera de ellas constituye “una descripción muy objetiva de los hallazgos registrados, apoyada en una excelente documentación gráfica”, en la que el autor da especial cuenta de las capas sedimentarias observadas y de “la cerámica a la almagra, uno de los elementos más característicos del neolítico andaluz”. La segunda de ellas es “un ensayo sobre la etnogénesis de los pueblos prehistóricos en España, en el que [Macpherson] se muestra partidario del vascoiberismo” (Maier 2006:en prensa). Guillermo unió a sus intereses científicos una verdadera pasión por la literatura. Cuando contaba quince años, cofundó junto con Eduardo Benot4 la sociedad literaria La Amistad 3 En lo que respecta al nombre de los hijos de la familia Macpherson, haremos notar que tras su matrimonio católico en 1819, Donald cambió su nombre por Daniel, que emplearía el resto de su vida. Sus hijos fueron bautizados con nombres españoles (como Daniel o José) o bien cambiaron su nombre inglés por su equivalente español (como Guillermo). 4 Político, matemático, geólogo, lingüista, lexicógrafo y miembro de la Real Academia de la Lengua Española, Eduardo Benot mantuvo con Macpherson una estrecha amistad a lo largo de su vida. Benot fue invitado a escribir el prólogo a las traducciones de Proyecto de investigación "Archivo digitalizado y edición traductológica de textos literarios y ensayísticos traducidos al español" (HUM2004-00721) Traducción de Guillermo Macpherson Hamlet, príncipe de Dinamarca Edición de Laura Campillo Arnáiz (1839); publicó con él y varios amigos el periódico La Alborada en 1844 y fue uno de los promotores de la Academia de Buenas Letras Alfonso el Sabio de Cádiz, creada en 1854 por Adolfo de Castro (Barrera Morate 2002:54). Su pertenencia a círculos literarios le llevó a compartir tertulias con diversos intelectuales liberales, entre los que se encontraban Francisco Giner de los Ríos y Manuel Machado Núñez (el abuelo de los poetas Antonio y Manuel). Las inquietudes científicas y literarias de Macpherson fueron siempre paralelas a su dedicación profesional, tanto en el ámbito de los negocios familiares como en el servicio consular británico. En 1861 fue uno de los fundadores de la sociedad Crédito General Andaluz de Cádiz, y en 1865 creó junto con su hermano Daniel una sociedad mercantil denominada “Daniel Macpherson” (Barrera Morate 2002:57). Asimismo, desempeñó varios cargos en los consulados británicos de Cádiz y Sevilla entre 1865 y 1877. Su carrera experimentó un notable impulso al ser nombrado vicecónsul en Madrid en 1878, ciudad a la que se trasladó y en la que recibió el nombramiento de cónsul en 1885. Posteriormente, Macpherson ejerció como cónsul en Barcelona desde 1890 hasta 1894, año en el que se retiró y regresó a Madrid. Allí vivió hasta su fallecimiento en 1898 a la edad de 74 años5. Como puede observarse en esta cronología, Macpherson dejó de lado sus intereses naturalistas para centrarse en la traducción shakespeariana coincidiendo con su nombramiento de vicecónsul y su traslado a Madrid. Fue en esta ciudad en donde desarrolló su fecunda y exitosa carrera de traductor, que comenzó en 1879 con la publicación de la segunda edición de su primera traducción, Hamlet. No obstante, la primera edición de Hamlet forma parte del periodo de Cádiz, y su aparición la vincula con sus tempranos intereses literarios, sus amistades de círculos intelectuales y sus primeras publicaciones geológicas. De hecho, tanto su investigación La Cueva de la Mujer como la
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