Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, Observations (1675)
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1 Primary Source 8.3 ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK, OBSERVATIONS (1675) With innovations in experimental methods, increase in academic organizations, and improvements in technology, advancements in the knowledge of living things occurred rapidly in Europe beginning in the sixteenth century. Vast gains were made in anatomy, physiology, and microbiology during this period, which likewise led to achievements in medicine and health. A revolutionary instrument of this period was the microscope. It allowed scientists to discover micro-organisms such as bacteria, which, despite playing significant roles (both good and bad) in our daily lives, had gone unnoticed for thousands of years. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), who began professional life as a microscope lens-maker, collaborated with the Royal Society of London and he made some of the first observations of spermatozoa, bacteria found in water, and the passage of blood from the arteries to the veins through microscopic capillaries. The following excerpts describe the micro-organisms he saw in water. The text can be found here. OBSERVATIONS ON ANIMALCULA SEEN IN RAIN, WELL, SEA AND SNOW-WATER; AS ALSO IN PEPPER-WATER1 In the year 1675, I discovered very small living creatures in rain water, which had stood but few days in a new earthen pot glazed blue within. This invited me to view this water with great attention, especially those little animals appearing to me ten thousand times less than those represented by M. Swammerdam2, and by him called water-fleas, or water-lice, which may be perceived in the water with the naked eye. The first sort I several times observed to consist of 5, 6, 7, or 8 clear globules3 without being able to discern any film that held them together, or contained them. When these animalcula4 or living atoms moved, they put forth two little horns, continually moving. The space between these two horns was flat, though the rest of the body was roundish, sharpening a little towards the end, where they had a tail, near four times the length of the whole body, of the thickness, by my microscope, of a spider’s web; at the end of which appeared a globule of the size of one of those which made up the body. These little creatures, if they chanced to light on the least filament or string, or other particle, were entangled therein, extending their body in a long round, and endeavoring to disentangle their tail. Their motion of extension and contraction continued a while; and I have seen several thousands of these poor little creatures, within the space of a grain of gross sand, lie fast clustered together in a few filaments. 1 Oliver J. Thatcher, (Ed.), The Library of Original Sources, 10 vols. (New York: University Research Extension, 1907), 6:119-23. 2 Jan Swammerdam (1637–80) was a famous Dutch biologist and microscopist. 3 A small, round particle of a substance. 4 An older term for microscopic animals. 2 I also discovered a second sort, of an oval figure; and I imagined their head to stand on a sharp end. These were a little longer than the former. The inferior part of their body is flat, furnished with several extremely thin feet, which moved very nimbly. The upper part of the body was round, and had within 8, 10, or 12 globules, where they were very clear. These little animals sometimes changed their figure into a perfect round, especially when they came to lie on a dry place. Their body was also very flexible; for as soon as they struck against any the smallest fibre or string, their body was bent in, which bending presently jerked out again. When I put any of them on a dry place, I observed that, changing themselves into a round, their body was raised pyramidal-wise, with an extant point in the middle; and having laid thus a little while, with a motion of their feet, they burst asunder, and the globules were presently diffused and dissipated, so that I could not discern the least thing of any film, in which the globules had doubtless been enclosed; and at this time of their bursting asunder, I was able to discover more globules than when they were alive. I observed a third sort of little animals, that were twice as long as broad, and to my eye eight times smaller than the first. Yet I thought I discerned little feet, whereby they moved very briskly, both in round and straight line. There was a fourth sort, which were so small that I was not able to give them any figure at all. These were a thousand times smaller than the eye of a large louse. These exceeded all the former in celerity. I have often observed them to stand still as it were on a point, and then turn themselves about with that swiftness, as we see a top turn round, the circumference they made being no larger than that of a grain of small sand, and then extending themselves straight forward, and by and by lying in a bending posture. I discovered also several other sorts of animals; these were generally made up of such soft parts, as the former, that they burst asunder as soon as they came to want water. May 26, it rained hard; the rain growing less, I caused some of that rain-water running down from the house top, to be gathered in a clean glass, after it had been washed two or three times with water. And in this I observed some few very small living creatures, and seeing them, I thought they might have been produced in the leaded gutters in some water that had remained there before. I perceived in pure water, after some days, more of those animals, as also some that were somewhat larger. And I imagine, that many thousands of these little creatures do not equal an ordinary grain of sand in bulk; and comparing them with a cheese-mite, which may be seen to move with the naked eye, I make the proportion of one of these small water-creatures to a cheese-mite to be like that of a bee to a horse; for, the circumference of one of these little animals in water is not so large as the thickness of a hair in a cheese- mite. In another quantity of rain-water, exposed for some days to the air, I observed some thousands of them in a drop of water, which were of the smallest sort that I had seen hitherto. And in some time after I observed, besides the animals already noted, a sort of creatures that were eight times as large, of almost a round figure; and as those very small animalcula swam gently among each other, moving as gnats do in the air, so did these larger ones move far more swiftly, tumbling round as it were, and then making a sudden downfall. In the waters of the river Maese I saw very small creatures of different kinds and colours, and so small, that I could very hardly discern their figures; but the number of them was far less than those found in rain-water. In the water of a very cold well in the autumn, I 3 discovered a very great number of living animals very small, that were exceedingly clear, and a little larger than the smallest I ever saw. In sea water I observed at first, a little blackish animal, looking as if it had been made up of two globules. This creature had a peculiar motion, resembling the skipping of a flea on white paper, so that it might very well be called a water-flea; but it was far less than the eye of that little animal, which Dr. Swammerdam calls the water-flea. I also discovered little creatures therein that were clear, of the same size with the former animal, but of an oval figure, having a serpentine motion. I further noticed a third sort, which were very slow in their motion; their body was of a mouse colour, clear towards the oval point; and before the head and behind the body there stood out a sharp little point angle-wise. This sort was a little larger. But there was yet a fourth somewhat longer than oval. Yet of all these sorts there were but a few of each. Some days after viewing this water, I saw two where before I had seen but one; but these were of another figure, and not only less, but they were also very clear, and of an oblong oval figure, only with this difference, that their heads ended sharper; and although they were a thousand times smaller than a small grain of sand, yet when they lay out of the water in a dry place, they burst in pieces and spread into three or four very little globules, and into some aqueous matter, without any other parts appearing in them. Having put about one-third of an ounce of whole pepper in water, and it having lain about three weeks in the water, to which I had twice added some snow-water, the other water being in great part exhaled; I discerned in it with great surprise an incredible number of little animals, of divers kinds, and among the rest, some that were three or four times as long as broad; but their whole thickness did not much exceed the hair of a louse. They had a very pretty motion, often tumbling about and sideways; and when the water was let to run off from them, they turned round like a top; at first their body changed into an oval, and afterwards, when the circular motion ceased, they returned to their former length.