A Reader-Response Analysis Of" a Book from the Sky."
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 380 082 IR 017 003 AUTHOR Ma, Yan TITLE A Reader-Response Analysis of "A Book from the Sky." PUB DATE [95] NOTE 21p.; In: Imagery and Visual Literacy: Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (26th, Tempe, Arizona, October 12-16, 1994); see IR 016 977. Illustrations may not reproduce clearly. PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) Speeches /Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Age; *Art Criticism; Art Education; *Chinese; Cultural Influences; *Data Interpretation; Ethnicity; Foreign Countries; Imagery; Professional Occupations; *Reader Response; *Reader Text Relationship; Sex; Visual Arts; Visual Literacy IDENTIFIERS *Book from the Sky (A); China; Gender Issues; United States ABSTRACT This study applies reader-response criticism to investigate subject positions of gender, age, ethnicity, and profession through the poststructural analysis of an art work entitled "A Bcok from the Sky," and examines the relationship among viewer, text (the art work), and artist. A description of the art work is provided as an introduction. The study's general concern is "What meanings do viewers with different ethnicity, gender, age, and profession construct from viewing this work of art?" The study compares the similarities and differences of the interpretations given by United States (novice) viewers and Chinese (expert) critics; ascertains the author's intention in making the "Book"; compares, his intention with viewer reactions; and describes the codes in the "Book." An introduction to the Chinese language is provided, and the foll,wing language codes are defined: images; sounds; radicals; grammar. Three illustrations of the "Book" are provided.(Contains 39 references.) (MAS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** A Reader-Response Analysis of A Book from the Sky U.S. DEPARTMENT OfEDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCETHIS and Improvernont )Mice of EducattOnal Rataitoch MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEDBY INFORMATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCECENTER (ER ICS ) bean felooducdas Alice Walker. 0 This document hall Of organization Yan Ma recchvO0 from the periOn ohgmatmci made to improve C Minor changes have been reproduction quality stated in this docu- points of clew 04 Opmi Onerepresent official TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES ment do not necessarily OERI position or policy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Introduction becauseof mass productioninthe industrial society.The late twentieth This study applies reader-response century has witnessed the innovations of criticism to inve3tigate subject positions technologyrangingfromtelephone of gender, age, ethnicity, and profession networks, communication satellites, radar through a poststructural analysis of an art systems, programmable laser videodiscs, work entitled A Book from the Sky robots, biogenetically engineered cells, (hereafter referred as Book). This study computernetworks,rocketguidance examines the relationship between and systems and to artificial intelligence. Bill among viewer, text (the art work), and Nichols (1988) has carried Benjamin's artist. Itexplorestherelationships inquiry forward as he describes the mass between and among subject positions of production in the age of cybernetics. The viewers, text, and historical moments of aura of a cultural product has been lost in viewing, and investigates how the art massproductionof copymachines, work positioned viewers in the social computers, etc. Although critiques of art change and meaning construction.Since works based on the ideas of Benjamin and the Book possesses political, social, and Nichols have been carried out in the cultural values, the study is a postmodern West, Eastern scholars have not educational enterprise. The study is also articulated these ideas.An ambitious a contributionto postmodern art work of art, however, has appeared in education. For the purpose of the study, Chinaanditincorporatesbothof both textual analysis and social science Benjamin's major topics, namely, the research methods, such as survey and aura of an art work and the nature of interviews, were used. mass reproductionwith letterpress printing. Description of A Book from the Sky The art work is entitled A Book In his essay The Work of Art in the from the Sky.One copy of the Book Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Walter consists of four volumes each 40 cm x 36 Benjamin (1936) described a crisis that cm. The Book's format resembles that of occurred in the late twentieth century. Chinese holy classics.The artist, Xu He warned that the originalityor the Bing,spent:nreeyears making the "aura" of an art work had been lost volumes. The characters in the Book are BEST COPY AVAILABLE IVLA - 218 2 made up, designed, carved, and printed reacted differently to this Book.The by the artist.They look like real words Book was praised highly and discussed but they are not real words.The artist heatedly in China before the Tiananmen has created a totally "new" language, by Square incident on June 4th, 1989. From combining traditional Chinese printing 1985 to 1989, there was a new trend in with book-making. He kept the aura of Chinese art which was labeled as the original art by creating more than four "New Wave of Fine Arts."Art works thousandindividual"characters,"the influenced by the New Wave were similar method of printingappliedandthe toWesternartinstyleor number of copies printed are related to conceptualization. After the June 4th the concept of mass production discussed incident, the government set a policy to in Benjamin's essay.The artist used control arts. The Book was criticized by letterpress printing to print one hundred some conservative critics as an example and twenty copies of the Book. When it ofthe productof"bourgeois was exhibited, it was installed in three liberalization" during the "New Wave" fashions:thread-bound books,ceiling (Yang, 1990). draperies(an exaggerated form of a Chinese scroll), and wall hangings (an The Bookisdeprived of the exaggerated form of Chinese painting on standardmeansofcommunication: walls). reading. Though it is considered a book in its form and format, it resists reading. Artist Xu Bing, spent three years Because it resembles a real Chinese book, making these unrecognizable characters it invites viewers to read, understand, and during the time when China was opening interpret, but its characters are simply art its door to the rest of the world; allowing forms. It was presented to a United the flow of Western ideas into China; States audience during the period from 30 acceptingandrejectingideas and November 1991 to 19 January 1992. philosophy of old and new, Eastern and Western, traditional and contemporary in The Book is a challenge to viewers a mixed condition.As Erickson (1991) not only visually but also culturally.It pointed out,"denying the meaning of challenges viewers to rethink the meaning Chinese culture by deconstructing the of language and the relationship with its written word has political overtones in culture. itself. ItechoesyoungChinese intellectuals' frustration with a system of The general concern of this study culture tightlyconstrainedby the is"What meanings do viewers with authorities and questions the validity of a differentethnicity,age,gender,and civilization that could produce such a profession construct from viewing this situation" (p. 12). Book?". Thestudycomparesthe similaritiesanddifferencesofthe The appearance of the Book in interpretations given by United States China spurred reaction from art circles viewers (novice viewers) and Chinese and other viewers as well as reactions critics (expert viewers); ascertains the from other countries in Asia.Viewers author's intention in making this Book; with different social, economic, political, compareshisintentionwithviewer educational, and cultural backgrounds reactions; and describes the codes in the IVLA - 219 3 Book. Becausetheinvestigatorhas questions stated earlier, a research design, available only the critiques written by which consists of personalinterview, Chinese critics, these critiques are used survey, and a poststructural analysis using for comparison. reception theory to analyze collected data is developed. Objective and Focus Questions Interviewsare used to gather responses A number of focus questions are related from viewersof theUnitedStates. to the objective of the study. Following Interviewsare used toascertainthe are the objective and focus questions for intention of the artist who created the the study: Book. Using reception theory to compare and Surveyis used in case there are more contrast between and among the artist, the viewers than the investigator could handle Bookitself,andtheviewers,the at one time. A questionnaire is mailed researcheraskedthefollowing focus only to those who have been to the show questions: and whose gender and age groupare known to the investigator in order to 1. What is the intention of the artist who avoid sensitive questions. Therefore, this created thisBook? group of respondents are those whom the 2. What are the codes in theBook? investigator personally knows. 3. What meanings are constructed when viewers interact with thisBook? Ttxtual analysisis used in this study.It 3a. How do Chinese critics react to this cc; sists of the analyses of the text (i.e., Book? theBook);the critiques of Chinese critics; 3b. How do