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Inicio Da Revista.Qxp 2009-AR-66 Dezembro ARTIGO DE REVISÃO Da descoberta da circulação sanguínea aos primeiros factos hemorreológicos (2ª Parte)* [109] J. MARTINS E SILVA Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa. Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28 (12): 1405-1440 SUMÁRIO ABSTRACT Nesta segunda e última parte é recordada, From the discovery of the circulation em suas secções (A e B) a contribuição de of the blood to the first steps in mais duas personalidades geniais, respecti- hemorheology: Part 2 vamente Marcello Malpighi e Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek, os quais, pela originalidade In the second and last part of this article, the dos seus trabalhos, confirmaram as obser- contributions of two more brilliant figures are vações pioneiras de Harvey, completando-as described in two sections, A and B, respec- ainda com factos relevantes. Malpighi apli- tively Marcello Malpighi and Antonie van cou o microscópio óptico, até então quase só Leeuwenhoek. Through the originality of utilizado como o curiosidade mundana, ao their work, both confirmed the pioneer estudo in vitro de componentes dos tecidos William Harvey’s observations and went on to corporais de várias espécies. Deste conjunto add important details. Malpighi applied the de observações pioneiras destaca-se a vi- optical microscope, until then used almost sualização, pela primeira vez, das estruturas exclusively as a mere curiosity, to the in vitro capilares e dos glóbulos sanguíneos, de que study of the body tissues of various species. resultaram a definição da composição do Outstanding among these pioneering observa- sangue e a conceptualização, inédita, sobre tions was the visualization, for the first time, a respectiva fluidez. Adicionalmente, of capillary structures and blood corpuscles, Malpighi confirmou a continuidade (estru- on the basis of which he defined the compo- tural e funcional) da circulação sistémica, sition of blood and, also for the first time, the que Harvey não tivera possibilidade de concept of its fluidity. Furthermore, Malpighi demonstrar. Por seu lado, Van confirmed the structural and functional conti- Leeuwenhoek, apesar de desprovido de nuity of the systemic circulation, which preparação académica soube ver, através de Harvey had been unable to demonstrate. lentes por ele construídas, as particulari- Although van Leeuwenhoek lacked an aca- dades microscópicas da natureza orgânica e demic education, he was able to see, through inorgânica que o rodeavam. Entre inúmeras lenses he built himself, the microscopic e pormenorizadas observações em todo o details of the organic and inorganic world tipo de matéria merecem destaque as con- around him. Among numerous detailed 1405 Recebido para publicação: Julho de 2009 • Aceite para publicação: Setembro de 2009 Received for publication: July 2009 • Accepted for publication: September 2009 2009-AR-66 Dezembro Rev Port Cardiol Vol. 28 Dezembro 09 / December 09 clusões que obteve sobre a natureza do observations of all types of substances, par- sangue e dos glóbulos vermelhos, a que ticularly important were the insights that he atribuiu a coloração própria do sangue arte- obtained into the nature of blood and red rial e venoso. Calculou com rigor apreciável blood cells, to which he attributed the color a dimensão dos eritrócitos. Soube distinguir of arterial and venous blood. He calculated o sangue arterial do venoso, confirmou a the size of erythrocytes with striking accura- função cardíaca como origem do impulso cy. He was able to distinguish arterial from propulsor do sangue pelas artérias e da rit- venous blood, confirmed the heart’s function micidade do pulso e compreendeu o retorno as the force behind the propulsion of the do sangue até a coração por vasos difer- blood through the arteries and of the rhyth- entes, as veias. Visualizou a bifurcação das mic nature of the pulse, and elucidated the artérias em vasos com dimensões cada vez return of the blood to the heart by different mais estreitas até formarem redes capilares vessels, the veins. He visualized the bifurca- que originavam, por seu lado, canais tion of the arteries into increasingly narrow venosos sucessivamente mais alargados. vessels until they gave way to capillary net- Demonstrou a existência de anastomoses works, which in turn became successively arterio-venosas. Verificou o fenómeno da wider venous channels. Van Leeuwenhoek sedimentação do sangue e a deformabili- demonstrated the existence of arterial-venous dade dos eritrocitos (que variava entre a anastomoses. He discovered erythrocyte sedi- forma original, discoide ou oval, observada mentation and deformability (their shape nos troncos vasculares mais volumosos até varying from the original discoid or oval às formas achatadas, adaptáveis ao diâmetro form, observed in larger vascular segments, dos vasos mais estreitas). Neste aspecto dis- to flat forms, adapted to the diameter of nar- tinguiu as características da circulação dos rower vessels). In the process he defined the eritrócitos e as alterações subsequentes à characteristics of red cell circulation and the coagulação sanguínea, sendo um introdutor alterations that follow blood coagulation, and perspicaz de conceitos hemorreológicos was thus a perceptive pioneer of the concepts aplicados à of hemorheology applied to medicine. medicina. A- O início da observação microscópica A. Malpighi’s microscopic observations dos tecidos corporais por Malpighi of body tissues arcello Malpighi (Figura 1) nasceu em arcello Malpighi (Figure 1) was born near M1628 perto de Bolonha, em cuja univer- MBologna, where he entered the university sidade foi admitido com 17 anos para estudar at the age of 17 to study Aristotelian philosophy. filosofia aristotélica. Após algum tempo de His studies were interrupted due to the death of interrupção devido à morte dos pais, Malpighi his parents, but he returned in 1649 to study regressou à universidade em 1649 para estu- medicine, finishing the course four years later. dar medicina, tendo concluído o curso quatro Three years later he was appointed a teacher in anos mais tarde; três anos depois foi admitido medical practice, and in the following year was como docente de prática médica. No ano invited by Ferdinand II of Tuscany to take up seguinte, a convite do rei Ferdinando II da the professorship of theoretical medicine in 1406 Toscânia, foi nomeado professor de medicina Pisa, where he remained for three years before J. Martins e Silva 2009-AR-66 Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28: 1405-1439 Dezembro teórica em Pisa, onde permaneceu cerca de três anos, até regressar a Bolonha, em 1659. Dois anos depois foi convidado para professor de primarius, na cidade siciliana de Messina, donde voltou novamente para Bolonha ao fim de mais quatro anos, desta vez para ficar na sua Alma Mater nos vinte e cinco anos seguintes. No fim da vida aceitou o convite para médico particular do Papa Inocêncio, em Roma, onde viria a falecer três anos depois (1). Parece que Malpighi se interessou pela microscopia ainda estudante. Esse interesse terá sido provavelmente incentivado, como se infere de um dos seus trabalhos, intitulado Opera omnia (2), pela repercussão popular das descobertas de Galileu com o telescópio e, depois, com os primeiros resultados que estavam a ser obtidos com um novo instru- mento, o microscópio. Na senda daqueles desenvolvimentos começara a verificar-se, no início do século XVII, grande entusiasmo pelo microscópio entre a população das camadas Figura 1- Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), médico e anatomista sociais superiores da Europa, pelo qual qual- italiano, foi o primeiro a utilizar sistematicamente o microscópio para completar os estudos anatómico e identificar a organização quer pessoa poderia distinguir, com ampli- estrutural dos diversos tecidos, animais e vegetais. ações de pelo menos dez vezes, a dimensão Cortesia/ Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons real, pormenores materiais indetectáveis com Figure 1. Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), Italian physician and a visão normal (3). anatomist, was the first to use the microscope systematically for anatomical studies to determine the structure of animal and plant Naquele ambiente social, movido por moti- tissues. vações puramente académicas, Malpighi Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. desenvolveu notável e plurifacetado trabalho de investigação, sendo autor de muitas desco- bertas, algumas das quais permanecem asso- returning to Bologna in 1659. Two years later he ciadas ao seu nome. Pelo conjunto de obser- accepted the position of Professor Primarius at vações inéditas realizadas, Malpighi é, há Messina, Sicily, where he stayed for four years, muito, considerado um precursor da Anatomia and then returned to Bologna and his alma Microscópica, Histologia e, ainda, da Embrio- mater for the next twenty-five years. Towards the logia e da Botânica. Grande parte desses end of his life he was invited to be personal resultados foi baseada na vivissecção animal e physician to Pope Innocent XII in Rome, where na observação microscópica (Fig 2) dos he died three years later (1). respectivos tecidos, designadamente a pele, Malpighi’s interest in microscopy, which pulmões, fígado e rins de diversas espécies appears to have begun while he was still a stu- animais, e ainda também vegetais. No fundo, dent, was probably stimulated (as suggested in Malpighi pretendia interpretar os desígnios e one of his works, titled Opera omnia (2)) by the a uniformidade de actuação biológica da widespread fame of Galileo’s discoveries with Natureza através da identificação e compara- the telescope, and later by
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