Beyond the Cinema? Digital Adaptation, Media Ecology, and Performance in the CD-ROM Environment

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Beyond the Cinema? Digital Adaptation, Media Ecology, and Performance in the CD-ROM Environment Université de Montréal Beyond the Cinema? Digital Adaptation, Media Ecology, and Performance in the CD-ROM Environment par BRUNO LES SARD Département de littérature comparée Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) en littérature option « littérature et cinéma» Decembre, 2005 UtI -J © Bruno Lessard, 2005 o \ftCI Q Université de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. f - Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: Beyond the Cinema? Digital Adaptation, Media Ecology, and Performance in the CD-ROM Environment présentée par: BRUNO LES SARD a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: - Amaryli Chanady ivia Monnet directrice de recherche / Najat Rahman pour Tonglin Lu membre du jury Thomas Lamarre M±chael Eberle—Sinatra Thbse accept6e le mars 2006 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines four art CD-ROMs produced between 1997 and 2000: Zoe Beloifs Beyond, Adriene Jenik’s Mauve Desert: A CD-ROM Translation, Simon Biggs’s The Great Wall of China, and Jean-Louis Boissier’s Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Foregrounding intermedia adaptation between visual and textual, analog and digital media, these CD-ROMs re envision literary texts by writers as diverse as Villiers de l’lsle-Adam, Raymond Roussel, Nicole Brossard, Franz Kafka, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In its discussion of these digital artworks, this study proposes new concepts and theoretical frameworks for rethinking central issues in digital arts, film studies, and comparative cultural studies. One 0f these issues concerns corporeal performance in the CD-ROM environment; another explores the interactor’s reception strategies — reading, viewing, hearing, and feeling — in the digital media ecology. These digital adaptations and performances are analyzed in the context of a media ecological perspective that takes issue with teleological accounts of digital media. Departing from neo-formalist assessments of digital media and arts that focus on technological progress and innovation, I emphasize the manner in which the CD-ROM partakes of an (inter)media genealogy that favours recuperation, hybridization, repetition, and emulation processes over supposed technological advancements. The art CD-ROMs I examine do flot wish to transcend or replace the cinematic imaginary; evolving in an uncanny, subversive temporal loop, they rather seem intent on reformulating the history of visual culture and performance. This dissertation, while paying attention to the materiality of the CD-ROM, lays more stress on the centrality of cultural issues such as embodiment, gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and subjectivity and argues that the study of the digital media ecology should center around the survival and reconceptualization of visual forms and cultural discourses. The four chapters offer close readings of the visual and discursive constïtuents of the CD-ROMs in which historical, linguistic, and cultural narratives such as the history of female medïumship, post-femïnist iv translation theory, the Orientalist discourse in Europe, and the archiving of eighteenth-century visual culture corne back to life in digitized form. As one of the first sustained studies of art CD-ROMs, this dissertation proposes new concepts for grounding further analyses of the emergent genre of digital adaptation. Keywords: film adaptation — digital arts — multimedia — digital cinema. RÉSUMÉ Celle thèse explore quatre cédéroms artistiques réalisés entre 1997 et 2000: Beyond de Zoe Beloif, Mauve Desert: A CD-ROM Translation d’Adriene Jenik, The Great WaIl of China de Simon Biggs et Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau de Jean-Louis Boissier. Théorisant l’adaptation intermédiatique entre médias visuels et textuels, analogues et numériques, ces cédéroms remanient dans un environnement numérique des oeuvres littéraires d’écrivains aussi divers que Villiers de l’lsle-Adam, Raymond Roussel, Nicole Brossard, Franz Kafka et Jean-]acques Rousseau. Dans son analyse d’oeuvres numériques, celle étude propose de nouveaux concepts et bases théoriques pour repenser des problématiques centrales en arts médiatiques, en études cinématographiques et en études culturelles comparées. Une des problématiques concerne la performance corporelle dans l’environnement du cédérom; une autre interroge les stratégies de réception de l’interacteur — lire, regarder, écouter et ressentir — dans l’écologie du médium numérique. Ces adaptations et performances numériques sont interprétées dans le contexte d’une perspective d’écologie médiatique qui s’oppose à certaines analyses téléologiques des médias numériques. M’éloignant d’évaluations néo formalistes des arts et médias numériques qui privilégient le progrès technologique et l’innovation, j’insiste sur la façon dont le cédérom fait partie d’une généalogie (inter)médiatique qui accentue des processus de récupération, d’hybridation, de répétition et d’émulation plutôt que de supposés avancements technologiques. Les cédéroms artistiques que j’analyse ne désirent pas dépasser ou remplacer l’imaginaire cinématographique; évoluant dans une boucle temporelle étrange et subversive, ils semblent plutôt enclins à reformuler l’histoire de la culture visuelle et de la performance. Celle thèse, tout en portant attention à la matérialité du cédérom, insiste davantage sur la primauté de problématiques culturelles comme la corporéité, le genre, la race, l’ethnicité et la subjectivité et soutient que l’étude de l’écologie des médias numériques devrait se concentrer sur la survivance et la te conceptualisation de formes visuelles et de discours culturels. Les quatre vi chapitres consacrent des analyses approfondies des matériaux visuels et discursifs des cédéroms dans lesquelles des récits historiques, linguistiques et culturels tels que l’histoire de la médiumnité féminine, la théorie post-féministe de la traduction, le discours orientaliste européen et l’archivage de la culture visuelle du dix-huitième siècle reviennent à la vie sous forme numérique. En tant qu’une des premières études soutenues du cédérom artistique, cette thèse propose de nouveaux concepts pour ancrer de nouvelles analyses du genre émergent qu’est l’adaptation numérique. Mots-clés: adaptation cinématographique — arts médiatiques — multimédia — cinéma numérique. TABLE 0F CONTENTS Abstract. iii Résumé y Table 0f Contents vii List of Illustrations X Remerciements xi INTRODUCTION 1 Whither Literary and Film Studies9 5 Media Ecology and the CD-ROM 10 Digital Performance: The Interactor, the Performance-Image, and Haptics 16 Notes 25 CHAPTER I Back to the Future: Digital Mediumship and the Performance of the Female Body and Voice in Zoe Beloff’s Beyond 1.1 Introduction: The Work 0f Zoe Beloif and Beyond 31 1.2 QuickTime Movies in Beyond 48 1.3 The Performance of the Female Body and Voice 53 Notes 76 VIII CHAPTER2 The Cînemato(holo)graphy of Performance: Translation and Gender in Adriene Jeniks Mauve Desert: A CD-ROM Translation 2.1 Introduction: Adriene Jenik’s Work and Mauve Desert 82 2.2 Brossard’s Le Désert mauve 85 2.3 The Double Translation: Language and Space on Jenik’s CD-ROM. ..95 2.4 Performance in Mauve Desert: A CD-ROM Translation 110 Notes 126 CHAPTER 3 (De)Coding and Performing Chineseness: Simon Biggs’s The Great WaII of China 3.1 Introduction: Simon Biggs’s Works and The Great Wallof China 130 3.2 Franz Kafka and “New Media” 135 3.3 The Ghost in the Machine: Biggs’s Computer Language 141 3.4 Performing Chineseness, or, Lost in (Digital) Translation 155 Notes 172 CHAPTER4 Performing and Archiving the Gaze: Visuality, the Senses, and Digital Memory in Jean-Louis Boissier’s Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau 4.1 Bossier’s Works and Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau 176 4.2 Marey’s Heir: Boissier’s Interactive Chronophotography 179 4.3 “A Mirror up to Nature7’: The Gaze as Reflection and Sensuous Contact 189 ix 4.4 Leaves of Glass: Botany’s Mirroring Effects and the Ecological Archive 206 Notes 215 CODA: Ail Roads Lead to ROM(E) 219 ILLUSTRATIONS 227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 UST 0F ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. Théâtre de l’univers (c.1750) page 228 2. StiIl from Beyond 229 3. StiIl from Beyond 230 4. Marthe Béraud (aka Eva C.) 231 5. StiIl from Mauve Desert 232 6. StiIl from Mauve Desert 233 7. StiIl from The Great WaII of China 234 8. Stïll from Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau 235 9. StiIl from Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau 236 10. StiIl from Moments de Jean-Jacques Rousseau 237 11.
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